1. For this assignment,  I want you to create a single, APA 7-compliant, Word document. To earn full credit, you must do the following: · Page 1 = 20 pts: Proper APA 7 Title Page (watch the video and see p. 31 in the  Foundations text to help you create a perfect title page) · Page 2 = 60 pts (breakdown below): Simply answer the following questions · (1) What is your  approved research question from the Brainstorming Research Question HW assignment?  (5 pts)  · (2) What is the title of the  research article you found?  (5 pts) · (3) Does the article contain the methodology the researchers used to conduct the study/research? To get full credit, you must  (a) name the methodology,  (b) cut and paste the paragraph from the article that details the methodology, AND  (c) highlight indicator words .  (30 pts) · (4) Does the article contain findings or results of the research? To get full credit, you must  (a) cut and paste excerpts from the article that detail the findings (go to Discussion section or at times Conclusion), AND  (b) highlight specific words that detail the findings .  (20 pts) · Page 3 = 20 pts: Create a proper APA 7 References Page with your ONE research article (refer to the video and see pp. 33-34 for the FORMAT you must use to create your reference and p. 32 for a perfect sample of what a References Page looks like.) NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1 The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in New York Pulla Rao Uppatala MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis Dr. Aditi Puri 14 Nov 2022 New Research Article 1 Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation interventions was performed by Villanti et al. Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between 50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung cancer screening programs. When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking. Where: The researchers used dat.

1. 1.
For this assignment,
I want you to create a single, APA 7-compliant,
Word document. To earn full credit, you must do the following:
·
Page 1 = 20 pts: Proper APA 7 Title Page (watch the
video and see p. 31 in the
Foundations text to help you create a perfect title page)
·
Page 2 = 60 pts (breakdown below): Simply answer the
following questions
·
(1) What is your
approved research question from the Brainstorming
Research Question HW assignment?
(5 pts)
·
(2) What is the title of the
research article you found?
(5 pts)
·
(3) Does the article contain the methodology the
researchers used to conduct the study/research? To get full
credit, you must
(a) name the methodology,
(b) cut and paste the paragraph from the article that
details the methodology, AND
(c) highlight indicator words
.
(30 pts)
·

2. (4) Does the article contain findings or results of the
research? To get full credit, you must
(a) cut and paste excerpts from the article that detail the
findings (go to Discussion section or at times Conclusion),
AND
(b) highlight specific words that detail the findings
.
(20 pts)
·
Page 3 = 20 pts: Create a proper APA 7 References
Page with your ONE research article (refer to the video and see
pp. 33-34 for the FORMAT you must use to create your
reference and p. 32 for a perfect sample of what a References
Page looks like.)
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES1
The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in
New York
Pulla Rao Uppatala
MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School
KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis
Dr. Aditi Puri
14 Nov 2022

3. New Research Article 1
Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer
screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation
interventions was performed by Villanti et al.
Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for
lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between
50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be
cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra
payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung
cancer screening programs.
When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that
all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population
aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with
the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking.
Where: The researchers used data from National Health
Interview Survey on cigarette smoking conditions for
individuals between 45 and 64 years who were making 30% of
active smokers across the United States at the time. The cancer

4. treatment costs were acquired from New York's taxpayer
database, which provided information including physician,
hospital, drug and ancillary costs eligible for insurer
reimbursement.
How: The authors used qualitative research methods to build up
on the prior simulation model to determine the utility cost of
yearly, recurring LDCT screenings for the last 15 years within
an assumed high-risk population of 18 million adults aged
between 50 and 64 years. It specifically involved those who
have consumed over 30 packs within their smoking history. The
authors' findings indicate that the recurring yearly lung cancer
screening within the high-risk population has been effective.
Providing smoking cessation strategies within the yearly
screening program has increased the cost-effectiveness of the
disorder by between 40 and 45%.
New Research Article 2
Who: The study on Using a smoking cessation quitline to
promote lung cancer screening was performed by Sharma et al.
Why: The goal of their study was to compare two alternatives to
dispense information concerning lung cancer screening. This
included a quitline, a mailed brochure pinned with in-depth
messaging facilitated by a quitline coach. Therefore, the authors
focused on assessing the strategy that will be effective and have
a significant impact on the participants searching for
information about lung cancer screening. The authors thus
hypothesized that the individuals who received the brochure
would report having spoken to their insurance company or
physician and compare it to those who only received the
brochure and made no contact.
When: The authors recruited their research participants in 2018
Where: The target population came from residents residing in

5. New York State but outside Niagara and Erie counties.
How: The authors performed a randomized trial involving New
York State Smokers Quitline respondents to determine the
impact of disseminating a brochure comprising information on
benefits, risks and costs related to lung cancer screening
compared to a brochure supplemented with phone-based and in-
depth messaging. The research findings identified that the
educational brochure was an effective and affordable strategy
for dispensing information regarding lung cancer screening.
References
Sharma, A., Bansal-Travers, M., Celestino, P., Fine, J., Reid,
M. E., Hyland, A., & O’Connor, R. (2018). Using a smoking
cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening.
American journal of health behavior,
42(6), 85-100.
Villanti, A. C., Jiang, Y., Abrams, D. B., & Pyenson, B. S.
(2013). A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the
additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation
interventions.
PloS one,
8(8), e71379.
1
Discussion
Globally, lung cancer is the most common type of cancer that

6. contributes to most deaths. Sharma et al. (2018) reported that
the disease led death of more than 1.7 million in 2015,
particularly due to cigarette smoking. According to Villanti et
al. (2013), use of tobacco leads in terms of contribution to lung
cancer, with more than 70 percent of men and about 55 percent
of women dying of lung cancer as a result of smoking. A news
article by Grady (2015), points out that more than 42 million
Americans smoke, which includes 21% of men and 15% of
women. The article reveals that the rate of death among smokers
is two or three times higher than non-smokers, and they are
highly likely to die more than ten years before those who have
never smoked. These statistics clearly indicate that smoking
behavior significantly differs based on sex. In particular, men
smoke more pipes and cigars compared to women, which
explains why men are potentially predisposed to a greater risk
of developing cancer due to smoking. Substantial physiological
differences based on gender also lead to sex differences when it
comes to the impact of smoking, especially for women. In
particular, women have a different airway behavior and smaller
lung size compared to men, which increases their vulnerability
to lung cancer even when they smoke less than men do. Sharma
et al. (2018) also noted that the rate of lung cancer mortality
due to smoking is higher among men than women. Therefore, it
is inevitable that cigarette-smoking related lung cancer is
extremely common and a serious killer to the victims. The
population that is most vulnerable includes men and women
who smoke, including those exposed to second-hand smoking.
Mitigation
Medical research has been unable to establish a sure way
that may be utilized in preventing and mitigating lung cancer.
However, there are numerous ways that each individual may
need to practice as a way of lowering the risk of developing
lung cancer. For individuals who have never smoked, there is a
need to ensure that they avoid starting, which helps in ensuring
that they keep their lungs healthy, which lowers the risk of

7. developing lung cancer (Villanti et al., 2013). For smokers, it is
important to stop smoking. Smokers may need to consult a
healthcare professional for stop-smoking aids and strategies that
they leverage to quit smoking. Secondhand smoking is also a
major cause of lung cancer. Therefore, individuals who work or
live with a smoker should urge him/her to smoke outside or
quit. It is essential to avoid areas where people usually smoke
such as restaurants and bars. More importantly, non-smokers
should avoid carcinogens at their places of work, which
includes avoidance of exposure to toxic chemicals. Above all,
people who seek to keep lung cancer at bay should ensure that
they exercise regularly and eat a diet full of vegetables and
fruits.
Recommendation
Lack of exercise, being overweight, and smoking are
critical risk factors that increases the susceptibility of an
individual to lung cancer. For those who have already developed
smoking-related lung cancer, it is recommended that they quit
smoking the soonest possible (Villanti et al., 2013). A study
conducted by Sharma et al. (2018) revealed if a patient with
lung cancer continues to smoke during radiotherapy or
chemotherapy, their rate of survival is severely compromised
compared to those who quit smoking. This is because continued
smoking after an individual is diagnosed with lung cancer is
associated with such effects as reduced cancer treatment
efficacy, impaired healing, increased risk for cancer recurrence,
diminished general quality of life, impaired healing, and
decreased survival. According to O’Keeffe et al. (2018), after
lung cancer is diagnosed early, quitting smoking can go a long
way in helping victims survive longer as it serves to prevent the
disease becoming worse or delays return of the cancer. In
addition to quit smoking, smoking-related cancer patients
should consider such treatment alternatives as targeted therapy,
radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, or a combination of
the alternatives. Surgery helps in the removal of the cancer
tissue while chemotherapy leverages specific medicines aimed

8. at killing or shrinking the cancer. Radiation therapy utilizes
high-energy rays in killing the cancer, with targeted therapy
involving use of drugs to hamper the spread or growth of cancer
cells.
References
Grady, D. (2015). Smoking’s toll on health is even worse than
previously thought, a study finds.
The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/12/health/smokings-
health-toll-worse-than-previously-thought-study-says.html
O’Keeffe, L. M., Taylor, G., Huxley, R. R., Mitchell, P.,
Woodward, M., & Peters, S. A. (2018). Smoking as a risk factor
for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and
meta-analysis.
BMJ open,
8(10), e021611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021611
Sharma, A., Bansal-Travers, M., Celestino, P., Fine, J., Reid,

9. M. E., Hyland, A., & O’Connor, R. (2018). Using a smoking
cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening.
American journal of health behavior,
42(6), 85-100.
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.6.9
Villanti, A. C., Jiang, Y., Abrams, D. B., & Pyenson, B. S.
(2013). A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the
additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation
interventions.
PloS one,
8(8), e71379.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071379
NOTES TO HELP YOU WITH YOUR HW 1
Notes to Help You with Your HW: Notice My Capitalization
Your Name Goes Here
Department of Name of Your Major, King Graduate School
KG 604: Research & Critical Analysis
Professor Ramlochan
2/14/2022

10. Notes to Help You with Your HW: Notice My Capitalization
Are You Caught Up?
By Now, You Have…
1. Completed the Brainstorming assignment, where I approved
your research problem related to the industry of your major
WITH a news article featuring some type of problem.
2. Successfully created a research question starting with “What
have researchers learned about” (also approved by me).
3. Found a research article through the Monroe College
databases
4. Submitted the assignment, “HW: Is Your Article a Research
Article? (with APA 7 Cover/Title Page & References Page)”
IF You Have Completed ALL of the Above…
Complete this note sheet (based on your one research article)
and use it to help you with your homework:
W(5)H(1):
1.
Who conducted the research?
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose)?
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)?

11. 4.
Where was data collected (physical location)?
5.
How was data collected (methodology)?
6.
What were the findings?