mycorrhizal symbiosis in the desert

1. By
Dr. Muhammad Shafiq Chaudhry
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,
Pakistan

2. Contents Of Presentation:-
 Introduction Of Mycorrhiza.
 Significance Of Mycorrhiza In Agriculture.
 Agricultural Croping systems selected to study
mycorrhizal diversity.
Method used.
Findings and conclusion.
 Mycorrhiza as Biofertilizer.

3. Introduction Of Mycorrhiza
 Greek: mykos (mushroom) and
 rhiza (root) (Frank, 1885)
 Mutualistic symbiosis

4. 4
 uses organic nutrients (including sugars)
produced and secreted by plant
 Imparts benefits to plant by increasing:
 Nutrient absorption
 Water uptake
 Stress tolerance (e.g., pollution) and
 Protection against certain soil born
pathogens

5. Types Of Mycorrhizae:- Actomycorrhiza
‘Hartig net’.
Fungal partner : Basidiomycota (most frequent)
•Ascomycetes (in some cases)

6. Endomycorrhiza:- Arnuscular Arbuscular

7. Zea mays
Mangifera indica L. Aam
Avena sativa
Agricultural Crops Associate With Mycorrhiza
Ficus carica
Eugenia jambolana

8. Cropping Systems Selected
 Avena sativa monocrop
 Avena-Mangifera indica L. intercrop
 Avena- Ficus carica L. intercrop
 Avena-Eugenia jambolana Lam..intercrop

9. How it was done
1. The study was initiated during Jan, 2013
2. 20 fields of one acre
3. Fields were separated from one another by 1.5 meter
4. Complete randomized design was used for sampling
with a four factorial treatment (4 cropping systems),
from each croping system (5 fields), in both seasons,
replicated thrice to avoid experimental error (4x5x2x3 =
120 samples).

10. 1. Soil and root samples of Avena sativa and associated crop were
collected during February and August, 2013.
2. diversity and colonization status of spores of Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal
fungi.
3. 2Kg soil was taken at each sampling site from three different depths
(10, 20 and 30 cm) and make a composite sample of 6Kg.
4. Root samples were collected with soil for
5. Both root and soil samples were placed in separate polythene bags,
marked and transported to the laboratory.
Soil and Root Sampling

11. Processing and estimation of root
colonization percentage

12. 1. Preserved FAA (5:5:90)
and refrigerated at 4oC.
2. (Phillips and Hayman,
1970) with
modification according
to Chaudhry et al.,
(Chaudhry et al., 2012).
3. The intra-radical spore
colonization was
estimated by Biermann
and Linderman, 1981

13. 1. 400 gm. soil was mixed with 600 gm. strialized Soil
2. Seed of Avina sativa strialized with 1% Sodium hypochlorite
3. Hoagland’s solution as nutrient medium, with P
concentration adjusted to 8 mg
Trap cultures

14. wet-sieving and sucrose
centrifugation method
Spores extraction
Gerdemann and Nicolson, 1963.
Chaudhry et. al., 2013

15. Mycorrhizal spores from
rhizosphere soils
Mounting in Meltzer’s
reagent alone and in
combination with PVLG
(polyvinyl lactoglycerol)
in 1:1 ratio, on same slide
under different coverslips
observed under research
microscope at 20X, 40X and
100X for morphological
Identification.
(http://invam.caf.wvu.edu)
Spore densities were
assessed as number of
spores per hundred
gram of soil
Statistical analysis

16. 25.29
39.89
62.01
32.96
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Wet Season Dry Season
%Temp.andR.H.
Temperature ◦C Humidity %

17. Intra-radical Spore
Colonization Status
Season 20.6501**
Cropping systems 13.9337**
Season x Cropping
system
2.0228
F-values from repetitively measured ANOVA for AMF Colonization
from four different Cropping systems in wet and dry season
** Correlation is significant at 0.01 level

18. AMF Genus No. of
Species
Absolute
frequency
Relative
frequency
1 Acaulospora 6 0.21 20.69
2 Ambispora 1 0.03 3.45
3 Gigaspora 2 0.07 6.89
4 Glomus 19 0.66 65.52
5 Pacispora 1 0.03 3.45
Distribution of AMF species per genera, their absolute
and relative frequency of occurrence.

19. Wet Season Dry Season
Cropping Systems Relative
AMF
spore
density
AMF
Species
Richness
Relative
AMF
spore
Density
AMF
Species
Richness
Avena sativa monocrop 25.71 23 26.71 27
Avena-Mangifera
intercrop 20.52 23 17.07 19
Avena-Ficus intercrop 39.89 24 39.54 26
Avena-Eugenia
intercrop 13.88 23 16.68 23
Relative spore density and species richness
of AMF fungi in cropping systems.

20. Diversity
Indices
Cropping Systems Wet
Season
Dry
Season
Shannon-
Weiner index
Avena sativa monocrop 1.21 1.30
Avena-Mangifera intercrop 1.03 1.08
Avena-Ficus intercrop 1.20 1.36
Avena-Eugenia intercrop 1.14 1.16
4.58 4.90
AMF Species diversity indices per 100g air-dried soil
in wet and dry season.

21. Diversity Indices Cropping Systems Wet Season Dry Season
Simpson index Avena sativa
monocrop
0.93 0.94
Avena-Mangifera
intercrop
0.85 0.89
Avena-Ficus
intercrop
0.93 0.95
Avena-Eugenia
intercrop
0.91 0.92
3.62 3.70
Table continue

22. No AMF Species Type Wet season Dry season
1 Acaulospora bireticulata Rothwell & Trappe 1.274 0.533
2 Acaulospora foveata Trappe & Janos 0.00 2.503
3 Acaulospora rehmii Sieverd. & Toro 1.971 8.367**
4 Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe 8.676** 6.840**
5 Acaulospora sporocarpia Berch 3.593* 2.623
6 Acaulospora thomii Blaszk. 0.830 7.148
7 Ambispora gerdemannii (Rose, Daniels et Trappe)
Walker, Vestberg & Schuessler
0.00 4.103
8 Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe 0.634 70.116**
9 Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall 0.729 3.745*
10 Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith. emend. Koske 2.977* 1.040
11 Glomus caesaris Sieverd. & Oehl 0.00 0.406
12 Glomus claroideum Schenck & Smith 0.00 1.910
13 Glomus constrictum Trappe 0.542 0.00
14 Glomus corymbiforme Blaszk. 1.804 9.204**
15 Glomus deserticola Trappe et al. 3.390* 1.724
16 Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. 7.807** 2.682
F-values from repeated measured ANOVA for AMF species
distribution variability in wet and dry season

23. No AMF Species Type Wet season Dry season
17 Glomus fasiculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe
emend. Walker & Koske
1.387 2.480
18 Glomus geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker 1.558 4.431*
19 Glomus glomerulatum Sieverd. 5.321** 1.895
20 Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith 0.00 3.208
21 Glomus macrocarpumTul. & Tul. 2.662 2.285
22 Glomus maculosum Miller & Walker 3.503* 1.770
23 Glomus microcarpum Tul. & Tul. 6.801** 4.003*
24 Glomus mosseae Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe 5.019** 2.660
25 Glomus multiforum Tadych & Blaszk. 9.373** 1.190
26 Glomus segmentatum Trappe, Spooner & Ivory 3.096* 5.896**
27 Glomus viscosum Nicolson 3.040* 0.00
28 Glomus sp. Nov 1 5.479** 2.426
29 Pacispora boliviana Sieverd. & Oehl 3.652* 0.00
(*Significant at 0.05 level; **Significant at 0.01 level)
Table continue

24. This study determined that seasonality and
plant composition (cropping) pattern have
potential impact on the diversity and ecology of
natural bio-fertilizer “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi” which is crucial for plant growth and
sustain agricultural productivity.
Conclusion

25. Mycorrhizal Products In Market For Sustainable Crop
Production:-

26. Mycorrhizal Products:-

27. Thank Your