ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF TONGUE

1. GUIDED BY :
DR.PRADEEP TANGADE
(PROFESSOR & HOD)
DR.THANVEER K.
(PROFESSOR)
DR. VIKAS SINGH
(READER)
DR.ANKITA JAIN
(READER) DR.SONAL SUBHANGI
MDS 1ST YEAR
(2022-2023)

2. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
DEVELOPMENT
ANATOMY
FUNCTIONS
MUSCLES OF
TONGUE
HISTOLOGY
TASTE BUDS
TASTE
DISCRIMINATION
NEURAL PATHWAY
FOR TASTE
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC
DRAINAGE
HOW TO EXAMINE
TONGUE
APPILED ANATOMY
ANOMALIES OF
TONGUE
RECENT SCENARIO
PANDEMIC
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES

3.  WORD TONGUE IS DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD ‘LINGUA’
AND GREEK WORD ‘GLOSSA’.
 TONGUE IS MOBLIE MUSCULAR ORGAN IN ORAL
CAVITY WHICH BULGES UPWARDS FROM THE FLOOR OF
MOUTH AND ITS POSTERIOR PART FORMS THE ANTERIOR
WALL OF THE OROPHARYNX.
 ONE AMONG THE 5 SENSORY.
 VOLUNTARY MUSCULAR STRUCTURE .
 TONGUE IS SEPARATED FROM TEETH – DEEP ALVEOLAR
LINGUAL SULCUS.

4. “ FLESHY MOVABLE MUSCULAR PROCESS OF THE
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH OF THE MOST
VERTEBRATES THAT BEARS THE SENSE ORGAN
AND SMALL GLANDS AND FUNCTI0N IN
TALKING AND SWALLOWING .”

5. HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY – BY INDERBIR SINGH 13TH EDITION

6. ANTERIOR 2/3RD :
FROM 2 LINGUAL SWELLING AND
ONE TUBERCULUM IMPAR.
WHICH ARISES FROM 1ST BRANCHIAL
ARCH .
SUPPLIED BY LINGUAL NERVE { POST-
TREMATIC} OF 1ST ARCH AND CHORDA
TYMPANI [ PRE – TREMATIC] OF 1ST
ARCH.
POSTERIOR 1/3RD :
FROM THE CRANIAL LARGE PART OF
THE HYPOBRANCHIAL EMINENCE i.e
FROM THE THIRD ARCH.
SUPPLIED BY GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE.
POSTERIOR MOST :
FROM THE FOURTH ARCH .
SUPPLIED BY VAGUS NERVE.
EPITHELIUM
STARTS TO DEVELOP NEAR
THE END OF THE 4TH WEEK .
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
IS CATEGORY IN 3 PARTS :
EPITHELIUM MUSCLES
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

7. MUSCLES
THE MUSCLES DEVELOP FROM THE OCCIPITAL
MYOTOMES WHICH ARE SUPPLIED BY THE
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES DEVELOPS FROM THE
LOCAL MESENCHYME.

8. SITUATION LIES IN MOUTH
CAVITY
OROPHARYNX OROPHARYNX
STRUCTURE CONTANS PAPILLAE CONTAINS
LYMPHOID TISSUE
FUNCTION CHEWING DEGLUTITION DEGLUTITION
SENSORY NERVE LINGUAL NERVE GLOSSOPHARYNGEA
L NERVE
INTERNAL
LARYNGEAL
BRANCH OF
VAGUS NERVE
SENSATION OF
TASTE.
CHORDA TYMPANI
EXCEPT
CIRCUMVALLATE
PAPILLAE
GLOSSOPHARYNGEA
L INCLUDING THE
VALLATE PAPILLAE.
INTERNAL
LARYNGEAL
BRANCH OF
VAGUS NERVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
EPITHELIUM FROM
ENDODERM
LINGUAL SWELLING
OF 1ST ARCH .
TUBERCULUM
IMPAR WHICH
SOON DISAPPEARS
3RD ARCH WHICH
FORMS LARGE
VENTRAL PART OF
HYPOBRANCHIAL
EMINENCES
4TH ARCH WHICH
FORMS SMALL
DORSAL PART OF
HYPOBRANCHIAL
EMINENCES
ANTERIOR 2/3RD POSTERIOR
1/3RD
POSTERIOR
MOST PART

9. ANATOMY OF HEAD , NECK &BRAIN . VISHRAM SINGH

10.  ROOT:
1. LOCATED BETWEEN THE
HYOID BONE AND
MANDIBLE.
2. DORSAL PORTION SITS
IN THE OROPHARYNX.
3. ATTACHES THE TONGUE
TO ROOF OF MOUTH.
4. ATTACHES TO :
ABOVE – STYLOID
PROCESS AND SOFT
PALATE .
BELOW – MANDIBLE
AND HYOID BONE
.[because of these
attachments we are not
able to swallow the
tongue itself]
[in between the mandible
& hyoid bone it is]
RELATED TO
GENIOHYOID AND
MYLOHYOID MUSCLES .
 BODY:
1. MAKES UP THE
ANTERIOR 2/3RD OF
TONGUE.
2. ROUGH
SURFACES DUE TO
THE LINGUAL
PAPILLA .
3. SURROUNDED BY
ANTERIOR AND
LATERAL TEETH .
4. MOBILE PORTION
OF TONGUE.
 APEX:
1. ALSO KNOWN AS
TIP , IS THE
ANTERIOR 1/3RD .
2. RESTS AGAINST
THE INCISOR
TEETH.
3. HIGHLY MOBILE.

11. Dorsum
part is
convex in
all direction
.
Divided
into –
1. Oral part
2. Pharynge
al part
3. Posterior
most part

12. ORAL PART OR PAPILLARY PART:
1. PLACED ON THE FLOOR OF MOUTH.
2. MARGINS ARE FREE AND IN CONTACT WITH GUMS AND TEETH.
3. JUST IN FRONT OF PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH EACH MARGIN SHOWS A 4-
5 VERTICAL FOLDS CALLED FOLIATE PAPILLAE .
4. SUPERIOR SURFACE : OF ORAL PART SHOWS A MEDIAN FURROW AND
IS COVERED WITH PAPILLAE WHICH MAKE IT ROUGH.
5. INFERIOR SURFACES : IS COVERED WITH SMOOTH MUCOUS MEMBRANE
WHICH SHOWS MEDIAN FOLD CALLED THE FRENULUM LINGUAE.
6. ON EITHER SIDE OF FRENULUM THERE IS PROMINENCES PRODUCED BY
THE DEEP LINGUAL VEINS.
7. MORE LATERALLY THERE IS FOLD CALLED PLICA FIMBRIATA THAT IS
DIRECTED FORWARDS AND MEDIALLY TOWARDS THE TIP OF TONGUE .

13. PHARYNGEAL PART OR LYMPHOID PART:
1. IT LIES BEHIND THE PALATOGLOSSAL ARCHES AND
THE SULCUS TERMINALIS .
2. ITS MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS NO PAPILLAE BUT
HAS MANY LYMPHOID FOLLICLES WHICH
COLLECTIVELY FORMS LINGUAL TONSIL.
3. ITS POSTERIOR SURFACE CALLED BASE OF TONGUE
AND FORM ANTERIOR WALL OF PHARYNX.
4. MUCOUS GLANDS ARE ALSO PRESENT.

14. 1. CONNECTED TO EPIGLOTTIS BY 3 FOLDS OF MUCOUS
MEMBRANE .
2. THESE ARE THE MEDIAN GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC FOLD AND THE
RIGHT AND LEFT LATERAL GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC FOLD .
3. ON EITHER SIDE OF MEDIAN FOLD THERE IS A DEPRESSION
CALLED VALLECULA .
4. THE LATERAL FOLDS SEPARATE THE VALLECULA FROM THE
PIRIFORM FOSSA.
POSTERIOR MOST PART

15. Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
Maintained of oral hygiene
Sucking
General sensitivity
Thermal regulation.
FUNCTIONS

16.  Tongue is divided into left and right half by a median sagittal
septum.
 All tongue muscles are paired.
 It has 2 types :
A median fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left
halves . Each half contains 4 intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
Intrinsic muscle Extrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal Genioglossus
Inferior longitudinal Hypoglossus
Transverse Styloglossus
Vertical Palatoglossus
Intrinsic
muscles
Extrinsic muscles
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY HEAD & NECK A.K.DUTTA 6TH EDITION

17. OCCUPY THE UPPER PART OF TONGUE & ARE ATTACHED TO THE SUBMUCOUS FIBROUS LAYER & TO THE
MEDIAN FIBROUS SEPTUM. THEY ALTER THE SHAPE OF TONGUE.

18. SUPERIOR
LONGITUDINAL
1: Origin – arises from fibrous tissue
deep to the mucous membrane
on the dorsum of tongue and
midline lingual septum. They
pass longitudinally back from the
tip of tongue to its root
posteriorly.
2: Insertion – into overlying mucous
membrane.
3: Action – shortens the tongue .
make dorsum concave.
 INFERIOR
LONGITUDINAL
1. Origin – fibrous tissue beneath the
mucous membrane stretching
from tip of tongue longitudinally
back to root of tongue and hyoid
bone.
2. Insertion – into the mucous
membrane of tongue dorsum . Lies
between the genioglossus and the
hyoglossus.
3. Action - shortens the tongue.
make dorsum convex.

19. TRANSVERSE
LINGUAE
1: Origin – extend from median
fibrous septum to the margins.
2: Insertion – margins of tongue .
3: Action – makes tongue narrow
and elongated .
LIES AS A SHEET ON EITHER SIDE OF
MIDLINE IN A PLANE.
 VERTICAL
LINGUAE
1: Origin – submucosal fibrous
layer of dorsum of tongue.
2: Insertion – inferior surface
borders of tongue.
3: Action – make tongue broad
and flattened.
FOUND AT THE BORDER OF
ANTERIOR PART OF TONGUE.

20. CONNECT TONGUE TO MANDIBLE VIA GENIOGLOSSUS TO THE HYOID BONE THROUGH HYOLOSSUS TO TH
STYLOID PROCESS VIA STYLOGLOSSUS & THE PALATE VIA PALATOGLOSSUS .

21. GENIOGLOSSAL
(fan shaped muscles)
1. Origin- superior genial
tubercle .
2. Insertion – upper fibres ; into
the tip of tongue.
middle fibres ; into
the dorsum.
lower fibers ; into
the hyoid bone.
3. Action – upper fibres : retract
the tip.
middle fibres :
depressor the tongue .
lower fibres : pulls
the posterior part forward .
Thus protrusion of tongue .
HYOGLOSSUS (flat
quadrilateral muscles)
1. Origin – greater cornu and
adjacent part of the body of
hyoid .
2. Insertion – side of tongue
( posterior half).
3. Action – depresses the side of
tongue .
makes the dorsal surface
convex.

22. STYLOGLOSSUS( an
elongated slip)
1. Origin – tip and the anterior
surface of styloid process.
2. Insertion – tip and sides of
tongue.
3. Action – pulls tongue upwards
and backwards during
swallowing.
PALATOGLOSSUS(a
slender slip)
1. Origin – oral surface of
palatine aponeurosis.
2. Insertion – descends in
the palatoglossal arch
to the side of tongue at
the junction of oral and
pharyngeal parts.
3. Action – pulls up the
root of tongue.
approximates
the palatoglossal
arches.

23. Movements of
tongue
protrusion Genioglossus ( of both
side acting together)
retraction Styloglossus ( of both
sides acting together)
depression Hypoglossus ( of both
sides acting together)
Elevation(of
posterior 1/3rd)
Palatoglossus (of both
sides acting together)

24. SHAFER’S TEXTBOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 9TH EDITION
BULK OF TONGUE IS MADE UP OF STRIATED MUSCLES.

25. Inferior surface of
tongue:
Mucous membrane is thin
and loosely attached to
the underlying
surface for free mobility .
Made of non-keratinized
epithelium.
Sub mucosa contains
adipose tissues.
Sublingual glands lie close
to the sublingual fold.
Mucous membrane is
smooth and thin.
Dorsal surface of
tongue :
Made up of specialized
mucosa.
Rough and irregular.
Dorsal surface of tongue is
a mixture of thin , keratinized ,
filiform papillae interrpersed
with pink-mushroom shaped
fungiform papillae.

26. Papillae of tongue :
Papillae are the projections of mucous
membrane which give anterior 2/3rd of
tongue the roughness . These are 4 types:
Filiform
papillae
Fungiform
papillae
Foliate
papillae
Circumvallate
papillae

27. 1] Filiform papillae:
[ conical papillae]
Narrowest and most numerous in number.
Minute conical projection with sharply pointed
tips.
Located abundantly on presulcal dorsal area
and are largely responsible for its velvety
appearance.

28. 2] Fungiformpapillae :
.
Some are also scattered over dorsum smaller
than circumvallate papillae but larger than filiform
papillae.
Each papillae has narrow pedicle and large
rounded head.
They are distinguised by this bright red color.
These are numerous and mostly present near the
margins of tongue .
Some are also scattered over dorsum smaller than
circumvallate papillae but larger than filiform papillae.
Each papillae has narrow pedicle and large rounded
head.
They are distinguised by bright red color.

29. 3] FOLIATE PAPILLAE :
Not as prominent in the human tongue.
May be lined with taste buds.
Located in furrows along the posterior sides of the
tongue.
Not as prominent in the human tongue.
May be lined with taste buds.
Are present at the lateral border just in front of
circumvallate papillae.
They are leaf shaped.

30. 4] circumvallate or vallatepapillae :
Situated exactly in front of sulcus terminalis.
Each papillae is a cyclindrical projection
surrounded by a circular sulcus.
The walls of this papillae have taste buds.
They are large in size about 1-2 mm in diameter and
are totally 8-12 in number.
Situated exactly in front of sulcus terminalis.
Each papillae is a cylindrical projection surrounded
by a circular sulcus.
The walls of this papillae have taste buds.

31. Structure of taste buds :
Oval barrel shape . Life span 10 days
. Composed of 5-15 gustatory receptors
cell , 40 supporting cells or
sustentacular cell and 15-20 transitional
cells.
Having opening called taste pores.
Are sensory organs that are found on
tongue and allow to experiences tastes
that are sweet , salty ,sour and bitter.
Sense of taste called gustation. 10,000
taste buds are present in its papilla.
Location – taste buds contains sensory
receptors found in the papillae of
tongue and widely distributed in the
epithelium of tongue , soft palate ,
pharynx and epiglottis.
Are most numerous on the sides of
the circumvallate papillae & on the
walls of the surrounding sulci.
Are numerous over foliate papillae &
over the posterior 1/3rd of tongue .
There are no taste buds on the mid
dorsal region of the oral part of
tongue..
2 Types of cells :
Sustentacular or supporting cells are
spindle shaped.
Gustatory cells are long slender &
centrally situated.

32. GUSTATORY RECEPTORS DETECT FIVE
MAIN TYPES OF TASTE SENSATION.
SWEET - TIP
SOUR - MIDDLE
SALT - ANTEROLATERAL
BITTER - BASE
UMAMI [ savoriness] -
EVENLY DISTRIBUTED
THROUGHTOUT TONGUE.
1]
2]
3]
4]
5]

33. THE 5TH TASTE SENSE UMAMI WAS RECENTLY
ADDED TO THE FOUR CLASSIC TASTES.
IS THE TASTE OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE.
OFTEN DESCRIBED AS A MEATY , BROTH-LIKE OR
SAVORY TASTE.
HOWEVER RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT ALL
AREAS OF TONGUE ARE RESPONSIVE TO ALL
TASTE STIMULI.

34. Taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue
except from vallate papillae.
Chorda tympani
[ branch of facial nerve] .
Geniculate ganglion.
Central processes
Tractus solitarius
In medulla.

35. Taste from posterior 1/3rd of
tongue including circumvallate
papillae.
Inferior ganglion.
Cranial nerve IX
Central processes
Tractus solitarius.
Taste from posterior most part of
tongue and epiglottis.
Inferior ganglion of vagus .
Central processes
Tractus solitarius.
Vagus nerve.

36. After relay in tractus solitarius.
Solitariothalamic tract is formed.
Becomes part of trigeminal lemniscus.
Reaches posteroventromedial nucleus of
thalamus of opposite side.
Another relay takes them to lowest
part of post central gyrus.
Which is the area of taste.

37. Derived from tortous lingual artery a branch
of external carotid artery.
Root of tongue is also supplied by tonsillar
artery , a branch of facial artery and ascending
pharyngeal branch of external carotid artery .
Arterial supply
Deep lingual vein – chief vein of tongue seen
on inferior surface of tongue near median
plane.
Venae comitantes – accompany lingual artery .
They are joined by dorsal lingual vein.
Accompanying the hypoglossal nerve.
These veins units at the posterior border of
the hypoglossus to form lingual vein which
ends in the internal jugular veins.
Venous driange
Blood supply

38. All muscle of tongue are
supplied by hypoglossal nerve.
[ except : palatoglossus supplied
by cranial part of accessory
nerve through the pharyngeal
plexus] .
Motor supply
Sensory supply
Anterior 2/3rd Posterior1/3rd
general
sensation :
lingual nerve.
Taste
sensation :
Chorda
tympani.
Both general
and taste
sensation :
Glossopharyn
geal nerve.
Posterior
most ;
Vagus nerve
through the
internal

39. 1. Tip of tongue drains bilaterally to
the submental nodes.
2. Right and left halves of
remaining part of anterior 2/3rd
of tongue drain unilaterally to
submandibular nodes.
3. A few central lymphatic drain
bilaterally to deep cervical
nodes.
4. Posterior most part and posterior
1/3rd of tongue drain bilaterally
into upper deep cervical lymph
nodes including jugulodigastric
nodes.
5. Whole lymph finally drains to the
jugulo-omohyoid nodes . These
are known as the lymph nodes of
tongue.
Lymphatic
drainage

40. ON PHYSICAL EXAMINATION , THERE ARE SEVERAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF TONGUE THAT SHOULD BE
NOTED:
COLOR :
Pink – red on dorsal and
ventral surfaces . The ventral
surface may have some
visible vasculature.
TEXTURE:
Rough dorsal surface owing
to papillae . There should be
no hairs , furrows or ulceration.
SIZE:
Should fit comfortably in
mouth , tip against lower
incisors . Sublingual glands
should not be displaced.
IN GENERAL EXAMINATION OF
TONGUE SHOULD OCCUR IN
FOLLOWING STEPS:
1. Have the patient touch the tip of tongue
to the roof of their mouth and inspect
the ventral surface.
2. Have the patient protrude the tongue
straight out and inspect for deviation,
color, texture and masses.
3. With gloved hands , hold the tongue with
gauze in one hand while palpating the
tongue between the thumb and index
finger of the other nothing masses and
areas of tenderness.

41. 1] Injury to hypoglossal nerve paralysis of the muscles
on the side of lesion.
2] Glossitis usually part of generalized ulceration of
mouth cavity or stomatitis.
3] Acute glossitis enormous swelling due to presence
of lymphatics and rich areolar tissue. [ tongue fills up the
mouth cavity & then protrudes out of it]
4] Anemias smooth and pale.[ due to atrophy of filiform
papillae]
5] jaundice underside .[ under surface of tongue is good
site along with the bulbar conjunctiva for observation of
jaundice]
BD CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY 9TH EDITION

42. 6] lingual tonsil waldeyer’s ring .[ lingual tonsil in the posterior
1/3rd of tongue forms part of waldeyer’s ring]
7] Sublingual medication sorbitrate .[ is taken sublingually for
immediate relief from angina pectrosis. It is absorbed fast because of
rich blood supply of tongue & by passing of portal circulation]
8] Genioglossus safety muscles.[ because if it is paralysed ,
tongue will fall back on the oropharynx & block the air passage .]
9] During anaesthesia or in unconscious patients tongue
should be pulled out . [ in unconscious patient tongue may fall
back & obstruct air passage . This can be prevented either by lying
the patient on one side with head down { the tonsil position} or by
keeping tongue out mechanically]
10] Grand mal epilepsy tongue bitten during attacks .

43. 11] carcinoma of tongue is quite common.[affected side of tongue is
removed surgically . All deep cervical lymph nodes are removed.
Carcinoma of posterior 1/3rd of tongue is more dangerous due to
bilateral lymphatic spread]
12] Refered pain in ear – diseases of posterior part of tongue.[as
9th & 10th nerves are common supply to both regions]
13] others:
 Infranuclear lesion ( i.e , in motor neurons diseases and in
syringobulbia ): gradual atrophy and muscular twitchings of the
affected half of the tongue observed.
 Supranuclear lesion (i.e in pseudobulbar palsy ) : produce paralysis
without palsy ( tongue is stiff , small and moves sluggishly).

44. Genioglossal is only muscles of tongue which
protrudes it forwards . It is used for testing the
integrity of hypoglossal nerve. If hypoglossal nerve
of right side is paralysed , the tongue on protrusion
will deviate to the right sides. Normal left
genioglossus will pull the base to left side & apex
will get pushed to right side { apex & base lie at
opposite ends .}

45. SHAFER’S TEXTBOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 9TH EDITION

46. A. More commonly known.
B. Inferior frenulum attaches to
the bottom of tongue &
subsequently restricts free
movement of tongue.
C. Causes speech problems.
D. Feeding difficulties are
usually noticed early in an
infant’s life. Feeding
difficulties may be a reason
to consider early surgery to
cut the lingual frenulum &
loosen the tongue.
E. Treatment – frenulectomy .

47. A. This malformation is very rare.
B. This anomaly is almost always
associated to malformations in
the extremities , especially the
hands & feets , cleft palate .
C. Commonly observed
rudimentary , small tongue.
D. As a consequences of the lack
of muscular stimulus between
the alveolar arches , these do
not develop transversely & the
mandible does not grown in an
anterior direction producing as
a result a severe dento skeletal
malocclusion.
E. Shows no predilection for
gender & has no genetic
implications.

48. A. Other name : Tongue hypertrophy
or prolapsus of tongue or
enlarged tongue or
pseudomacroglossia .
B. Meaning large Tongue.
C. Syndrome – Down syndrome
Beck with -wiedemann
syndrome.
D. Broadest categories under the
heading of macroglossia are true
macroglossia & pseudomacroglossia.
E. Treatment – is to return the patient
to an anatomically & physiologically
normal condition. Reduce tongue
size so as to improve function.

49. A. Hypertrophy of filiform
papillae.
B. Brown , black , white , green in
colour.
C. Poor oral hygiene.
D. Fliliform papillae can
increases upto 15 mm in
length.
E. Reported in HIV patient.
F. Treatment involves tongue
scraper , surgical removal of
papillae , using
electrodesication , carbon
dioxide , laser or even scissors.
BLACK HAIRY TONGUE

50. A. Other name – benign migratory
glossitis.
B. Is a psoriasiform mucositis of the
dorsum of tongue.
C. Dominant characteristics is a
constantly changing pattern of
serpiginous white lines surrounding
areas of smooth , depapillated
mucosa.
D. Changing appearance has led the
wandering rash of the tongue with
the depapillated areas.
E. Syndrome – reiter’s syndrome.
F. Treatment – no treatment is usually
neccesary . Symptomatic lesions can
be treated with topical
prednisolone.

51. A. Posterior dorsal point of fusion
is occasionally defective
leaving a rhomboid –shaped ,
smooth erythematous mucosa
lacking in papillae or taste
buds.
B. Present in posterior midline of
dorsum of tongue just
anterior to the v-shaped
grouping of circumvallate
papillae.
C. Embryologically the tongue is
formed by 2 lateral processes
meeting in the midline &
fusing above central structure
from 1st & 2nd branchial arches
, the tuberculum impar.
D. Fungiform & filiform papillae are not
seen.
E. Midline soft palate erythema in the
arch of routine contact with
underlying tongue involvement
commonly refered as kissing lesion.
F. Typically less than 2cm.
G. Treatment – no defintive treatment.

52. A. Other names : scrotal tongue
and lingua plicata.
B. Condition frequently seen in
the general population & it is
characterized by grooves that
vary in depth & are noted
along the dorsal & lateral
aspects of the tongue.
C. Melkersson - rosenthal
syndrome & down syndrome &
in frequent association with
geographic tongue.
D. Prominence of the condition
appears to increase with
increasing age.
FISSURED
TONGUE
E. Affects dorsum & often extends to
lateral borders of tongue . Depth
of fissure varies but has been
noted 6mm in diameter.
F. Usually asymptomatic .
E. Treatment – no defintive theraphy
or medication.

53. A. Completely cleft or bifid tongue is
rare condition that is apparently
due to lack of merging of the
lateral lingual swelling of this
organ.
B. Partially cleft tongue is
considerably more common & is
manifested simply as deep groove
in the midline of dorsal surface.
C. Partial cleft results because of
incomplete merging and failure of
groove obliteration by underlying
mesenchymal proliferation.
D. Oral- facial-digital syndrome in
association with thick , fibrous bands
in the lower anterior mucobuccal fold
eliminating the sulcus & with
clefting of hypoplastic
mandibular alveolar process.
E. Clinical significance except that
food debris & microorganisms
may collect in the base of the
cleft & causes irritation.

54. GLOSSECTOMY
IS MOST COMMONLY USED PROCEDURE
RESULTS IN RESECTION OF TONGUE.
Bigcas Jl , Okuyemi OT , Continuing Education Activity et al. Glossectomy – 7th
october 2022

55. 1. What is covid tongue ?
Ans – Along with the more well-known symptoms of COVID-19, some
people experience bumps, ulcers, swelling and inflammation of the
tongue. This is known as “COVID tongue.”
People with COVID tongue might notice that the top of their tongue
looks white and patchy, or that their tongue looks red and feels
swollen.
2. What’s happening inside body to cause COVID tongue
?
Ans – A high number of ACE receptors in tongue.
Immune system fighting COVID-19 .
COVID causing oral thrush.
Changes to surface of tongue.
Dry mouth.
Covid activating oral herpes.

56. 3. How many people get COVID tongue?
Ans - Currently, scientists don’t know how rare COVID tongue is.
In one small study, up to 11 percent of people hospitalized with
COVID-19 had COVID tongue, but such studies are too small
to make a conclusion.
Many people with COVID-19 have mild or moderate
symptoms and can recover at home. But right now, even less
is known about how many people in this group develop COVID
tongue.

57. Corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory medications to
bring down tongue swelling.
Antibacterial, antiviral, or antifungal mouth rinses to treat
bumps, patches, and ulcers.
Artificial saliva mouth rinses to help combat dry mouth and
promote overall tongue healing.
low level laser therapy to treat ulcers
4. What is treatment of COVID tongue ?
Ans - There is currently no single set treatment for COVID
tongue. Might not need treatment targeted to COVID
tongue. In some cases, the treatments already receive for
COVID will be enough to resolve COVID tongue.

58. 5. What’s the outlook for people with COVID
tongue ?
Ans - It’s currently unclear whether COVID tongue is an early
symptom of COVID-19, or a symptom that develops as the
condition progresses.
 Mild to moderate COVID 19.
 Geography tongue.
Some people with COVID-19 develop bumps, white patches,
and swelling on their tongues. This is known as COVID
tongue and it’s still being studied.

60.  Tongue is an important organ which contributes to speech ,
mastication , deglutition and taste.
 The examination of the tongue plays a major role during the
oral examination of the soft tissues.
 The knowledge about the development , functions, anatomy and
diseases associated with tongue is important to the dental
professionals as it helps in identifying or diagnosing many
congenital and systemic diseases leading to pathological
changes of the tongue at the earliest.
 The early signs of cancer can be detected through
examination of the tongue routinely during screening in masses
which is of public health importance.

61. HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY – BY INDERBIR SINGH 13TH EDITION.
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY HEAD & NECK A.K.DUTTA 6TH
EDITION.
SHAFER’S TEXTBOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 9TH EDITION.
BD CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY 9TH EDITION.
GREY’S ANATOMY 42TH EDITION.
TEXTBOOK OF ORAL MEDICINE – ANIL GOVINDRAO GHOM 3RD EDITION
BIGCAS JL , OKUYEMI OT , CONTINUING EDUCATION
ACTIVITY ET AL. GLOSSECTOMY – 7TH OCTOBER 2022
ANATOMY OF HEAD , NECK &BRAIN . VISHRAM SINGH