Investigating The Relationship Between Superstious Belief...

Investigating the Relationship Between Superstious Belief...
In times of uncontrollability, there is evidence to suggest that individuals tend to invoke superstious
beliefs. Anecdotal evidence has also suggested that highly superstitious people believe that they
have a level of control over situations where they objectively have none. For example, some people
have lucky charms that they believe allow for a greater sense of perceived control of external
factors.
Locus of control has often been used to explain the relationship of perceived control and superstious
belief and has been dichotomized as internal or external (Rotter, 1966). Whereas an internal locus of
control is inherent of the belief that all events are due to internal dispositions, an external locus of
control believes that events are a result of other people, or chance/luck. This concept is associated
with the 'Learned helplessness explanation' (Abramson et al., 1978; Maier & Seligman, 1976). What
this explanation proposes is that participant's attribute the uncontrollability of a situation to internal
dispositions i.e., they display an internal locus of control, and, by extension, denote failure as a
result of not having any control over the situation. Contrastingly, individuals who don't succumb to
the learned helplessness effect are those who place failure outside the realms of their own self. I.e.,
they present an external locus of control. This has been validated by Dudley (1999), who found that
participants with a higher level of superstition demonstrated less of
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The Effects Of Prolonged Deprivation On Learned Helplessness
Here we discuss research of Indian writers SURAJ MAL, UDAY JAIN and K. S. YADAV, which is
called "Effects of Prolonged Deprivation on Learned Helplessness". This study article consists of 8
pages.
This is a correlational study and it has quantitative character. The article consists of next sections:
Abstract, Introduction, Method (this part also consists of such subsections as Subjects, PDS, Tasks,
and Procedure), Results, Discussion, and References.
Independent variables of the study are gender and the deprivation that participants were placed
under. Authors investigate the influence of these two variables on response latency, trials to
criterion, number of failures, internal attribution, stable attribution, and global attribution.
Two–way analysis of variance was used in the study. To collect data about deprivation authors have
used questionnaire, which was created by Misra and Tripathi in 1980. It consists of 96 questions
about 15 areas of life such as housing conditions, home environment, and economic sufficiency, as
well as childhood experiences, sociocultural experiences, and so on. To answer each question
respondent uses the 5–point scale. The higher score corresponds to higher deprivation. Total
deprivation is equal the sum of scores for each question.
One hundred and four high school students in India were selected to be the participants of the study.
The share of the males is equal to the share of the females for these participants. In other words,
there were 52

Stress: The Cognitive Appraisal Model
Stress can be defined as anything that makes us change. Many people think of a negative event
when they hear the word stress. However, stress can be a positive change also. When a person
experiences stress, it not only affects them emotionally, but physically also. If two people are
experiencing the same change, they will each respond differently to the stressor. An important figure
to Psychology named Richard Lazarus developed the Cognitive Appraisal Model. The Cognitive
Appraisal Model states that whether we experience stress from an event or not depends on our
interpretation of the situation and the resources we have to approach that event. This means that if a
person has many resources to deal with an event, they are less likely to ... Show more content on
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The last category of stressors is social and cultural sources. This type of stressor can occur when a
person moves to another area or due to their socioeconomic status. The lower a person is on the
socioeconomic ladder, the more likely it is that they will experience stress. Thomas Holmes and
Richard Rahe believed that any change that causes a person to adjust their actions or lifestyle can
cause stress. They created the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, or SRRS, to try to measure the
amount of stress people experience when certain life events occur. The lowest event on the scale is a
minor violation of the law which weighs in at 11 life event units while the highest event on the scale
is the death of spouse which weighs in at 100 life event units. Furthermore, they updated the scale to
accommodate different groups of people. For example, there is now a College Student Stress Scale.
Due to the stresses caused by these life events, there are many physical effects of stress.
Stress can affect a persons' physical health directly and indirectly. The indirect effects of stress
include behaviors that cause unhealthy actions such as eating too much. The direct effects of stress
can cause symptoms and illnesses such as a migraine. When an event occurs that causes a person to
be in immediate danger, a physical reaction occurs that is referred to as the fight–or–flight response.
This response was discovered by Walter Cannon who learned that both the nervous and

Learned Optimism: An Analysis
In the modern times, there are multiply pressures on the people working in organizations, especially
managers. In such a scenario, optimism may just prove to be the difference and help in building the
self sustaining capabilities amidst stress, problems and ambiguities. Optimism is a generalized
expectancy that good outcome as opposed to bed will generally occur when confronted with
problems across situations. Optimism is used to denote a positive predisposition and likelihood that
good things will happen irrespective of one's ability. Over time, researchers have emphasized that
optimism is a learning style or a cognitive skill that can be learned. Optimism is different than hope,
contended Snyder (1994) as it contains a proactive component ... Show more content on
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Learned optimism is a term Seligman and his associates first used. It was the extension of
Seligman's original work on learned helplessness that was defined as a result of learning to be
unable to control events (Seligman and Maier, 1967). According to Seligman (1991), learned
helplessness is the giving up reaction, the quitting response that follows from the belief that
whatever you do doesn't matter. Another relevant concept in this connection is explanatory style. It
is the manner is which one habitually explains to himself why events happen. An optimistic
explanatory style stops helplessness, whereas a pessimistic explanatory style spreads helplessness.
Seligman (1972) conducted an experiment with dogs and concluded that when exposed to
circumstances beyond their control, dogs will eventually give up trying to effect change. In this
experiment, despite the shocks, dogs were just lying there because they had learned that nothing
they did matter (as they were exposed to such circumstances earlier) and they therefore expected
that no action of theirs would matter in the future also. Once this expectation was learned, they
would no longer engage in action. This is the effect of learned

Seligman's Theory Of Learned Helplessness?
We all known that the theory of learned helplessness is the topic of our experimental paper. This
theory was a serendipitous experimental discovery, but its origin comes from animal learning
research (dogs). Martin Seligman introduced the term learned helplessness or "an unwillingness to
avoid trauma after experiencing repeated failures to control unavoidable negative events." I think
the research study that will be doing in class is about measuring the ability of three individuals to
rearrange words in an anagram task, where they also will provide demographic information and give
feedback about their impression of the anagram exercise. There are two hypotheses in this study.
First, almost all individuals doing the easy anagram will be able to spell the word AMERICAN and
those doing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This happens because those individuals performing the hard and moderate task are strongly affected
by learned helplessness (failure to rearrange the first words will make them to give up on the next
words, no matters if the next words can be rearranged). The second hypothesis, individuals in the
hard task will find the anagram hard personally, most other people will find the task to be hard, will
be most frustrated with the anagram, and almost not a single person will complete the task within 30
seconds. In the other hand, those people in the easy condition will find the task easy personally,
think others will find it easy, will be less frustrated, and will expect most people should be able to
complete the task within 30 seconds. Those in the moderate condition should be between the
previous two groups. With these two hypotheses, I just predicted what could happen. In conclusion,
those people with an anagram puzzle that they are not able to solve (because it is impossible) will
not even try to find the answer of anagram that looks identically unsolvable, but it is in fact

Reformulation Of Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness occurs when a person is repeatedly exposed to an aversive stimuli and feels
that no matter how much they try to escape; they are not successful. Therefore, they tend to cave in
since a sense of being helpless has been developed to escape the situation. Early studies on the idea
of learned helplessness occurred accidently since psychologists were initially studying avoidance
learning in dogs. These dogs were subject to a few foot shocks and at first would attempt to escape
the shock however, these dogs later on stop attempting to escape and would submissively accept the
foot shocks. Then these psychologists tried numerous situations to examine this sensation by placing
the dogs in different cages where it would be easier ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the participants were place in a new situation where no unpleasant noise was used however,
participants that were exposed to the learned helplessness condition performed worse on solving
problems in the second situation than the other participants. People tend to generalize their
experiences of helplessness from one situation to the next in regards to how feel about the situation
and the loss of control they have towards it. Current researchers are focused on what factors
influence people to develop this sense of helplessness and also goes on their mind who undergoes
this interpretation of the world. The reformulation of learned helplessness theory emphasizes the
importance of the thoughts that lead a person to develop feelings of helplessness. The explanatory
style of the learned helplessness refers to the explanations people use to identified the causes of
events. Three dimensions are used when explaining the causes of events. The first dimension
identifies explanations for events as either internal or

Young Women And Sexual Relationships
Young Women and Abuse in Relationships During the week on victim blaming, we studied women
in abusive relationships which is a topic close to my heart. I selected the topic of young women in
abusive marriages or marriage like relationships to see how and why women in abusive relationships
cope. In the peer–reviewed, scholarly article entitled, Young Woman's Experience of Coping with
Violence in Intimate Relationships by Marina Ursa and Corinne Koehn, young women's coping
mechanisms were analyzed and assessed against past research. Marina Ursa and Corinne Koehn
analyzed interviews of five women ages 19–24, because this age group is the most common to
experience abuse. Their goal was finding the differences and similarities in the decisions made in
coping with abusive relationships before the women left their abusers. Numerous women have
reported self–soothing such as cheating on their abusers, substance abuse, and self–harm as their
coping mechanisms. Another common theme between prior research and this study is rationalizing
the negative experiences and enjoying the positive experiences. Some woman's rationale was having
a home to live in and financial support which is another topic we learned about in this unit. A key
factor found was personal or spiritual beliefs such as God would never give them more than they
could handle and karma would sort everything out. Similarly to what we learned in class, Marina
Ursa and Corinne Koehn discussed how women can be

Analysis Of Hillbilly Elegy : A Memoir Of A Family And...
Every year, there are millions of people that suffer from mental illness, addiction, or both. Not only
do the people who have a mental illness or addiction suffer, but so do their families, friends, and
loved ones. Therefore, mental illness and addiction are two topics that can easily spark controversy
when it comes to two areas of concern: blame and solutions. Many people have strong feelings
when it comes to the institutions and processes surrounding mental illness and addiction. Ex–
marine, Yale Law School Graduate, and hillbilly–at–heart J.D. Vance wrote a book titled Hillbilly
Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis which includes parts his connection to addiction
primarily through his mother and his personal view on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Throughout the conclusion of the memoir, he makes his views on the existence of issues in the
hillbilly community very prominent. For example, Vance directly states his views on the state of
despair within the community of the hill people in this quote: "These problems were not created by
the government or corporations or anyone else. We created them, and only we can fix them."
Another quote that showcases this ideology is "I don 't know what the answer is, precisely, but I
know it starts when we stop blaming Obama or Bush or faceless companies and ask ourselves what
we can do to make things better." The fact that Vance consistently reiterates this idea in the
conclusion shows that there is an extremely likely chance that Vance strongly believes that issues
such as addiction and mental illness and the processes in which they develop are not the result of
wrong–doings of the government, but the self–inflicted consequences of a, not only hillbilly, but
human tradition of making bad choices. However, direct statements in the conclusion is not the only
way that Vance insinuates this belief.
Even though Vance directly states his stance in the conclusion, throughout the entirety of the
memoir, he uses some of the tools of rhetoric, the art of persuasion, to try to persuade his audience
to agree with him. One rhetoric tool that he uses very well is issue control. The three sub–tools of
issue control are blame, values, and choice; all of which Vance uses. For

Happiness and Helplessness
Lecture 8 Helplessness & happiness Why did Seligman and maier use a tripartite design? What are
the long term effect sof uncontrollable stressors What does delta p = 0 Pavlov Pavlov's apparatus 2
different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment because using dogs in experiment,
noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in
avoidance experiments o but adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learn very
quickly in the classical conditioning exp second) tripartite design o one dogs put into harness and
nothing done to them (control) o another set with shocks done to back legs but had nose plate to turn
off shock (controllable shock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be extroverted, not neurotic High priority for humanitarian, family goals, and low priority for
materialistic ones Long term partner (not be neurotic, have high priority for altruistic and family
goals) Attend church Don't work too much, or too little Exercise Participate in social activities Don't
be

Essay On Learned Helplessness
The Effects of Uncontrollable and Unpredictable Events on Anagram Solving Learned helplessness
(LH) is related to behavior and psychological disorders found in humans and animal containing the
potential to affect their health negatively. This is often associated when an individual experiences a
sense of powerlessness after being in similar circumstances repeatedly and begins to feel as a
consistent failure. An analysis was made to examine the effects of uncontrollability and
unpredictability behaviors in an anagram task (Winefield & Tiggemann, 1978). Psychologist
Seligman had accidentally discovered this concept of learned helplessness while conducting a study
on dogs that were expected to receive an electrical shock after hearing a tone. This phenomenon
"learned helplessness" has been hypothesized as the process to acquire knowledge from the
expectation between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, people would overall find the task hard, will become frustrated and will not be able to
complete the task in one minute. Two evaluations were taken in the anagram performance that
collected the data for the number of fail attempts to solve the anagrams and the mean of responses
potential (Henderson & Lohr, 1982). The individuals responses to the questionnaires were more
affected negatively than positive. Participants were mostly frustrated by having to solve the
anagram. Even though there wasn't a time limit, the participants felt as if they didn't meet the one
minute rule and felt as if they weren't smart enough. As mentioned by Harris & Tryon (1983), they
implicated the nature of the instructions as an important variable for producing response deficits and
the different effects should result from telling a subject (correctly or incorrectly) that he or she can
solve the task at

Examples Of Learned Helplessness
Since childhood Sandra had experienced numerous difficulties in her life, began by her father who
was continuously abusing her in different ways, his actions had developed a sense of helplessness
inside of her that stayed with her for many years to follow at the age of 22 Sandra got married to her
husband who at first seemed to be a man of well manners, but it was proven later on that he was
completely the opposite of her expectations, besides he had also created an abusive unhealthy
environment for her which has further increased her level of helplessness. ''Learned helplessness is
defined as the inability to take control over one's life due to a previous lack of control in important
life outcomes''(manyu li ,vaishali mardhekar,alka wadkar may 1 2012 ) '' The Learned helplessness
phenomenon is proposed as a model for the emotional numbing and maladaptive passivity
sometimes following victimization'' . Victims suffering in certain situation assume that there is no
freedom from their situation of being victimized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person should have enough will power to quite an activity or walk away from a situation which
puts them under stress or gives them depression. A state of mind which stops them from rescuing
themselves is known as learned helplessness . It could make a person have a perspective that they no
control or power to change their current stressful situation to a better situation (bronwyn harris 9 oct
2014) Some people use the mechanism of learned helplessness to deal with painful situations. For
example a child who is been abused by their guardian and a partner who is been abused by their
other half will adapt the behavior of being submissive and accommodating to their abuser's
behaviour ,as they feel that they cannot fight with the situation and escaping from it is impossible.
(bronwyn harris 9 oct

The Dangers Of Self Esteem
In today's society, I believe that there are many possible hazards if we focus too much on
heightening the self–esteem of children. One example is that children with very high self–esteem
could have a lack of motivation in regards to academic assignments and exams. They may not feel
the need to study or put in the work to try their best due to the fact that they have the mentality of
"I'm so smart, so I don't need to study." Another example is that high self–esteem could lead
children to losing respect towards authority. When children become too arrogant, they develop this
"know–it–all" attitude. They feel that they are better than the authority figure and there is no reason
to respect them. All in all, too much focus on heightening self–esteem can cause children to lack
high goals and expectations and influence them to disrespect authority figures. Instead, we should
focus on developing a secure self–esteem in which children feel comfortable and happy about
themselves. We should teach children the idea that not everyone is perfect and that they should
accept their flaws. When children realize that they are not perfect and can still make improvement,
they can set goals for themselves and establish determination to get better.
4. When making an important hiring decision for a business, understanding Rotter's concept of locus
of control can be helpful when evaluating the candidate and what is his or her contribution to the
team. A candidate with an external locus of control

Seligman's Theory Of Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness refers to an organism learning to accept and endure an aversive stimulus that it
cannot escape even when it is avoidable. This theory shows that having some control over our lives
is preferable to no control at all. Based on the original theory of learned helplessness, one of the key
factors in Seligman's theory were uncontrollability and repeated cruelty or neglect. Based on many
experiments done by Seligman, controllability determines if one is suffering from learned
helplessness. This often leads to perceived lack of control and may lead to helpless behaviour
(Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978). Also, repeated cruelty or neglect contributes to the key
factors in Seligman's theory. It involves aversive stimulus that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once again, dogs in both groups were given electric shocks. However, the reaction was very
different as the dogs in Group two did not try to escape and whimpered instead.
Later, Seligman (1974) introduced the Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression. Seligman saw
the behaviour of these animals which might apply similarly to human depression. Animals exposed
to unavoidable shock showed passivity, in which Seligman felt in line with the typical behaviour of
depression. Other similar symptom were lack of appetite and weight loss (Rehm, 1990). However,
one part of learned helplessness that did not occur in animals was the process of demonstrating
learned helplessness through vicarious learning (Bandura, 1986). There were other differences in the
human models of learned helplessness as compared to the animal models such as shocks due to
ethical concerns. Therefore, researches used variables such as loud noises as the aversive event.
Participants were given solvable or unsolvable tasks and were exposed to a loud noise. Participants
in unsolvable tasks failed in attempting to escape the loud noise. Other research has also been able
to induce learned helplessness in human participants with different types of

What Did You Discover About Your Value Orientation That...
Complete my.blog 3.1 (45), my.blog 3.2 (36), my.blog 3.3 (53). What did you discover about your
value orientation that you did not know before? After completing my.blog 3.1, I learned several
things. The first thing is that I am individualistic, meaning that I have a tendency to emphasize my
individual identity over a group identity. The second was that I am small power distance oriented,
meaning I tend to value equal power distributions, equal rights and relations, and equitable rewards
and punishments on the basis of performance. Third, I learned that Ii have "feminine" patterns,
meaning that I emphasize flexible sex roles when it comes to behaviors. Finally, I learned that I have
a strong uncertainty avoidance, meaning I prefer clear procedures, and conflict, avoidance
behaviors. Overall, I think this is basically spot on. I do tend to want equal rights, and
rewards/punishments based on performance, and I do really hate conflict. After completing my.blog
3.2, I also learned even more. After adding up my scores, I found that I am a bicultural value person.
Neither my individualism score or my collectivism score was much different. This means that in
certain situations when my value of self–reliance and personal freedom is the focus I may be more
individualistic, while when it comes to being sensitive to others needs, I may be more collectivist.
After completing my.blog 3.3, I also learned that doing, or action oriented, that when it comes to
density I tend to be in

Types Of Stress And Loss
Everyone at any given age is faced with different types of stress and loss. As human beings we
continuously evolve onto the next phase of our lives, which bring on new challenges and stress.
Ziegler (2014) indicated that it's a reminder that "adult development encompasses both growth and
decline" (Ziegler, 2014). Unfortunately, not everyone is equipped to deal with stress, consequently
resorting to maladaptive coping skills, such as: self indulging in over eating, smoking, and drinking
alcohol. Likewise, when dealing with loss, there are maladaptive coping skills, which are similar as
the ones described for stress, but also some may lash out or avoidance. On the other hand, others
adaptively and resiliently bounce back (Zeigler, 2014). Pollack (1988) stated, "no matter how
difficult the situation, I will eventually find a way to cope with it" (Pollack, 1988, p. 17). Pollack, is
the example of a person who through optimism, a good support network, resilience, and stress
related growth, she was able to get through stressful time by coping with the loss successfully
(Ziegler, 2014). In 1988, Pollack shares her own experience of losing her husband to colon cancer
and how she managed to get herself and family through it. I particularly learned something
interesting about Pollack's experience, as she stated, that she "was grieving, long before his death"
(Pollack, 1988). Therefore, as she dealt with her own reality, the ups and the downs, Pollack was
ready to be confronted by

Analysis Of Helplessness Blues By Robin Pecknold
Seattle musician Robin Pecknold voices the struggle between who one is and who one wishes to be.
Robin Pecknold is the front man and songwriter of Fleet Foxes, a Seattle–based indie–folk band. In
the band's sophomore album, Helplessness Blues, Pecknold writes a story of whom he is and who he
is becoming. The musician realizes his departure from his selfish tendencies, and how his life differs
from that of his parents in the song Montezuma. The song following this one, Bedouin Dress, refers
to the way he had borrowed love from those he cared about in his youth. The album's title track,
Helplessness Blues, shows how Pecknold wants to have a simple life, but his fame has gotten in the
way. Pecknold not only uses his music to convey his own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He is wondering if his life is currently on a course that would lead him to be solitary at his death. As
an ethereal vocally driven bridge ends, Pecknold changes his standpoint from one of regret to one of
greed, saying, "Gold teeth and gold jewelry/ every piece of your dowry/ Throw them into the tomb
with me/ Bury them with my name" (Montezuma). The writer believes that he might not be able to
lose his desire for material wealth or if even in his old age and death he will want to cling to his
possessions. He contrasts this by saying "Unless I have some day/ Ran my wandering mind away".
The musician wants to escape, and to let his mind take him to a place in which he would not be
drawn towards riches. Pecknold ends this song by saying "Oh man what I used to be/ Montezuma to
Tripoli/ Oh man oh my oh me" (Montezuma). Montezuma to Tripoli is a line in the Marines Hymn,
which is fitting because this song is about the battle between one's selfish tendencies and who one
wants to become. "Montezuma to Tripoli" symbolizes that journey. In conclusion, Pecknold voices
his struggle to become selfless, and also voices his generation's struggle to do the same. The song
that immediately follows this one is called "Bedouin Dress". The word "Bedouin" refers to someone
who is prone to wander. This song is more upbeat in tempo but also reflects a regretful tone. In the
process of writing

Kurt Vonnegut And Harrison Bergeron And Ozymandias
Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and maintain your zeal!
Throughout the readings assigned in the fall semester of 2017, certain themes appear prevalently
from one piece of literature to the next. One such recurring theme is that of invalidation, more
specifically how various forms and levels of such leads to some measure of destruction of an
individual, or even as grandiose as an entire civilization. Two examples of this theme, consistent
across multiple readings, are: the short story "Harrison Bergeron" written by Kurt Vonnegut, and the
poem "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelly. "Harrison Bergeron's" satirical portrayal of a futuristic
[false] utopia in which all citizens are not created equal, but forced into "equality" through the
implementation of various imposed handicaps; tells of a world in which all citizens (except those
who are in charge of allocating the degree of retardation from achievement of full potential that each
individual receives) are assigned a device to limit their physical or intellectual abilities. The
character of Harrison Bergeron displays his forbearance, publicly liberates himself from bondage,
along with a handful of talented performers, and proceeds to defy the status quo briefly before being
put down by an elite member of society. "Ozymandias" is written as a recount of a tale told from a
third party, about a civilization lost to time and forgotten by many in the "present" in which the
poem takes place. The imagery imposed is that of a toppled

Psychology And The Theory Of Psychology
Psychology in a continuously growing tree with its roots stemming from the study of reality and
knowledge known as philosophy first studied by ancient Greece (Wiley 8). It can be defined as the
study of behaviours and mental processes in which behaviours are observable activities, and mental
processes include all internal thoughts and emotions. Psychologists often have one (or more) of four
goals in mind when they conduct research: describing, explaining, predicting, or controlling (5–6).
Many great thinkers profoundly influenced psychology including Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow,
Sigmund Freud and many others (Vickers).Various people throughout history contributed to
different approaches and belief systems. A few examples of these systems are: structuralism–
focusing on mental processes, psychoanalysis–focusing on the unconscious mind, behaviourism
focusing–on the unconscious mind (Vickers). Although there are many belief systems, modern
psychologists share similar procedures and values known as the empirical method (Vickers).
Psychology is theory driven, seeks evidence, multi–leveled, and contextual, unlike philosophy
which relies heavily on unproven beliefs, psychology aims to discover scientific information.
Psychologists approach ideas using the scientific method based on Sir Francis Bacon's emphasis on
minimizing bias (Wiley 29). They create hypotheses which according to Karl Popper must establish
observations that could be refutable (30). Unfortunately,

Learned Helplessness Is A Mental Disorder
Learned helplessness is a mental disorder that affects many people in our society. The term learned
helplessness was first used by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the 1960's. Dictionary.com
defines it as "a mental condition in which one becomes unable to help oneself due to previous failed
attempts at controlling one's life." This is not a genetic disorder that can be passed down from
family members, rather a learned behavior that develops due to environmental factors. Seligman and
Maier's research demonstrates how the condition occurs. Seligman and Maier's discovery is derived
from the results of an experiment based on Pavlov's classical conditioning theory. The experiment
being performed involved dogs and mild electrical shocks. Initially, the dogs were restrained in a
hammock and they would receive a mild electric shock every time a specific sound was heard. After
a conditioning period, the dogs were removed from the restrictive hammocks and placed into boxes.
The boxes did not restrain the dogs in any manner, and they could easily jump out of the boxes in
order to avoid the electrical shock at any time. The dogs involved in this experiment never tried to
escape from the boxes. The dogs had learned in the previous conditioning that the shock was not
based upon their behavior and it was unavoidable. The dogs had developed a feeling of helplessness
that had overwhelmed their beings, that they quit trying to avoid the electrical shocks and just
accepted it as fate

A Patient's Rights to Refuse Treatment and How it Relates...
A Patient's Rights to Refuse Treatment and How it Relates to Learned Helplessness of Individuals
The concept of learned helplessness was first suggested by M. Seligman an animal psychologist, in
1975. During a series of experiments involving rats and dogs, he discovered that the animals which
had some control over their environment (in being able to prevent a series of electric shocks) would
always try to avoid the undesirable stimulus; whereas the animals which had previously had no
control over their environment (and so were unable to prevent the shocks) eventually became
apathetic and would not try to escape the stimulus, even if it was possible to do so.
It was found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leads us to the concept of the locus of control, as hypothesized by Rotter (1966). In this theory
he stated that there are personality types who have and external locus of control, and try to hold
external factors such as fate, luck, or other people as being responsible for many aspects of their
lives. Those with an internal locus of control tend to believe that they have control over their own
actions, and any events that happen to them during their lives, are a result of their own actions.
Whether one accepts learned helplessness or not, one of the most stressful occurrences which can
occur in an individual's life is an admission to hospital due to an acute or chronic illness. It is a time
when the individual's personal independence and privacy are all but destroyed, and everyday
activities such as using the toilet, bathing, sleeping, eating and relaxing become part of an alien
regime over which the individual has little or no control.
Some people cease their normal behavior patterns and adopt the role of the patient, as can be seen
very often in hospitals, when they immediately change into their night clothes and get into bed.
Generally these patients tend to be passive, place very few demands on the ward staff, are generally
co–operative with their treatment program, and seldom ask questions. The ward staff reacts to these
"good

What And How Does It Affect Your Managerial Effectiveness?
Executive Summary:
Responsibility is a part of life where humans react physically or psychologically to favorable and
unfavorable conditions. The attitude of the individual at that instant defines how he/she would react
to the challenges of daily life and repercussions of decisions made to overcome these challenges.
Such decision are results of the one's locus of control at that moment.
The types of Loci of control that affect me personally are high internal locus of control in turn
driving me to assume responsibility in all cases. This affects both positively and negatively
depending on the result.
To excel with the people, I work within my MBA eventually at my workplace and life , I must work
on certain aspects of my personality which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.1. Most people don't realize the extent to which accidental happenings control their lives.
3.2. There really is no such thing as luck.
What and How does it affect?
Research has found that an internal locus of control is not a universal solution for all management
problems. Internal locus of control is not always a positive attribute. For example, individuals with
an external locus of control have been found to be more inclined to initiate structure as leaders (to
help clarify roles). Internals are less likely to comply with leader directions and are less accurate in
processing feedback about successes and failures than are externals. Internals also have more
difficulty arriving at decisions with serious consequences for someone else (Coleman et al., 1999;
Wheeler & Davis, 1979). It is important to note that locus of control can shift over time, particularly
as a function of the position held at work, and that external locus of control does not inhibit
individuals from attaining positions of power and influence at the top of organizations. Hence, it
does not matter what your internal and/or external score, you can be a successful manager in the
right setting, or you can alter your locus of control. (Whetten & Cameron, 2016.)
The Locus of Control Scale in the Skill Assessment section helps you generate a score showing the
extent to which you have an internal or external locus of

Personal Statement : The Big Five Personality Test Essay
One of my high school english teachers always told my class that "self assessment is the first step to
all assessment", and I must say I never really paid attention to that until after I read more about it in
this course. Throughout this unit I was able to better understand the meaning behind that quote,
because a person really can't achieve much without first knowing what they are capable of.
Throughout my life I've done a few assessments, but always brushed them off because I was too
young to care. After doing a few of the assessments in the book I found myself being really
surprised at the different skills I have, whether it is teamwork skills, or just basic verbal skills.
The first assessment, the Big Five personality test, really helped me understand the strengths in my
personality. I was able to find an online assessment test that actually gave me more in–depth
explanation for my test results, which was very helpful to better understand what I scored. My
begining results taught me a lot about myself, starting with the openness to experience section. This
section showed me that I am not close minded, nor am I open to new experiences, I am right in the
middle, which is pretty true, because I like to pick and choose what new experiences I want to
endure. Moving on to the conscientious section, I learned that I am very meticulous, where I like to
stay organized and finish my work thoroughly, which is very true, I just never noticed it. The next
section of the assessment

Compassion Fatigue : A Sense Of Helplessness And Confusion
Figley (2002a) defined "Compassion Fatigue" as a sense of helplessness and confusion around an
emotional investment in helping those who are suffering. Compassion Fatigue has been linked to 10
variables. Starting variable begins with Empathic Ability, the ability to notice the pain of others.
Following with Empathic Concern, noticing the pain of others and wanting to help the other person.
Thirdly is Exposure to the client, the more time face to face with a consumer. Consecutively follows
Empathic Response – taking the steps and making an effort to help reduce or alleviate the suffering
of the consumer through understanding. Afterward becomes Compassion Stress, the stress one feels
from the additional empathy towards another. Sixth is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The necessary first variables of Empathic Concern and Empathic Ability help to be a benefit to the
person being helped. However if a person was not emotionally invested in their work burnout may
not be a problem.
When a person cares so much about the people they are working with and become fully involved in
the other person's life, they can become overwhelmed with a different range of emotions.
Professionals work to empathize, seeing things from the other persons perspective, versus
sympathize, feeling sorry for the other person. Sympathizing is much easier because a person can
feel bad for someone without understanding the emotions the other person is experiencing.
Empathizing takes the time for an outside person to recognize the emotions and understand the
experience another person has gone through. Empathizing is much more effective due to the other
person feeling understood and cared for, however also runs the risk of actually experiencing the
other person's feelings; which can result in Secondary Post Traumatic Stress, covered in the next
section. With Compassion Fatigue, there is a point where a person experiences difficulty or an
inability to empathize due to too much confusion with emotional investment. A person will neglect
investment in the needs of their own emotions when confronted with emotional confusion. When a
person is unable to meet their needs it becomes

Learned Helplessness And Mental Disorders
Learned helplessness is something that a lot of people go through without knowing all of the factors
that may trigger it. Learned helplessness is when someone suffers from powerlessness about
repeated failing attempts to succeed. This paper will focus on some of things that are related to
learned helplessness and a way to help reduce it, such as mental disorders, health problems, gender,
job status, and race. One way to reduce it among women is counseling with another female. Learned
helplessness can cause and/or is related to mental disorders such as depression and PTSD, health
problems such as asthma & weight and it is also related to job status. There are studies that show
that women can reduce learned helplessness if they are counseled by another female rather than a
male.
One factor that may cause learned helplessness is depression. In a study by Klein, Morse, and
Seligman (1976), researchers did a study on both men and women. They wanted to know how well
depressed and non–depressed people were able to answer solvable or three different types of non–
solvable questions. This study consisted of 81 University of Pennsylvania undergraduates. The
participants were assigned to either the depressed or non–depressed group based off how well they
did on the Beck Depression Inventory. After they completed the BDI test the participants were
placed into one of the question type groups. The participants were assigned to either a solvable or
non–solvable group where they answered

Locus Of Control: Listening In The Classroom
Locus of control is one person's beliefs about what controls the outcomes of the things they do in
life. With locus of control, there are two types; internal and external. Internal locus is the belief that
what happens is their own fault and that they have control over it. For example, if a student with an
internal locus control gets a perfect score, they will say it was because of their effort and studying.
On the other hand, if a student with an external locus of control fails, he will blame external force,
such as a fault in the test or the teacher's supposed incompetence. People with an external locus of
control believe events in life occur because of 'luck, chance, or other powerful forces.' A person with
an internal locus of control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consider putting your phone on vibrate and in your bag, and only use it in emergencies. If you have
a problem remembering facts and details in the classroom, they don't have to be complete sentences,
but a simple memento will help a lot. Listening in the classroom is probably an obvious thing, but it
does help a lot. Ask questions. Many students, who are failing aren't asking questions or getting
involved in the classroom because they are either self–conscious or 'too cool' to ask questions. It is
okay to be wrong, you can only help yourself and others.
I'm going to be completely honest, I'm not very organized. In the first quarter of the year, I had two
F's and three D's for the longest time. Towards the end of the quarter, I realized I needed to
straighten up because my grades will stay there for the rest of my life. I started using a planner and
actually studying, I had brought the F's and D's to two B's, three C's, and one D. Starting in the
second quarter, I do not want a repeat, so I'm going to use this essay as a wake–up call. I am in
control of the outcomes I create. I recently bought a planner and am trying to use it as much as
possible. Drawing in class is unbelievably helpful because I can be drawing, hear something and jot
it down somewhere on the paper. Then when I look at the drawing later while studying, it makes me
think about what the teacher was talking about. Another problem I have is sleep; I don't get enough
of it. But I have

Organizational Effectiveness And What Emotional Intelligence
To be completely honest before starting this class I had no idea what organizational effectiveness
and what emotional intelligence was. I read a couple articles, and looked it up online. I still really
had no idea about the different components. I simply thought organizational effectiveness was a
fancy way to say how successful a company was. I did not know it involved so many (what nurses
would call) "soft science" components. I am referring to the psychology, sociology, and even
anthropology. This makes me very intrigued. I have enjoyed all of those classes in my undergrad and
to hear them brought up again makes me feel like a sponge waiting to absorb the material.
I have heard the term locus of control several times from nursing school. It always makes me think
of how much of a "control freak" someone is, or is not. Most people who are nurses have internal
locus of control. This means that most nurses believe they can change their future. They can make a
difference in their lives. Nurses are very driven people. They are also very goal oriented, so this
helps them achieve their goals. Patients do not always have an internal locus of control. Some
believe everything happens to them, and there is nothing they can do about it.
When you were sharing the story of your daughter and how her personality is so much like your
husbands, I could completely relate. My son is quiet and shy just like my husband. Both of them are
perfectionist, but my son did get my

Essay on Perspectives of Pyschology
Part 1 Extended Response Psychoanalytic is the perspective that childhood sexuality and
unconscious motivations influence personality. It is accountable for the development of an
introverted or extroverted type of personality because if a person is unconsciously aware of their
actions then it's possible they do not have a lot of control over certain behaviors such as greed or
pride. Also when someone becomes fixated on any of the psychosexual stages then it can alter
behaviors and will affect personality as the child develops. So for example if a person has a very
weak ego and a more dominant superego or more dominant id then it can have a huge affect on their
personality. If the person is a do–gooder then their superego will emit ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is accountable for the development of an introverted or extroverted type of personality because
behavior displayed in children is often expressed similarly when they get older. So for example if a
child is often misbehaving and always gets into trouble then it's possible they will begin to think
everything they do is wrong. As the child grows older he then becomes more shy and unsociable
creating an introverted type of personality. On the other hand, if a child is often misbehaving and the
other children laugh then its likely they will act out more to amuse those other children. As the
characteristics of this child develop then its probable they will have a more extroverted type of
personality. Heredity is also a factor in the trait perspective. If a family has a history of calm,
reliable, and quiet individuals then their offspring will have the same characteristics. Social
cognitive is the perspective that behaviors are learned by observing and modeling others and
emphasizes the importance of mental processes. It is accountable for the development of an
introverted or extroverted type of personality because what children learn when they are younger
affect them as they grow older. For example if a child looks up to someone who is very talkative and
carefree then its likely they will want to model the same behaviors. Such as, talking to the new kid
at school and being very laidback. As they grow older these behaviors will then

Theory Of Learned Helplessness
The Theory of Learned Helplessness (TLH) (Peterson, 1982) is the theoretical foundation chosen for
this study. Learned helplessness is a psychological condition which can cause a person to feel
completely powerless to change their circumstances for the better. It is defined as the failure of an
individual to engage in behaviors that will allow them to escape from or avoid aversive stimuli such
as in the ICU environment (Peterson, 1982; Seligman, 1972). It begins with the post–surgical patient
awakening to an environment of abrupt disempowerment that often includes the restriction of
movement, the inability to speak, the loss of human choice, and the bombardment of continuous
aversive stimulation. Consequently, aversive stimulus encountered ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The demonstration of abrupt and unusual cognitive decline, variations of anxiety, and other
symptoms that indicate a direct loss of control connect the Theory of Learned Helplessness to the
knowledge of when delirium may start. Moreover, understanding the trajectory and onset of
delirium will inform or contribute to existing research and knowledge of the Theory of Learned
Helplessness and extend the boundaries of the theory by explaining the dependence of hospitalized
patients following their experience with restrictive and disempowering care in the critical care
environment. In addition, practitioners could initiate an early treatment plan followed by simple
interventions to assist the patient in reducing anxiety and subsequent cognitive decline that results in
manifestations of delirium. These simple interventions to reduce anxiety could include facilitating
independence and assisting the patient in meeting their basic needs, which can lead to positive
engagement with their current environment. What is more, these interventions could extend the
Theory of Learned Helplessness by simply recognizing the patient as a living human being. The
Theory of Learned Helplessness can explain the onset of delirium when the patient eventually feels
that there is nothing that they can do to overcome their symptoms during the progression of
mechanical ventilation

The Hopelessness Model : The Hopelessness Model Of Depression
The Hopelessness Model of Depression The redevelopment of the theory of learned helplessness
helped create the hopelessness model of depression (Miserandino, 2012, p. 282). The hopelessness
model of depression is the concept that someone believes they truly lack control of their personal
situation. This lack of control creates a form of helplessness in the face of a negative event in the
present. In concurrence with this belief, the additional belief of having helplessness continue in the
future can cause a person to feel sadness, lose optimism and to stop trying (Miserandino, 2012, p.
282). These beliefs can lead to the feelings of hopelessness and, more specifically, hopelessness
depression. The relationship and interactions between negative life events and negative cognitive
styles generate a sense of hopelessness (Liu, Kleiman, Nestor, and Cheek, 2015, p. 348).
Hopelessness depression can create changes in emotions, cognition, self–esteem, and motivation.
People can simply give up, be saddened, lack the confidence of moving on, or have their thinking
patterns effected to where they feel they cannot change the outcome of their situation (Miserandino,
2012, p. 282). It is noticeable to see how the impact of hopelessness affects changes in behavior,
cognitive capabilities, and emotional capacities. It is also understandable to see how hopelessness
can be confused with helplessness because they are often used interchangeably. However, it is
important to note

Julian Rotter's Contribution To Personality
In the field of psychology, many psychologists have contributed to the understanding of personality.
Through their research, they have come up with an understanding of the various factors: genetics,
environmental, learning, parental, developmental, consciousness, and unconsciousness, that play a
role in shaping personality. In addition, it has helped people to discover themselves in a deeper level
by learning the various aspects of the characteristics and traits that make up who they are as unique
individuals. Out of all the contributors to the study of personality psychology like Sigmund Freud,
Karen Horney, and so forth, the focus of this paper will be on Julian Rotter. In delving deeper, the
paper will cover Julian Rotter's major contribution to psychology, how his theory change the
understanding of personality, and how it explains various cultural ways of life.
Julian Rotter's major contribution to personality was coming up with the social learning theory
construct of locus of control. The construct locus of control is a "personality style and orientation
characterized either by the belief that individuals can control events by their own efforts (internal
locus of control) or that their future is determined by forces outside their control (external locus of
control) according to the The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology (Longe, 2016, p. 694). In other
words, people with an internal locus of control manage their life on their own accord while people
with an external locus

Seligman's Theory Of Learned Helplessness
The original theory of learned helplessness proposed by Martin Seligman (1965) suggested that
when shock is inescapable, the dog learns that it is enabling to exercise control over the shock by
any means of its voluntary performance. Thus, the animals expect this to be the case in the future,
and this expectation of uncontrollability causes it to fail to learn in the future (Peterson, Maier &
Seligman, 1993, p. ). The learning that outcomes are uncontrollable results in three deficits:
motivational, emotional and cognitive deficits. In addition, Seligman's studies on human participants
using Beck's cognitive model of depression have caused a considerable support for the prediction
that the state of helplessness leads to depression and serves as a common explanation for depression.
In 1978, Abramson (1989) presented the reformulation of learned helplessness theory by indicating
two vital problems with the theory when applied to people. First, the theory does not distinguish
between instances in which outcomes are uncontrollable for all people and instances in which
outcomes are uncontrollable only for some people. Second, the theory does not clarify ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, it is replicable and a simple instrument to utilized in research. Second, it provides adequate
applicability to a variety of human difficulties such as depression, cancer, poor school achievement,
victimization, etc. Third, it incorporates prior theories to explain his theory (learning theory,
attribution theory, etc). On the other hand, learned helplessness has been a focus of debate. The
researchers argued that the apparatus by which the cognitive processes is altered is not well
understood. Also, it is not clear which of the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable aversive
events are directly produced by the cognition of uncontrollability and which are produced by other
consequences (motivational, emotional, neurochemical,

Learned Helplessness Research Paper
Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness, or not trying to get out of a negative situation because the past has taught you
that you are helpless, was an experiment ran by Martin Seligman. In the year 1967, at The
University of Pennsylvania, Seligman began to test animals to learn about fear and learning. He
accidently discovered that it tied into depression as well. This experiment was later the solution to
B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory, but it was opposite to what Skinner thought. Skinner's thought
that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.
Seligman was testing dogs in three groups. Group one was strapped into a harness. Group two was
strapped into an electrocuting harness that

Martin Seligman 's Exploration Of Learned Helplessness,...
The world of science consistently generates new studies in various fields, yielding results that can
revolutionize society and shine light on the world we know so very little about. However, it is easy
to get lost in specific studies and view each one as its own, independent discovery. And while each
experiment provides an important look into the complexities of this world, science is an
amalgamation of many discoveries strung together in complex ways. This way, the merits of each
study can interrelate in order to further understand something else. In the realm of positive
psychology, it is important that a number of different scientific discoveries work together to explain
an overarching topic. For example, two studies that are interrelated are Martin Seligman's
exploration of learned helplessness, and Roy Baumeister's study on willpower depletion. Both are
important in their own rights, but by comparing both Seligman and Baumeister's experiments,
scientists can discuss the overarching concept of willpower as a depletable resource. Psychologist
Martin Seligman conducted an experiment that aimed to understand more about classical
conditioning. In his study, he rang a bell and lightly shocked a dog. Eventually, if the dog heard the
bell, it would react to the shock before it even happened. This was all good, it was a great example
of classical conditioning, but the truly interesting part of the study came later. Seligman constructed
a box with a small wall in the middle.

Causes Of Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness is approximately seen as cognitive individual variables that mirrors the
habitual manner where students exhibit the causes of bad events that occur them (Peterson &
Barrett, 1987; Lin & Peterson, 1990). Therefore, there are three causes that can impact students'
achievement because of the bad events that students face which are internal against externality,
stability against instability, and globality against specificity. Thus, students who clarify bad events
with the three causes internal, stable, and global causes manifests more acute debilitation in their
wake, passivity, and poor problem solving. Indeed, these causes are called explanatory style, so
explanatory style tends to be depressive style. Nevertheless, explanatory

Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness
Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness is a psychological condition in
which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helpless in a particular situation,
even when it has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance (Seligman,
1975). This feeling of helplessness is generated when the individual has been exposed to previous
uncontrollable events and thus learns to fail in the current situation because responding in the past
had yielded insignificant results (Nation & Massad, 1975). Therefore by attributing uncontrollable
negative outcomes to internal and lasting causes, people might perceive that future events will also
be uncontrollable. As such, helplessness is manifested in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
From these inventories, the researchers found that the need for validation from others was positively
related to negative moods such as anxiety and depression. On the other hand, a person who is more
self reinforcing (higher intrinsic motivation) is less vulnerable to anxiety and depression. This is
mainly because individuals with a high need for reassurance from others (extrinsically motivated)
are more vulnerable to anxiety and depression when others are not present to motivate them
compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Since learned helplessness is often linked with
depression (Abraham, Metalsky & Alloy, 1989) extrinsically motivated individuals are more prone
to learned helplessness compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Thus, this research shows
mixed results on whether motivation helps to reduce learned helplessness. The present study hopes
to show that motivation does help in reducing learned helplessness among young adults. The study
does not aim to replicate any of the earlier studies but serves as a brand new experiment to affirm
the fact that motivation helps in reducing learned helplessness. The hypothesis to be proved is that
motivation aids in reducing learned helplessness among young adults. This concurs with the studies
done by Seligman (1975), Kuhl (1981), Deci and Ryan (2000) & Boggiano and Barrett (1985) in the
motivation helps to reduce learned

Richland Collegiate High School Student Analysis
As a Richland Collegiate High School student, I am always attacked by stressors in my academic
life. The stress provoked by school–related objects often bled into my home and social life. It
created an unhealthy environment where I felt weighed down by the stress. Due to the stress, I often
lost my appetite and started sleeping less. My mother worried that I was depressed or that I was
developing an eating disorder, but I just did not know how to pick myself up and just get things
done. I lacked motivation, self–control, and a healthy balance of work and relaxation. Throughout
the course, I have been picking up on some of the strategies I can use to help alleviate my stress and
subsequently improve other aspects of my life. At my old high school, I was very competitive. I was
ranked valedictorian of my class. I worked very hard, taking all the AP classes and being involved in
as many extracurricular as possible in order to stand out. I did not let anything distract me. I was
very focused and I always got my work done. Back then, I could've been considered a Type A
personality. Chapter three in the textbook describes Type A as very intense, ambitious, with a driven
personality and competitive. However, when I enrolled in RCHS something changed the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to getting my work done in time, I also saved myself time and could finally use it to
things I enjoyed. I began socializing more with my friends which definitely improved my mood. I
also began being more active. This allowed to sleep better and regulate my appetite. Since I
improved some aspects of my life, I began to feel more in control. I gained an internal locus of
control by reaching my potential. An internal locus of control is defined as a principle that people
believe they have control over their own destiny. I was able to become more confident in myself and
I no longer felt helpless but empowered to accomplish whatever I

Myth Of Helplessness
To complete Part two, read the following two essays linked here and discuss how the ideas
presented in each have impacted your own high school and/or post–high school experiences, here at
TTU or elsewhere. You'll be writing a brief argument that synthesizes the content of these two
sources in support of your discussion. The St. Martin's Handbook: Chapter 12f, "Synthesizing
Sources" will help you with strategies for synthesizing your sources.
♣ The Myth of Helplessness
♣ What I Learned about School Reform
Your response to Part two should be 400–500 words in length.
As the years pass by the need to find a common ground to build students from has been shifted to
and fro. Should a student be asked to fill a cookie–cutter position or should ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In college, my writing was focused on history and biology. In history, we analyzed books and
connected them with today's issues while in another essay we would describe the effect of an
important event. In biology, we wrote a lab report with each group member being focused in writing
a different part of said lab report. My parts included analyzing the data and researching the
experiment while making connections to the rest of the paper as well as to some issues that were
being discussed on the campus. Albeit, high school is nothing compared to college, the amount of
writing that was put in may have killed off a thousand trees or so. I had to write an extensive
research paper about a globe issue, a few biology lab reports, and a rather amusing amount of
analysis and comparison papers in English. I cannot make the connection with 1308 due to the fact I
obtained hours from outside college and this would be my first English

Ivan Pavlov Essay
"During the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to
being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room,
even when he was not bringing them food". At first this was something of a nuisance In his
experiment, Pavlov used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also
rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on its own. As you might
expect, the bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation. So the dog had learned an
association between the bell and the food and a new behavior had been learnt. Because this response
was learned (or conditioned), it is called a conditioned response. (simplypsychology.org) The neutral
stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus. Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned
response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions. Pavlov
knew that somehow, the dogs in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This behavior might even continue throughout the academic career of the student. Humans
demonstrating our need for social media or devices. For example, Your smartphone buzzes. Without
a moment's hesitation you grab it out of your pocket and check the alert: Was it an email? A test? A
Facebook notification? Or just a phantom vibration? One example given by Erica Goode was when
she used the analogy "Pavlov paired food with a bell; we seem to be pairing our human connection
with our phone. We may not salivate at each alert, but our brain is certainly responding"(
http://www.nytimes.com) Or Erica Goodes research on how a team of English researchers, using a
sophisticated brain scanning technique called functional M.R.I., has provided a vivid demonstration
of the neural processes at work in a simple Pavlovian conditioning experiment

Learned Helplessness Study
If you do not feel like you are in command of your destiny, then chances are you will give up and
come into acceptance of whatever situation you may be in (McRaney, 2009). Learned Helplessness
is the feeling of being unable to avoid negative experiences because the past has taught them that
they are not in control. The study of learned helplessness was first experimented on dogs, and later it
was realized that it had the same effects and impacts on humans. "Past research suggests that learned
helpless subjects are likely to make internal, stable, and global causal explanations for unfavorable
outcomes, and external, unstable, and specific ones for favorable outcomes" (Hansen & Thomsen,
2013, p. 1010). This first study was designed by Martin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study will consist of three participants in which each will take an anagram test with the given
time of 30 seconds. Of the three anagrams test, one is easy, moderate and hard. The independent
variable in this experiment is the difficulty of the task, which is the three levels; easy, moderate, and
hard. Another independent variable to consider may be the gender being two levels, male and
female. The dependent variables in the study are whether the third word is completed and the time it
takes each person to complete the anagram test. Once each participant completed their anagram, he
or she moved on to completing the a questionnaire that includes four additional dependent variables
in the experiment– how easy the task was to the participant personally, how easy they think it was
for others, the level of frustration present, and whether they think it can be done within 30

Investigating The Relationship Between Superstious Belief...

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