Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detection analysis in the chemical properties within the district dhanbad, jharkhand

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 243
PHYTO REMEDIATION OF WASTE WATER THROUGH AQUATIC
PLANTS FOR THE CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS IN THE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES WITHIN THE DISTRICT DHANBAD,
JHARKHAND
Pawan Kumar Gupta1
, Kumar Nikhil2
, Kumar Mayank3
1
Student of B.E (Biotecnology) IIIrd year, R.V College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Principal Scientist, EMG, CSIR-CIMFR, Barwa Road, Dhanbad-826015, Jharkhand, India
3
Student of B.E (Biotecnology) IIIrd year, R.V College of Engineering,. Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The paper briefly describes the importance of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth (Aquatic plant) in the
phytoremediation of coal mine and municipal wastewater bio-purifications. A laboratory scale experiment was conducted by
taking two mines, one municipal wastewater and which was compared with tap water treated by algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and
water hyacinth. The water samples were collected from mines from Jharia, Dhanbad. Municipal waste water was taken from
Bekar Bandh, Dhanbad and were compared with the tap water from C.I.M.F.R, Barwa Road, Dhanbad of Jharkhand. Utilization
of aquatic plant for bio-treatment of wastewater was a common practice all over the world. Use of Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla
and Waterhyacinth for the treatment of different types of wastewater were being practiced by researchers. But treating mine water
by these aquatic plants were not in common. With the view mine water, municipal waste water and tap water were compared by
the different combination of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth for the reduction or increases in the chemical
properties studied e.g., pH, Sulphate, nitrate, and iron content of the water.
Experiment proved that the significant reduction in pH, Nitrate, Sulphate, Iron with Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Water
hyacinth in all the water samples taken for this study. This type of experiment will have more scope by conducting it at the bigger
scale to get accurate results.
Keywords: Phytoremediation 1, Mine Water 2, Municipal Waste Water 3, Algae 4, Vetiver grass( Vetiveria
zizanioides) 5, Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticilita) 6, Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Marri, Solms)] 7, and,Tap
Water 8, Treatments9.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Wastewater treatment is the process of taking wastewater
and making it suitable for discharging back into the
environment. It is an important initiative which has to be
taken more seriously for the betterment of the society and
our future. The wastewater treatment methods are of three
types i.e. physical, chemical and biological.
Physical treatment is very common method where
sedimentation, coarse screening, aeration and filtration is
done to remove the physically from wastewater. The most
common method to treat water using chemicals is
chlorination, ozonation and neutralization. The best example
is the use of carbon, which adsorbs contaminants to clean
the water. Similarly, in biological treatment process, micro-
organisms such as bacteria are used to biochemically
decompose the wastewater and stabilize the end product.
This method is further divided into aerobic and anaerobic
system. Use of aquatic floating plant to treat wastewater is
also categorized in this method (Araki, et.al., 2003;
Archibald, 1972; Awuah, et.al., 2004; Wolverton &
McDonald, 1981; Borges, et.al., 2008; Braarud, T, 1945;
Butcher, R.W, 1949; Chao, et.al., 2000; Mkandawire and
Dudel, 2010; Mulbry, et.al.,2008; Piyush, et.al., 2012;
Saravanan, et.al., 2013;Sarijeva, et.al., 2007; Ting,
et.al.,1989; Tredici, 2010; Tseng, 2000).
It takes up large amounts of inorganic nutrients (especially
Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, etc., (Reddy, 1983)) and heavy
metals (such as Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe, Zn, etc.,) as a consequence
of the growth requirements (Nakajima, et.al., 1981; Prasad,
Prasad, 1995’ Sakaguchi. et.al., 1981; Skinner, et.al., 2007;
Soeder, 1981; Tukendorf, 1993; Vesk, et.al., 1999; Vesk,
et.al., 1999) and decrease the concentration and ultimately
lowering down the pH, EC, etc., (Cornwell, et.al., 1977;
Craggs, et.al., 1996; Dr.Konstantian bloch, 2001; Dhir,
et.al., 2008; Droste, R.L, 1997; Filip, et.al., 1979; Fritioff
and Greger 2006; Alade & Ojoawo, 2009; Ghanshyam and
Nikhil, 2014; Girija, et.al., 2011; Mazen and Maghraby,
1998) .

_______________________________________________________________________________________
This paper investigated the effectiveness of the four floating
aquatic plants such as Eichhornia crassipes (Marri, Solms)
(Gopal, B, 1987; Reddy and Tucker, 1983; Mahmood, et.al.,
2005; Paiva, et.al., 2009and Wooten & Dodd, 1976),
Vetiveria zizanioides (Ralph and Paul,2004; Roongtanakiat,
2004), Hydrilla verticilita (Kanabkaew, and Puetpaiboon,
2004; Pal,et.al., 2005; Pal, et.al., 2004; Vasquez, 2008) and
Algal spp. e.g Spirogyra, Diatom, Volvox, Oscillatoria,
Cynobacterium, Clausterium and Euglen all together in a
combination treated all four type of water performed the
experiment in the laboratory (Grobbelaar, 1990;
Hammouda, et.al., 1994; Hassette, et.al., 1981; Mata, et.al.,
2010; Palmer, 1969) i.e. two mine and one municipal
wastewater treatment compared with one tap water. The role
of these plants in removing nutrients e.g., Nitrogen as
nitrate, Sulphur as sulphate, heavy metals like Fe and water
pH was noticed in the four different set of aquatic floating
plant system treated the four different water sample in this
experiment (Kumar Nikhil, 2004; Kumar and Chopra, 2012;
Laliberte, et.al., 1994; Lovaie, et.al., 1985; Mackenthum,
1962; Oswald and Gootas, 1957and Oswald, 1988).
2. EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT
The experiment was conducted and planned for two coal
mine and one municipal wastewater with one tap water
treated with algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth
and by growing these floating aquatic plants in the tub at
laboratory scale experiment in CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand. The experiment was conducts to study the
reduction in some of the chemical properties of mine and
municipal wastewater compared with one tap water, with an
interval of 0 day, 5day, 10 days, 15 days. Purification of
coal mine and municipal waste water with tap water were
studied and measured the most significant chemical
parameters which were highly reduced by these aquatic
plants in all sample collected. For achieving the same
objective, this experiment was designed.
2.1 Site Details
This study was planned within Jharia Coalfield Area as this
is very old coalfield of our country which is highly polluted
in the world ranking. Huge opencast coalmining exist in this
coalfield and huge amount of waste/mine water is locked
within these coal opencast pits within the mining areas
unused. With the utilities benefits of this huge waste/mine
water for many fold purposes this study was planned which
is very smallest approach but for setting a milestone for
others experiment was at bigger scale this was carried out.
Fig.2.1: Detail site Map

_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2 Sampling Area
Golden pahadi and 36 no. mining area in Jharia Coalfield
(JCF) mine area water samples were taken. Along with
BekarBandh municipal wastewater and CIMFR tap water
were taken for this experiment. These all are situated in
district of Dhanbad.
2.3 Geogrophical Location of Experimental Site
Golden pahadi and 36 no. mining area in JCF two mine
waste water sample were collected at the geographical
coordinates 23.72°N86.40°E and 23.751568°N 86.420345°E
respectively. Whereas Bekarbandh pond is situated in
longitudes E 860
25’45.12”and latitudes N 230
48′2.16’ and
CSIR-CIMFR ,Barwa Road, Dhanbad is situated in between
longitudes E 860
25’46.1496”and latitudes N 230
48′6382’
respectively (Fig.2.1).
2.4 Material and Lab Instrument
1. All required glassware
2. All required chemical and reagent
3. Electronic Balance
4. pH meter (pH meter)
5. Filter paper
6. Conductivity meter (EC-meter)
7. Nitrate, Sulphate & Iron test (Spectrophotometer)
8. Water measuring beaker
9. Required Tub of 10 liters water capacity
10. Algae
11. Water hyacinth
12. Vetiver grass
13. Hydrilla
2.5 Methodology
Local algal species in combination were identified by the
help of microscope and water hyacinth
(Eichhorniacrassipes) is a perennial, freshwater aquatic
vascular plant with rounded, upright, shiny green leaves and
spikes of lavender flowers were live plants brought for
conducting the experiment. The petioles of the plant are
spongy with many air spaces and contribute to the
buoyancyof the hyacinth plant. When grown in wastewater,
individual plants range from 0.5 to1.2 m (20 to 47 in.) from
the top of the flower to the root tips. The plants
spreadlaterally until the water surface is covered and then
the vertical growth increases. Waterhyacinths are very
productive photosynthetic plants.
Algal, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Water hyacinth samples
are collected for the study and purification of coal mine and
municipal waste water. These algal, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla
and Water hyacinth floating aquatic plants samples are
collected from Bekarbandh pond in district of Dhanbad.
To study the biopurification of coal mine and municipal
wastewater, the following experiment design employed were
shown in the Table. 2.1.
(i) MW1= Golden pahadi Mine Water, Bwhora
(ii) MW2= Jharia Mine no.36 Mine Water
(iii) BBW= BekarBandh pond Water
(iv) TW= Tap Water
One hundred sixty (160) small tubs were brought with a
capacity of 10 liters water. All tubs were arranged in sixteen
rows (treatments) with the ten replications in each treatment.
In the first set, first-four row tubs (treatment) were filled
with 10 lit of Golden pahadi mine waste water (1) treated
with algae, water hyacinth, vetiver grass and hydrilla.
Whereas in the second set 36 no. mining area in Jharia
Coalfield from fifth-eighth rows contain mine waste water
(2) treated with these four aquatic plants. Further, in the
ninth to twelfth rows the municipal waste water from
Bekarbandh were treated with these four aquatic plants.
Again from thirteen row to sixteen rows the tap water which
were treated with these four aquatic plants (Table.2.1) and
chemical parameters were recorded by taking water
sampling done after 0, 5,10 and 15 days of growth of these
four aquatic weeds in the tub (Table2.2).
Table 2.1: Layout design of the experiment
TAPE
WATE
R
BEKA
R
BAND
H
MINE
WATER
1
MINE
WATER
2
WATER
HYACINT
H
TWWH BBWH MW1W
H
MW2W
H
VETIVER
GRASS
TWVG BBVG MW1VG MW2VG
HYDRILL
A
TWH BBH MW1H MW2H
ALGAE TWA BBA MW1A MW2A
Table.2.2: Layout of time for recording data
0 day D1
After 5 days D2
After 10 days D3
After 15 days D4
All the chemical parameters were studied through standard
methodology recommended by ISO9001:2009.
3. FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
3.1 pH
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB
and TW treated with water hyacinth found increases in pH
by 3.5, 2.8, 2.8 and 0.7% increment in between 0-5 days and
0, 2.8, 4.2 and 5.7% increment in between 5-10 days and
finally found 2.8, 2.1, 4.2 and 0% increment in between 10-
15 days intervals.
Whereas, when it is treated with vetiver grass it found
increases in pH by -2.1, 2.8, 2.1 and 3.5% increment in
between 0-5 days and 0.7, 0, 0 and 3.5% increment in
between 5-10 days and 4.2, 2.1, 3.5 and 2.8% increment in
between 10-15 days intervals.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Fig.3.1: pH of the water samples
Wherein, treated with hydrilla found increases in pH by -2.1, -2.8, 5.7 and 3.5% increment in between 0-5 days and 2.8, 4.2, 2.8
and 1.4% increment in between 5-10 days and 2.8, 2.8, 1.4 and -7.1% increment in between 10-15 days interval.
Further, treated with algae found increases in pH by -2.1, 1.4, 0 and -1.4% increment in between 0-5 days and 9.2, 2.1, 2.1 and
2.1% increment in between 5-10 days and 2.1, 3.5, 7.1 and 5.7% increment in between 10-15 days interval. Mine wastewater is
always acidic in nature increment is positive point and reduction results further acidic in nature. (-) increment means reduction in
values.
Kumar et. al, (2014) reported maximum of 4% reduction in pH in mine wastewater treated with algae after 5 days duration.
Manoharan and Subramaniyam (1993) agreed with above finding. But in the experiment within 10th
days to 15th
days of water
treatment through algae and water hyacinth increases the pH instead of reduction. Wolvertonet. al, (1979), reported a decreases in
pH in textile mill effluents with water hyacinth treatment. Moreover, Gamage and Yapa, (2001), reported the same reduction in
pH.
3.2 NIitrate
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with algae found reduction in nitrate by 0, 77.77,
77.77 and 0% in between 0-5 days and 44.44, -48.89, -22.22 and 100% in between 5-10 days with -66, -28, -55 and 0% change in
between 10-15 days interval.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Nitrate (in ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
M
W
1W
H
M
W
2W
H
BBW
H
TW
W
H
M
W
1VG
M
W
2VG
BBVG
TW
VG
M
W
1H
M
W
2H
BBH
TW
H
M
W
1A
M
W
2A
BBA
TW
A
Different Treatment
Nitrate(inppm)valu
D1 D2 D3 D4
Fig.3.2: Nitrate in the water samples
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with hydrilla found reduction in nitrate by 0, 77.77, 0
and 0% in between 0-5 days and 77, 11, 88 and 88% in between 5-10 days and 77, 88, 88 and 88.89% in between 10-15 days
interval.
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with vetiver grass found reduction in nitrate by 0, 0,
0 and 0% in between 0-5 days and 11.11, 11.11, 33.33 and 0% change in between 5-10 days and 77, 11, 11 and 33.33% reduction
respectively within 10-15 days interval.
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with water hyacinth found reduction in nitrate by 77,
77, 0 and 0% in between 0-5 days and 0, -77, 33 and 11% within 5-10 days and finally 88, 33, 51 and 77% in nitrate concentration
within 10-15 days of interval.
These result corroborat with finding of Kshirsagar, (2013), and Rao et. al., (2011), who reported 78% and 70% reduction in nitrate
nitrogen using algae in wastewater treatment. Tartte, et. al., (2010), observed effective removal of nitrogenous contaminant of
waste water using Anabena and Nostoc algal species. Similarly recorded by the finding of Sengar et. al., (2011) who supporting
the above trend and noted 91% reduction in nitrate using mixed algal population. The uptake and utilization of nitrate by algae
species for their growth may be the reason for reduction in nitrate (Fig. 5.4 to 5.6). Whereas, Wooten and Dodd (1976) reported
100% removal of nitrate in water hyacinth system. Whereas, Sinclair and Forbes, 1980 reported 52.6% and Cornwell, et. al.,
(1977) reported 8.4% of removal of Nitrate from wastewater containing water hyacinth.
3.3 Iron
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with water hyacinth found reduction in iron by 20,
40, 40 and 40% within 0-5 days and 20, 20, 40 and 40% reduction in between 5-10 days with a final reduction of iron 40, 20, 40
and 40% in between 10-15 days interval.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Iron (in ppm) in water
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
M
W
1W
H
M
W
2W
H
BBW
H
TW
W
H
M
W
1VG
M
W
2VG
BBVG
TW
VG
M
W
1H
M
W
2H
BBH
TW
H
M
W
1A
M
W
2A
BBA
TW
A
Different Treatment
Iron(inppm)valu
D1 D2 D3 D4
Fig.3.3: Iron in the water samples
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with vetiver grass found reduction in iron by 40% in
all sample in between 0-5 days and 0, 60, 60 and 40% reduction in between 5-10 days and finally reduction in concentration of
iron by 40, 100, 100 and 80% in between 10-15 days.
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with hydrilla found reduction in iron by 90, 20, 40
and 40% in between 0-5 days and 130, 40, 100 and 80% reduction in between 5-10 days and finally change in concentration of
iron by 80, 60, 100 and 80% in the interval of 10-15 days.
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with algae found reduction in iron by 40% in all
sample in between 0-5 days and further 60, 40, 40 and 40% reduction within 5-10 days and finally concentration of iron by 100,
80, 80 and 80% after 10-15 days interval.
Water hyacinth have high removal rate for Fe reported by Piyush Gupta et. al.,(2012). Mishra et. al., (2008), used water hyacinth
for coal mining effluents for the removal of heavy metal and observed 70.5 ± 4.4 Fe was removed. Kumar et al (2014) reported
reduction of 99% Fe in 5 mine water treated with algae after 5 days. The drastic change metals concentration in wastewater firstly
observed by Oswald and Gootas, (1957).
3.4 Sulphate
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with water hyacinth found reduction in sulphate
concentration by 25, 27.5, 24.3 and 25% within 0-5 days and by 25, 25, 24.39 and 25% in between 5-10 days with final reduction
by 50, 62, 63 and 50% sulphate within 10-15 days interval respectively.
In the four different type of water taken as MW1, MW2, BB and TW treated with vetiver grass found reduction in sulphate
concentration by 25, 25, 33 and 25% in between 0-5 days and 25, 37, 22 and 37% reduction in between 5-10 days and finally was
50, 62, 66 and 62.50% reduction in sulphate in between 10-15 days interval.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Sulphate (in ppm) in water
0
5
10
15
20
25
M
W
1W
H
M
W
2W
H
BBW
H
TW
W
H
M
W
1VG
M
W
2VG
BBVG
TW
VG
M
W
1H
M
W
2H
BBH
TW
H
M
W
1A
M
W
2A
BBA
TW
A
Different Treatment
Sulphate(inppm)valu
D1 D2 D3 D4
Fig.3.4: Sulphate in the water samples
and TW treated with hydrilla found reduction in sulphate
concentration by 25, 25, 33 and 25% and 25, 20, 11 and
15% reduction in between 5-10 days with finally sulphate
reduction by 50, 50, 66 and 50% in between 10-15 days
intervals.
and TW treated with algae found reduction in sulphate
concentration by 25, 25, 33 and 25% within 0-5 days and by
20, 25, 22 and 12.5% reduction in between 5-10 days finally
75, 62, 55 and 50% reduction in between 10-15 days
interval.
These results are in agreement with studies of Chandra et
al., (2004) who reported more than 99 % reduction in SO4-2
of tannery effluent with Nostoc.
Same trend was recorded by Ahmad et al., (2013) who also
reported considerable reduction in SO4-2 using Chlorella
and mixed algal culture. Elumalai et al., (2013) reported
removal of very high amount of SO4-2 using consortium of
algae as compare to single culture of Chlorella and
Scynedesmus. Kumar and Chopra, (2012) recorded very
high reduction in SO4-2 in municipal wastewater by using
microbiological technology. In present study the SO4-2
removal capacity of both the algae was at par indicating
equal efficiency for eliminating of SO4-2 from wastewater
which may be contributed to its high uptake from polluted
water for growth of algal species.
4. CONCLUSION
Bio-remediation of nitrate, sulphate, iron and lowering pH
through four aquatic floating plants treated with two mine,
one municipal waste and tap water in district Dhanbad
shown result by significant reduction in the above nutrients
in concentration with due course of time. Further, this
technique can be substantially checked with its economic
value as a whole process. This technique is sustainable
approach in the area of zero waste management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Director, CSIR-CIMFR, Barwa
Road, Dhanbad-826015, Jharkhand for rendering all the
required facilities for conducting the laboratory experiment
during project training work and given permission for the
publication of this article in the Journal.
REFERENCES
[1] Ahmad F, Khan AU and Yasar A. (2013).
“Comparative phycoremediation of sewage water by
various species of algae”, Proceeding of Pakistan
Academy of Sciences 50, 131-139.
[2] Araki H, Inoue M and Katoh T, (2003) “Total
synthesis and absolute configuration of otteliones A
and B, novel and potent antitumor agents from a
freshwater”, Org Lett, 2003, 5(21), 3903-3906.
[3] Archibald, R.E.M, (1972), “Diversity in some South
Africation diatom associations and its relation to
water quality.” Water Research ,pp 1229-1238.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
[4] Awuah, E., Oppong-Peprah, M., Lubberding, H.J.
and Gijzen, H.J., (2004), ‘Comparative performance
studies of water lettuce, duckweed and algal-based
stabilization ponds using low-strength sewage”, J.
Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part A., 67(20-22), 1727-
1739.
[5] B.C. Wolverton and R.C. McDonald (1981).
“Energy from vascular plant wastewater treatment
systems - Eichhorniacrassipes, Spirodelalemna,
Hydrocotyleranunculoides, Puerarialobata” ,
Biomass harvested for fuel production. 35(2): pp-
224-232.
[6] Borges AKP, Tauk-Tornisielo SM, Domingos RN,
Angelis DF. (2008). “Performance of the
constructed wetland system for the treatment of
water from the Corumbatai river”. Braz. Arch. Biol.
Technol. 51(6): 1279-1286.
[7] Braarud, T., (1945), “ A phytoplankton survey of the
polluted waters of Inner Oslo Fjord. Hvalraadets
Skrifter”, Scientific Results of Marine Biological
Research 1945. No.28: 1-1
[8] Butcher, R.W, (1949), “Pollution and re-purification
as indicated by the algae.” Fourth Internat. Congress
for Microbiology.,pp 149-150.
[9] Chandra R, Pandey PK, Srivastava A. (20040.
“Comparative toxicological evaluation of untreated
and treated tannery effluent with Nostoc muscorum
L. (algal assay) and microtox bioassay”.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 95, 287-
294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029909.879
77.a5.
[10] Chao, K. P., C. S. Chen, et al. (2005). "Aquacultural
characteristics of Rhizocloniumriparium and an
evaluation of its biomass growth potential." Journal
of Applied Phycology 17(1): 67-73.
[11] Chao, K. P., Y. C. Su, et al. (1999). "Chemical
composition and potential for utilization of the
marine alga Rhizoclonium sp." Journal of Applied
Phycology 11(6): 525- 533.
[12] Chao, K. P., Y. C. Su, et al. (2000). "Feasibility of
utilizing Rhizoclonium in pulping and
papermaking." Journal of Applied Phycology 12(1):
53-62.
[13] Cornwell, D.A., Zoltex, J., Patrinely, C.D., Furman,
T.D. and Kin, J.I. (1977) "Nutrient Removal by
Water Hyacinth", Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation, Vol. 49, pp.57-65.
[14] Dhir B, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP (2008)
Photosynthetic performance of Salvinianatans
exposed to chromium and zinc rich wastewater.
Braz. J. Plant. Physiol. Vol, 20,:pp 61-70.
[15] Dr Konstantin Bloch . Wastewater treatment using
Algae in a Photobioreactor, 2001
[16] Droste, R.L. Theory and Practice of water and
wastewater treatment, (1997) John Wiley and Sons.
[17] Elumalai S, Saravanan GK, Ramganesh S, Sakhtival
R, Prakasam V. 2013. Phycoremediation of textile
dye industrial effluent from tirupur district, Tamil
Nadu, India. International Journal of Science
Innovations and Discoveries 3, 31-37.
[18] Filip, D.S., Peters, T., Adams, V.D. and
Middlebrooks, E.J., (1979), “Residual heavy metal
removal by an algae-intermittent sand filtration
system., Water Res., vol, 13, pp 305-313.
[19] Fritioff A and Greger. M, (2006) “Uptake and
distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic
plant Potamogetonnatans”. Chemosphere 63:220-
227.
[20] G.A. Alade, S.O. Ojoawo,” Purification of domestic
sewage by water-hyacinth (EichhorniaCrassipes”,
International Journal of Environmental Technology
and Management 2009 - Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 286 –
294
[21] GhanshyaPaswan and Kumar Nikhil. (2014)
Biopurifiation of wastewater through algae.
Internationl journal of engineering technical
research. Vol, 2, pp 124-126.
[22] N. S. Gamage* And P. A. Yapa, 2001, Use of water
hyacinth in treatment system for textile mill
effluent- A case study”, J Natn. Sci. Foundation, Sri
Lanka, Vol.29(no.1&2):pp.15-28
[23] Girija, N., Pillai, S.S and Koshy, M., 2011, Potential
of vetiver for phytoremediation of waste in retting
area., The Ecoscan, 1, 267-273
[24] Gopal, Brij (1987), “Water Hyacinth, Aquatic Plant
Studies Series”, ELSEVIER
[25] Grobbelaar, J.U., Soeder, D.J. and Stengel, E.,(
1990), “Modelling algal production in large outdoor
cultures and waste treatment systems,” pp 297-314.
[26] Hammouda, O., Gaber, A., and Abdel-Raouf, N.
(1994) Microalgae and wastewater treatment.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 31: p. 205–210.
[27] Hassette, J.M., Jennett, J.C. and Smith, J.E., (1981),
“Microplate technique for determining accumulation
of metals by algae.” Appli. Environ. Microbiol, vol,
41, pp 1097-106.
[28] K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. (1983). Productivity
and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth
Eichhorniacrassipes. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source.
Econ. Bot. 37(2):.pp-237-247.
[29] Kanabkaew, T. and Puetpaiboon, U. (2004),
“Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater treatment:
Lotus and Hydrilla (Hydrillaverticillata) systems
Songklanakarin” J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(5) : 749-
756
[30] Kshirsagar. D Ayodhya (2013) “Remediation of
domestic waste water by using alga and fungal mix
culture, an experimental study”. Bimonthly, Vol-4.,
pp-98.
[31] Kumar Gaurav, Kumar Nikhil & Iqbal Ansari.,
(2014)., “Bioreclamation of Mine Waste Water
through Algae:An Experimental Approach,” IJETR,
vol, 2, pp 265 – 269.
[32] Kumar Nikhil, (2004), “Water Hyacinth: A Green
tool for the sustainable development of coalfield”,
Ed. Tiwary R. K. “Biotechnological application in
Environmental management”: pp 2-21.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
[33] Kumar V and Chopra AK (2012). “Monitoring of
physiochemical and microbiological characteristics
of municipal waste water at treatment plant
Haridwar City, Uttarakhand”. Journal of Envio.
Sci.and tech 5, pp 109-118.
[34] Laliberte, G., Proulx, D., De Pauw, N. and De La
Noüe, J.,(1994). ‘Algal Technology in Wastewater
Treatment”. In: H. Kausch and W. Lampert (eds.),
Advances in Limnology. E. Schweizerbart’sche
Verlag sbuchhandlung, Stuttgart ; 283-382.
[35] Lovaie, A. and De La Noüe, J, (1985),
“Hyperconcentrated cultures of
Scenedesmusobliquus, A new approach for
wastewater biological tertiary treatment”, Water
Res, vol, 19: pp 1437-42.
[36] Mackenthum, K.M., (1962), “A review of algae,
lakeweeds and nutrients.” J.WaterPollut.Control
Fed., 34: pp 1077–85
[37] Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y.,
Hassan, M.J., Jilani, G. and Jin, R.C., (2005), “Lab
scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes
marts solms) for biotreatment of textile
wastewater”., Caspian J. Env. Sci., 3(2), 83-88.
[38] Manoharan C and Subramanyan G, (1993).
“Feasibility study by using cynobacteria of ocean
effluent treatment”. Vol-35, pp-88-96.
[39] Mata, T. M., A. A. Martins, et al. (2010).
"Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
applications: A review." Renewable & Sustainable
Energy Reviews vol, 14(1) pp 217-232.
[40] Mazen AMA, Maghraby OMO (1998)
“Acumulation of cadimium, lead and strontium, and
a role of calcium oxalate in water hyacinth
tolerance”. Biol. Plant. 40:411-417.
[41] Mishra, V.K., Upadhyay, A.R., Pandey, S.K. and
Tripathi, B.D., (2008)b, “Heavy metal pollution
induced due to coal mining effluent on surrounding
aquatic ecosystem and its management through
naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes”.,
Bioresource Technol., 99, 930-936.
[42] Mkandawire, M. and Dudel, E.G., (2007), “Are
lemna spp. effective phytoremediation
agents?”.,Boremediation, Biodiversity
Bioavailability, 1(1), 56-71.
[43] Mulbry, W., S. Kondrad, et al. (2008). "Treatment of
dairy and swine manure effluents using freshwater
algae: fatty acid content and composition of algal
biomass at different manure loading rates." Journal
of Applied Phycology 20(6): 1079- 1085.
[44] Nakajima, A., Horikoshi, T., and Sakaguchi, T.
(1981).Studies on the accumulation heavy metal
elements in biological system XVII. Selective
accumilation of heavy metal ions by Chlorella
vulgaris.” Eur. J. App. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Pp
76-83.
[45] Oswald W J, Gootas HB (1957), “photosynthesis in
sewage treatmentrans” . American Soc. Civ. Eng.
122. Pp 73-105.
[46] Oswald, W.J. (1988), “Microalgae and Wastewater
Treatment”. In: Micro-algal Biotechnology, M.A.
Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka (eds). Cambridge
University Press, New York (1988) pp. 357-94.
[47] Paiva LB, Oliveira JG, Azevedo RA, Ribeiro DR,
Silva MG, Vitória AP (2009), “Ecophysiological
responses of water hyacinth exposed to Cr3+ and
Cr6+”. Environ. Exp. Bot 65:403-409.
[48] Pal DK, Nimse SB, khatun S and Padhiari A,
(2005), “CNS activites of aqueous extract of
Hydrilla plant”, International conference of health
science, Mysore, 2005, pp.60
[49] Pal DK, Padhihari AK, Otta M, Khatum S,
Sangigrahi S and Mandal M (2004), “studies on
antibactarial activity of Hydrilla,” 16th annual
conference of the PSI, Paschim Medinipur, 2004,
pp. 77.
[50] Palmer, C.M. (1969), “A composite rating of algae
tolerating organic pollution”. J. Phycology. ; 5: 78-
82.
[51] Piyush Gupta1, Surendra Roy, Amit B.
Mahindrakar, (2012), “Treatment of Water Using
Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce and Vetiver Grass -
A Review”., Resources and Environment, vol, 2(5).,
pp 202-215.
[52] Prasad MNV (1995) “Cadmium toxicity and
tolerance in vascular plants”. Environ. Exp. Bot.
35:525-545.
[53] Ralph Ash and Paul Truong “The Use of Vetiver
Grass for Sewerage Treatment” Utilities Engineer,
Esk Shire Council, Esk, Queensland, Australia
Veticon Consulting, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia (Paper for Sewage Management QEPA
Conference, Cairns, Australia, April 5-7 2004)
[54] Rao, K.V., A.K. Khandekaran D. Vaidyanadham,
(1973); “Uptake of fluoride by water hyacinth,
Eichhorniacrassipes”. Ind.J.Exp.Biol., 11(1):68–5.
[55] Rao HP, Kumar RR, Raghavan BG, Subramanian
VV and Sivasubramanian V (2011). “Application of
phycoremediation technology in the treatment of
wastewater from a leather-processing chemical
manufacturing facility”. Water. Soil, Air., 37(1): 7-
14.
[56] Reddy, K.R. (1983) “Fate of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus in a Wastewater Retention Reservoir
Containing Aquatic Macrophytes”. Journal of
Environmental Quality;12(1): pp137-41.
[57] Roongtanakiat, N., Tangruangkiat, S. and Meesat,
R., (2007), “Utilization of vetiver grass
(Vetiveriazizanioides) for removal of heavy metals
from industrial wastewaters”., ScienceAsia, 33, 397-
403
[58] Sakaguchi, T., Nakajima A. and Horikoshi, T,
(1981), “Studies on the accumulation heavy metal
elements in biological system XVIII”. Accumilation
of molybdenum by green microalgae”. Eur. J. App.
Microbiol. Biotechnol.,vol, 12, pp 84-89.
[59] Saravanan GK, Ramganesh s, Sakhtival R,
Prakasham V. (2013), “Phyco remediation of textile
dye industrial effluent for tirupur dist. Tamilnadu.”
International Journal of science & Innovation and
Discoveries.vol-3, pp 31-37.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
[60] Sarijeva G, Knapp M, Lichtenthaler HK (2007)
“Differences in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll
and carotenoid levels, and in cholorophyll
fluorescence parameters in green sun and shade
leaves of Ginkgo and Fagus”. J. Plant Physiol.
164:950-955.
[61] Sengar RMS, Singh KK, Singh S. (2011).
“Application of phycoremediation technology in the
treatment of sewage water to reduce pollution load”.
Indian Journal of Scientific Research 2, 33-39
[62] Sinclair, L.R., and R.B. Forbes. (1980), “Nutrient
removal from drainage water with systems
containing aquatic macrophytes.”, Trans. ASAE
23:1184-1194.
[63] Skinner K, Wright N, Porter-Goff E (2007)
“Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species
of aquatic plants”. Environ. Pollut. 145:234-237
[64] Soeder, C.J. (1981) “Productivity of microalgal
systems. In Wastewater for aquaculture. University
of the OFS”, Bloemfontein:University of the OFS
Publication, Series C, No. 3.
[65] Tartte V, Kalla CM, Murthy-Sistla DS, Fareeda G.
(2010). “Comparative studies on growth and
remediation of wastewater by two cyanobacterial
biofertilizers”. Agriculture Conspectus Scientifics
75, 99-103.
[66] Ting, Y.P., Lawson, E. and Prince, I.G, (1989),
“Uptake of cadmium and zinc by alga Chlorella
vulgaris”: Part I. İndividual ion species. Biotechnol.
Bioeng.,vol, 34, pp 990-99.
[67] Tredici, M. R. (2010). "Photobiology of microalgae
mass cultures: understanding the tools for the next
green revolution". Future Science.
[68] Tukendorf A (1993) “The response of spinach plants
to excess of copper and cadmium”. Photosynthetica
28:573-575.
[69] Vásquez, J. (2008). "Production, use and fate of
Chilean brown seaweeds: re-sources for a
sustainable fishery." Journal of Applied Phycology
20(5): 457-467.
[70] Vesk PA, Nockolds CE, Allaway WG (1999) “Metal
localization in water hyacinth root from an urban
rainy land’. Plant Cell Environ. 22:149-158.
[71] Vesk PA, Nockolds CE, Allaway WG (1999) “Metal
localization in water hyacinth root from an urban
rainy land”. Plant Cell Environ. 22:149-158.
[72] Wolverton, B. C., and R. C. McDonald. (1979).
“Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) productivity
and harvesting studies”. Econ. Bot. 33: 1-10
[73] Wooten, J.W., Dodd, J.D., (1976). “Growth of water
hyacinths in treated sewage effluent”. Econ. Bot.
vol, 30, pp 29–39.
BIOGRAPHIES
Pawan Kumar Gupta, IIIrd year
student of B.E Biotechnology, R.V
Collage of Engineering. Bangalore,
Karnataka, done his project work at
EMG, CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand, India in the year 2014 and
publishing his experimental finding.
Dr. Kumar Nikhil, Ph.D in Env.Sc. &
Engg., Principal Scientist at
Environmental Management Group,
CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and
Fuel Research (CIMFR), Barwa Road,
Dhanbad - 826 015, Jharkhand, India
has gained more than 30 years of research experience
involved in more than 60 projects in different capacity.
More than 135 scientific publications on his name. Guided
more than 60 students of B,Sc, M.Sc, B.Tech & M.Tech,
Ph.D students in their project and research works.
Kumar Mayank, IIIrd year student of
B.E Biotechnology, R.V Collage of
Engineering. Bangalore, Karnataka,
given significant contribution in this
paper by using mathematical tool and
graphics for understanding clearly the
bio-purification mechanism with different magnitude against
time.

Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detection analysis in the chemical properties within the district dhanbad, jharkhand

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detection analysis in the chemical properties within the district dhanbad, jharkhand

Similar to Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detection analysis in the chemical properties within the district dhanbad, jharkhand (20)

More from eSAT Journals

More from eSAT Journals (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detection analysis in the chemical properties within the district dhanbad, jharkhand