Explain advantages and disadvantages of designing an OS kernel in layers (‘ring’ structure).? Solution Advantages: 1.seperate address space is not necessary. 2.switching among the address space is slow moving manipulation. 3.flexibility: protection scheme which is intented to indicate through a programming language is with the kernel method.modifications for a protection scheme the hardware is not necessary. Disadvantages: 1.application start up duration is lenghy. 2.Application often enact manipulations which are not type secure..