Environmental Engineering

1. QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WATER FOR SUPPLY IN
TOWN / CITY
SUB. :- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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PREPARED BY :-
Dushyant H. Chhatrola

2. content
 Selection of sources of water
 Sources of water
 Characteristics of ground water
 Characteristics of surface water
 Factors affecting rate of demand
 Types of water demand
 Impurities in water
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

3. Selection of the Sources of Water
 Location
 Elevation of intake point
 Quantity of water
 Quality of water
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

4. Sources of Water
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

5. Surface Water Sources
 Ponds
Natural small sized depression formed within the earth surface.
 Lakes
Large sized depression formed within the earth surface.
 Streams
In hilly regions, small amount of water run off towards the earth surface, known as streams.
water to lakes or river.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

6.  Rivers
 Most important sources of water for supply.
 Born when number of streams combine together.
 It is of two types
(1) Perennial : Those in which water is available throughout year.
(2) Non Perennial : Those in which water is not available at all time.
 Storage reservoir
Formed by constructing hydraulic structures like dam across the river. It is used for irrigation and
hydropower.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

7. Ground Water Sources
 Springs
When the water reappears at the ground surface by percolation, it is known as Springs. It Contain salts
minerals. It should be treated before use.
 Infiltration gallery
It is a structure consist of perforated pipes in gravel to transfer
from or to a soil aquifer.
 Infiltration well
It is a well which is on the surface of the ground made for
to seep into the ground.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

8.  Wells :-
It is a vertical hole excavated in the earth for bringing ground water to surface.
 Dug wells or Open wells :It is open masonry wells which is suitable for low discharges of 1-5
lit/sec.
 Tube well : It is long pipe drilled deep into the ground having larger discharge with higher
velocity.
 Artesian well : It is a well constructed in pervious layer which is bound between two impervious
layer and water comes to surface through high pressure which is stored in layer.
 Radial well : Special type of well in which surface water collected
from the river bed.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

9. Characteristics of surface water
o Physical and chemical character vary considerably.
o Contain lots of sand.
o Contain lot of silt and clay.
o Contain oxygen, algae, bacteria and other microbes.
o Proper treatment need before use.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

10. Characteristics of Ground Water
o Rich in mineral content.
o High iron content.
o Harder than surface water.
o Almost no treatment or only disinfection may require.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

11. Water Requirement
Determination of total water involves-
 Water consumption rate
 Population to be served
 Quantity = per capita demand * Population
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

12. Factors affecting rate of demand
 Size and type of community
 Standard of living
 Climatic conditions
 Quality of water
 Pressure in the supply
 Cost of water
 Industrial and commercial activities
 System of water supply
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

13. There are various types of water demand in city
 Domestic water demand
 Industrial demand
 Institutional and commercial demand
 Fire demand
 Demand for public use
 Loses and wastes
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

14. Domestic Water Demand
 Water require in houses for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing
etc.
 Mainly depends upon habits, social status, climatic condition
and customs of the people.
 As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal condition, the domestic
consumption in India is about 135 lit/day/capita.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

15. Industrial Demand
 The water required in industry mainly depends on the types of
industry.
 The water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton
mills, breweries etc. comes under industrial use.
 The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is around
20 to 25 % of total demand of city.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

16. Institutional and Commercial Demand
 Universities, institution, commercial buildings,
warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping centers,
schools, temple, cinema houses, railway and bus
stations etc. comes under this category.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

17. Demand for Public Use
 Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as
for washing and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers,
watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains etc. comes
under public demand.
 To meet the water demand for public use, provision of 5% of
the total consumption is made designing the water works for a
city.
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

19. Impurities in water
 Rain is the principal sources.
 Rain water passes atmosphere and dissolved with different gases.
 When reaches ground mix with particles of silt and mud.
 Flows towards stream passes through decaying vegetative matter and organic
acids.
 Classification of impurities Mainly classified as
1.Physical
2.Chemical
3.Biological
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

20. Physical Quality Parameters
 Temperature
 Color
 Taste and odor
 Turbidity
 Conductivity
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

21. Chemical Quality Parameters
 Total solids
 Chlorides
 Hardness
 pH
 Alkalinity
 Acidity
 Nitrogen and its compounds
 Metals and other chemical substances
 Dissolved gases
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

22. Biological Quality Parameters
 Thousands of biological species found on water sources.
 Phytoplankton, diatom, dinoflagellate
 Zooplankton
 Water plant
 Water Insect
 Protozoa
 Bacteria (e.g. nitrifying bacteria)
 Fungi
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA

23. THANK YOU
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PREPARED BY :- DUSHYANT H. CHHATROLA