Disscuss The Contingency Approach To Management

Disscuss the Contingency Approach to Management
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Definition of contingency(noun) by the Oxford Dictionary noun (plural contingencies) * a future event or circumstance which is possible but cannot
be predicted with certainty * examples: a detailed contract which attempts to provide for all possible contingencies * a provision for a possible
event or circumstance: stores were kept as a contingency against a blockade * an incidental expense: allow an extra fifteen per cent on the budget for
contingencies * [mass noun] the absence of certainty in events: the island's public affairs can occasionally be seen to be invaded by contingency *
[mass noun] Philosophy the absence of necessity; the fact of being so without having to be so.
Origin:
mid 16th century (in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One attraction of the contingency approach among theorists and practitioners alike is its situational perspective. Those interested in research issues
regarding organization and management can use the contingency perspective to explain why some factors influence situations in one setting but have
virtually no influence in another setting. Indeed, one objective of research within the contingency framework is to specify those dimensions and
conditions that do affect a situation and those that do not. For the manager, the requirement from the contingency perspective is to identify which
technique will, in a particular situation, best contribute to the attainment of organizational goals. For instance, under some circumstances, an
authoritarian leadership style may be more appropriate than a leadership style that tries to get workers internally motivated.tuation. While the
contingency approach is useful in recognizing that the complexity involved in understanding human and organizational systems makes it difficult to
develop universal principles of management, there have been several criticisms of the approach. For one, it has been pointed out that the logical
extension of the contingency approach is that all situations are unique. If this is true, then management can be practiced only by intuition and
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Gladiator Leadership Traits
According to trait approach to leadership, good or bad leaders can be known according to the traits they exhibit. Certain traits such as self–confidence
and honest makes a leader more effective. The trait approach looks at the physiological, demographic, intellective, task–related, and social traits that
makes one a good leader. In the Gladiator movie, Maximus Decimus Meridius exhibits Traits approach toleadership in different ways that enables him
to topple Commodus and accomplish the main goal of giving power back to the senate. Some of the instances that expose Maximus Decimus Meridius
trait approach to leadership include;
Achievement driven– throughout the movie, Maximus Decimus Meridius has been portrayed has an achievement driven leader. At the beginning of
the movies, Maximus leads the roman army against the Germmia. Because he was a servant leader, he is actively involved in the battle and his
army get victory over the Germania. When the Commodus ask him of his loyalty in exchange of power and privileges, Maximus refutes the offer in
order to accomplish the goal he had been given by Emperor the Marcus Aurelius. When he realises his wife and son have been killed by Commodus
army, Maximus escapes but promises to revenge against Commodus which he accomplishes at the end of the movie. Although he was a top general in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At different occasions in the Gladiator, Maximus portrays human skills. For example, he was able to work with Emperor Marcus Aurelius that he won
his favour. It is human skills that enabled him to organise and have good working relationship with his army. Through human skills, Maximus was able
to organise Proximo army that destroyed their opponents at the Battle of Zama. His human skills are further portrayed when he convinces the north
army to fight for his

British Airways ( Ba ) Debacle Occurred
The British Airways (BA) Debacle occurred because the management team planned and implemented a swipe card system which would allow
management to use staff more efficiently and to record employees start and end time for each work day. However, the staff was not involved in the
decision which led to a strike (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009). Wildcat strike key issues
Organizational Development The purpose of the change process was to provide the efficient use of staff and resources. British Airways Senior
management 's approach to change was planning and having the operational level implement policies that affected the employees without employee
input. Using the organizational development approach a key issue was employee involvement, the more involved in the change process members of
the organization are the more likely they will be to accepting the change. The lack of employee involvement caused the employees to rebel and strike.
Sense–making
Sense–making approach shows how change is interpreted and received by those involved in the change. British Airways Senior management and
employees interpreted and received the change differently. Using the sense–making approach the key issue was opposing interpretation and reception.
Management viewed the change as a positive way of improving efficiency and were not aware of any other interpretations of the change. The change
was interpreted as negative by the staff, because the staff felt the new systems was a

Leadership Styles During The Workplace
Different leadership styles result in various results in the workplace. The Fiedler contingency model postulates a leader's style is static; however, God
can transform anyone's heart and thus their leadership style. Additionally, the grapevine can be an important tool for employers. As long as each
individual chooses to use gossip for honorable purposes, God will bless the workplace.
ORIGINAL POST 3
Forum Post 3–Original Post
Approaches to Leadership
There are many different ways in which individuals lead. Whether implicit or by choice, the style and the way it is applied can lead to success or
failure in the workplace. My boss and I approach leadership in completely different ways. While my boss leans toward only a transactional style,
specifically Laissez–faire, or management by exception, I prefer a combination of transactional and translational styles. According to Robbins and
Judge (2012), "Laissez–faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors (Robbins & Judge, 2012, p. 382)." Additionally,
management by exception is somewhat better, however it remains one of the weakest leadership styles. Leaders using this style fail to be engaged with
the employees unless and until there is an issue requiring their

Definition Of People Oriented Leadership Essay
Definition of People–Oriented Leadership The people oriented leader is type of leadership in which leader focuses on effectiveness and efficiency,
supports, trains and develops his personnel so that it could satisfy himself and also interest is maintained in the job.it also energizes employees"() This
leadership is like democratic leadership because staff feels meaningful as they have rights to participate in decision making process which makes
job satisfactory levels rise of the employees. The people oriented leader always encourages feedback and ideas of employees which creates good
atmosphere at work place as good understanding and enjoy some good fresh ideas for improvement.as being people oriented leader have some more
positive impacts staff is always loyal and honest to the organization. This leaders knows how to accomplish the task in time in the organization where
they work.
History
Relations–oriented leadership came to light in the 1960s, when psychologist Fred Fiedler introduced the contingency model in his book "The Theory
of Leadership Effectiveness." Throughout his career, Fiedler expanded on the concept of distinguishing leaders who are motivated by people, projects
or power. The contingency model divides leaders into three categories. Fiedler's work on relations–oriented leadership continued throughout the 1970s,
'80s and '90s. He developed the Least Preferred Co–worker (LPC) model to help determine whether a given leader places a premium on people or

Contingency Planning: there is no one best way
There is no one–best–way
After the Second World War the managerial formalism was still the dominant view of organization and management. The previous management
theories which were dominating the view of the organizations and management that created by the classical management theorists, such as Weber 's
bureaucracy and Taylor 's scientific management.
Frederick Taylor, Industrial Engineer and the American classical theorist, who has coined the scientific management term. Taylor was refereeing to the
study of work processes for the purpose of reducing time, maximizing the productivity of labor and minimizing all unnecessary movements. Taylor
believes that "In a capitalist economy is that agreement can only be achieved through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woodward stated "different technologies imposed different kinds of demands, and these demands had to meet through an appropriate structure.
Commercially successful firms seemed to be those in which function and form were complementary." Source: Woodward, J., (1958): Management and
Technology. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
In the 1960s several scholars, most notably Frederick Fiedler, argued that effective leadership style depended on situational contingencies, such as the
nature of the task–specifically, how certain or uncertain it was. But agreement ended there, as researchers and scholars failed to reach a consensus on
what leaders ' primary tasks were or in which contingency factors influenced those the most. Source: Harvard Business Review Press Chapters, Jan 26,
2010, by Jay W. Lorsch.
James Thompson (1967) said "the main function of organization, he said, is to routinize the achievement of collective tasks, thereby making it easy,
cheap and unproblematic to achieve the organization's goals."
The contingency thinking combines ideas about uncertainty in the environment and external factors influencing work with context–specific features of
leadership and decision–making. The contingency thinking theory points to various managerial practices, styles, techniques, and functions will vary
according to the particular circumstances of the situation.
Nonetheless, facing the intense and increasing uncertainty while managing organizations, it

Comparing Two Leadership Theories Essay
There are different leadership theories developed throughout the history. Most popular ones are trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories,
and leader–member exchange (LMX) theory. The author of the post will briefly discuss two theories, Fiedler contingency theory and Leader–Member
Exchange (LMX), and compare and contrast their strengths and weakness.
Fiedler' model is considered the first highly visible theory to present the contingency approach. It stated that effective groups depend on a proper match
between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Fiedler, 1967).
Fiedler argued that the leadership style could be indentified by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of the follower and the quality of the relationship itself are informally negotiated between followers and their leaders over time (Gils,
Quaquebeke, & Knippenberg, 2009). Based on the LMX theory, leaders build a special relationship with an inner circle, or "in–group", of followers,
who often get high levels of responsibility and access to resources. The in–group members work harder and are more committed to task objectives.
They are also expected to be totally committed and loyal to their leader. Conversely, other followers fall in the "out–group" and are given low levels of
choice or influence. Aggression, sarcasm and a self–centered view are qualities seen in the out–group. The quality of the LMX relationship varies and
is better when the challenge of the job is extremely high or extremely low (Graen et al., 1982).
Both Fiedler' model and LMX theory have strength and weakness. Fiedler' model emphasizes the importance of both situation and leader's
characteristics in determining leader effectiveness. It stimulates a great deal of research and inspires the formulation of alternative contingency theory.
On the weak side, the Fiedler model sometimes fails to reflect the personality traits that it intends to reflect. It has also gained criticism because of its
implications on replacing the leader as the only way to solve the mismatch between leader orientation and unfavorable situation. The method of
measuring

How Change Is Necessary For The Sake Of The Business
Rough Draft Submission
There comes a time in many organizations when change is necessary for the sake of the business. Knowing the importance and implications of
organizational change and admitting the fact that the change is required for its success as well as understanding that sometimes that change involves
the replacement of a leader can play a key role in implementing these changes. When a business is not meeting the required expectations it is important
to do the research to find out exactly where the inaccuracies are coming from and move forward from their with the transformation. To meet the highly
competitive shifting environment of business and trends, there is a continuous need for organizations to change their business model ... Show more
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Through the identifying of the situation, is where the leader will find their natural style (Fiedler, Mahar, 1979).
The time for change has come to the Pemancar Company. Pemancar is an automotive part production company that was established in the late 1970's
and is located in Peninsular, Malaysia. Through the years the company has been owned by several different state and federal government agencies. In
the mid 1980's the company was taken over by KL Corporation (KLCorp), this corporation is one of Malaysia's leading conglomerates. Also since the
KLCorp acquired Pemancar, the company has made an agreement with a Japanese company that would ensure that Pemancar would be equipped with
the latest technology as well as the expertise of their production. The Pemancar Company employs approximately 1700 employees between the seven
different departments; the employees carry the positions of operators, clerical staff, supervisors, and management (Abdullah, 2012).
Pemancar is the largest plant in the northern part of Peninsular, Malaysia and has received recognition for both the national and international levels
including several quality and management awards while under KLCorp. The plant operates twenty–four hours a day, seven days a week with an
average of 345 days a year. Even though it was a small business under KLCorp, it was still considered as one of the best model plants with high
profits. Between the liberalization of the Malaysian

Management Team, Change Management And A Disaster Recovery...
IT Organization & Structure – The organization must use governance and best practices to ensure that the right individuals are assigned to the
appropriate roles that can support the merged organization. IT can be a resourceful tool that facilitates growth requirements.
IT Security & Privacy – Companies are most vulnerable to data breaches when they exchange personal information during a merger. Most
organizations get so wrapped up in completing the deal, that they neglect best practices. Therefore it is necessary to create a framework that guards
employee and customer data.
IT Operational Processes – Ensuring that all processes and controls are in place to enable the framework to run seamlessly. The framework should
include a support management team, change management and a disaster recovery contingency plan.
The Marriot and Starwood integration teams both worked long and hard to figure out which systems from each organization were the most efficient.
Early into the planning process we learned that a lot of Marriott's tacit knowledge has yet to be transferred into explicit content. They had no real
system in place and the ones that they do, are not fully optimized. Marriott is a family run business that grew into an organization; therefore they still
have an old fashioned way of doing things. Their billing functions are not electronic, as well as their files, payroll, etc. Starwood on the other hand
since infancy has always relied on technology to push the

Advantages Of Contingency Theory
In the 1960s, the academic world that was engaged in management theory and research began to adopt a new and simple orientation, which enabled
significant advancement in the study of organizational management. This new orientation is known today as the contingency approach. This approach
highlights the importance of situational influences on the management of organizations and questions the rationale of an optimal, single way to manage
and organize (Zeithaml et al., 1988).
As stated by Donaldson (2001), the contingency theory of organizations is a major theoretical lens used to view organizations. It yields many insights
and has substantial empirical support. As he said, today the contingency approach dominates theory and research in the management ... Show more
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When using the contingency theory, the focus has been on organizational effectiveness because it has been concerned about explaining the success or
failure of the organization. Donaldson argued that organizational effectiveness can have a wider meaning, including efficiency, profitability, employee
satisfaction, or innovation rate. He stated that, "Organizational effectiveness can be well defined as the ability of the organization to attain goals set
by itself or by its ability to function as a system or by its ability to satisfy

Leadership Style Of A Leader Essay
Each individual possesses a certain capacity for leadership. Whether is is learned or innate, communication skills are a key factor in how a leader is
perceived and followed. An individual's leadership style is comprised of several factors within the workplace environment and the individuals that
comprise it.Some theories debate whether leadership remains the same no matter the circumstance, where others maintain that individuals might use
others to gain leadership for noble means. Regardless of the charisma or communication an individual uses in their leadership style, each person
should follow the example of Christ to become a respectable, caring, and honorable role model of love and generosity.
Forum Post 3–Original Post
How Leaders Lead Almost every single day an individual has an opportunity to be a leader. Whether it be leading a political party, an office project
group, or simply leading by setting an example, all leaders have their own approach and individual style. Not every form or style of leadership is
appropriate for every situation. How we choose to implement our leadership style and translate it to the situation will dictate the effectiveness of our
leadership.
ORIGINAL POST 2
Two of the main forms of leadership are near complete

Risk Management and Contingency Planning
Project: A case of manufacturing, delivery and installation of a large power transformer. 1.INTRODUCTION
A project to manufacture, deliver and install a large power transformer is time and resource (material and labour) consuming, relies on services and
products provided by more than one supplier, involves multiple expertise, and costs tens of millions of Rands. If a transformer fails, the cost of
rectification can go as high as over 70% of the price of a new one. By so saying, risk management and contingency planning plays a key role in the
management of such a project. In this report, the need and process of risk management as well as the types of risks in relation to the power transformer
project are discussed.
2.PROJECT ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like in many other projects, the basic concerns in the power transformer project are schedule and costs, while continuously ensuring that the product
meets required specifications and performance – any deviation to what is planned constitutes a risk. In practice however, things do not always go
according to plan and therefore risk management is needed to ensure that chaos does not prevail.
The point that Kippenberger (2000) is making in his article titled 'there's no such thing as risk free project' is that almost everything we do in a project
involves a risk of some kind – by so saying, it is therefore essential that we are prepared or able to deal with risks. Most literature puts emphasis on
the negative connotation that the word 'risk' carries. For instance, Chapman and Ward (2003) provide the meaning of risk as: hazard, chance of bad
consequences, loss, and exposure to chance of injury or loss. Galway (2004) defines risk as an event which is uncertain and has negative impact, and
similarly, Martin (2008: 38) defines risk as the 'chance of something occurring that has an adverse effect on the project'. This negativity highlights the
fact that problems can occur or things can go wrong and it is therefore important to have a systematic approach to managing them. Therefore in project
management, risk management is necessary to increase the chances of the proposed project succeeding.
3.THE PROCESS OF MANAGING PROJECT RISKS
The process of managing

The Contingency Theory : The Importance Of Scientific...
Management is defined as the process of coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively, with and through people
(Robbins et al, 2003). Yet, despite all organisations sharing a common goal of producing an output in the most efficient and effective way possible,
there is not only one best way for them to manage their organisation to accomplish this objective. While the establishment of the Scientific Management
discipline by Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that there is a universal 'one best way' (Taylor 1942) to manage all organisations, this was suggested
under the assumption that such organisations functioned in similar environments, motivated by similar goals. Contrastingly, the Contingency Theory,...
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Scientific Management constitutes a significant part of McDonalds' management philosophy in the way that all those involved in the restaurant know
exactly what their specific roles are, what methods would allow them to carry out their tasks most effectively and how their performance is
measured by profit which reflects the success of the outcomes produced. The best way to manage particular aspects of the organisation have been
applied in instances such as using an assembly line for burger making and filling orders and the utilisation of scripts which direct an employee's
interaction with a customer. These tasks have been carefully analysed in order to determine the least amount of actions required to complete the job in
order to increase efficiency, similar to how Frank Gilbreth was able to reduce the number of motions in laying an exterior brick from eighteen to five
and an interior brick from eighteen to two (Gilbreth 1914). This standardisation of management demonstrates the applicability of Scientific
Management in modern civilisation and explains why some may believe that it is the only one best way to manage due to its effectiveness and success
in many organisations.
However this misguided belief that there is only one best way to manage may prove to have negative consequences. If somebody who

Nursing Leadership Style Analysis
Leadership Style and Self–Assessment Leadership comes in many different forms, and is a curtail element of a health care organization. This paper
will describe leadership styles, management theories, and my style of leadership in reference to the self–assessment completed. I will discuss what
leadership styles align with my style and what type of work environment and behaviors that will help me be a successful leader. I will also discuss
different types of leadership theories. There are many aspects to being a leader and every good organization has good leaders behind it. Leadership is
a key element in nursing due to the fact that nurses are often working in teams (Huber, 2014, p.3). Personal Leadership Style There are three different
types... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2016). p.33). There are many traits that a leader must have to be able to be successful. Three that come to mind are trustworthy or honest,
motivated, and knowledgeable. Ever leader needs to be honest and have the trust of those who are following them. This is essential for any plan
or idea to be carried out steadily. Also, open communication cannot happen if one does not trust their leader. Next, a leader must be motivated and
have energy. If a leader is not motivated, those who are following them are also not going to be motivated either. Someone has to be able to push
others to keep up the hard work to get to where they need to be. Lastly, a leader needs to be knowledgeable. At work, often when faced with
something that I do not know the answer to, I go to my charge nurse who is very knowledgeable on almost all situations that may arise. If lacking
any vital knowledge, staff under that leader will not have anyone to go to in times of need. This leads to the follower being lost and not knowing
what the next step is in their situation. All of these traits are what I like to see in a leader in my work

Structure And Delivery For Patients With Cbt, Counselling,...
5.1. Structure and delivery Whether delivered through specialty clinics or community pharmacies, OAT is, structured with elements aiming at
monitoring treatment outcomes and minimising diversion [Thomas et al, 2013]. According to the WHO, OAT combines specific psychological and
pharmacological interventions to reduce opioid use and its related harm, and to enhance quality of life [WHO, 2009]. While OAT covers approximately
10% of OUD patients, expanding and optimising outcomes of OAT observe several barriers classified as financial and suboptimal clinical practices
[Nosyk et al, 2013]. Interventions to optimise outcomes from OAT include integrating pharmacotherapy with CBT, counselling, medication
management, and the Community... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results revealed discrepancy between both methods in evaluating adherence and suggested that interpretation of compliance should not rely on one
method, as there is no single objective and reliable measure of compliance. Finally, it was suggested that adherence rate measured by 'tablet count' was
comparable to adherence rate confirmed by both methods, and that almost half of patients assumed to be medication adherent did achieve appropriate
blood pressure control compared to only 14% of those assumed not to be medication adherent [Onzeroot et al, 2010]. In summary, non–compliance and
diversion may limit provision of OAT. While providing treatment via DoT can curb diversion, it may be associated with reduced compliance. In
addition, other measures applied with the objective of achieving optimal compliance and minimal diversion include tablet counting, and UDS are not
effective if applied alone in monitoring compliance. Therefore, developing reliable tools for monitoring compliance may contribute to optimising
treatment outcomes. 5.2. Psychosocial interventions A meta–analysis of 35 studies examining the impact of adding psychosocial treatments in 4319
patients receiving OAT concluded that there is no value for adding psychosocial treatment to OAT in treatment retention with a relative risk (RR) of
1.03. Similarly, there was no value found in adding psychosocial treatments to OAT over OAT alone in achieving negative drug screens with

Examples Of Contingency Approach To Management
The contingency approach to management holds that management techniques should be dependent upon the circumstances. From this paper, you will
learn what the contingency approach to management is and the key elements of contingency management. Information in depth was gathered from
books, course texts and various reviews and articles.
There are many definitions of leadership. According to "The Collins English dictionary defines leadership as "the leader(s) of a party or group." A
leader can be anybody; he/she can be the CEO of an organization, or a first year employee. A leader has the ability to lead through official authority
and power, as often, great leaders lead through inspiring the followers, through personal connection to those followers ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although, this theory's weaknesses are the fact that it is cumbersome to use, as it does not explain what to do when there is a mismatch between style
and situation and it does not take into account situational variables, which also have an impact in a leader's effectiveness. However, it is used to help
management choose suitable leaders for each work group type. Although, there are doubts on whether the Least Preferred Co–worker scale is a true
measure of leadership style and the leadership style lacks flexibility. "A major contribution of Fielder's work is that it has prompted others to conduct
studies about the contingency nature of leadership. The model has also alerted leaders to the importance of sizing up the situation to gain control. A
major problem centers on matching the situation to the leader (Andrew J. p.142)." "In most situations, the amount of control the leader exercise varies
from time to time (Andrew J.

Leadership Styles Paper
Introduction This paper will talk about two world–class leaders, their countries, and their particular leadership settings. It will also compare and
contrast the leadership styles of each leader. Specifically discussed will be the following: Sergey Brin, Howard Schultz, comparison of leadership style
and contrast in leadership style. This paper will conclude with a summary of this discussion.
Sergey Brin (President of Google) Serge Brin was born in Russia, and migrated with his family to the United States when he was 6 years old in the
wake of anti–Semitist against his family. Today Sergey Brin is the richest immigrant in the United States of America. He worked as a secretive search
Google X arm giant for years, that later created the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two met at Stanford University.
Howard Schultz (CEO of Starbucks) He is an American entrepreneur born from a working poor class family in New York in July 19, 1953. Howard
is the chief executive and chairman of Starbucks, also used to be owner of the Seattle Supersonics. Schultz has been classified as one of the richest
persons in the U.S according to Forbes magazine in 2016. Schultz recently declare his retirement as the CEO of Starbucks. Schultz attended the
Northern Michigan University thanks to an American football scholarship.
Comparison of Leadership style Both leaders are participatory because they allow employees to participate by giving input into the decision making
process. Participative leadership management values the input of the team members and employees, but also the responsibility of making the final
decisions with participative leader. Both leaders had the inherent traits to be great leaders. The trait leadership theory believes that people are either
born or are made with certain qualities that will make them excel in leadership roles. That is, certain qualities such as intelligence, sense of
responsibility, creativity and other values puts anyone in the shoes of a good

Analysis Of Douglas Mcgregor 's Theory X And Theory Y And...
This paper will focus on leadership styles Contingency Model, Douglas McGregor's Theory X, and Theory Y and Robert Houses Leaderships based on
traits and Path–Goal Leadership Theory. These theories focus on the qualities distinguished between leaders and employees, while other leadership
theories looked at aspects like situations and skills. If you ask multiple people, their definition of what a leader is you will get multiple answers.
Leadership is an action, being able to collaborate with others and surrounding yourself with people who have the mentality to do what is right.
Leadership often means that you will deal with uncertainty and will have to make decisions hoping that other people will follow. A successful leader
has a clear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can be a leader in your place of employment, your community, church or in your family without being an eminent person. As the oldest of eight
children being a leader was the only option. As the oldest leading the way for my younger siblings, I was well–organized and outspoken. Be an
example and a great role model there watching your every move is what I was told. Everything I learned whether it was a lesson or a blessing, was
passed down. I took being the oldest and a leader with me throughout my lifetime. The first to graduate High School and the first to graduate
College. Therefore, encouraging a few of my siblings to do the same. Being a leader for my family encouraged me to think for myself in all aspects of
life and to make everyday a learning experience. I did not have to be rich or considered a celebrity for my family to respect me or to look up to me. The
decisions I made as an individual being honest, educating myself and making good decisions made them believe in me.
The first step to figuring out if leadership is a trait or a process is to determine the definition. A trait can be a physical quality, mental quality or
features an individual possess. The leadership process can be learned. When researching leadership traits, you will learn who the leader is, you will find
that personality, demographics and socioeconomic factors can influence a leader's leadership style. Psychologists took into consideration the
characteristics that

Leadership And Management Research : Management
Running Head: LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
Leadership and Management Research
By: Carlos Steward
Instructor: Dr. Tyron A. Woodard
MNGT 5670 Managerial Leadership
May 14, 2015 SectionI: Breadth
Management practices have definitely changed over the last hundred years. This is vastly due to a result of amplified understanding of human and
organizational behavior, the economic environment and historical framework, and the modifications in generations over a period of time. There are
three eras of management and they are Classical, Humanistic, and Science and Knowledge. Management is the function that coordinates the efforts of
people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were a husband and wife team that contributed to the scientific era. It was their goal to find a way to reduce the number of
steps workers used to complete a task. Gilbreth started a lifelong search of the "one best way" of performing any given task (George, 1968).
Henry L. Gantt suggested the "task–and–bonus" system. Gantt fixed the pay amount based on the situations of the shop, and if the worker finished
their jobs for that particular day, that worker was paid a bonus. With that being said, if the worker did not finish his or her job within the designated
day, he or she was not punished for it but only paid the day 's wage. This occurrence convinced Gantt that having concern for worker morale was one of
the most significant elements of management (George, 1968).
From the 1950s to the 1960s, organizations continued to grow and became more complex during this timeframe. This is the beginning of the Science
and Knowledge Era. The Human Resources movement appeared and managers recognized how important people actually were when it came to
production and productivity. Goal setting, job performance evaluations as well as job descriptions were important tools that came about during this
time (Business Matters, 2015).
In the 1970s, the focus quickly changed from measuring function to resource allocation. Strategic planning processes were created during this
timeframe. SWOT Analysis and Growth Share Matrix were tools that

John Maxwell's Theory Of Leadership
"Leaders become great, not because of their power, but because of their ability to empower others." John Maxwell. Not everyone is equipped to be
a leader. Great leaders have the ability to establish a set direction and principles to guide their companies in an efficient way. It is believed that
certain people possess traits that make them good leaders and researcher focus in personality, social, physical, or intellectual qualities that would
identify them as leaders from the rest of the people. A few ideas have been developed over the years in the effort of defineleadership. One of this is the
Fiedler contingency model and Hersey and Blanchard's Situation Theory. One of the situations that comes to mind is the story found in the Bible
about Joshua when he was selected to spy the land of Canaan, and return to report on what was found, the land flowed with milk and honey. While
others may only see problems before it true leaders can see possibilities and endure the opposition until they see an open door.
If we focus on the idea that people can poses different personality and characteristics can be linked to successful leadership across various situation
this would be defined as the trait theory of leadership. Some researcher believe that the ability to lead was something that a person was born with and
not something that could be developed or learn. Many people still believe that leaders just have an intuition that makes them good at making decision
and developing

Situational And Contingency Theories Of Leadership Training
Leadership is a subject that has gained substantial attention in pretty much every field. There have been a number of studies done on leadership, which
has resulted in a number of different theories. Situational and Contingency are two theories that are most commonly used in leadership training. Both
fall under the contingency theory umbrella and are also commonly used interchangeable and often consider as one theory. Situational and Contingency
theory are identical but they are two very different methods. This paper explains the concept of Situational and Contingency leadership theories and
compares and distinguishes the two theories.
Leadership
There are over 40,000 books/writings and over 10,000 research studies on leadership (Adair, 2011). Even though there are a numerous amount of
studies on the subject, there is still no real definition of the word. In the past 60 years, as many as 65 different classification systems have been
developed to define the dimensions of leadership, (Northouse, 2013 p.4). The classifications have broken down into 4 components: 1) Leadership is a
process, 2) Leadership involves influence, 3) leadership occurs in groups, and 4) leadership involves common goals.
Leadership is a process: means that it is not a trait or characteristic that resides in the leader, but rather a transactional event that occurs between the
leader and the followers. The process implies that a leader affects and is affected by followers. It emphasizes that leadership

Contingency Management Approach
I believe there are a lot of strengths of contingency management for substance abuse. In my opinion, it is important to find the proper management
approach that fits the client's needs. There are four areas in which contingency management uses to analysis behavior: Specification of a target
behavior, analysis of the current environmental events that control the behavior, modification of current environmental events and measurement of
behavior change (Thombs & Osborn, 2013, p. 147). This is crucial to find the proper management approach. The approaches are designed to assist
clients with managing their behavior. According to our text, there are five types of approaches which are "(1) establish and maintain controlled
drinking; (2) initiate and maintain abstinence and encourage the adoption of recovery behaviors (taking an Antabuse [disulfiram] tablet, attending AA
each day, etc.); (3) promote positive change in a client's vocational, recreational, social, and familial functioning; (4) reduce cocaine and other illicit ...
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Moderation–oriented treatment (controlled–drinking) is frowned upon in the United States as a treatment to alcoholism. I feel this program has
strength because for someone who is an alcoholic their life has been dedicated to alcoholism and cutting alcohol out completely, in my opinion, is
more difficult to stay sober without relapsing. Unfortunately, alcohol is everywhere and it for someone who has an issue it is difficult living a sober
life when alcohol surrounds you. I also believe that controlled–drinking is the middle step between alcoholism and abstinent. According to a study, men
who are known as heavy drinkers participated in a study of moderation treatment. The study resulted in majority of the men raised their abstinence
days, reduced their BAC by 50% and reduced the issues that accompanied drinking (Jaffe, 2011, para. 8 and

Abstract. This Paper Will Explore The Roles And Motivational
Abstract
This paper will explore the roles and motivational factors of Commissioned Officers in the United States military. The professional leader lives and
embodies the values of the organizational culture that is the military. The military is constructed upon a hierarchal organization structure composed of
individuals with the yearning to lead others to the standards set in place by military ethos. The role of a commissioned officer is to embody these values
in and out of uniform while also leading and mentoring those around him to result in a successful work environment. This paper will illustrate how the
military maintains the high standard of a successful organization with the guidance of its commissioned officers.
Keywords: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Non–commissioned officers work in a middle management role and delegate to lower ranking soldiers. Leadership styles and the motivators used by
commissioned officers influences their ability to establish a cohesive work environment.
Officers are assumed to be natural born leaders and the initial enhancement of these skills are to take place during the length of their four–year degree
with the guidance of The Reserve Officer's Training Corps (ROTC). ROTC broadly introduces students to different leadership styles and how to apply
them to scenarios that may arise throughout the duration of their career. The instructors in an ROTC program are composed of non–commissioned
officers who are enlisted soldiers that rise through the ranks and become the direct supervisors of lower enlisted soldiers. Non–commission officers can
guide with the experience they possess and commissioned officers lack. Officers commission into the military with the intent to maintain a
supervisorial position throughout their whole career but in various positions and ranks. In a study conducted about military leadership, Utecht and
Heier(1976) refered to leadership competence as the deciding factor that moves officers among various levels in the military. Officers are expected to
be multifaceted and easily adapt to the conditions and requirements of any given position.
Utecht and Heier's study intended to test Fielder's contingency theory in predicting military leaders were only successful because

Leadership As A Leader Is A Person Or Thing Who Leads
Introduction If you could in your own words define a leader what would you say a leader was? A leader could be considered many different things
depending on who you ask. According to Merriam Webster's dictionary a leader is a person or thing who leads. That's a pretty broad definition.
Sanjiv Kumar defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Kumar, 2014). BusinessDictionary.com defines
a leader as a person or thing that holds a dominant or superior position within its field, and is able to exercise a high degree of control or influence
over others. Leaders can be found in every setting. Examples of leaders include parents, teachers, religious leaders, managers, or even a band director.
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A leader in the corporate world may need different characteristics from a leader in the sports field. This does not mean that some characteristics
will not be evident in all leaders. Confidence for example is almost always a trait in a leader no matter who they are leading or what capacity they
are leading in. So if a leader needs a combination of characteristics that makes them successful is a leader born or made? The answer is both. Some
people already possess the traits that they need to be leaders and are often leaders from an early age. Some people observe and eventually become
leaders. Leadership can be taught. Over the years many theories about leadership have been developed. These theories include but are not limited to
trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories, and functional theories. Trait theories assume all leaders share a number of common traits.
This theory identifies traits or characteristics that are essential when being a leader. Traits like assertiveness, good decision making, empathy,
integrity, and confidence are some examples of traits of successful leaders; however, there is no magic combination of traits that will guarantee
someone to be a successful leader. Traits are based on our inner thoughts and beliefs. Many different studies about leadership traits agree only in the
general righteous qualities needed to be a leader. Those traits are known as core traits. The core traits include

Leadership And Management : Leadership
As we know that, leadership is nothing. But the influencing flowers. Leadership includes three fundamental clusters of skills creating vision, garnering
commitment to that vision, an managing progress toward the realization of that vision. powerful and effective leaders plays very vital role to reach the
maximum production for any organization.
This is why, Organizational renowned scholars have been studying of this very significant topic ofleadership for literally hundreds of years. Because. It
is very complex, not simple one.
According to Chester I Bernard in his book "Organization and Management" leadership is one kind of quality of behavior which guides people to their
tasks in organized effort. Another scholar Secker Hudson in his book "Organization and Management", he defined, leadership is nothing but
influencing sub–ordinate works to achieve the organizational goal (maximum productivity).
Since, we know every leader must deal with three important tasks, people, task and environment. Each task is different from another. This is why, the
leaders have to different in different situations.
There are four by which a leader can influence sub–ordinate workers. These are the following. (i) power influence (ii) Trait (iii) Behavior and (iv)
Contingency and situational.
First of all is power influence:– Power means ability to do something. The term of power is not related to authority. A man can apply power, in
absence of authority also. Very renowned scholar

Leadership Analysis : The Everest Simulation Essay
1Introduction
Leadership failure is rarely discussed, and yet often represents the greatest potential risk to an organization or group in an unfamiliar situation. For
the Everest Simulation, I held the role of team leader, in which I was required to achieve goals relating to a combined ascent and maintaining team
safety. At completion, 13 of 20 individual goals, and 65% of overall team goals were accomplished. The lower rate of success was due to several
ethical and leadership related failures, resulting in a team member being evacuated on the final ascent. Although the simulation could have been more
successful, the team dynamics witnessed were enlightening as to what constitutes effective leadership and ethical decision making in a high–intensity
situation.
2Leadership
2.1Description of Problem
In considering potential leadership issues throughout the simulation, it is apparent that there was some inflexibility in shaping leadership style
contingent to the situation. This was illustrated within the simulation, where as the leader, there was an initial focus on a task–oriented leadership style
to ensure that team–members goals were properly considered. However, as the simulation progressed, and it became apparent that some group members
were reluctant to contribute, I failed to implement a more relationship–oriented leadership strategy, creating an environment where members felt they
could not contribute. It is apparent that an inability to contingently shape leadership

Analysis Of The Fiedler Contingency Theory On Leadership
Question 1:
As a leader, the Fiedler contingency theory could be used to manage employees by placing the most suitable leader with his or her given style for the
specific situation. Fiedler believed that leaders were incapable of changing their style of leadership to adapt to the situation. So instead, it is suggested
that the situation or rather the leader replaced to match the specific situation. To optimize the favorability of aleadership situation, three components
must first be taken into account: leader–member relations, task structure and positional power of the leader. The optimal leader–member relations have
a good relationship between themselves (the leaders) and the followers. A good task structure possesses standard procedures which are in place to
complete the tasks. And finally, the strong positional power refers to a leader having authority to evaluate performance and administer rewards or
punishments. In contrast, the Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory on leadership relied on leaders were capable of being flexible with their range
of skills to adapt their behavior to the maturity of their followers. It is comprised of three components: the amount of task–related behaviors a leader
displays, the amount of relationship–related behaviors a leader displays, and the level of maturity of the followers to perform a specific task. The first
and second components are similar to that of the leader–member relations and task structure from the Fiedler contingency model. Whereas, the maturity
of the employees given the specific tasks can vary depending on the individual follower. Someone with a high maturity indicates self–confidence and
the ability to perform the task, and low maturity indicates a lack of ability and self–confidence. Therefore, leaders should assess each of their
employees for their varying levels of self–confidence and ability to perform the task. Then they can tailor their response to the individual employee
depending on the four levels of maturity that they display: guide, direct, delegate and support.
Question 2: As a leader, what form of power would you attempt to use on a consistent basis to manage your employees and why would you choose
this form of power? As a leader, I

Contingency Theory
INTRODUCTION:
According to Public Administration in Canada, (pg 70) contingency theory is one of the most recent theories in organizational structure, it argues that
there is no "one best way" of structuring an organization. Instead contingency theory suggests that the best way to structure a particular organization is
contingent(dependent) on a number of factors such as the attitudes of the managers and employees, the nature of the task performed by the
organization and the nature of the environment.
The basic premise of Contingency Theory is that there is no one best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. There
are too many external and internal constraints that will alter what really is the best way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
1. There is no universal or one best way to manage.
2. The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment.
3. Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems.
4. The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken
and the nature of the work group.
DISCUSSION:
There are too many external and internal constraints that will alter what really is the best way to lead in a given situation and some examples of such
constraints (factors) include: The size of the organization, how the firm adapts itself to its environment, differences among resources and operations
activities, assumptions of managers about employees, strategies being used, technologies being used, suppliers and distributors, consumer interest
groups, customers and competitors, government and unions among others which shall be discussed below.
According to the contingency theory, a Theory X manager would not structure an organization in the same manner as a Theory Y manager. following
McGregor, there is a tendency to look at the Theory X manager as always being the "bad

A Brief Note On Contingency Management ( Cm )
c. Contingency management (CM) is a treatment that uses a systematic method of changing behavior by modifying through consequences. It
maintains that behavior has a type of repetitiveness and can be altered by using a system of negative and positive reinforcement. These negative and
positive types of consequences, if administered consistently, can result in behaviorally changes. CM is structured around four core principles; routine
drug testing is arranged by the clinician to detect if clients been using specific substance regularly, if abstinence is proven the clinician implements
positive reinforcement, which is accepted by the client and clinician, if a positive for drugs is disclosed the clinician denies the clients reward that
was agreed upon, a negative test rewards the client with what was agreed upon. CM is an approach that is best focused on a targeted behavior such as;
substance abstinence, treatment plan adherence, consistency with medication, continuous individual and group presence, and completion of specific
goals. There is an assortment of reinforcement techniques that are available to use with CM like; currency, rewards, tokens, concessions, and other
prizes. I would use the CM method when a client that denies that he is consuming any alcohol but shows signs of the substance abuse. This would be
a good method for those who do better when they receive a reward that would more likely motivate them to accept change. Keeping the client occupied
and on a "roll"

The Theory Of Management And Management
Introduction Since its early days, management has been studied by various theorists and has provided scholars with much to study and discuss. Early
principles were developed and expounded upon. Research and studies allowed the field to grow and evolve as improvements and new discoveries
were made. Theorists soon discovered the complexity of management and that there was no single way to manage all people or circumstances. This
observation led theorists to research various methods to bring a level of flexibility into management.
One tactic management may use to provide the flexibility required for various situations is the contingency approach. This is approach recognizes
that organizations are different, thus they require different management methods (Robbins & Coulter, 2007, p. 39). Fiedler's Contingency Model
states that a leader's character and situation are the two factors affecting performance (Greer & Plunket, 2003; Mitchell, Biglan, Oncken & Fiedler,
1970). Each of these two factors has variables involved such as task or relationship oriented as part of their character and how much the leader feels
accepted, whether a task is structured versus defined, and the level of power he or she has over others as part of their situation (Greer & Plunket,
2003; Mitchell et al., 1970).
Findings
While the Contingency Model provides useful information for and about leaders it is not limited to leadership. This approach can be applied to other
situations or areas and be as

The Contingency Approach : Strategic Leadership And The...
Introduction
The contingency approach to leadership is the need for the leaders to be formable in their superior choice of leadership styles based on their situation
thus if the leaders first attempt is to influence the group is failed ,the next suggested action will be to adopt a different style of leadership which is more
compatible with the situation. Current theories and models of leadership explain the influence of position upon the satisfaction and performance of
employees. While dissenting with one another, the theories share certain assumption that the style of leadership is likely to be effective may change
according to the situation. Some leadership styles will be indifferent to the situation however certain organizational variables and individual task act as
'substitutes of leadership' contradicting the hierarchical superior ability to exert either positive or negative influence over subordinates attitudes and
effectiveness. This report examines the nature of the contingency approach to strategic leadership and the implications of the main contingency models
on different management.
Explain the meaning and nature of the contingency approach to strategic Leadership 40marks
The leadership style of an organisation is very important and it should go well with the culture and ethics of the organisation. Leadership is the
process by which individual control and coordinated resource and human beings to achieve the goal. Leadership can be used for good or ill.

Contingency Management
Although contingency management has yielded impressive short term results, more research is needed to obtain convincing long term results and
evidence that will support the notion that this treatment can sustain long term beneficial results for those with substance abuse issues. There have been
issues with patient relapse, particularly in the case of smoking addiction and schemes should be developed in order to combat these relapses and create
a more effective intervention programme (Higgins, Silverman and Heil, 2008). More public knowledge is also needed about contingency management
as an intervention for addiction as it is not as well–known as other drug counselling or addiction treatments/centres. If more knowledge is distributed
about reinforcement and contingency methods, more substance users may come forward for treatment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, some clinics may receive donations that can help them fund reinforcement "prizes" for patients or perhaps get small grants to help with
costing. An option for clinics is to provide not just money and voucher reinforcements but also other rewards such as lunches out, employment or take
home doses of methadone (Petry, 2002). Although there is potential for contingency management based treatment centres to become quite expensive, it
may be less expensive and more cost effective than other treatments associated with drug use, for example a stay at the emergency centre in hospital or
inpatient stays in hospitals and clinics. In the long run, contingency management treatment centres may greatly reduce the cost of addiction treatment.
Furthermore, if these centres become more prevalent and possibly the dominant method of treating addiction and substance abuse, the number of
addicts and abusers could greatly decrease further decreasing the cost of treating

Shared Team Leadership Paper
Shared Team Leadership
For high performance team, shared leadership is important as a project moves through the phases of initiation, early phase, later phase and close. Wu
and Cormican (2016) found that managers should focus on developing strong internal leadership patterns at the early stage to maximize team
effectiveness, where shared leadership is prominent with team members interacting, cooperating and exchanging information. As the team advances
into later phase, leadership would turn to focus on few individuals who might consistently demonstrate greater leadership competence. In addition, the
leader would benefit from the effective use of the Hill model for team leadership ("A framework," 2013), in making decision (to take action or to
continue to monitor the situation) and assessing appropriate actions (internal relation–related, internal task–related, or external action).
Technology Transfer
In technical product development, the team could benefit from partnership with a trusted academic institution. An article ("Entrepreneurship meets
innovation," 2012) reported on a successful technology transfer collaboration between a research institution of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Shared leadership is optimal during the initial stage of product development life cycle, but leadership evolves to focus on key individuals whose
leadership stands out as the team evolves. Team leadership approach is important in problem–solving (including conflicts) as the leader decides what to
do and how to do it. In the creation of innovative products, knowledge management within the organization, information processing, and technology
transfer collaboration with a research institution would be helpful. In addition, as the product being developed is related to the well–being of humanity,
ethics is important and the team leader and members need to consider the impact of their design on the safety and the human ways of

Wgu Risk Management Business Contingency Plan Essay
State Farm Business Contingency Plan
Xavier Smith
Western Governors University
State Farm Business Contingency Plan
The qualitative risk analysis performed in a previous report identified eight notable risks associated with setting up a call–center presence in QuГ©bec,
Canada. As those risks are successfully managed, the call center will commence operation and start handling telephonic insurance requests from mostly
French–speaking customers. (Only one–quarter of employees at this center will handle English–speaking calls from Canadian customers.)
Because there will be a sole call center in Canada handling 100 percent of the French–speaking calls and one–quarter of English–speaking calls, it will
be imperative to establish a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This team is responsible for 1) the proper routing of calls to call–center representatives based on their skill set–referred to skill–set gating–and 2)
managing the call–center employees' phone and off–the–phone schedules–referred to adherence and conformance. Damage to telephone lines,
networking structures, and computers prevents the proper support of the call–center employees, which results in missed commitments with telephonic
customers.
Functioning Electrical System
The electrical system is managed by the public–utilities company of the local area. If a tornado sufficiently damaged this entity to prevent the
consistent delivery of electricity to the call center, there may be a disruption to the ability to make and receive calls as well as process data. The call
center employs backup power generators in such an instance, but these generators provide eight hours of power. In natural disasters, it is not unlikely
that utilities companies will be able to restore service within weeks.
For each of the communications components listed above, State Farm should establish a call–routing process to handle inbound and outbound calls in
exigent situations. Call routing simply means that a national Intra–Day Management Team, a team that manages the overall statistics generated from all
State Farm's call centers and that supersedes the authority of local intra–day management teams, would direct calls from the Canadian center to any

Leadership Of An Organization And Making Decision
When managing an organization and making decision, it is important to develop leadership skills. Leadership is multi–faceted and there are many
different approaches that are used in leadership. What is leadership? Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision
or a set of goals. (Robbins & Judge p. 385) Leaders are those who have the influence to motivate people to take a vision and put it into action. Often,
people in management have assumed positions of leadership, meaning because of the nature of their position, they will have to make leadership
decisions and influence those they lead toward a goal or vision.
Problem Statement
Although someone in a management position may have to assume a leadership role, it does not mean that this person is automatically fit to lead. Just
because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is not assurance that they will be able to lead effectively. (Robbins & Judge
p. 12) Sometimes, leaders emerge from a group without having a formal title or position. With the need for organizations to have not only strong
management but strong leadership, it is important to fit the leader's leadership style to the situation. Finding the right leader for the position is not the
only concern however. It is also important to have leaders who are ethical and that can be trusted. Unfortunately, making sure leaders act with proper
ethical values is largely overlooked
Fielder Model of Leadership
One

Adhd Treatment : A Literature Review Essay
ADHD Treatment: A Literature review
Jaelynne Loft
Azusa Pacific University
ADHD Treatment: A Literature Review
Attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder (ADHD) affects children. Children who have been diagnosed with ADHD generally struggle with
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. They often have difficulty focusing and paying attention to details. Unfortunately, some children experience
problems in social settings. Their behavior is hyperactive (e.g., fidgets, forgets, and talks excessively) and impulsive (e.g., waiting their turn,
interrupting, and intruding). Behavioral problems are commonly found with children diagnosed with ADHD because they have difficulty regulating
their responses in social interactions. Without effective treatments, these social interaction problems follow these young children into adulthood. This
literature review will discuss five studies that examine the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy,cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and behavioral
therapy on children and adults with ADHD.
Article Summaries
Deviant Behavior Study
Helseth et al. (2014) discussed the effects of reinforcement for deviant peer behavior (RDPB) on 151 elementary age children with a definite diagnosis
of ADHD and 71 children without ADHD. It was hypothesized "that reinforcement of deviant peer behavior would be significantly more prevalent
among children with ADHD–CP [conduct problems] and ADHD–only than controls, and more prevalent

Leadership and Motivation Essay
In this essay I will set upon doing the following two questions:
1)Explain in detail one of the theories of motivation and assess its value in the current business environment
2)Explain one of the contingency theories of leadership.
1) The one theory of motivation that I will be explaining in the first question is Abraham Maslow's needs hierarchy; some may call it his content theory
of motivation aswell. The theory was based around nine needs that Maslow found out through research that effected people motivation in work. The
nine different needs are listed below.
1)Biological needs: These are basic needs for human life to survive, for example the need for food water rest an oxygen
2)Safety needs: These are needs for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are the needs that are required by every employee and they are also the easiest for the organisation to provide. The top need is the desire for
self–actualization; this is also the hardest need to provide for the employee. Maslow's thoughts were that self–actualized people are rare. Maslow's
theory is very popular among HR departments in companies across the world; however many feel that the theory has flaws aswell. It would be
very rare for people at any given time to be striving for the same need. This would be a problem for the manager, how would he/she provide all the
different motivators at the one time to cater to the needs of their staff. The hierarchical structure of the needs may not be correct for every individual
aswell, they may not feel has if one need dominates all the others. Humans will have mixed emotions and needs, the may require more than one need
being fulfilled at one time. All people aswell do not satisfy there higher–order needs just through work, many my find this through hobbies and different
activities they do outside of work. It also does not take into account that different situations can affect these needs; it is maybe not as simple as the
hierarchy makes it out to be. "The simplicity of the hierarchy does not reflect the reality that behaviour in the real world is shaped by situational
pressures and controls that are often beyond a person's individual control" (Management

Contingency Theory: An Overview of Its Use In Management...
Contingency Theory: An Overview of Its Use in Management Contingency theory is one of the many theories that help to shape managerial practice,
define the way that managers make decisions, and form solutions to problems. The intent of this paper will be to define what contingency theory is,
identify the theorists that have helped shape the theory describe what areas of business and management it is used in. The paper will also set out to
explain how contingency theory could be applied in real world applications.
Contingency Theory Contingency theory is the theory that; because no two people, organization, problem, or situation are the same, managers should
vary their approach to each contingent upon varying circumstances. The phrase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to what level of management apply contingency theory to the organization in which they are involved, that is when the waters
become a little murky. Top level executive in many organizations would like to have a very structured system in place, by which, they make
decisions for the organization at the corporate level. This approach may not work in all settings as middle and lower level managers are faced with a
number of variables the shape the way that they run the day to day operations of the organization. Arrow (as cited in Fisher, 1998) points out that
"Although many corporate executives may desire to make all decisions centrally, it may not be possible (desirable) to do so because managers often
have access to more decision–relevant information than executive levels" (P. 47). It is this statement that leads to an understanding that middle and
lower level managers often use contingency theory more often in making decisions within an organization. This scenario will explain how
contingency theory is used in organizations. Consider a business is in its infancy and has one local operation. This business would be able to manage
all of the managerial tasks centrally because of the limited number of variables within the business. As the business begins to grow, however, the
number of variables

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