The document discusses the most common reasons for journal rejections in academic publishing, highlighting issues such as lack of originality, mismatch with journal scope, flaws in study design, poor writing, and inadequate manuscript preparation. It emphasizes that both the quality of research and other factors like space constraints and specific editorial interests can lead to rejection. These insights are supported by studies and anecdotes from journal editors, providing guidance for authors to improve their manuscript submission chances.

1. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections 22 nd November 2011

2. Rejection is the norm in academic publishing. Even researchers at the top of their field have experienced rejection. Several peer-reviewed studies have investigated the reasons that journals reject papers. Listed in the next few slides are the most common rejection reasons cited in these studies.1-13 Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

3. Lack of originality, novelty, or significance Results that are not generalizable Use of methods that have become obsolete because of new technologies or techniques Secondary analyses that extend or replicate published findings without adding substantial knowledge Studies that report already known knowledge but positions the knowledge as novel by extending it to a new geography, population, or cultural setting Results that are unoriginal, predictable, or trivial Results that have no clinical, theoretical, or practical implications Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

4. Lack of originality, novelty, or significance One of America’s leading newspapers, the New York Times , recognized the truth that “journal editors typically prefer to publish groundbreaking new research.” 14 Academic journals are constantly on the lookout for research that is exciting and fresh. Many authors tend to cite the reason that “this has never been studied before” to explain why their paper is significant. This is not good enough; the study needs to be placed in a broader context. Authors should give specific reasons why the research is important, for example, the research could affect a particular medical intervention, it could have a bearing on a specific policy discussion, or it could change a conventional theory or belief. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

5. Mismatch with the journal Findings that are of interest to a very narrow or specialized audience that the journal does not cater to specifically Manuscripts that lie outside the stated aims and scope of the journal Topics that are not of interest to the journal’s readership Manuscripts that do not follow the format specified by the journal (e.g., case report submitted to a journal that explicitly states it doesn’t publish case reports) Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

6. Mismatch with the journal Many manuscripts are rejected outright by journals, before they even undergo peer review, because the manuscript is not appropriate for the journal’s readership or does not fit into the journal’s aims and scope. The remedy for this is simple: spend some time creating a list of journals and reviewing your options before deciding which journal to submit your manuscript to. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

7. Flaws in study design Poorly formulated research question Poor conceptualization of the approach to answering the research question Choice of a weak or unreliable method Choice of an incorrect method or model that is not suitable for the problem to be studied Inappropriate statistical analysis Unreliable or incomplete data Inappropriate or suboptimal instrumentation Small or inappropriately chosen sample Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

8. Flaws in study design Even a well-written paper will not mask flaws in study design. Indeed, this is a fundamental problem that must be resolved in the initial stages of the study, while conceptualizing the study. The best way to guard against such flaws is to do a thorough literature review to determine the best methodologies and practices for your own research. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

9. Poor Writing and Organization Inadequate description of methods Discussion that only repeats the results but does not interpret them Insufficient explanation of the rationale for the study Insufficient literature review Conclusions that do not appear to be supported by the study data Failure to place the study in a broad context Introduction that does not establish the background of the problem studied Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

10. Poor Writing and Organization It is very important for authors to present a persuasive and rational argument in their papers. You should be able to convince readers that your research is both sound and important through your writing. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

11. Inadequate preparation of the manuscript Failure to follow the journal’s Instructions for Authors Sentences that are not clear and concise Title, abstract, and/or cover letter that are not persuasive Wordiness and excessive use of jargon Large number of careless errors like poor grammar or spelling mistakes Poorly designed tables or figures Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

12. Inadequate preparation of the manuscript Non-English-speaking authors often confront an additional problem: peer reviewers do not always distinguish between the manuscript content and style of writing. Thus, their manuscripts may end up getting negative comments even if the research is of high quality. 15 However, all the problems in this category are easily fixable, either by asking a native English speaking friend or colleague to review the paper or by getting the paper professionally edited and formatted. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

13. Rejection reasons not related to manuscript quality Low quality of the manuscript is not the only reason for rejections. Some major factors that can also affect journal decisions are:8,11,16,17 Space constraints Quality and experience of peer reviewers Volume of submissions Journal’s decision-making policy The journal editor is looking for something specific at a particular time The journal receives more than one submission on the same topic Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

14. Rejection reasons not related to manuscript quality Space constraints: It is not uncommon for journals to reject high-quality manuscripts, and the primary reason for this is lack of space. Journals want to publish on a range of topics that represent the entire scope of the journal. Editors of print journals especially have to pick and choose which papers to publish, since they can only publish a limited number of articles. Open access journals are less constrained by this consideration since space is not a big issue for them. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

15. Rejection reasons not related to manuscript quality Quality and experience of peer reviewers: The quality of peer review varies widely according to reviewers’ professional experience, educational background, research interests, etc. Volume of submissions: For obvious reasons, journals that attract a large number of submissions will also reject a large number of manuscripts. For example, Nature receives 10,000 submissions a year, making the rejection of even high quality manuscripts inevitable. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

16. Rejection reasons not related to manuscript quality Journal’s decision-making policy: This varies widely among journals. For example, some journals follow a policy of rejecting any manuscript that will require major revisions, while some journals will complete another round of another peer review if they are unsure of the manuscript quality. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

17. Rejection reasons not related to manuscript quality The journal editor is looking for something specific at a particular time: Sometimes, journal editors may wish to publish a thematic issue of the journal or may be interested in a current hot topic, in which case they might tend to accept more papers focusing on that particular topic. The journal receives more than one submission on the same topic: In such cases, the journal may well choose to publish only one of the manuscripts, rejecting the other for no other reason than that they already have a paper on a similar topic. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

18. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections Anecdote from a journal editor “I received a report from a respected economist, who said in the letter to me: ‘I have written a gentle report, because the author is obviously inexperienced and very junior, and I don’t want to discourage him. But make no mistake: this paper makes no contribution and you should not encourage a revision.’ The author of that paper, which I rejected, had already won a Nobel prize in economics.” 8

19. CONCLUSION There are many reasons that journals reject manuscripts for publication, some due to the quality of the research or manuscript, and some due to completely avoidable reasons like mismatch with the journal. Further, it is not rare for journals to reject even high-quality manuscripts simply because of space constraints or other issues. The reasons given above are some of the most common reasons for rejection, but they are not the only ones. Other reasons include salami publications, non-conformance to ethics policies, and plagiarism. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections

20. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections References Coronel R (1999). The role of the reviewer in editorial decision-making . Cardiovascular Research, 43(2): 261-264. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00177-7. Ehara S & Takahashi K (2007). Reasons for rejection of manuscripts submitted to AJR by international authors . American Journal of Roentgenology, 188(2): W113-6. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.0448. Byrne DW (2000). Common reasons for rejecting manuscripts at medical journals: A survey of editors and peer reviewers . Science Editor, 23(2): 39-44. Bordage G (2001). Reasons reviewers reject and accept manucripts: The strengths and weaknesses in medical education reports . Academic Medicine, 76(9): 889-96. Wyness T, McGhee CN, Patel DV (2009). Manuscript rejection in ophthalmology and visual science journals: Identifying and avoiding the common pitfalls . Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 37(9): 864-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02190.x.

21. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections References McKercher B, Law R, Weber K, Song H, Hsu C (2007). Why referees reject manuscripts . Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 31(4): 455-470. doi: 10.1177/1096348007302355. Pierson DJ (2004). The top 10 reasons why manuscripts are not accepted for publication . Respiratory Care, 49(10): 1246-52. Mcafee RP (2010). Edifying Editing . The American Economist, 55(1): 1-8. Smith MU, Wandersee JH, Cummins CL (1993). What's wrong with this manuscript?: An analysis of the reasons for rejection given by Journal of Research in Science Teaching reviewers . Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30(2): 209-211. doi: 10.1002/tea.3660300207. Ajao OG (2005). Some reasons for manuscript rejection by peer-reviewed journals . Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 3(2): 9-12.

22. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections References Ali J (2010). Manuscript rejection: Causes and remedies . Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2(1): 3-6. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.62205. Turcotte C, Drolet P, Girard M (2004). Study design, originality and overall consistency influence acceptance or rejection of manuscripts submitted to the Journal . Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 51(6): 549-56. doi: 10.1007/BF03018396. Carpenter WT, Thaker GK, Shepard PD (2010). Manuscript rejection for the Schizophrenia Bulletin: Some reasons . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(4): 649-650. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq056. Zimmer C. It’s science, but not necessarily right . The New York Times. June 25, 2011. Kumar M (2009). A review of the review process: manuscript peer-review in biomedical research . Biology and Medicine, 1(4): 1-16.

23. Most Common Reasons for Journal Rejections References Schultz DM (2010). Rejection rates for journals publishing in the atmospheric sciences . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91(2), 231-243. doi: 10.1175/2009BAMS2908.1. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2011). Peer review in scientific publications Vol 1. House of Commons: London, UK.

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