Little Cottonwood Canyon Research Paper

Little Cottonwood Canyon Research Paper
Little Cottonwood Canyon is a site bursting with geological history, rock formations earthquake
potential on the fault, prehistoric glacial formations, landslides, and many hazards associated with it.
The Wasatch fault is bound to have a enormous earthquake in the future and has left behind
numerous scars. The mountains have been engraved by glacial formations dated back to the Ice Age
(~14,000 years ago). Rock falls and landslides have left hefty boulders as indication of erosion and
moisture in the rocks. The hazards on this mountain range are mass wasting, radon, earthquakes, and
flooding of Little Cottonwood Creek. There is an abundant amount of history buried inside the walls
of Little Cottonwood Canyon. This mountain range has existed since the Ice Age which was roughly
14,000–30,000 years ago. Consequently, the Ice Age and Lake Bonneville created a Delta at the
base of the canyon and a long creek that carves its way down the mountain (Wilkerson 1987). It also
created Cirques; which is a crescent formed slope on the faces of the mountains (Richmond 1964).
Little Cottonwood Canyon also lies on an active fault, the Wasatch fault, and it has been active for
the past 15 million years. This fault in the last 6000 years has had around 19 major earthquakes that
instigated a large movement of about 6–10 feet of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We learned that Little Cottonwood Canyon is home to geological history, varying rock formations,
earthquake potential, ancient glacial formations, landslides, and our effect. This Canyon runs along
the Wasatch fault and has much potential for large earthquakes. The mountains have been carved by
glacial formations dated back to the Ice Age. Rock falls and landslides have left large boulders as
evidence of erosion and moisture in the rocks. The hazards on this mountain range are mass wasting,
radon, earthquakes, and the flooding of Little Cottonwood
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay On Earth Fault Circuit Interrupter
Happy Holidays Folks! It's a magical time of the year. Have fun as you shop, enjoy special holiday
events, and spend time with your family.
Many of you will be displaying Christmas lights and yard decorations.
Here are some tips:
.Weatherproofing chord connections
Your source of power should come from a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) outlet. This device
will shut the circuit down if there is an overloaded current.
Use a waterproof extension cord cover. A waterproof extension cord cover unique protects extension
and a power cord from accidental unplugs and outdoor weather.
When you connect extension cords, snap this device around the connection to seal it tight. Simply
plug cords together, set adjustable cord connector, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a 20–amp circuit, the load limit is 2,400 watts. On a multiple–outlet circuit, you find any
appliance or equipment rated at more than half the circuit rating, 900 watts for a 15–amp circuit
When using extension cords, make sure they are rated for outdoor use, and keep the connections
above ground, snow and water.
Plug all the lights in to make sure all bulbs are working.
Tape cords across walkways, and use the correct length needed to travel to your lights. You don't
want your cords to be too long so they pile up and create walking hazards.
A circuit is overloaded if the total load exceeds 1,800 watts for a 15–amp circuit. (120 volts x 15
amps = 1,800 watts.)
Make sure to turn your lights off when you leave or go to bed at night.
Use a good ladder when installing your lights. Secure them with insulated holders (never use tacks
or nails). .
Things to Remember
Never use indoor Christmas lights outdoors.
Don't place lights on trees that touch power lines.
Too many things plugged into a circuit can cause an overload
Look for the amp rating of the circuit in tiny numbers on the circuit breaker switch or fuse. For a
20–amp circuit, the load limit is 2,400 watts. On a multiple–outlet circuit, you find any appliance or
equipment rated at more than half the circuit rating, 900 watts for a 15–amp circuit
When using extension cords, make sure they are rated for outdoor use, and keep the

The San Fault Earthquake Of San Francisco Essay
The San Andreas fault line has caused constant development nightmares for large urban areas such
as San Francisco as well as the other cities built on top of it. Fault lines are one of the side effects of
the earth's tectonic plates shifting that can result in devastating earthquakes. Some of the most
devastating earthquakes in our modern era have occurred along the San Andreas fault line due to a
dense population. The most notable and destructive earthquake on the San Andreas fault line
occurred in San Francisco in 1906. The reason this earthquake was so deadly was because of its
magnitude and the city's poor planning. This earthquake was a wakeup call for San Francisco and
force the city to revolutionize its knowledge on earthquakes and how to protect their city. Today San
Francisco is one of the most well prepared cities for an earthquake and has made great discoveries in
earthquake safety measures. The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco has drastically changed how the
city has developed its zoning and building code policies, and its earthquake research.
Yerba Buena (San Francisco) was founded June 29, 1776 by the Spanish after they discovered its
fantastic natural harbor. Yerba Buena became a miniature hotspot in the west for international
traders and explorers. The British even said that it would be a perfect location for their navy in the
Pacific Ocean. It wasn't until July 7, 1846 that the United States was able to acquire Yerba Buena in
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Big Pine, Garlock, And San Andreas Fault
The three faults being considered are thought to have influenced the character of some 120,000
square miles. The Big Pine, Garlock, and San Andreas faults are all mutually active, deep, long, and
steep and noted as being conjugate shears. In concert, the faults have defined a primary strain
pattern of relative east–west extension and north–south shortening of the area of 120,000 square
miles. The large region is noted for its deformity, with the source of this being a northeast–
southwest counterclockwise compressive couple. The compressive couple was potentially supported
through drag as a result of the deep–seated movement of rock material from the Pacific region (Hill
& Dibblee, 1953). The interaction of the faults in the San Andreas region since the Jurassic period
have served to shape and contour the present geology of the land, while a study of the paleontology
of the region likewise requires such knowledge to effectively determine conditions at any given
point in time.
Tectonic Stress and the San Andreas Fault According to Townend and Zoback (2004) the San
Andreas Fault (SAF) region has been noted for its possession of stress orientations in addition to the
lack of a distinct heat flow anomaly at the trace of the fault. These findings indicate that there are
average shear tractions that are less than 20–25 MPa in the seismogenic upper crust. Oftentimes,
shear tractions measure approximately 5 times greater than in the SAF. Due to the presence of high

The Juan De Fuca Plate
This is a subduction in the northern part of the west side of the North American plate at the Cascadia
subduction zone. It goes from the top of California to the bottom of Canada around Vancouver
Island. There have been thoughts of a megathrust earthquake since the mega quake in Japan in 2011.
As mentioned earlier, the Juan de Fuca plate is being pushed under the North American along the
Cascadia fault. The theory is, when big parts of the plates lock, the stress is gathered until it breaks
and a major earthquake could happen. The Juan de Fuca plate is sub ducting beneath the North
American plate. This area is known as the Cascadia subduction zone.
There is a type of earthquake that happens so slowly that it can't be felt. Every 12 to 15

An Experiment On How Fast The Pressure Generated By The...
Shapiro and Dinske(2009) stated that this equation could enable geoscientists to know how fast the
pressure generated by the introduction of fluid is travelling into the rocks to be broken. Meanwhile,
this equation can only be applied to a homogenous, isotropic medium but in real life, geologic media
are hydraulically heterogeneous. For this case, times greater than t0(time at beginning) are
considered because if the injection stops at t0, the earthquakes and tremors will gradually cease to
occur. These times (t) also describe the propagation of a maximal pore pressure perturbation in the
space. The surface here separates the domain which is still active from the spatial domain which was
already active which yields the back front of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) stated that seismic events occur in rock sections with high Young's
Modulus and low Poisson's ratio. Young's modulus refers to the ratio of amount of stress to strain
while Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain. They stated that a significant
amount of rock stress originated from elastic rock heterogeneity, and that the heterogeneity index of
rocks indicates these rock sections. Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) concluded that seismicity
induced by fluid injection can be of two ways. One is by the shear reactivation which explains the
linear diffusion seismicity explained previously and the other is by tensile opening which only
occurs when the minimum effective stress becomes tensile. The reactivation probability of a
preexisting fracture is given by CFS calculation which involves cohesion, shear and normal stress,
coefficient of internal friction and pore pressure. If CFS is greater than 0, the fault is in a stable
state; if CFS is less than 0, the fault is unstable and if CFS is equal to 0, failure occurs. According to
Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015), a test was conducted where only the friction coefficient and
cohesion were kept constant while the other parameters were altered. This was done because there is
no direct measurement for

The Effect Of Faults On Oil Migration Essay
The Effect of Faults on Oil Migration
Wentao Zhang
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Abstract
Faults play important roles in oil migration and accumulation. Faults can not only promote oil
migration, but also trap and accumulate oil. This paper explores some methods to find out a fault
and confirm it is opened or closed. Zhang, C., Xie, X.N., Jiang, T., Liu, X.F. (2005) fou–nd out the
properties of faults in the BZ25–1 oilfield of Bohai basin by using some geophysics and
geochemistry reflect of formation waters and oils. This paper explains some causes of di–fferent
properties of faults. Different kinds of faults, like the Vicksburg growth fault of South Texas and
faults in the BZ25–1 oilfield, lead to different results of oil migration, accumula–tion and
distribution.
Keywords: fault; oil migration; opened fault; closed fault
Introduction
There are more than one trillion barrels of crude oil in the whole world. And there are also different
kinds of faults under the ground. Fault is a crack in the crust of earth resulting from the
displacement of one side with respect to the other. Oil migration means that oil spo–ntaneously
move from high pressure area to low pressure area, oils always move upward. Oil accumulation
means that oil always accumulate in their relatively smallest potential energy area. Fault plays very
important role in the oil migration and accumulation. Faults can be di–vided to opened faults and
closed faults which are relative concepts. Opened

No Fault Insurance Essay
If you just moved to Michigan and switched over your car insurance, you have probably at least
heard the term "no–fault' insurance. Michigan is one of the few states that has "no–fault" laws on the
books for car accidents. "No–fault" does not mean that you will not get compensated for your
injuries if you are in an accident though. Here is a quick break down of how Michigan's no–fault car
insurance laws really work.
You Have To Insure Your Vehicle
At the heart of Michigan's no fault laws is the concept that every driver on the road has to carry
insurance and that insurance will cover any medical care, rehabilitation and lost wages due to an
auto accident. It does not matter who is at fault in an accidents, Michigan's rules are set up so that ...
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You can't sue the other driver for this things because the state of Michigan deems you responsible
for covering those costs through your own insurance.
There Are Circumstances Where You Can Sue The At–Fault Driver
Michigan's no–fault insurance law is designed to keep small claims from car accidents from
clogging up the court system; however, that does not mean that you can't sue an at–fault driver at all
in the state of Michigan.
There are two different ways you can pursue compensation from an at–fault driver. If you had
property damage that was not fully covered by your own insurance company, to the tune of a couple
of hundred dollars, you can seek compensation through Michigan's mini–tort statue.
If you suffered excessive economic loss or if you experienced pain and suffering beyond the scope
of your medical bills, you can sue the other driver specifically for these expenses. You can sue for
these things if you experienced either a serious impairment or permanent disfigurement, or you can
sue on the behalf of a loved one killed in an accident. Basically, the car accident has to have
changed your ability to lead a normal life before you can sue an at–fault driver in the state of

Ethical Dilemmas Of Earthquake
There are about 10,000 earthquakes in southern California every year (USDS). I would think that it
would take a tremendous amount of time to track every earthquake. John, a prestigious seismologist,
has just discovered an earthquake that has the potential to cause a lot of damage to an area in
southern California. He has developed a technique that detects earthquakes that is 80% accurate.
This technique has told him this earthquake has a magnitude of 7.3. This technique has also told him
that this earthquake is bound to hit one of four fault lines. If the earthquake hits the san Andreas
fault line there is a chance for significant damage, if it hits one of the other three, there will not be
major damage. John has an ethical dilemma. He doesn't know if he should announce his findings.
Does he tell everyone so that they are prepared for the earthquake? Does he wait it out to see what
happens? I can see why John is having a hard time. If he announces his research and the earthquake
doesn't happen then he is labeled as a fraud. If he doesn't announce his research and there is
significant damage from this earthquake then he will feel terrible because he had the chance to warn
everyone who lives in the affected area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of his choices is he can tell the research director about his findings so then he can decide the
best route to take in this situation. Another choice is he can tell the media so everyone is informed
and can decide what they feel the best route to take. Another choice is he can keep his research to
himself and see what happens when the earthquake hits. John may want to keep his research to
himself with the fear of having incorrect information. One more option John can is he can confide in
a friend to rationalize his thinking to see if they are thinking the same thing. I think that john is in a
sticky

Example Of No-Fault System
There are very few states in the U.S. that follow a no–fault system when it comes car insurance and
accident compensation. Florida is still one of those few states. This means that if you are involved in
a car accident in Orange Park, Florida, any damages you incur will be compensated by your
insurance company whether you were at fault or not. If you need any more information regarding
how the system works, you should speak to an auto accident attorney.
There are three different types of no–fault approaches. Under the pure no–fault system, you receive
compensation up to your policy limit. You cannot sue the other driver, even if they were at fault, for
any non–monetary damages. There is also the modified no–fault approach were the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important for car drivers to understand that just because of Orange Park, Florida follows the no–
fault rule, this does not mean that you cannot be sued for injuries in case you cause an accident.
Florida laws require all drivers with a valid license and a registered vehicle to carry a minimum of
$10,000 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP coverage. This coverage is specifically designed to cover
any medical bills and lost wages if the driver is in an accident and suffers injuries. This coverage
will cover your damages no matter who is at fault. But you must note that PIP coverage will only
cover 80% of your medical bills and 60% of lost wages. PIP coverage also has a certain deductible
which will be applied when you file a claim.
Whenever there is a car accident, there is no guarantee that the damage incurred will be completely
covered by one's insurance company. That is why Florida's modified no–fault approach allows a
driver to directly sue another driver if there is any permanent injury from the accident. Legally,
permanent injury includes any permanent loss of a bodily function, permanent injury other than
scarring or disfigurement, significant scarring and/or disfigurement and/or death. If the driver has
suffered permanent injury within this definition, the no–fault limitation does not apply and they can
sue the at–fault driver for any medical bills

Cause Of The San Francisco Earthquake
The San Francisco earthquake is very unique. Why you might ask? Well because more than half of
the population were left homeless. Many were injured and sadly died. More facts like this will be
found in this paper, so come along and read.
The San Francisco earthquake was caused by a rupture in the fault line. The more the fault line
brakes the higher the magnitude will grow. In other words if the fault brakes more the shake will get
stronger and harsher. During the quake there was about twenty feet moved during it. More than
twenty feet moved which caused that they were stuck in that place they could not go anywhere.
There was a massive energy that radiated out. The energy radiates out which causes it to shake like a
ball there is a force that spreads. The were the causes of the San Francisco disaster. ... Show more
More than 3,000 people died. Some people could not get out in time to safety. They can do nothing
about the fires. The fire hydrant broke and some fire could last 4 days until they burnt off.
Destroying homes and building. The quake districted about 28,000 buildings and houses. Now you
know what were the results of the San Francisco

The Untold : Story Of Natural Disasters
Osjara' Duncan
English 4
Mrs. Humphrey
14 November, 2016 The Untold: Story of Natural Disasters Natural Disaster can occur at any place
and any giving time without much of a warning. With a Natural Disaster taking place the best way
to be ready for a Natural Disaster is to know about them and how they occur. In "Natural Disaster
Facts" it says, "A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard
(physical event like a volcanic eruption, typhoon, tropical cyclone, tornadoes and earthquakes, a
landslide or a tsunami) and human activities". Many of these Natural Disasters cannot be predicted
but knowing the environment can help us with whatever Mother Nature throws our way. A Natural
Disaster can happen any time and place it's just the fact of knowing what Natural Disaster occurs in
certain area. In "Earth Facts and Information" it says," The Definition of natural disasters is any
catastrophic event that caused by nature or the natural process of the earth". With that being said
Hurricanes, Flash Floods, Earthquakes, and Tornadoes are all considered as Natural Disasters. In "11
Facts about Disasters" it says, "In 2012 there were 905 natural catastrophes worldwide severe
storms, droughts, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, and hailstorm". Natural Disasters just don't take an
effect on the world it also takes effect on the people who have to live with the aftermath of a Natural
Disaster. "Between 2000 and 2012, natural

The Role Of Active Faults On Fracture Development
The third order fracture distribution is strongly dependent on the lithofacies architecture, especially
the distribution of bedding plane discontinuities. Fractures in stratified parts of the sequence form a
nested structure with a high degree of mechanical units at the scale of individual sedimentary beds.
In more homogeneous rocks, a widely–spaced background network of lithology–irrelevant fractures
is overprinted by more densely spaced fractures terminating at significant mechanical decoupling
surfaces.
Relationships between fracture stratigraphy and stratigraphic fracture development controls for
different scale ranges as formalized in the hierarchical fracture model for the Petra case study can be
used to provide constraints for nested fractured reservoir models. This methodology can help
determine an appropriate homogenization scale for geo–cellular fracture models, improve the
prediction of the discrete sub–seismic fracture distribution compared to conventional down–scaling
techniques and improve the constraints of stratigraphic control on wellbore up–scaling. This
procedure becomes increasingly more powerful when combined with the effects of other important
development controls, such as the influence of active faults on fracture development.
Acknowledgements
We kindly acknowledge the help of J. Klaver, F. Carranza Dumon, R. Donselaar, N. Hardebol, H.
Boro, and B. Geiss. We thank the Netherlands Centre for Integrated Solid Earth Systems (ISES) and
Total E&P

Strathspey Formation
The Banks Group comprises of Hettangian to Sinemurian sediments up to 800 ft thick and forms the
lower of the two reservoir sections within the Strathspey Field. The Nansen and Statfjord
Formations are sub–divisions within the unit (Knox and Cordey, 1993). The Stratfjord Formation
shows a significant increase in net to gross from the conformably underlying Cormorant Formation.
The formation consists of medium to coarse grained, fluvial channel sandstones interbedded with
mud prone overbank and palaeosol deposits. The Nansen Formation overlies the Statfjord Formation
and is composed of clean, tabular sandstone deposited under shallow marine conditions (Maxwell et
al., 2003).
Dunlin Group
Separating the Banks and Brent Group is an 850 ft thick ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unit ages from Aalenian to the Bathonian and is subdivided into five formations: Broom,
Rannoch, Etive, Ness and Tarbet. At the base of the group the Broom Formation is only 15 ft thick
within the Strathspey Field and is composed of coarse grained shallow marine sandstones. The
Rannoch and Etive consist of V.fine to coarse grained sand which was deposited in shore face and
marginal marine settings. Within the Ness dominance of shoreface and fluvial channel facies is
attributed to the delta plain setting during this period. The Ness has a lower net to gross than the
other formations and is composed of fine to coarse grained sand, mudstone and coals. The Tarbert
was deposited in a shallow marine environment and is composed of fine to coarse sand.
Humber Group
The Brent group is capped by the Humber group which can be sub–divided into the Heather and
Kimmeridge Clay Formations, both of which are deep marine mudstones. Separating the formations
and atop of the Brent group are unconformities attributed to the extension of the North Viking
Graben and rotation of the Strathspey fault block during the late Jurassic. The thickness of this unit
varies across the field; at the crest where erosion was greatest it can be less than 20 ft thick but
increases to 300 ft towards the western hanging wall of the Ninian–Hutton Fault (Knox and Cordey,

The San Andreas Fault and Its Role in Plate Tectonics and...
The San Andreas Fault and its role in Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Prediction
The San Andreas Fault is one of the most widely studied faults in the world. Scientists use an array
of methods in collecting data and providing analysis of fault characteristics both past and present.
Presently there are many differing hypothesis and models used to describe crustal movements and
deformation within the Pacific and North American plate boundary. Historical earthquakes along
this fault have proven to be rather large and devastating. This is important since the San Andreas
Fault runs along many highly populated areas throughout Northern and Southern California.
Through further research and analysis of this fault system scientists hope to solve ... Show more
The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989 at 5:04 p.m. It had a moment magnitude
of 6.9, and lasted 15 to 20 seconds. The epicenter was near Loma Prieta, and this earthquake again
caused severe damage to the San Francisco Bay Area, this time claiming 63 lives but almost 4,000
people were injured as a result of the earthquake.
The earthquakes above give a brief glimpse into the importance of analyzing past and present fault
configurations. If scientists could make a breakthrough in this area perhaps we could better predict
earthquake activity and better prepare ourselves if it is deemed a potential disaster is looming.
Methods of Analysis
Scientist are struggling to come up with a widely accepted model that will explain the role of non–
vertical strike–slip fault segments, crustal movement and deformation within Pacific –North
American plate boundary. Multiple methods of analysis are being used; some of which are described
below. * Measurements of Geologic uplift and slip rates – in many areas of the San Andreas Fault a
detailed record of strike–slip activity is provided. By studying the sediments deposited in a given
area and comparing them to an established age control it is possible to determine the rates and
timing of changes of tectonic deformation. * Velocity Fields and Pole of Rotation – Using the
Southern California Earthquake Center's Velocity Field, which contains

Seismic Activities In The United States
Fracking: Main Cause of Seismic Activity in the Central Parts of the United States and Solutions for
the Problems it Created Over the years there has been a multitude of earthquakes, which has been
felt across the Great Plains Region in the United States and many other surrounding states. These
states that do not normally have seismic activities are experiencing an increase of quakes near oil
and natural gas sites. Many of the states that have not felt the seismic activities are now
experiencing earthquakes. As a result there has been new research that has been devoted to the
effects of hydraulic fracking. Hydraulic fracking is a technique that uses pressurized water to to
break apart the shale and extract oil and gas. The fossil fuels that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many experts in this field say that the large number of seismic events in Kansas is directly linked to
fracking. Although hydraulic fracking is an old process, it is more widely used today. (Petit, 2015, p.
14) The process that is being used for hydraulic fracking is by using pressurized water to break apart
the layer of shale. After the water is removed it is filled with salt and many other minerals which are
in the rocks. Once that is done, then the companies will transport it to a waste site. The disposal site
can be several hundred or thousands of miles away, depending on where they must dispose
wastewater. When the water is being disposed of the wastewater is being put underground in one of
the disposal sites. When this is done there are certain regulations that must be followed. There are
many scientists that have done research on the link between fracking and earthquakes. "Wastewater
disposal, at least in the U.S. has been the primary cause of earthquakes." as stated by Arthur
McGarr. (BOB, n.d., para. 10) There are several people have differing opinions about hydraulic
fracking. "The likelihood that induced seismic events will occur in properly, permitted and operated
[disposal wells] is very small," as stated by Edward Cross. (Wayne, 2015, para. 6) The experts in
this field still have to determine when hydraulic fracking is the main cause of earthquakes or if the
main cause of seismic activity is due to the disposal of wastewater. (BOB, n.d., para. 11) There are
many people in the United States that think the same thing when it comes to fracking. When
Americans were asked to explain the surge of the earthquakes many of them said that the cause was
fracking. (Petit, 2015, p. 15) The industries that are using hydraulic fracking are trying to take the
necessary precautions when it comes to facking and the disposal of the wastewater. Furthermore,

Research Paper On San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas Fault is a geologic fault zone between two tectonic plates that runs from San
Francisco south to San Diego in California. It is an area of frequent earthquakes caused by the plates
sliding past each other. It is so called because it runs along the San Andreas Valley. The San Andreas
fault was brought dramatically to world attention in 1906 when sudden displacement along the fault
produced the great San Francisco earthquake and fire. This earthquake was but one of many that
have resulted throughout its life of about 15–20 million years. The entire San Andreas fault system
is more than 800 miles long and extends to depths of at least 10 miles within the Earth. The fault is a
complex zone of crushed and broken rock from a few hundred feet to a mile wide. Many smaller
faults branch from and join the San Andreas fault zone. The Pacific plate is moving northwest in
relation to the North American plate, and it is believed that the total displacement along the fault
since its formation more than 30 million years ago has been about 350 mi. Movement along the fault
causes earthquakes several thousand occur annually. The earth moves side to side from time to time
because its outer shell is broken into huge, solid plates floating on a layer of molten rock that has the
consistency of slime. These tectonic plates are constantly jostling each other, like rafts crowded into
a small pond, and its along the boundaries where they meet that most quakes are born. The two
plates

The Pros And Cons Of No-Fault Car Insurance
If a driver is culpable for an accident, no–fault car insurance means that the policyholder will only
have to go to his insurance company that provides him for his own damages; meaning that he won't
be answerable for the other driver. This can be a vast economical remedy to anyone who is
responsible for causing an accident. From the perspective of a driver who would not have been
guilty, this can look unjust; however, one should consider that claiming an insurance payment from
the other driver may cause inconvenience and time wasting at court, not to mention the court bills. A
driver who is not guilty likely spends on average the same amount on obtaining insurance whether
no fault insurance is involved or not, and no–fault insurance saves both parties the time and
commotion. With no–fault insurance, the driver can collect the money required quickly with fewer
problems than an at fault policy.
No–fault insurance is a type of motor insurance in which an insurance company covers damages
incurred to its customer in an accident, regardless of who's fault it is. Essentially, this eliminates the
need for a policyholder to go after another party's insurance company in order to be repaid for
damages that the other person caused.
The idea of no–fault insurance grew out of the increasing number of cases being brought ... Show
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This is due to insurance being based on such a huge cluster of variable factors, including, but not
limited to: the age of the driver, the gender, the year of the vehicle, the expense of the claim, etc.
The add–on cost of the insurance is likely to be lower on average if the claim is of a low value. If
the car is old, hence not worth as much as a brand new car. The add–on cost of the insurance is
likely to be higher on average if the driver is still at a young age. The insurance company will
assume irresponsible driving compared to if an older, more competent driver had the same

The Trans Alaskan Pipeline System
Introduction
Large magnitude earthquakes occur on plate boundaries and they can produce hazards such as
movement along faults, landslides, and tsunamis if the earthquake occurs close to a large enough
body of water. In North America, the western coast is an active margin, meaning that it is home to
earthquakes and volcanoes, a physical manifestation of the plate activity occuring. On November
3rd, 2002, in South–Central Alaska, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake ruptured along three faults; the
Susinta Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults (Eberhart–Phillips et al., 2003). The seismic hazards
associated with this event included a few large aftershocks and liquefaction, which is when saturated
soil losses its strength and behaves like a liquid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This pipeline was operational in June, 1997, under the ownership of Alyeska Pipeline Services Co.
(Hall, William et al., 2003). At the time of the pipelines construction, there was no seismic criteria
for the TAPS (Hall, William et al., 2003). In order to make sure the pipeline would survive an
earthquake, Alyeska Pipeline Services Co. used mechanical engineers to make sure that the TAPS
had the same seismic standards as the nuclear power industry, the offshore pipeline industry, and the
military establishment (Hall, William et al., 2003). During the TAPS construction, it was designed to
"withstand 6.1 m of horizontal offset, 1.5 m of vertical offset, and accelerations of 0.36 g" and a
magnitude 5.5–8.5 earthquake as specified in the Stipulations for the Proposed Trans–Alaskan
Pipeline System (Eberhart–Phillips et al., 2003; Boore, Joyner, and Coulter, 1972). Figure 1, located
on page __, shows the pipeline's route and the magnitudes of earthquakes the pipeline was
constructed to withstand (Boore, Joyner, and Coulter, 1972). What figure 1 doesn't illustrate is that
the TAPS crosses three faults; the Denali, McGinnis Glacier, and Donnelly Dome (Hall, William et
al., 2003). While this route is the most efficient at transporting the oil from Prudhoe Bay to the Gulf
of Alaska, crossing three faults triples the likelihood of a major earthquake damaging the TAPS.
TAPS Construction The TAPS consists of 1287 km of pipeline that was designed

The Importance Of The First Earthquake In Canada
Currently, the prediction of the "Big One" is causing a lot of disturbance and fear among people who
lived along the coastline of British Columbia. The "Big One" stands for a Cascadia Megathrust
earthquake with magnitude around 9 and it has at least twelve percent probability of hitting
Vancouver within the next fifty years ( ). The validity of this prediction has been questioned by
many, however, scientific explanation has proven that the "Big One" will happen in the future
sooner or later. British Columbia has the highest earthquake risk in Canada; several thousand small
earthquakes are recorded in B.C. every year. Therefore, the "Big One" is going to happen, and it will
cause different scales of damage such as geological and economical ... Show more content on
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Recently, District of North Vancouver has released the results of a detailed five–year study that
models a shallow 7.3 magnitude earthquake, with epicentre in the Strait of Georgia, risk in the
municipality. Although this might not be the worst–case scenario,it still provides useful information
in terms of determining the vulnerability of North Vancouver facing an earthquake. The bright side
of the evaluation is that majority of people live in wood frame houses, which are inherently better
able to withstand earthquake damage and most are built on stable, solid ground. That would be
especially important if an earthquake struck at night, when most people are home.The dark side is
that areas likely to be most impacted by ground shaking and soil failure in an earthquake, especially
buildings in several low–lying waterfront areas would likely be topple as sandy soils were subject to
liquefaction just like the below figure has shown where the red parts indicate areas near the shore or
the waterfront is facing structural failure and danger of collapse. Looking to the upper regions, it is
shown in this scenario that these areas would receive no significant structural damage when
experienced a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. In general, North Vancouver is less dangerous under the
condition

No-Fault Divorce
No–fault divorce has been a legal development which has been at the forefront of major debate for
many years now. The first major development in regards to no–fault was Part 2 of the Family Law
Act 1996 which sought to introduced a no–fault divorce system in the UK, but this was never fully
implemented. The main aim of this piece of legislation was to reduce the amount conflict in a
broken–down marriage and was to provide a way out for these individuals which did not involve the
need further conflict.
The most recent development in this area of family law was the introduction of the No–Fault
Divorce Bill to Parliament in October 2015 under the ten–minute rule. This bill sought to introduce
a provision for the dissolution of a marriage or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If at least one spouse can demonstrate that the marriage has irretrievably broken or that there exists
irreconcilable differences or incompatibility a divorce is granted. Consent of both spouses is not
necessary. Consequently, each spouse possesses a right to divorce under no–fault principles. David
Emmerson, chairman of Resolution's legal aid committee and a partner at east London firm Edwards
Duthie, said, 'Divorce ought to be as simple a process as getting married. It should be no fault and
no details.' However, if this were to be the case then the institution of marriage would be near non–
existent and the sanctity would be

Effects Of Sylmar Earthquake On San Fernando Valley
One of the most significant earthquakes to hit the San Fernando Valley in the past was the 1971 San
Fernando/ Sylmar earthquake. On February 9, 1971 at about 6 o'clock the cities of San Fernando
and Sylmar experienced an earthquake that ruptured along the Sierra Madre Fault Zone (Oakeshott,
Gordon B). The epicenter of this earthquake was reported to be in the San Gabriel Valley Mountains
above the valley. The citizens of both cities felt tremendous shaking. The magnitude of the
earthquake was measured as a 6.6 on the Richter scale and the shaking had the intensity of a level 11
(extreme) on the Modified Mercalli system (U.S. Geological Survey). The shaking of this 6.6
magnitude earthquake lasted about 12 seconds with a very strong ground motion. The source of this
faulting was located about five miles to the north of the San Fernando valley. The surface faulting of
this earthquake was reported to be seen along the surface of the San Fernando fault zone from a
point south of Sylmar, the faulting stretched 6 miles more as far as east to the little Tujunga Canyon,
also more surface faulting was reported more east as well. In total the maximum surface rupture was
12 miles and the amount of slip was about 6 feet (U.S. Geological Survey). The type of fault
scientist label this earthquake to be was an oblique–slip or also known as a thrust. The depth of this
earthquake was 13km (8.1 mi) and the peak acceleration was when it reached the Pacoima dam
having the speed of 1.25g (U.S.

The Fault Of The San Andreas Fault System
In the fall of 1989 on the seventeenth day of October at 5:04pm Pacific time, there was a fateful
earthquake that claimed sixty three lives, created almost four thousand reported casualties and
caused more than six billion in damages destroying many homes and businesses throughout the state
of California. The epicenter of the earthquake originated in the Loma Prieta Mountains just outside
of Santa Cruz, California. The fault that the earthquake occurred on is the San Andreas Fault system.
Which has spider webs spanning approximately forty miles wide and runs north–west and south–
east for over eight–hundred miles through California. This fault line forms the boundary of the
Pacific plate and the North American Plate. The San Andreas ... Show more content on
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Right meaning the line shifted right on the opposite side, or left when the opposite side shifted left.
The Pacific plate is moving in a north–west direction at a rate of seven to eleven centimeters a year
while the North American plate is moving west, south–west at a rate of approximately two to three
centimeters per year. To support the aforementioned description, if an observer placed him or herself
standing on the North American plate looking at the Pacific plate, the Pacific plate is moving to the
right. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 was the first major earthquake occurring on that fault
since the previous major earthquake which was The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1909. The
1909 Great San Francisco Earthquake caused significantly more deaths which generated up to an
estimated three thousand, and caused more damage mostly from the fires that occurred in the
aftermath. The 1909 earthquake occurred on the same fault however it had a much longer section of
the fault slip and was reportedly a much larger earthquake in comparison because of that. Which is
why many researchers believe that although the Loma Prieta was a very bad earthquake it was only
a precursor for a larger one to come. There have been some fairly large slips in between

Fault My Fault
It's always there. It's the ground beneath my feet. It's the sky above my head. It's the thump in my
heart and the breath in my lungs. It's the chain I drag, slowing me down, holding me back, stopping
me. It's the death of my mom that I carry on my shoulders. It was all my fault. All. My. Fault. It was
my fault I distracted my mom. It was my fault the car swerved off the road. It was my fault the car
was swallowed into the black of night. It was my fault my mom died. All. My. Fault. It started out as
a simple game. How was I supposed to know it would turn into a life or death situation? "I spy with
my little eye..." I said as I glanced around the car for something, "...something shiny and blue." I
stared confidently at my mom, certain that she wouldn't find it. In between glances at the snowy
road ahead, she scanned the car for the shiny, blue object. She was wearing her favorite Adidas
sweatshirt and a pair of jeans. I could see her sparkling silver rose chain dangling around her neck.
She wore it everywhere because it reminded her of me – my name is Eva, which means life. My
mom's cheesy like that. She thinks that the rose charm on the necklace represents life, which
therefore apparently represents me. Ok. My mom glanced at the inside of the car again, but this time
her eyes landed on the blue shiny zipper that was hanging from my jacket. She looked into my eyes
with a sly smile on her face and whispered, "The zipper." How? This was the millionth time that she
got it on the first try. "Ugh Mom. Every! Single! Time!" I said. I tried to playfully slap my mom.
"Eva, stop," my mom said. I giggled and slapped her lightly again. "Eva I'm not kidding," my mom
said more seriously this time. She looked me with her don't–mess–with–me–I'm–serious face and I
stared right back at her. Outside, the snow was falling even heavier and the highway was starting to
clear out. I nudged my mom again, but this time, as my hand was pulling back from her seat it
knocked over her burning coffee onto her seat and jeans. My mom reacted instantly as the coffee
seeped into her jeans. She tried to dab up the coffee with some tissues she found, but it wasn't even
making a dent. I scanned the car, but couldn't find anything to help her

Fault Tolerance – Application Software Essay examples
Fault Tolerance – Application Software
Introduction
Today's business requirements drive the necessity for software applications that enable organizations
to maintain constant and continuous availability. We are living in a 24/7 world. Brick and mortar
businesses that only needed to worry about the security of their hard assets after closing for the day
now have websites allowing customers to shop online at their convenience. Simply establishing a
web presence is not enough to compete in the market. Business–to–business (B2B) and business–to–
customer (B2C) commerce requires a high–availability strategy with planning and solutions for a
fault tolerant system with 24–hour access. An organization offering goods and services on the ...
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The business operation's systems performance can be severely impacted by software faults, so it is
essential to limit, control and contain the (possible) damage by faulty software.
For some applications, software fault tolerance is more of a safety issue than reliability. There can
be legal or regulatory requirements to fault tolerance. For many B2B and B2C transactions, fault
tolerance is a business decision. There are other organizations whose charter is driven by the
implementation of a fault tolerant system. For example, the aviation industry is required to meet
strict specifications for hardware and software. Airlines board over 500 million passengers per year.
The transportation of such large numbers of human life would demand fault tolerance environments
of robust safety and reliability. In the nuclear industry, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
developed a tool to assess software reliability systems by modeling redundant systems with analysis
of failure data and calculations of availability. The International Society for Pharmaceutical
Engineering provides risk–based guidance to encourage cost effective error detection and failure
prevention. Companies that strive to maintain accurate and comprehensive environmental data are
regulated with

Alaska Earthquake Research Paper
Living on Thin Plates
Many have wondered since the beginning of time how earthquakes occur. Earthquakes are a natural
phenomena and are easy to explain, but hard to predict. The key to surviving an earthquake requires
preparation and knowing how to take action before, during and after an earthquake. Knowing how
to survive an earthquake is a matter of life or death.
Earthquakes are deadly. "An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking
and movement of large sections (tectonic plates) of the earth's rocky outermost crust. The edges of
the tectonic plates are marked by faults (or fractures). Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines
when the plates slide past each other or collide against each other" (Moon). Earthquakes ... Show
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Stay calm. Slowly look around and access the damage. Aftershocks may occur so the danger may
not be over. Put on shoes in case of broken glass. If trapped "Tap on a pipe or wall or use a whistle,
if you have one, so that rescuers can locate you" (Earthquakes). Stay away from down power lines
to avoid electric shock. Smell for leaking gas. If there is a smell gas get out of the building. Do not
light matches. Check for broken sewage lines before flushing toilets. Be careful crossing bridges,
they may have been damaged in the earthquake and could fail under the weight of a car. The
earthquake may have damaged water lines. The water may not be safe to drink. Now is the time to
drink the bottled water. Make sure to conserve water, it may be days or weeks before there is safe
drinking water. Follow the emergency plan. Notify friends and family members of the current
conditions. Avoid the temptation to go sightseeing, emergency personnel need to get through to
those in need. Stay alert and prepare for aftershocks. Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that
happen after a bigger earthquake. These may cause additional damage to building that have already
been damaged and can delay the cleanup of the 1st earthquake. After surviving an earthquake don't
sit back and relax, start preparing for the next

The North Anatolian Fault ( Naf ) ( Fig )
The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) (Fig. 1) in northern Turkey is a significant, seismically active
structure (e.g. Barka 1992; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is a 1200 km–long dextral strike–slip fault
which extends from the town of Karliova in eastern Turkey, paralleling the southern coast of the
Black sea, across the Northern Aegean Sea, central and mainland Greece, eventually linking with
the Hellenic subduction zone (e.g. Barka 1992; Barka et al. 2000; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is
part of a larger zone of deformation called the North Anatolian Shear Zone (NASZ), but currently
seismic activity is largely confined to the narrow, mostly through–going NAF (Sengor et al. 1985;
Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF lies along the boundary between ... Show more content on
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By contrast, much of the central part of Anatolia shows little difference in rotation vectors away
from the NAF, suggesting movement as a coherent block (McClusky et al. 2000). As such, the
movement of the Anatolian block is best approximated as anticlockwise rotation about two poles,
one near Damascus for eastern Anatolia and one north of the Nile Delta for the western/central block
(Fig 1.) (Barka et al. 2000; McClusky et al. 2000). The NAF is located at the boundary between
Tethyan accretionary complexes to the south and rigid basement to the north, forming along a zone
of weakness in the E/W trending Tethyan sutures (Sengor et al. 1985; Sengor et al 2005). Though
highly irregular, Tethyan accretionary complexes in northern Turkey generally widen from east to
west (Sengor et al. 2005). Deformation associated with the eastern half part the NAF, near Erzincan
and ~150–200km westward, is concentrated to a narrow zone along the fault, roughly 10km or less
in width (Sengor et al. 2005). The zone of deformation from the NAF and NASZ widens as the fault
continues westward, and splits into a northern and southern strand near the Sea of Marmara (Fig. 1)
(Barka et al. 1992, Sengor et al. 2005). The western widening of the accretionary complexes through
which the fault runs is a possible explanation the widening of the fault zone in these areas. Sense of
motion is almost purely strike slip in many parts of the fault (especially in the straight

Long Point Fault Essay
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450
square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three
sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have
averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults
concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man's
activities are not helping the issues, but clearly humans are not the initial cause, biological activity
can be in fact an adiitional cause for its movement. A brief description of the type of fault and its
relationship with the strata and the faults ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brief Geology of the Area
Geology of the subsurface rocks and surface sediments along the Long Point Fault its geological
make up in Houston was originally developed from stream deposits from the erosion of the Rocky
Mountains and now is a combinations of unconsolidated clays, clay shale's, and poorly–cemented
sands encompassed through great depths and goes on for several miles. The sedimentary component
consist of a series of sands and clays that have been deposited on decaying organic matter which
over time will be transformed into oil and natural gas thought the processes of biochemical activity.
Even deeper and beneath these tiers is a water deposited layer of halite, known as rock salt when
compressed over time and forced upward, the salt drew surrounding sediments into dome shapes,
often trapping more oil and gas from it neighboring soils.
"Houston's topography is largely in the northern portion of the Gulf coastal plain, a 40– to 50 mile
wide swath along the Texas Gulf Coast and its elevation rises approximately one foot per mile
inland. Northern and eastern portions of the area are largely forested; and we can find the southern
and western sections are in fault zone areas. ". The Long Point Fault consist of Scarps due to
prehistoric movement on the Long Point and Eureka Heights faults, for example, they are readily
visible on topographic maps based on surveys completed in 1915–16" (Bonnett)
Extent and

Tectonic Faults
Faults in our plates Corona heights was a trip to remember it was a wonderful discovering actual
faults and sediments in San Francisco; it was honestly my favorite trip. The objective of this trip was
to discover rocks and how they were formed, describe tectonic plates, and how what could have
caused the faults. We discovered rocks and hiked to different faults were we got to touch observe
and describe them, as well we got to look at weathered rocks and sediment. In figure one in the
packet you can see where we went to, corona heights, and see all of San Francisco; it also shows the
geological setup we were looking at, also as well all over San Fransisco as well. Figure six is map of
Corona Heights that shows how to find sediments and rocks, ... Show more content on
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The thrust fault in figure one, the faulting is less resistant to weathering landscape and faulting
blocks are more resistant. Some topographic variations in the city are they create hills and valleys,
the fault zone is easier to form valleys. What causes the hills and valleys in San Fransisco are thrust
faults, weathering, and rock types, are the major cases. Chert and sandstone are associated with the
hills and valleys. As seen in the photos I took durning the trip you can see the fault line and how the
two plates have slipped, and the line is shift to the

Forces Of Earthquake
Earthquakes have long posed an engineering concern that requires special attention to minimize
their powerful range of destruction. Engineers and other disciplines have strived to alleviate our
concern of earthquakes through different means. While earthquakes pose the capability of causing
great harm, we can use the knowledge we have gained from their appearance to formulate better
structures that are well equipped to handle the powerful forces of nature. To understand earthquakes
and how to combat them, we must first take a look at their behavior in order to have an effective
counter measure that is long lasting and financially viable.
When we talk about earthquakes, we look at their causes based on plate movements. There are three
types of movements: Convergent, Divergent and Transform faults. In a convergent scenario, during
movement, one plate is forcefully lifted over another creating thrust. During a divergent movement,
plates are forcefully separated apart from each other creating a rift zone. This type of movement
usually occurs in oceanic floor where this is many new floor formations. The last is a transform
fault, this is usually called the "strike–slip" because its movement is unlike the convergent or
divergent scenario, it is a slip like movement that causes plates to move parallel to each other. When
these types of movements occur, seismic magnitude is dependent on the scale of movement.
However, we feel these earthquakes through waves, and each wave is specific to movement. There
are generally three types waves: Primary wave (P), Secondary waves and surface waves (S). The
surface waves are usually discarded in seismic focus; however, the P and S waves generate the most
attention. P waves are also known as compressional waves and they are the first sign of earthquake
at a seismic station where they travel through the earth's crust at a rate of 1.5–8 km/s. As they travel,
they shake the ground depending on the movement that they propagate. S waves which can also be
called shear waves are the second to arrive at a seismic station because they travel 1.7 times slower
than the P waves. They shake the ground in a perpendicular direction to their propagated travel.
In the United States, seismic design

Investigation And Analysis Technique : Fault Tree Analysis
Investigation and Analysis Technique
The following report examines a three types of investigation techniques – Fault Tree Analysis, Event
Tree Analysis and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The methodology of the report is based on a
research on the developmental history and procedural methodology of these three analytical
techniques.
This research paper will identify the strength and weaknesses of all three techniques and an opinion
on which method is preferred. In the last section of the report, I will examine an accident scenario
and conduct an investigation using the Fault Tree Analysis method.
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
There are multiple causes of an accident or a loss–making event. The Fault Tree Analysis is one of
the many analytical techniques that is used for tracing the series of events that could contribute to an
accident (NEBOSH, 2010).
Who or What Company Developed The FTA and Why
The Fault Tree Analysis method was developed in 1962 at Bell Telephone Laboratories by H.A.
Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the system safety
and reliability of the launch control system for the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
(ICBM) (NIOSH, 2010).
It was later adopted and applied by the Boeing Company as a systematic safety analysis method to
promote the safety of highly technical complex systems and the nuclear industry to improve the
safety and reliability of nuclear reactors (NIOSH, 2010).
What The FTA Is Used For

A Byzantine Fault
Introduction
Faults occur in every system which may halt the systems functionality. A fault that presents different
symptoms to different observers is called a Byzantine fault. These Byzantine faults form the reason
for the loss of a system service and are called Byzantine failures. A Byzantine failure may occur due
to arbitrary problems like corruption in their local state, production of incorrect outputs or by
processing requests incorrectly instead of the general situations like crashing or stopping. The ability
of a system to defend itself from Byzantine failures is called Byzantine fault tolerance which is a
sub–field of fault tolerance.
A reliable computer system is a system that overcomes failures, one such failure is the Byzantine
Generals problem. This problem is rare and generally overlooked by the people who are unfamiliar
with the problem. It brings down the entire network if not tackled properly. This problem is most
common in distributed dependable network. This paper aims at explaining the Byzantine Generals
problem and providing a possible solution to that problem.
My motivation to write this topic comes from the wide usage of distributed systems in various fields
like particle physics, bioinformatics, weather, climate, visualization and graphics, economics and
finance etc., and the need to protect such systems. Failure of distributed systems leads to huge loss
of resources, time and money. Thus protecting from these kinds of failure is a challenging task

San Andreas Fault In California
San Andreas fault in California
The San Andreas fault line is one of the most notorious faults in the world where it lies
approximately 1,287 km long in California, USA. Fault lines are cracks in the Earths surface, where
earthquakes usually occur.
The San Andreas fault in California is a transform boundary which means the tectonic plates grind
against each other slowly building up tension through friction then one day they'll slip causing an
earthquake to occur.
Since the San Andreas fault is a transform boundary, earthquakes occur along its fault which will
affect California and anywhere that the strength of the earthquake can reach making the fault a
seismic hazard to those who live there. The San Andreas fault is home to thousands of

Hayward Fault Research Paper
The Hayward Fault
The Hayward Fault stretching beneath a few major cities in California has not shifted too far in the
last 150 years, a shift that used to be evident on a street corner of Rose and Prospect Streets. A no
longer aligned curb was a perfect reminder of the forces working beneath the citizens of Hayward
(although the city decided to realign it once more), and the forces that could soon act again. This
fault was found to produce a large earthquake roughly every 160 years, give or take 80 years. Any
earthquake, especially of the magnitude predicted to occur (7.0), would be devastating as this fault
runs through major urban areas. Unlike the last time it shifted, geologists predict that the next
earthquake will stretch for 52 miles

Difference Between Shallow And Deep Complexity
Abstract In order to understand fault structure, there is a need to first understand fault complexity.
Images of faults at depth and near surface reveal complexities that characterize properties such as
geometry, composition and stress states of that fault's structure. While this is true for both passive
and induced imaging, a true passive source image is without the changes in fault structure due to any
induced mechanism. This is something to consider when discussing fault complexity at near surface
versus depth, as it is already difficult to distinguish the direction of complexity within a fault
already. Current seismic research has been unable to understand if fault complexity is derived from a
point at depth, or expands from surface complexity into depth. It is critical to understand the
relationship between shallow and deep complexity in order to predict where that origin may have
been and what caused its expansion. Passive source imaging has been able to help describe the
factors that attribute to this complexity by providing a way to visually see subsurface data, but has
not yet fully answered the complexity question.
Introduction
Fault structure is the aftermath of a slipping event in the lithosphere that produces high velocity
compression waves that can be imaged as they travel through and across the surface of the
lithosphere. These waves affect and change, or in other words add complexity to the structure of the
lithosphere within the fault zone. This

The Trans Alaskan Pipeline System
Incorporating the Success of the Trans–Alaskan Pipeline (TAPS) into the Building Regulations of
the States of Washington and California.
Abstract
When a large magnitude earthquake strikes, roads might buckle, dams sometimes fail, and buildings
can collapse. As more earthquakes occur, building regulations have been altered to ensure that
buildings experience minimal damage. The Trans–Alaskan Pipeline System (TAPS), which
transports oil from Prudhoe Bay to the Gulf of Alaska, had engineering in place so when the
earthquake struck the Denali fault in Alaska in 2002, the pipeline didn't leak any oil (Nyman,
Johnson, and Roach, 2003). The success of the pipeline came from its supporting structures. The
engineering used in the TAPS should be applied to buildings in areas that are also prone to large
magnitude earthquakes, such as Washington and California. California is home to the San Andreas
fault, a major transform fault, just like the Denali, and Washington is home to the Seattle Basin,
whose geometry and geological units amplify main and aftershock waves. Washington and
California should first implement better building regulations, and if the premise is successful, it
could be applied anywhere large magnitude earthquakes occur.
Introduction
Large magnitude earthquakes occur on plate boundaries and can produce hazards such as movement
along faults, landslides, and tsunamis. In North America, the western coast is an active margin,
meaning that it is home to earthquakes and

The Analysis And Fault Tolerence Of Software Environment
PERFOMANCE ANALYSIS AND FAULT TOLERENCE OF SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
S. Umamageswri* & T. Arulselvam**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts
College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts
College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
Abstract
Fault tolerance is the characteristic of a system that tolerates the class of failures. It will analysis the
performance and enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level,
rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The system as a whole is not
stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. [1][2] Fault tolerance is the ability
for software to detect and recover from a fault that is happening or has already happened in either
the software or hardware in the system in which the software is running in order to provide service
in accordance with the specification. [3]Fault tolerance is not a solution unto itself however, and it is
important to realize that software fault tolerance is just one piece necessary to create the next
generation of systems. A highly fault–tolerance system might continue at the same level of
performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a
backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power fails
[4].
Keywords: fault tolerance of software,

Fault Systems : Fault Tolerant Computing
FAULT–TOLERANT COMPUTING
"Fault tolerant computing is the art and study of building figuring frameworks that keep on
operating agreeably within the sight of issues". A fault tolerant framework might have the capacity
to endure at least one faults including – i) transient, irregular or perpetual equipment faults, ii)
programming and equipment plan blunders, iii) administrator mistakes, or iv) remotely prompted
upsets or physical harm. A broad technique has been produced in this field in the course of recent
years, and various fault tolerant machines have been created – most managing arbitrary equipment
issues, while a littler number manage programming, outline and administrator deficiencies to
fluctuating degrees. A lot of supporting research has been accounted for.
Adaptation to non–critical failure and trustworthy frameworks explore covers a wide range of
applications are embedded real–time systems, commercial transaction systems, transportation
systems, and military/space systems etc., The supporting exploration incorporates framework
engineering, plan methods, coding hypothesis, testing, approval, confirmation of accuracy,
modeling, software reliability, operating systems, parallel processing, and real–time processing.
The primary forum for presenting research in this field has been the yearly IEEE International
Symposium on Fault–Tolerant Computing (FTCS) and the papers in its Digests give an essential
reference source.
Essential Concepts:
Hardware Fault–Tolerance –

DTPA Case Study
7. DTPA Charges
a. The words, "Master Planned Community" are designed to woo buyers. Was the Developer
negligent by not thoroughly inspecting the property prior to developing?
b. Does being a "Master Planned Community" lead to higher profits?
c. "Great Schools, Great Community, Access to Shopping & Entertainment" can and generally does
accurately describe a Master Planned Community.
8. Damages
a. If a house is on a fault –line, it would be difficult to find a buyer for such a house.
b. Are there similar damages to homes further from the fault–line? If so, perhaps damage is normal
and not related to the fault.
9. Relevant Miscellaneous Subject Responses
a. Developer did not allow enough green space for the faults.
b. Visual inspection by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defense jurors responded that it was incumbent on the Builder to communicate with Homeowner,
not the Developer to communicate with the Homeowner.
E) Knowing that Oak Ranch did not publish the fault studies so the general public had access to
them.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important (8–10) Notes
None 51% 16%
Yes 9% 67% 21 (10's) 38%
Extremely important to know if Developer published or made available the fault studies to the
Builders, and in what format.
Defense jurors assume Developer informed the Builder. o Emphasize the technology of the time,
how it was different. o Did the city have that data prior to development approval? o Hindsight is
20/20!
F) Knowing that there is an active fault more than one mile away.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important
(8–10) Notes

None 27% 20%
Yes 7% 69% 16 (10's) 29%
An important issue for adverse jurors.
Defense jurors did not see this as significant, as most are aware of foundation damage due to natural
occurring conditions.
G) Knowing one of the experts used to teach at a local university.
Damages % Not

Little Cottonwood Canyon Research Paper

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