Important for general basic knowledge about LPM for competitive examination

1. Cows
(1) Milk yielding of Indian breeds of cattle : 1000-1800 kg /lactation.
Hariana :1000 kg : Sahiwal :1800 kg, Red Sindhi :1800 kg , Tharparkar 1400 kg.
(2) Cross breed inheritance level should be between: 50-75 % (av. 62.5 % )
(3) Optimum levels : Weight at first calving = >350 kg, Age at first calving =< 40 months,
Lactation length = 300 days, Dry period = 60-90 days, Calving interval = 13 months,
Age at puberty = 2-2 ½ yrs.
(4) Time of expulsion of placenta = 6-8 hrs after calving.
(5) Avoid complete milking for 2-3 days in high yielding to prevent milk fever.
(6) Colostrum feeding @ 1/10 of b.wt. for 3-4 days. First faeces called = Muconium
Weaning = after 4 days. Feed milk to calf at body temperature i.e. 39-40 o
C
Disbudding in calf = 5-15 days of age: Identification = tattooing (5-7 days) and hot
branding = 1.5-2 yrs.
(7) Conc. Feeding to cows = @ 1kg/2.5 kg milk ( above 5 kg milk )
@ 1 kg/2.0 kg milk in buffaloes.
(8) Milking :- By full hand method(fisting) in 6-8 minutes. Use 0.1 % KMn O4 solution for
udder and hand wash.
(9) Age of castration ( bullocks) = 9 month ; nose ring(or nose string, Nath) is put at
one year age & put to work at 2 years of age.
(10) Housing :- floor space
covered open peddock
Bulls 12 sq.m 120 sq.m
Cows 3.5 sq. m 7.0 sq.m
Buffaloes 4.0 sq.m 8.0 sq.m
(11) Feeding :-
D.M reg = 2.5-3.0 % of body wt.
Conc. Mix :- 16 % CP and 65-70 % TDN but 20% CP with non
leguminous fodders. 1 kg conc. mix = 8 kg green fodder
Conc. Mix in feed = 2 % and Salt in feed = 1 % .
(12) Indians cows:-
Birth wt. = 25-30 kg,
Adult body wt. = 400 kg (250-500 kg)
(13) Reproduction :-
Oestrous cycle = 21 days
Insemination time = 12 hrs after start of heat
Reproductive rest after calving = 45 days
Service period = 60-90 days
Gestation period = 282 days.
(14) Fat %
Native breeds= 4.5 – 5.5
Exotic breeds= 3.5-4.5
Buffaloes
(1) High fat % breed =Surti (8-12 %)
Best breed- Murrah
(2) Colostrum feeding: ½- 2 hrs after birth

2. (3) First time deworming = 7-10 days of age.
(4) First time breeding = 30 month of age. & wt.275-300 kg.
(5) Placenta expulsion = 5-6 hrs after calving.
(6) Gestation period = 310 dys
(7) Buffaloes are transfered to milking barns: after 5 days of calving.
(8) Heat symptom=Drop in milk, teats become turgid called doka.
(9) Service period= 60-90 days, Calving interval= 13-14 month Lactation length= 305 days
and Dry period= 100-120 days.
Insemination time - morning to evening & vice-versa
(10) Silage crops - maize, oats, jowar.
Hay crops –Berseem & Lucerne.
(11) Fat %age –7 %
(12) Freezing point of cow milk -0.512 to -0.572 o
C
buffalo milk -0.521 to -0.575 o
C
Boiling point = 100.17 0C
SHEEP
Male-ram Female-ewe
(1) India 6th
in sheep production, woolen industry provides employment to about 3 million
people.
(2) Total 44 breeds of sheep; Breeds found in Haryana = Nali, Munjal
(3) Water requirement: 2 lit./day/adult sheep; 3.0-4.0 lit. in summer, can tolerate upto 3 days.
(4) Age of puberty (ewe) = 9 months (6-12 mo)
(5) Slaughter age = 9-12 months.
(6) Weaning age = 90 days.
(7) Reproduction : Main breeding season =July-Aug. (small %age also breed in March-
April); age of ewe at first breeding = 1.5-2 yrs.; age of ram for breeding = 1.5 yrs.
-Oestrous cycle = 17 days (16-19), Heat period = 24 hrs (6-48 hrs)
-Male/female ratio= 1male/50-60 ewes, Gestation period =146days (144-151)
Telescoping -synchronizing the estrous by introducing a ram in flock after keeping it away
for 2-3 months. 70-80% ewes come in heat in the very first oestrous cycle.
Feeding: Colostrum feeding = within 4 hrs. of birth.
Creep feeding = Conc. mix. given from 10th
day of weaning @ 200-250 gm/lamb with or
without high quality hay. Creep feed has 14-16 % DCP.
(8) Tail docking & castration = In 1st
week by elastrator method.
Identification = by metal or plastic tags.
(9) Wool shearing = twice a year in March- April & Sept.-Oct.
(10) 15-20 high producing mutton sheep can be reared per acre of land.
(11) Birth to 3 weeks of age – lamb has simple stomach.
3weeks - 2 month of age- rumen development takes place.
Birth weight: Native breeds = 2.50 - 2.75 kg.
Cross breeds = 3.0 - 3.50 kg.
Adult body wt.(Indian breeds) Mal e= 35-40 kg
Female = 25-30 kg
(12) Fat % in milk= 6.2%

3. Goat Male-Buck Female-Doe
1. First ruminant domesticated by man. Provides source of income to 40% of rural population below
poverty line.
2. 42% goats are slaughtered every year still there in 3.4% increase in population per year.
3. Total 23 Breeds: Breeds found in Haryana- Beetal, Barbari, Jakhrsana, and other breeds are
Jammunapari (Dual), Surti (milk), Black Bengal (meat)
4. Dressing % of meat= 39.16-52.10%
5. Milk yield in India breeds= between 35.20 kg (Black Bengal) to 155 Kg (Surti) Average Lactation
Length= 150-243 days.
6. Pashmina (cashmere) is produced by Chegu & Changthani Breeds.
7. Birth wt varies from < 1 kg in Bengal breed to 3.25 kg in large breeds like Beetal.
8. Weaning age= 3 months; puberty is male= 9mo. Sexual maturity= 1 year of age.
9. Female sexual activity: Age at puberty= 8-10 mo, Age at 1st
kidding= 1½ year. Gestation Period= 150
days (148-156); Estrous cycle= 17-22 days. Estrus period= 12-48 hours; Kidding interval= 219-299
days (small breeds) and 229-359 days (large breeds); Breeding prolificacy: small breeds= 35-60%
twins and 17.65% triplets. Large breeds= 17- 63% twinning & triplets are very less.
10. Floor space requirement: Doe = 1.25-1.5 m2
and Buck = 2 m2
.
11. Valuable textile fiber (mohair) is produced by Angora goats.
12. Kidding: Twice a year but better once a year for milch breeds.
13. Male/female ration = 1 buck/40 does. Buck can be used for 7-8 years.
14. Adult’s body wt.range: Buck = 15 kg (B. Bengal) to 75 Kg (Jammunapari)
Doe = 12-55Kg
15. Fat in milk = 4.0%
Pigs (swine)
Male=Boar Female =Sow
1) Maximum breeding farms among livestock species (237 farms).
2) Pork (pig meat) constitutes 10% of total meat production in country.
3) Nearly 84% pigs are indigenous and 16 % cross breds.
4) Eastern region (Assam , Manipur, Orissa, etc) are largest pig population.
5) Indian pigs:- Av. Litter size 5.2 at birth, 3.0 at weaning ; Birth wt.= 250- 700 g
6) Body wt of gilt (female at 6 month of age ) : Desi pigs = 30-35kg ; Cross breds = 45- 50 kg
and Exotic breed= 60-70 kg , Adult body wt. =168 kg ( Desi pig )
7) Feeding:- It accounts for 70- 75% of total production cost.
- Creep ration = 20- 22 %, DCP, given from 16th
day to weaning age ( 56 days).
- Weaner pigs ration = 16- 18 % DCP , given 56 – 120 days of age .
- Grower pig ration = 13- 15 % DCP, given 121 – 180 days of age
- Adult pig ration = 12 – 14 DCP, given 180- 300 days of age
- Adult sow feed consumption= 2.5 – 3.5 kg per day
8) Space requirement:
Area per pig
covered open
Boar 35-50 sq ft. 50- 70 sq ft.
Dry sow 20 – 30 sq ft. 30- 50 sq ft.
9) Reproduction:
- Puberty in boar = 8- 12 month and puberty in gilt = 8- 9 month
- Gestation period = 114 day ( 112 – 120 days ); Heat cycle = 21 days (19 – 23)
- Duration of heat = 2-3 days ; Ovulation rate = Gilt: 8- 14 and Sow: 16- 18
- Boar to sow ratio = 1 boar / 10 –15 sows

4. - Breeding boars are generally sold at weaning age.
9) Piglet anaemia = Due to deficiency of iron in piglets. Apply ferrous sulfate on teats or
inferon injection. Expose piglets to soil
10) Needle teeth :- 4 pairs ( 2+ 2 pairs ). These are sharp teeth. Clip these on 1st
or 2nd
day to
birth. Fat in milk = 4.5 %.
Poultry
1. Poutry production:- 90% Fowl/Chicken , 6% Duck & 4% others.
2. India: - 4th
in egg production; 4720 crores eggs (2004); per capita availability=43eggs
(Required= 1/2 egg a day) Per capita poultry meat availability-1100gm.
3. Progenator of all breeds – Red jungle foul found in India.
4. Best layer breed= White leg horn (260-280 eggs/year); starts laying at 5th
month.
5. Value of poultry & products-about 1.3% of G.N.P. and 14.9%of livestock sector.
6. Andhra Pradesh is known as poultry capital of India.
7. Best time to procure layer chicks :- end of Feb.- March so that egg production starts in
Aug.-Sept. and purchase day old chicks.
8. Most of layers are kept at farm for 1 year after starts of egg production or
till they give 60% prod.
9. Broilers are sold at 6-8 wks. of age or at 800 gm.-1 kg.wt. for tandoori and 1.5 kg wt.
for meat. Feed consumption= 4 kg / broiler
10. Floor space requirement: Chicks (0-8 w)= 1 sq ft, growers (8-18 w)= 2 sq ft and
Layers = 3sq.ft./bird; Broilers = 1sq.ft./bird
11. Housing: Roof =gable type; ventilation =15% of floor space, size of nest = 0.3x0.3x0.3 m;
Long side walls in N-S direction ; 1/3 brick wall and upper 2/3 has wire netting of ½ sq.
inch of 1mm thick wire.
12. Incubation: Temp.= 99.2-99.70
F. ( reading of dry bulb 1000
F and wet bulb
thermometer 870
F and relative humidity 60 %); Fumigation of eggs: 15 g KMnO4+30
ml Formaline (40% Formaldehyde) at 60-700
F and 70% RH.; Turning of eggs: 900
turning 6-8 times daily upto 17th
day. Hatching period: Chicken=21 days(19-24),
Turkey=28 days(26-29) and Ducks=28 days(28-32).
13. Brooding: Temp.= 950
F and reduce 50
F per week up to 6 wks of age. Light=23-24
hours; Vaccinate day old chick for Mareks & Ranikhet diseases; Debeak chicks
during 3-4 wks of age and again at 18 wks of age
14.Growers (8-18wks): only day light; Keep height of feeder 2.5cm above back of bird; Never
fill feeder more than ½ or 2
/3 to avoid wastage
15. Layers: 16 hrs light; A 40 watt bulb placed at 7 ft. height is sufficient for 200 sq.ft.
Depth of litter = 6-8” and one nest for 5 hens.
16. Ideal storage temp. of eggs = 50-550
F
17. Feeds: Starter Mash = 20-22% CP; grower mash =16% CP; layer mash=15-16% CP;
broiler mash = 22% CP.; Ca & P ratio in feed = 2:1