Running head: IMPACT OF SMOKING ON HEALTHCARE COSTS 1 IMPACT OF SMOKING ON HEALTHCARE COSTS 6 Impact of smoking on healthcare costs Cherod Jones American Military University Impact of smoking on healthcare costs Introduction In the world today, smoking is one of the things that trigger a significant number of ailments on people. This is the case because tobacco affects almost all internal body organs gradually compromising their functioning (Stewart, & Wild, 2017). The research claims that continued smoking makes a person susceptible to contract more than one ailment, which becomes hard to treat. Many people who smoke have recurring diseases that are hard to get rid of. Smoking negatively affects the cost of healthcare not only because of triggering ailments but in many other aspects. The purpose of this research paper shall focus on the various ways that smoking impacts healthcare cost. Body of paper An overview of the issue Smoking is a complex health challenge that negatively affects the cost of healthcare in different countries around the world, but mainly the U.S. Smoking-related ailments include; stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, damaged and blocked blood vessels, respiratory infections like emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Smoking also plays a vital role in the formation and development of all types of cancer. For instance: bladder, blood (acute myeloid leukemia), cervix, esophagus, colon, and rectum (colorectal), kidney and ureter (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2010). According to some researchers, other cancers caused by smoking are; “larynx, liver, oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils), pancreas, stomach, trachea, bronchus, and lung” (Stewart & Wild, 2017). Meaning, that a majority of healthcare issues addressed in different healthcare facilities emanates from smoking. The challenge is that these ailments are complicated and they need high-quality skills, quality medical equipment, and resources to maintain services. Patients will have to incur the high cost of treatment. Therefore smoking causes an escalation in healthcare cost.          Why is this issue a concern from a health care economics perspective? Ailments emanating from smoking are complex and requires a significant concern for the healthcare economics. The idea is that high skilled medical professionals need to be paid in a manner that is equivalent to the services they are offering. The tools required to diagnose and test are expensive, making healthcare services providing smoking-related ailments treatment costly. Moreover, the medication for such diseases is too strong and goes through a long and tedious process, which makes it hard to cut on the cost of production. In other cases, some of the diseases require surgeries which are complex and sensitive putting a demand on the number of medical surgeons. Who are the major parties involved in this issue · Government as they set laws and en ...

1. Running head: IMPACT OF SMOKING ON HEALTHCARE
COSTS 1
IMPACT OF SMOKING ON HEALTHCARE COSTS 6
Impact of smoking on healthcare costs
Cherod Jones
American Military University
Impact of smoking on healthcare costs
Introduction
In the world today, smoking is one of the things that trigger a
significant number of ailments on people. This is the case
because tobacco affects almost all internal body organs
gradually compromising their functioning (Stewart, & Wild,
2017). The research claims that continued smoking makes a
person susceptible to contract more than one ailment, which
becomes hard to treat. Many people who smoke have recurring
diseases that are hard to get rid of. Smoking negatively affects
the cost of healthcare not only because of triggering ailments
but in many other aspects. The purpose of this research paper
shall focus on the various ways that smoking impacts healthcare
cost.
Body of paper
An overview of the issue
Smoking is a complex health challenge that negatively affects

2. the cost of healthcare in different countries around the world,
but mainly the U.S. Smoking-related ailments include; stroke,
coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, damaged and
blocked blood vessels, respiratory infections like emphysema,
chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Smoking also plays a vital role
in the formation and development of all types of cancer. For
instance: bladder, blood (acute myeloid leukemia), cervix,
esophagus, colon, and rectum (colorectal), kidney and ureter
(Lloyd-Jones et al., 2010). According to some researchers,
other cancers caused by smoking are; “larynx, liver, oropharynx
(includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the
tonsils), pancreas, stomach, trachea, bronchus, and lung”
(Stewart & Wild, 2017). Meaning, that a majority of healthcare
issues addressed in different healthcare facilities emanates from
smoking. The challenge is that these ailments are complicated
and they need high-quality skills, quality medical equipment,
and resources to maintain services. Patients will have to incur
the high cost of treatment. Therefore smoking causes an
escalation in healthcare cost.
Why is this issue a concern from a health care economics
perspective?
Ailments emanating from smoking are complex and requires a
significant concern for the healthcare economics. The idea is
that high skilled medical professionals need to be paid in a
manner that is equivalent to the services they are offering. The
tools required to diagnose and test are expensive, making
healthcare services providing smoking-related ailments
treatment costly. Moreover, the medication for such diseases is
too strong and goes through a long and tedious process, which
makes it hard to cut on the cost of production. In other cases,
some of the diseases require surgeries which are complex and
sensitive putting a demand on the number of medical surgeons.
Who are the major parties involved in this issue
· Government as they set laws and environment that either
positively or negatively affects the healthcare sector and cost
· Private healthcare facility owners for they play the role of

3. investing in the industry
· Patients as they provide business and receive services from the
healthcare sector
· Medical professionals as they are the individuals that directly
offers treatment services to smoking-related ailments
· Manufacturers and suppliers as they play the role of
manufacturing and making medical equipment and products
available and accessible to healthcare facilities and patients
Which market forces have an impact on this issue?
· Demand forces which are on the increase as a result of
increasing number of smoking ailments patients
· Supply forces which are lower than demand due to the scarcity
of right skills, equipment, and facilities
How is demand illustrated in this issue?
Demand is on the rise as the numbers of patients are increasing
overcrowding available healthcare facilities and other suffering
from homes without ample medical attention (Folland,
Goodman, & Stano, 2016)
How is supply illustrated in this issue?
According to Folland, Goodman, & Stano, (2016); smoking
increases the cost of healthcare because the supply of healthcare
services needed to address the issue are inadequate and do not
meet the available demand.
How has the affordable care act impacted this issue?
The affordable care act has in a way positively impacted the
situation. The reason is that it makes healthcare which a
majority of people could not afford due to high costs involved
to access quality healthcare facility. Nevertheless, the
affordable care act has not covered all the people in the U.S.
underserving some populations.
How are health disparities demonstrated in this issue?
Smokings’ impact on patients creates a clear picture of how
healthcare services are distributed across the U.S. Regions with
quality and an adequate number of healthcare services do not
report a significant amount of fatalities emanating from
smoking-related ailments as compared to areas with an

4. inadequate number of facilities (Vogl, Wenig, Leidl, & Pokhrel,
2012). People in regions with facilities can seek medical
attention and advice early and consistently making it possible
for ailments to be detected and treated on time. Such a situation
is not possible in a region where healthcare facilities are located
a long distance from each other as one facility has to attend to a
vast population.
How has this issue been improved in other global markets?
In the U.S., the region with adequate and quality healthcare
facilities that treat smoking-related ailments receives a
significant number of clients from the international market. This
further increases demand and rate of revenue generation that has
made it possible for the sector to expand and offer high-quality
and effective treatment.
Recommendation for making improvements on economic
principles basis
· Increasing the number of healthcare facilities in an equitably
distributed manner
· Making medical training affordable and of the highest quality
to increase the number of professionals
· Reduce the cost of taxation on medical equipment’s, products,
and tools both imported and locally manufactured to make them
affordable to many healthcare services
Conclusion
Smoking negatively impacts the cost of healthcare by causing
cost escalation. Smoking affects all parts of the body thus
compromising their operation. This makes a person to suffer
from one or two or a multiple of chronic ailments that requires
high-standard tests, diagnosis, and treatment (Stoddart, &
Evans, 2017). Smoking is also done by many people regardless
of their gender and age, and the greater danger is that even non-
smokers can get affected by getting second-hand exposure. For
instance, a smoking pregnant mother can change the internal
and external body organs of the unborn baby and other children
in the house who gets to in hail the smoke. The demand for
healthcare services addressing smoking-related ailments is high

5. while as the supply of the same services at its lowest. It is for
all majors stakeholders to play their roles effectively to resolve
the issue amicably and productively.
References
Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., & Stano, M. (2016). The
Economics of Health and Health Care: Pearson International
Edition. Routledge.
Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M.,
Dai, S., De Simone, G., ... & Go, A. (2010). Heart disease and
stroke statistics—2010 update. Circulation, 121(7), e46-e215.
Stewart, B. W. K. P., & Wild, C. P. (2017). World cancer report
2014. Health.
Stoddart, G. L., & Evans, R. G. (2017). Producing health,
consuming health care. Why are some people healthy and others
not? (pp. 27-64). Routledge.
Vogl, M., Wenig, C. M., Leidl, R., & Pokhrel, S. (2012).
Smoking and health-related quality of life in English general
population: implications for economic evaluations. BMC public
health, 12(1), 203.
Creating APA Annotated Bibliographies, 6th Ed.
Annotated bibliographies are not specifically addressed in the
APA 6th ed. manual. It is a good idea to take careful note of
any directions given in your assignment, and to check with your
professor if you have specific questions.
Contents
1. Guidelines
2. Sample Annotated Bibliography
3. Citation Information

6. Guidelines
The following is a summary of things to know when creating an
APA annotated bibliography:
· The annotated bibliography consists of two elements
· Citation in current APA format
· Annotation
· The annotation will follow the citation on the next line. There
is not an extra space—double spacing is used throughout.
· An annotation is different from an abstract. It should have
several sentences summarizing the main points or ideas found in
the item. It should then include your own statement evaluating
the quality of the item and/or relating the item to your own
research topic.
· For a longer annotated bibliography, it is appropriate to divide
into sections or topics, and to title those sections as seems
fitting.
Note: these annotations are for illustrative purposes only and
have no relationship to the content of the sources. The citations
are from the sample list found at the end. Annotations are in
blue for visual effect only—this is not part of the APA
formatting.

7. Please check OWL at Purdue
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/
Sample Annotated Bibliography
AICPA sets ethical standards for outsourcing. (2005). Journal of
Accountancy, 199(1), 8-8.
Retrieved from http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/
This article presents the new standards for outsourcing
developed by the AICPA ethics committee. The standards are
summarized, and a brief discussion is included of the
implications going forward for business and international trade.
The authors indicate that changes to the business community
will be relatively minor. This is a helpful source for getting an
overview of the current ethics standards in outsourcing.
American Management Association. (1996). The AMA style
guide for business writing.
New York, NY: Author.
The American Management Association has created its own
guide for business writing. Designed as a supplemental text to
more thorough style guides such as APA, this guide covers
topics relating specifically to business, such as citing financials,
formatting of company reports, and professional approaches to
information integrity in the workplace. This is an indispensible
work for anyone doing professional business writing.
Barthelemy, J., & Geyer, D. (2005). An empirical investigation
of IT outsourcing versus outsourcing in France and Germany.
Information & Management, 42, 533-542.
doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.02.005

8. The authors present an investigation of IT outsourcing based on
the combined results of a survey administered to IT firms as
well as statistical measures from domestic and French or
German firms. Their data covers a wide range of IT business
unit types. However, the lack of longitudinal data weakens their
conclusion that the slower pace of French and
German IT outsourcing has had a long-term positive effect on
business in those countries.
Standard Reference List / Bibliography
Here’s the same sources, but formatted as a standard
bibliography for comparison.
References
AICPA sets ethical standards for outsourcing. (2005). Journal of
Accountancy, 199(1), 8-8.
Retrieved from http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/
American Management Association. (1996). The AMA style
guide for business writing.
New York, NY: Author.
Barthelemy, J., & Geyer, D. (2005). An empirical investigation
of IT outsourcing versus outsourcing in France and Germany.
Information & Management, 42, 533-542.
doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.02.005