Turning technology description. Torneaketa prozesuaren deskribapena. Descripción de procesos de torneado.

1. BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGBACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
TURNINGTURNING
by Endika Gandarias

2. 2by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu
(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology

3. 3
CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
MACHINE TYPES
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
TURNING OPERATIONS
SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPLICATIONS
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias

4. 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias

5. 5
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias

6. 6
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias

7. 7
TURNING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
 BASIC MOVEMENTS:
– Mc  Cutting movement (regarding the part)
– Ma  Feed movement (regarding the tool)
– Mp  Cutting depth movement (regarding the
tool)
by Endika Gandarias
Ma
Mc
Mp

8. 8
Bench lathe, 1911
Ancient India Bow lathe, Roman Era
Pole lathe, 1250
Foot wheel lathe,
Leonardo da Vinci 1480
Egypt, 300 BC
Great wheel lathe, 1680
Lathe circa, 1850
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias

9. 9
 It is one of the most common and versatile metal cutting technologies.
 The machine is called lathe.
 In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis (cutting movement) as single-point cutting tools are
fed into it (feed and cutting depth movements), shearing away unwanted material and creating the
desired part.
 Typical geometries: Axially-symmetrical contoured part such as cylinders, cones and tapered shafts,
spheres, threads, etc
 Typical operations: Facing, Contour turning, Chamfering, Parting (Cut-off), Grooving, Threading,
Drilling, Knurling,…
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
N
N Spindle speed (rpm)
Vc Cutting speed (m/min)
fn Feed per revolution (mm/rev)
ap Cutting depth (mm)
Κr Positioning angle
VIDEO

10. 10
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias

11. 11
INTRODUCTION
Z
X
by Endika Gandarias

12. 12
INTRODUCTION
Headstock
Carriage
Tailstock
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
VIDEO

13. 13
MACHINE TYPES
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias

14. 14
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias

15. 15
• Manual movement execution.
• Manual tool and part change.
• Same part holding device for different parts.
• Machining time: Important
• Idle time: Important
• Set-up time: small
• Series: Unitary or up to 10 parts
• Precision: IT7 , Ra:1.6 µm.
• Turning of voluminous parts: Small length to
diameter rate (rings, washers,…).
• Machining time: Important
• Idle time: Important
• Set-up time: Important (due to the part size)
• Series: Unitary o small
• Precision: IT8/9 , Ra:1.6 µm.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Bench / Center / Engine Lathe
Face Lathe
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

16. 16
• Turning of heavy and voluminous parts in diameter
and/or length.
• Several tools can work at a time.
• Machining time: Important
• Idle time: Important
• Set-up time: Important (due to the weight of the parts)
• Series: Unitary or small
• Precision: IT7 , Ra:1.6 µm.
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
by Endika Gandarias
Vertical Lathe

17. 17
• SEMIAUTOMATIC lathe.
• Automatic tool change.
• Several tools can work at a time.
• Typical workholding device: collets
• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Idle time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Set-up time: Important at the beginning (all the tools
need to be adjusted).
• Series: 25 parts or more.
• Precision: IT 8 , Ra:1.6 µm.
Tool turret
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Turret lathe
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

18. 18
• Movement based on a template. It allows to copy
difficult geometries.
• One tool at a time.
• Manual tool and part change.
• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Idle time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Set-up time: Less than in turret lathe.
• Series: 5 parts or more
• Precision: IT 7 , Ra:1.6 µm.
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Copy lathe
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

19. 19
• Automatic movements execution using cams.
• Several tools can work at a time.
• Automatic part feed and change.
• Important toolholder cost
• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Idle time: Almost zero.
• Set-up time: Important (long tools set-up)
• Series: 1000 parts or more
• Precision: IT 8 , Ra:1.6 µm.
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Single Spindle Automatic Lathe
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

20. 20
MACHINE TYPES
• Automatic movements execution.
• Several tools can work at a time.
• Automatic part feed and change.
• Important toolholder cost.
• Highly skilled workforce needed to set the machine.
• 6 to 8 parts can be produced at a time.
• Machining time: Very low
• Idle time: Almost zero.
• Set-up time: Very Important (long tools set-up)
• Series: 10.000 parts or more
• Precision: IT 7/8 , Ra:1.6 µm.
Conventional lathes
by Endika Gandarias
Multi Spindle Automatic Lathe

21. 21
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias

22. 22
Flat bed lathe
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
MACHINE TYPES
• It is the evolution of an engine lathe being equipped with a
CNC control.
• They offer high stability, but slow tool indexing and
changing.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

23. 23
Vertical lathe
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
MACHINE TYPES
• It is used for large diameter heavy parts.
• A gantry design with a ram is the base of construction.
• Double ram offers a higher productivity.
• Long tool change time and component loading/unloading.
• Applications: railway wheels, gas/steam/wind turbines, aero
engines,…
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

24. 24
Turning centre
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Horizontal turning centre Vertical turning centre
Z
Z
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

25. 25
• Automatic movements execution.
• Automatic tool change
• One tool at a time
• Manual or automatic bar feeder or part feeding (with
robot or manipulators)
• Same part holding device for different parts.
• Possibility of power driven tools (live tools)
• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Idle time: Usually small
• Set-up time: Slightly important (Programming &
setting-up)
• Series: 10 to 1.000 parts (very flexible)
• Precision: IT 7/8 , Ra:0.8 a 1.6 µm.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
by Endika Gandarias

26. 26
BAR FEEDER
• Suitable for bar diameters 1mm - 100mm, and bar
lengths 12” (3-4 meters) or smaller
 Attention: larger diameters and lengths represent
more mass and more vibration when turned at high
speeds.
• A considerable workshop space is demanded.
• Bar remnants produced by using short bars may be an
economic issue.
• Bar pushing types:
1. Servo driven  more accurate.
2. Pneumatic  a bar stop is needed. Thus, a tool
position gets occupied with the
stop.
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Turning centre
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
• It provides a simple and efficient way to automate part production  High volume production.
• It is not necessary to have an operator loading/unloading any part.
1
PART LOADING AUTOMATION

27. 27
GANTRY LOADER
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Turning centre
ROBOT LOADER
PART LOADING AUTOMATION
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias
32
• Both are systems for automation of chucked parts.
• The gantry works as a manipulator to load and unload the machine tool and can move
workpieces between operations.
• Collaborative robots have recently appeared.
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEOVIDEO

28. 28
• Driven tools allow milling and drilling operations with C-
axis control required on the main spindle (orientation
and coupling to inhibit rotation or servo-controlled C
axis).
• Rotary tools are generally low powered and axis travel
rates are slow compared to a stand-alone machining
center.
• Any milling or drilling off the machine's center line is not
possible (a Y axis option is needed for that purpose).
• Application: keyway slots, holes on the center line,
spiral-milling cuts…
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Turning centre
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
DRIVEN TOOL or LIVE TOOL

29. 29
• The Y-axis option was developed due to the need to
use the driven tools for three axes, milling and
drilling off center line.
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Turning centre
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
SIDE MILLING OFF-CENTRE GROOVING OFF-CENTRE DRILLING
Z
YX
Y AXIS

30. 30
• Used when machining from both sides is required (both
spindles synchronize for part changing).
• Higher productivity  It may halve the cycle time
compared to a single revolver machine:
a)Tandem turning (same side turning).
b)Machining operations on the sub-spindle at the same
time as the main spindle.
• Typically 3 turrets (2 for the main spindle and 1 for the
sub-spindle), but 2 turrets also exist.
• Typical applications: Long slender components like
shafts and components machined on both sides.
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Turning centre
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
TWIN / DOUBLE / SUB SPINDLE

31. 31
• Spindle has the axial movement for workpiece load and
machining, not the tools.
• Nearly always fitted with a bar-feeder ( ∅0.5mm - ∅40 mm).
• Uses a headstock  possible to machine long components
and small diameters without using a secondary spindle.
• Workpiece clamping system  collet.
• Application: complex, precise and small size parts.
Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (I)
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

32. 32
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (II)
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

33. 33
• Several technologies are integrated into one machine:
turning, milling, drilling,…
• It has evolved from turning machines.
• The heart of the machine is the tool spindle (B
spindle), which even can be tilted. It provides milling,
drilling and tapping capability along with turning,
facing, grooving and threading.
• This spindle is serviced by an automatic tool changer
that resides outside the cutting zone.
• It may have a double spindle and one/two tool turrets.
• Application: very complex parts.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (I)
by Endika Gandarias

34. 34
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (II)
by Endika Gandarias

35. 35
• Parts normally larger in diameter than for a horizontal
multi-task machine.
• Does not require support via a steady rest, tailstock or
sub-spindle.
• It has evolved from 5 axis machining centers:
a)High rpm capability of the C axis (turning table).
b)Adopting the spindle for stationary operations.
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – VERTICAL
by Endika Gandarias
Trunnion table
Combination type
VIDEO

36. 36
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias
Single Spindle Automatic Lathe
CNC machines
VIDEO

37. 37
MACHINE TYPES
by Endika Gandarias
Multiple Spindle Automatic Lathe
CNC machines
VIDEOVIDEO

38. 38
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias

39. 39
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias

40. 40
Jaw chuck
 Part clamped within a chuck and with no additional support
(maximum recommended cantilever 1.5 Diameter)
 Posibility to hold cylindrical or poligonal parts
(side number equal or multiple to the number of jaws).
Most common Chuck: Self-centering jaws
 Movement controlled by a single screw operated by a “T”
shape key. The jaws move simultaneously and exactly the
same amount of movement toward center.
Cantilever L < 1.5Ø
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias

41. 41
Chucks: Manual
Chucks: Power driven
Pneumatic or Hydraulic
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Magnetic operated
 Centering is more complex.
 Working with small workpieces is more
difficult because they lack sufficient
surface area.
Independent jawsSelf-centering jaws
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO

42. 42
Chucks: Number of jaws
Six jaw chuck
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Four jaw chuckThree jaw chuckTwo jaw chuck Eight jaw chuck
Chucks: Ring and discs
Holding with
external part
Holding with
inverted jaws
Chucks: Soft jaws
 To hold cylindrical parts precisely as well
as irregular parts.
 Soft material jaws, without being
thermically treated.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

43. 43
Jaw Chuck and Center
 Part held on one side within a chuck and on the other side
with a live center.
 A lathe center holds the end of the workpiece, providing
support to preventing the workpiece from deflecting during
machining.
For cantilevers between 1.5Ø and 10Ø
Live Center:
Center contact point is mounted on bearings and allowed to spin
with workpiece. It is mounted in the tailstock quill (60º vertex).
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

44. 44
Between Centers
 Part hold within two centers (live center and
dead center).
 Rotation is produced thanks to a dog. It is not
an energetic holding but it offers an excellent
centering (finishing operations).
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Dead Center:
Solid steel tip that workpiece spins against.
It is mounted in the spindle hole (60º vertex).
by Endika Gandarias

45. 45
Face Plates
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
 It is used to grasp parts with irregular shapes.
 It is used when no other clamping system is valid.
 It is a custom-designed clamp for a particular geometry.

46. 46
Steady and Follow rests
Steady rest
 Used in external or internal machining
operations.
 It stands stationary from a rigid mounting
on the bed, and it supports the workpiece at the
rest's center, typically with three contact points
120° apart.
Follow rest
 External machining of parts mounted within a chuck
and center.
 It is similar to the steady rest, but it is mounted to the
carriage rather than the bed, which means that as the
tool bit moves, the follower rest follows along.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
Cantilever L > 1.5Ø
Cantilever L > 10Ø
VIDEO
VIDEOVIDEO

47. 47
Mandrel
 For external/internal concentric machining operations.
 Mandrel: It is a hardened and ground cylindrical piece having undercut centerholes on both ends. It is
used for holding hollow workpieces, or those that have been drilled or bored previously.
Solid mandrel
 Mandrels have a slight taper (1:2000). The workpiece is just
fixed by friction. The ends of the mandrel have machined flats
for the lathe dog to grip.
 Since solid machine mandrels have a very slight taper, they are
limited to workpieces with specific inside diameters.
 The workpiece is mounted on a cylindrical shaft and is axially
fixed using nuts.
 The coaxiality between the inner and outer diameter of the
workpiece depends on the workpiece and mandrel adjustment.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
Gang mandrel

48. 48
Cone mandrel
 The workpice is fixed by means of an elastic collet (B).
The collet is expanded by pressing the nut (D) against the
taper shaft (M).
 On the same mandrel different size elastic collets can be
mounted to fix different diameter workpieces.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
Expansion mandrel
 It is a very effective device for holding a part that has a hole
drilled through it.
 The part is secured between the tapers of the mandrel.
VIDEO

49. 49
Elastic collets
 Commonly used in turret lathes and automatic lathes.
 Collet: Taper body with an axial hole where the workpiece to
be machined is introduced (cylindrical, rectangular,
hexagonal,… bars).
 Longitudinal cuts offer elasticity to the collet and a uniform
fixture is obtained.
 The taper body is pulled manually or automatically against
the machine frame and the workpiece is fixed by pressure
(axial movement is needed to clamp/unclamp the workpiece).
One of the characteristics of this clamping system is the
possiblity to clamp and unclamp the workpiece with no
need to stop spinning.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

50. 50
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias

51. 51
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias

52. 52
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool holding system
BORING BAR
SHANK
SPRING CLAMP
by Endika Gandarias
Tool post

53. 53
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Shank turret
VDI turret
(DIN 69880)
 Designed for shank and cylindrical holders.
 Driven solutions can not be used.
 It has been the standard quick change solution.
 Driven units can be adopted, although the
bearings are always outside the turret (longer
gauge line).
by Endika Gandarias
Tool holding system
Turret

54. 54
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Coromant Capto Interface
(CBI) turret
VIDEO
Coromant Capto Disc
Interface (CDI) turret
 Driven solutions can be mounted
inside or outside the turret.
 New solution to replace shank and VDI turrets
 Driven tool holder (DTH) bearings mounted inside the turret.
by Endika Gandarias
Tool holding system
Turret

55. 55
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Four turning tools in one Two turning tools in one
by Endika Gandarias
Tool holding system
Mini-turret

56. 56
Type P
Negative inserts.
Chip flow with no
obstacle.
Easy exchange.
Type C & D
Negative inserts
Excellent fixation.
Easy exchange.
Type S
Positive inserts.
Chip flow with no
obstacle
Secure insert
clamping.
Type W
Negative inserts.
Excellent fixation.
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Rigid clamping Lever clamping Screw clamping Wedge clamping
Tool insert holding system

57. 57
MACHINING OPERATIONS
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias

58. 58
TURNING. Machining operations
MACHINING OPERATIONS
INTERNAL TURNINGEXTERNAL TURNING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO

59. 59
Turning
Facing
VIDEO
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Fr ↑ = higher tool vibration.
Tool entry smoother.
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
Fr = radial
Ff = axial
95°
Fr = radial
Ff = axial
45°
VIDEO

60. 60
1. The compound rest may be swiveled
on the cross-slide to any angle in the
horizontal plane (short tapers).
2. By offsetting the tailstock (Long and slim tapers, up to 10-15%).
VIDEO
3. CNC lathes – 2 axes Interpolation
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Taper turning
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
VIDEO

61. 61
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Grooving
External turning
Two types of grooving:
Outer Diameter (OD) grooving Face grooving
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

62. 62
Positioning
of the tool
Type of tool:
1. Insert type (shallow groove)
2. Screw-clamp (medium groove)
3. Spring-clamp (deep groove)
1
2
3
OD GROOVING:
VIDEO
1
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Grooving
External turning
by Endika Gandarias

63. 63
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Grooving
External turning
The correct curve on the tool is dependent on the radius of the workpiece.
FACE GROOVING:
by Endika Gandarias
2
VIDEO
Left hand (L) tool Right hand (R) tool

64. 64
 Similar to grooving, but the cutter moves radially until the center or
inner diameter of the workpiece.
 Reduce feed by 75% when approaching the centre, around 2 mm
before the part comes off  vibration ↓ and tool life ↑. Stop the feed
0.5mm before the centre and the part will drop down.
 Chip evacuation is a critical factor in parting operations.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Parting or Cut-off
External turning
1
2
3
by Endika Gandarias
Type of tool:
1. Insert type (shallow groove)
2. Screw-clamp (medium groove)
3. Spring-clamp (deep groove) VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO

65. 65
 Cutting tool has a shape that is imparted to the
workpiece by plunging the tool into the workpiece.
 In form turning, cutting tool is complex and expensive
but feed is linear and does not require special
machine tools or devices.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
 Cutting tool has a simple shape, but the feed motion is
complex; cutting tool is fed along a contour thus creating a
contoured shape on the workpiece.
 Not possible to be done efficiently in manual lathes.
Form turning
Profiling or Contour turning
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO

66. 66
Profiling or Contour turning
MACHINING OPERATIONS
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
Insert radius =
component radius
Insert radius <
component radius
 Typically used on Heat resistant super alloys (HRSA).
 Machinng strategy:
 Roll into cut with reduced feed
 Increase feed to max fn for linear cuts
 Roll out of cut with reduced feed
reduced
fn max
reduced
fn maxfn max
THROCHOIDAL TURNING

67. 67
 Machining of an angle on the corner of the cylinder
with not much precision, forming a "chamfer“.
 OBJECTIVE: Eliminate the sharp edge for part
handling, ease assemblying, thread inlets, etc.
 Machining of a groove that facilitates the tool outlet for further
operations: threading, grinding, etc.
 Round cutting edges are required.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Chamfering
Notch machining or undercutting
External turning
by Endika Gandarias

68. 68
 This is not a machining operation but a plastic deformation
operation using a knurling tool.
 Criss-cross pattern knurls are the most typical (ocasionally
straight knurls are used too).
 OBJECTIVE: Knurling allows hands or fingers to get a better grip.
Knurling tool
Knurling wheels
or Knurls
Knurled part
VIDEO
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Knurling
External turning
by Endika Gandarias

69. 69
 Spindle revolution (N) and feed per revolution
(fn) must keep a relation.
 A single-point threading tool, typically with a 60
degree pointed nose, moves axially along the
side of the workpiece, cutting threads into the
outer surface.
 The threads can be cut to a specified length
and pitch, and may require multiple passes to
be formed.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Insert types
Infeed strategies
Threading
External turning
Each insert can only
cut one pitch.
Can result in burr
formation that needs
to be taken away.
Reduced number of
infeeds 
Productivity ↑
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
VIDEOVIDEO

70. 70
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
CNC thread generator: http://vargen.vargus.com/VargusGenWeb/Pages/ThreadSelection.aspx

71. 71
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
BS 3643-1:2007 ISO metric screw threads
UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales
NUT
SCREW

72. 72
Internal threads -- 6H External threads – 6g
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
Tolerances:
BS 3643-1:2007 ISO metric screw threads
UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales
The absence of tolerance class designation means:
The absence of the designation for the group of length of thread
engagement means the group "normal" N is specified.
 M-10x1 – 5H 6H – L
Pitch value
Pitch diameter (D2) tolerance
Minor diameter (D1) tolerance
Length of thread engagement (S, N or L)
 M-10 – 6H
Pitch & minor (D2, D1) diameter tolerance
 M-10x1 – 5g 6g – N
Pitch diameter (d2) tolerance
Major diameter (d) tolerance
Length of thread engagement (S, N or L)
 M-10 – 6g
Pitch & minor (d2, d) diameter tolerance
INTERNALTHREADEXTERNALTHREAD

73. 73
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
BS 3643-1:2007 ISO metric screw threads
UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales

74. 74
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
External turning
by Endika Gandarias
Example:
Internal thread (nut)
M-10
Pitch value: default value 1.5mm
Pitch diameter (D2) tolerance: default value 6H  Tolerance [0, +180] µm
 Theoretical D2 value = d -0.649p = 10 – 0.649*1.5 = 9.026 mm
D2 = [ 9.026, 9.206] mm
Minor diameter (D1) tolerance: default value 6H  Tolerance [0, +300] µm
 Theoretical D1 value = d -1.082p = 10 – 1.082*1.5 = 8.377 mm
D1 = [ 8.377, 8.677] mm
External thread (screw)
M-10
Pitch value: default value 1.5mm
Pitch diameter (d2) tolerance: default value 6g  Tolerance [-32, -164] µm
 Theoretical d2 value = d -0.649p = 10 – 0.649*1.5 = 9.026 mm
d2 = [ 8.862, 8.994] mm
Major diameter (d) tolerance: default value 6g  Tolerance [-32, -268] µm
 Theoretical d value = 10 mm
d = [ 9.732, 9.968] mm
BS 3643-1:2007 ISO metric screw threads
UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales

75. 75
 It consists on increasing a previously drilled workpiece diameter.
This operation is accomplished moving the tool using the longitudinal
carriage.
VIDEO
MACHINING OPERATIONS
VIDEO
Turning or boring
Internal turning
by Endika Gandarias

76. 76
 It consists on machining internal surfaces perpendicular to the part
rotational axis.
 It is accomplished moving the tool along the transverse axis.
 Tool movement using the cross-slide to allow thread exits, outlet for
the use of grinding wheels,…
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Facing
Internal turning
Grooving
by Endika Gandarias

77. 77
 It consists on machining internal surfaces perpendicular to
the part rotational axis.
 It is accomplished moving the tool along the transverse axis.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Profiling
Internal turning
by Endika Gandarias
• The compound rest may be swiveled on the cross-
slide to any angle in the horizontal plane (short tapers).
• CNC lathes – 2 axes Interpolation
Taper turning
VIDEO

78. 78
 It consists on creating a blind hole or a through hole using a drill.
 Two ways to obatain a gole:
1. The part spins and the drill has no rotation, only an axial
displacement thanks to the tailstock.
2. Using a live tool.
VIDEO
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Drilling
Internal turning
by Endika Gandarias
WC HSS
Solid carbide drills Indexable insert drills Exchangeable tip drills
 It needs to be minimized for best performance.
TIR (Total Indicator Runout)
0,02 mm 0,03 mm 0,02 mm
VIDEO

79. 79
 It is a special drilling and countersank
(60º) operation done with a center drill to
fit later a live or dead center.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Center hole machining
Internal turning
by Endika Gandarias
 The reaming is a finishing operation to achieve good dimensional
(H6,H7,H8) and surface tolerances depending on the ream.
 Two ways to ream within the lathe:
• Keeping the part stationary and spinning the ream handle
manually (the handle is supported in the tailstock).
• Spinning the part (Mc) and moving the ream axially (Ma)
(held within a drill chuck).
 The tool is called “reamer”. VIDEO
Reaming

80. 80
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Threading
Internal turning
by Endika Gandarias
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
VIDEO
1 SINGLE POINT THREADING TOOL

81. 81
MACHINING OPERATIONS
WHIRLING RING2
by Endika Gandarias
Threading
Internal turning
VIDEO

82. 82
MACHINING OPERATIONS
1 – Jaws
2 - Chuck
3 - Stock
1 - External facing
2 - External turning (Rough/Finish)
3 - External Grooving
4 - External threading
5 - Pecking
6 - Drilling
7 - Boring or internal turning
8 - Cut-off
EXERCISE EXAMPLE:
by Endika Gandarias

83. 83
SAFETY GUIDELINES
by Endika Gandarias
SAFETY GUIDELINES

84. 84by Endika Gandarias
Goggles
Ear muff or Ear plug
Gloves
Clothing
Shoes
safety guards or
machine encapsulation
SAFETY GUIDELINES

85. 85
TURNING APPLICATIONS
TURNING APPLICATIONS
by Endika Gandarias

86. 86
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
4 – FAN CASTING –
Titanium
7 – COMBUSTION CASING –
Heat Resistant Super Alloy
6 – TURBINE DISC –
Heat Resistant Super Alloy

87. 87
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
GEAR WHEEL– Hardened Steel
SHAFT – Cast iron or steel
by Endika Gandarias

88. 88
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
TULIP HEAD – Titanium
BONE SCREW –
Titanium or Stainless Steel
DENTAL SCREW –
Titanium
VIDEO
VIDEO

89. 89
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
VIDEO VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
FEMORAL HEAD &
ACETABULAR CUP –
Titanium or Stainless Steel

90. 90
OIL & GAS APPLICATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
SPOOL BODY –
Steel or inconel
TUBING HANGER –
Steel or inconel
MANDREL – Steel

91. 91by Endika Gandarias
POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS
STEAM TURBINE DIAPHRAGM
Stainless steel

92. 92by Endika Gandarias
POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS
GAS TURBINE DISC
Inconel or steel
OPERATION OVERVIEW
1.Rough turning: outer diameter, facing
2.Pocketing
3.Grooving
4.Profiling
5.Finishing turning: O.D, I.D, faces
6.Drilling
7.Chamfering (front & back)

93. 93
WIND POWER APPLICATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
GEARBOX SHAFT
Steel
MAIN SHAFT
Steel
OPERATION OVERVIEW
1.Turning – Heavy duty roughing
2.Turning – Semi roughing
3.Turning – Finishing
4.Drilling – Deep hole
5.Drilling – Short hole

94. 94
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias

95. 95
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Bar Barra Baraila
Bench / Center / Engine lathe Torno paralelo Tornu paraleloa
Between centers Entre puntos Puntuen artean
Bone Hueso Hazur
Boring Mandrinado Mandrinaketa
Boring bar Barra de mandrinado Mandrinatzeko barra
Bow Arco Arkua
Cam Leva Espeka
Cantilever Voladizo Hegalkin
Carriage Carro Orga
Center Punto Puntua
Center hole machining Punteado Punteaketa
Chamfering Achaflanado Alakaketa
Clamp Amarrar Lotu
Collet Pinza Pintza
Compound rest Carro orientable Orga birakorra
Countersank Avellanado Abeilanatu
Cross slide Carro transversal Zeharkako orga
Cutting depth Profundidad de pasada axial Sakontze sakonera
Cutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiadura
Dead center Punto Puntu finkoa
Dog Perro de arrastre Arraste txakurra
Dog plate Plato de arrastre Arrastratze platerra
Drilling Taladrado Zulaketa
Ear muff / Ear plug Orejera de casco Entzumen kaskoak
Face lathe Torno al aire Tornu airean
Face plate Plato plano Plater laua
Facing Refrentado Aurpegiketa

96. 96
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Fan Ventilador Haizegailu
Feed Avance por minuto Aitzinamendu abiadura
Feeder Alimentador Elikatzaile
Form turning Torneado de forma Forma torneaketa
Follow rest Luneta móvil Luneta mugikorra
Gear wheel Rueda de engranaje Engranai gurpila
Gearbox Caja de cambios Abiadura kaxa
Gloves Guantes Eskularruak
Goggles Gafas de seguridad Segurtasun betaurrekoak
Grasp Amarrar Lotu / Heldu
Groove Ranura Arteka
Headstock Cabezal Buru
High Speed Steel Acero rápido Altzairu lasterra
Idle time Tiempos no productivos Denbora ez produktiboa
Insert Plaquita Plakatxo
Jaw chuck Plato de garras Atzapardun platera
Knurling Moleteado Moletaketa
Lathe Torno Tornua
Lever clamping Amarre por palanca Palanka bidezko lotze sistema
Live center Punto rotatorio Puntu birakorra
Live tool = Driven tool Herramienta motorizada Erraminta motorizatua
Loading Carga Karga
Mandrel Mandrino Mandrino
Multitasking machine Máquina multitarea Ataza anitzeko makina
Notch machining Entallado Hozkadura
Nut Tuerca Azkoina
Off-centre Descentrado Deszentratu
Offset Descentrar Deszentratu

97. 97
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Part feeding Alimentación de piezas Piezen elikatze
Parting / Cutting-off Tronzado Trontzaketa
Pecking Punteado Punteaketa
Pitch Paso Neurri
Pole Poste Zutoin
Profiling Perfilado Perfilaketa
Ram Carnero Ahari
Reamer Escariador Otxabu
Reaming Escariado Otxabuketa
Remnant Resto / Remanente Hondar / Soberakin
Runout Excentricidad Eszentrikotasun
Safety guidelines Normas de seguridad Segurtasun arauak
Screw Tornillo Torloju
Self-centering jaws Garras auto-centrante Atzapar autozentranteak
Set-up time Tiempo de puesta a punto Prestaketa denbora
Shaft Eje Ardatza
Shallow Superficial Azaleko
Shank Mango Kirten
Single spindle / Multi spindle Monohusillo / Multihusillo Ardatz bakarra / Ardatz aniztun
Slender Esbelto Lerden
Sliding head machine Máquina de cabezal móvil Buru mugikorreko makina
Soft jaw Garra blanda Atzapar biguna
Solid mandrel Mandril fijo Mandril finkoa
Spindle speed Velocidad de giro Biraketa abiadura
Spool body Cuerpo de carrete Txirrika gorputza
Spring clamp Amarre por deformación Deformazio bidezko lotzea
Stainless steel Acero inoxidable Altzairu erdoilgaitza
Steady rest Luneta fija Luneta finkoa

98. 98
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Steam turbine diaphragm Turbina de vapor Lurrun turbina
Tailstock Contrapunto Kontrapuntu
Taper turning Torneado cónico Torneaketa konikoa
Template Plantilla Txantiloi
Threading Roscado Hariztaketa
Tip Punta Punta
Tool post Torreta portaherramienta Erreminta-etxe dorretxo
Tool turret Torreta portaherramientas Erreminta-etxe dorretxoa
Toolhonding device Sistema de amarrar herramientas Erramintak lotzeko sistemak
Tubing hanger Soporte de tubería Tutu euskarria
Tulip Tulipa Tulipa
Turning Torneado Torneaketa
Turning centre Centro de torneado Torneaketa zentrua
Turning operation Operación de cilindrado Zilindraketa operazioa
Turret lathe Torno revolver Tornu errebolberra
Twin / Double / Sub spindle Doble cabezal Buru bikoitza
Unloading Descarga Deskarga / Huste
Washer Arandela Zirrindola
WC (Hard metal) Metal duro Metal gogorra
Whirling ring Cabezal giratorio Buru birakorra