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What is the primary function of transport-layer protocols? Solution The transport layer main purpose is to deliver data application process on the host computers. Transport layer mainly involves statistical multiplexing of data from different application processes then data packets froming and adding port numbers of source and destination in the header of each transport layer data packet. For process to process communication Source and destination IP address, the port numbers constitutes a network socket. TCP support virtual circuits then it provided connection oriented communication over an underlying packet oriented datagram network. A byte-stream is delivered while hiding the packet mode communication for the application processes. This involves connection establishment, dividing of the data stream into packets called segments, segment numbering and reordering of out-of order data. UDP provide end-to-end reliable communication then error recovery by means of error detecting code and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol. The ARQ protocol also provides flow control, which may be combined with congestion avoidance. UDP is a very simple protocol, and does not provide virtual circuits, nor reliable communication, delegating these functions to the application program. UDP packets are called datagrams, rather than segments. .

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Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy related to security and keeping company info secure. Solution Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets. Security Program The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place. Security Program Objectives: Protect the company and its assets. Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk. Objects are- Information Classification, Security Organization, and Security Education. Security Management Responsibilities: Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program. Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements. Approaches to Build a Security Program Security Controls Security Controls can be classified into three categories- Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls ,Physical Controls. The Elements of Security Vulnerability: Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited. Threat: Any potential danger to information or systems. A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the vulnerability. Risk: Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the corresponding business impact. Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk. Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent. Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages. Countermeasure or Safeguard: It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk. The Relation Between the Security Elements Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks. The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk. .

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Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities. Donald Lennon is the president, founder, and majority owner of Wichita Medical Corporation, an emerging medical technology products company. Wichita is in dire need of additional capital to keep operating and to bring several promising products to final development, testing, and production. Donald, as owner of 51% of the outstanding stock, manages the company\'s operations. He places heavy emphasis on research and development and long-term growth. The other principal stockholder is Nina Friendly who, as a nonemployee investor, owns 40% of the stock. Nina would like to deemphasize the R&D functions and emphasize the marketing function to maximize shortâ€“run sales and profits from existing products. She believes this strategy would raise the market price of Wichita\'s stock. All of Donald\'s personal capital and borrowing power is tied up in his 51% stock ownership. He knows that any offering of additional shares of stock will dilute his controlling interest because he won\'t be able to participate in such an issuance. But, Nina has money and would likely buy enough shares to gain control of Wichita. She then would dictate the company\'s future direction, even if it meant replacing Donald as president and CEO. The company already has considerable debt. Raising additional debt will be costly, will adversely affect Wichita\'s credit rating, and will increase the company\'s reported losses due to the growth in interest expense. Nina and the other minority stockholders express opposition to the assumption of additional debt, fearing the company will be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. Wanting to maintain his control and to preserve the direction of â€œhisâ€ company, Donald is doing everything to avoid a stock issuance and is contemplating a large issuance of bonds, even if it means the bonds are issued with a high effectiveâ€“interest rate. Instructions Answer the following questions. Who are the stakeholders in this situation? What are the ethical issues in this case? What would you do if you were Donald? Solution a)Donald and nina are the stakeholders in this situation . b)Ethical issue involved in this case is to Raise additional funds by issue of stock or to raise additonal debts to meet fund requirement. If funds are raised through issue of stock ,Donald stock ownership will be diluted and when bonds are issued ,it will be costlier to a company to raise additional funds. c) Donald can either go for BOOTSTRAPPING where funds are raised by investing the retained earnings of a company and finding a means within a company. Also Donald can also suggest Right issue of shares where shares are offered to existing shareholders at concessional price (lower than market) so that his ownership is not diluted. .

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Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security domain: man-in-the-middle, mail bombing, war-dialing, ping-of-death, teardrop, and slamming-and-cramming Solution The description of the attack types in the operation security domain is given below: 1) man-in-the-middle: In this type of attack, the intruder insert himself or insert any malicious code between the secure communication of two parties. This malicious code act as an third party, and its get the secure information that is being transfer between the two parties. Its third person or the intruder having access to the information send by both the parties involve in the communication. 2) mail bombing : Its refer to attack in which intruder try to send bulk of mails to the person\'s system, which may cause to disk full on persons system or even can crash the server, which is handling the mails. In this type of attack, the main aim is to crash the user\'s machine by fulling the disk space or can crash or stop the mail server. 3) War dialing: In this type of attack, hacker\'s uses the modem\'s to dial the range of numbers, for finding the computer machiner, servers and other devices. and after dialing they also get access to these type of devices. 4) Ping to death : Its a type of attack, in which the hacker send the incorrect ping packet to the user. There are various computer system which are designed not to handle the incorrect ping packets. Which results into system crash or system going into the abnormal state. 5) teardrop: Its a type of attack, in which the hacker sends the packets in incorrect way or in the fragmented way, that the end user is not able to reassemble these packets at their end, and results into the system crash and denial of service at user\'s end. 6)slamming-and-cramming: slamming refers to the activity in which hacker, switches the long distance calll carrier at user\'s phone, without its permission, its results into heavy bill at customer end. Cramming refers to the attack in which some extra bill is added into user\'s actual phone bill, and its keep on happening again and again .

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Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti? (. I need 4 paragraphs please . Explain what you believe social justice meant to Progressive? ( 1 paragraph Solution 1ans) An â€˜ethnic groupâ€™ has been defined as a group that regards itself or is regarded by others as a distinct community by virtue of certain characteristics that will help to distinguish the group from the surrounding community. Ethnicity is considered to be shared characteristics such as culture, language, religion, and traditions, which contribute to a person or groupâ€™s identity. Ethnicity has been described as residing in: â€¢ The belief by members of a social group that they are culturally distinctive and different to outsiders; â€¢ Their willingness to find symbolic markers of that difference (food habits, religion, forms of dress, language) and to emphasized their significance â€¢ Their willingness to organize relationships with outsiders so that a kind of â€˜group boundaryâ€™ is preserved and reproduced This shows that ethnicity is not necessarily genetic. It also shows how someone might describe themselves by an ethnicity different to their birth identity if they reside for a considerable time in a different area and they decide to adopt the culture, symbols and relationships of their new community. It is worth noting that the Traveller Community is recognised as a distinct ethnic group in the UK and Northern Ireland, but only as a distinct cultural group in the Republic of Ireland. Ethnicity is also a preferential term to describe the difference between humans rather than â€˜raceâ€™. This is because race is a now a discredited term that divided all peoples based on the idea of skin colour and superiority. There is only one â€˜raceâ€™, the human race as we are essentially genetically identical. For example, there is no French â€˜raceâ€™ but the French people could be described as a separate ethnic group. Advantages Disadvantages 2ans) Progressivism is a term commonly applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems that arose as a result of urbanization and the rapid industrialization introduced to America in the 19th Century. Progressivism began as a social movement to cope with a variety of social needs and eventually evolved into a reform movement and greater political action. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, poor health, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safer environment, an efficient workplace and honest government. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change. .

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Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate which is most persuasive. Solution A qualitative analysis or a research is based on the collection and analysis of non-numeric data like words or pictures. Qualitative methods have three distinct dimensions which are as follows: 1. Understanding Concept 2. Understanding People 3. Understanding Interaction Four major types of qualitative research are: 1. Phenomenology - The analysis of data is done by getting access to individuals life-worlds, which is actually their world of experience. This can be done by conducting in-depth interviews. In this analysis the commonalities across individuals are sought. Once the data is collected it will be analyzed and report will be prepared based on the collected data and understandings. 2. Ethonography - It is a analysis based on the study of a group of people based on their culture. People from same or similar culture share beliefs, customs, rituals, practices and language norms. This will be highly effective in analyzing data qualitatively. The data that are collected in this method of analysis are based on the cultural standards, insider\'s perspective, external and social scentific view. 3. Grounded Theory - Here the analysis is based on the theoretical approach. The major characteristics of grounded theory are Fit, Understanding, Generality and control. Theories provide explanation and they tell us how and why of any situiation. 4. Case Study - In this analysis the various cases are considered and in-depth analysis is performed to study the variations and deviations. In all the above steps Data coding and analysis takes place. Data Analysis is done in three different steps and they are: 1. Open Coding -Â Â Reading transcripts 2. Axial Coding - Organizing concepts 3. Selective Coding - Focusing on main ideas Phenomenology is the most pursuasive method of qualitative analysis since the data is sought directly from the individuals. Hence this can be relied upon thoroughly. .

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Describe neo-evolution. What is it and what are its primary tenets? Provide an example of a technology that is altering or may alter human evolution. What are the potential benefits of this type of technology? What are the potential drawbacks? What are the moral and ethical implications of neo-evolution? Should we continue to pursue this form of technology? Why or why not? Solution oevolutionism , school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. It arose in the mid-20th century, and it addresses the relation between the long-term changes that are characteristic of human culture in general and the short-term, localized social and ecological adjustments that cause specific cultures to differ from one another as they adapt to their own unique environments. Further, neoevolutionists investigate the ways in which different cultures adapt to similar environments and examine the similarities and differences in the long-term historical trajectories of such groups. Because most neoevolutionists are interested in the environmental and technological adjustments of the groups they study, many are identified with the cultural ecological approach to ethnography, with the culture process approach to archaeology, and with the study of early and protohumans in biological anthropology. Neoevolutionary anthropological thought emerged in the 1940s, in the work of the American anthropologists Leslie A. White and Julian H. Steward and others. White hypothesized that cultures became more advanced as they became more efficient at harnessing energy and that technology and social organization were both influential in instigating such efficiencies. Steward, inspired by classifying the native cultures of North and South America, focused on the parallel developments of unrelated groups in similar environments; he discussed evolutionary change in terms of what he called â€œlevels of sociocultural integrationâ€ and â€œmultilinear evolution,â€ terms he used to distinguish neoevolution from earlier, unilineal theories of cultural evolution. In the years since Whiteâ€™s and Stewardâ€™s seminal work, neoevolutionary approaches have been variously accepted, challenged, rejected, and revised, and they continue to generate a lively controversy among those interested in long-term cultural and social change. .

Describe neo-evolution- What is it and what are its primary tenets- Pr.docx

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Describe ip protocol security pros and cons. Solution IP Protocol Security: Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) is a protocol suite for secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts ( host-to-host ), between a pair of security gateways ( network-to-network ), or between a security gateway and a host ( network-to-host ). Security architecture: Pros of IPsec: Â·Security at the Network Layer Level - Being based at the network level, this technology is completely invisible in its operation . The end users are never required to learn about it, and neither do they ever directly interact with it. This in itself is an added layer of security for the VPNs running on IPsec. Â·No Application Dependence - While SSL-/ SSH-/ PGP-based VPNs are application-dependent, IPsec-based VPNs do not need to worry about application dependence. Since the entire security system is implemented at the network level, there are no application compatibility issues. Cons of IPsec: Â·CPU Overhead - Having to perform encryption and decryption on the hundreds of megabytes of data flowing through the machines requires quite a bit of processing power, and this translates to higher processor loads . Â·Compatibility Issues - IPsec is a standardized solution today, and yet, some large software developers may not adhere to it, and may go ahead with standards of their own. As a result, this can lead to compatibility issues . Â·Broken Algorithms - Some of the security algorithms that are still being used in IPsec have already been cracked. This poses a huge security risk, especially if the network administrators unknowingly use those algorithms instead of newer, more complex ones that are already available. .

Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx

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Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations management. Please provide an example for a manufacturing environment and a service environment. Solution core competency fullfills three key criteria: A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know-how, a reliable process and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers. It may also include product development or culture, such as employee dedication, best Human Resource Management (HRM), good market coverage, or kaizen or continuous improvement over time. Core competencies are particular strengths relative to other organizations in the industry, which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies reflect the collective learning of an organization and involve coordinating diverse production skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies. It includes communication, involvement, and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries, such as improving cross-functional teams within an organization to address boundaries and to overcome them. Few companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental competencies. As an example of core competencies, Walt Disney World Parks and Resorts has three main core competencies: core competencies their relationship to operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. Core competencies are the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies.It embodies an organization .

Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations manage.docx

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Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol whereby the adversary ends up sharing a key k A with Alice and a different key k B with Bob, and Alice and Bob cannot detect that anything has gone wrong. What happens if Alice and Bob try to detect the presence of a man-in-the-middle adversary by sending each other (encrypted) questions that only the other party would know how to answer? Solution In man-in-the-middle attack, an opponent Eve intercepts Alice\'s public key K A and sends her own public key as K A to Bob. When Bob transmits his public key K B , Eve substitutes it with her own and sends it as K B to Alice. Eve and Alice thus agree on one shared key and Eve and Bob agree on another shared key. After this exchange, Eve simply decrypts any messages sent out by Alice or Bob, and then reads and possibly modifies them before re-encrypting with the appropriate key and transmitting them to the other party. This vulnerability is present because Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not authenticate the participants. The man-in-the-middle attack may be prevented by using digital signatures and other cryptographic schemes. Bob to encrypt a message so that only Alice will be able to decrypt it, with no prior communication between them other than Bob having trusted knowledge of Alice\'s public key. Alice\'s public key is g K A mod p, g,p. . To send her a message, Bob chooses a random K B and then sends Alice g K B mod p together with the message encrypted with ( g K A ) K B mod p symmetric key. Only Alice can determine the symmetric key and hence decrypt the message because only she has K A. .

Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman ke.docx

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Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2002 into law on November 25, 2002. What was the intent of this Act and what department did it create? How did the Act change FEMAâ€™s emergency response role? Several agencies resisted efforts to be incorporated in the new department. Identify three such agencies and explain why they may have been reluctant to join. Do you agree? Solution Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed during the incorporation of all or part of 22 various federal departments into a united, incorporated Department. It was initiated to make the Americans safe. The President of America says to form a novel DHS, by considering all the departments into a single to safeguard the America under the name of DHS. It is the strategic plan applied by him after the terrorist attack in pennenslavia. The DHS mission is to keep the Americans safe from any of the attacks. Blue campaign and citizen corps involved in the Department of Homeland security. The Blue Campaign gives its support to the DHS and believe that every people has a right to have a freedom and then it combines with other NGOâ€™s, to fulfill its belief. The mission of Citizen Corps is to bind the people of Americans to enhance their knowledge with education, providing training centers, and volunteer service to make people strong and prepare them how to handle situations when they were troubles or attacks by other or some other natural disasters occurs. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by twoExecutive Orders on April 1, 1979.The goal is to organize the reply to a disasters that has happened in the US and then provide the funds to local and state government. The governer from that state that is where the disaster took place is the right person to intimate to the FEMA and to president .

Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2.docx

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