2. A virus known as the Human
Immuno-Deficiency Virus
It causes disruption of immunity or
body defense mechanism
3. HIV vs. AIDS
Retrovirus->Lentivirus
Lentivirus->Slow Virus->Takes long
time to develop symptoms
HIV-1 (8-15 Yrs)
HIV-2 (20-30 Yrs)
4.
5. •No
•HIV is a virus and AIDS is the terminal stage of
HIV infection
•All AIDS cases are HIV infected but not all HIV
infected people have AIDS
6. Affects mostly young adults in prime productive
years
Occurs not randomly, but through risk behaviour
Long period of invisibility : 9–11 years
Prevention is important & cost-effective
Life long but high treatment cost, with no cure
Non-availability of effective HIV preventive vaccine
Associated with high level of social stigma
7. •Human is the only source as well as
only host
of the infection.
•Infection spread through mixing of
Body Fluid
•Once infected – infected for life
• Age group of 15 – 49 – most vulnerable
8. HIV is transmitted through BLOOD,
SEMEN, VAGINAL FLUID, BREAST
MILK
URINE, SPUTUM, SALIVA, TEARS,
SWEAT etc do not transmit HIV
infection
12. Dynamics of HIV spread
General Population
•Married women
•Babies and Children
•Youth
•Men
High-risk Populations
•Female Sex Workers
•Men who have sex with men
•Injecting drug users
Bridge Populations
• Clients of sex workers
• Partners of IDUs
• Migrant / mobile populations
• Truck drivers
• Population in conflict
13. Sharing common toilets
Touching, Hugging ,Kissing
Insect Bites
Coughing, Sneezing
Sharing Food or Fomites
Impure water
14. Weight loss > 10% of body weight
Chronic diarrhoea > 1 month
Prolonged fever > 1 month
Persistent cough > 1 month
Generalised pruritic dermatitis
History of herpes zoster
Oro pharyngeal candidiasis
Generalised lymphadenopathy
Disseminated herpes simplex infection
15. Exponential viral replication
Widespread systemic dissemination to the brain,
spleen, distant lymph nodes, etc. (5-11 Days)
HIV makes contact with cells located within the genital mucosa
Virus is carried to regional lymph nodes (1-2 Days)
16. Dr. Luc Montagnier of Pasteur Institute of Paris-
Cause and routes of transmission of AIDS
AIDS-Formally recognized as a new Infection on
June5,1981 when Centre for Disease Control
reported 5 LA men developed unexplained
immuno deficiency
1st
AIDS case-San Fancisco man-recognized on
24th
April’1980
Patient Zero-A canadian Flight Attendant-
reportedly infected as many as 250 men
17. 1st
case-among the sex worker in Chennai in 1986
In the same year one case was reported from
Maharasthra
1987-NACP launched
By the end of 1987, 52987 people were tested out
of which 135 were tested positive and 14 were
diagnosed to have AIDS
In 1992,NACO was set up and it was decided that
SACS will be set up in 25 states and 7 Uts.
18. Total: 33.2 (30.6 – 36.1)
million
Western &
Central Europe
760 000760 000
[600 000 – 1.1 million][600 000 – 1.1 million]
Middle East & North
Africa
380 000380 000
[270 000 – 500 000][270 000 – 500 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa
22.5 million22.5 million
[20.9 – 24.3 million][20.9 – 24.3 million]
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
1.6 million1.6 million
[1.2 – 2.1 million][1.2 – 2.1 million]
South & South-East
Asia
4.0 million4.0 million
[3.3 – 5.1 million][3.3 – 5.1 million]
Oceania
75 00075 000
[53 000 – 120 000][53 000 – 120 000]
North America
1.3 million
[480 000 – 1.9 million]
Latin America
1.6 million1.6 million
[1.4 – 1.9 million][1.4 – 1.9 million]
East Asia
800 000800 000
[620 000 – 960 000][620 000 – 960 000]
Caribbean
230 000
[210 000 – 270 000]
Adults and children
Estimated to be living with HIV, 2007
19. Estimated number of People Living with HIV/AIDS:
2.3 million (1.8—2.9 million) in 2007
Six high prevalence states contribute more than
60% of PLHA
Women constitute 39% and Children 3.8%
Estimated Adult HIV prevalence : 0.34% (0.25%-0.43%);
Males: 0.44%, Females: 0.23%
21. 156 A Category Districts
39 B Category Districts
14 Districts with HIV prevalence >
3% among ANC clinic attendees
Evidence of HIV positivity among
IDU in Punjab, WB and Orissa
Evidence of dual mode of
transmission in Manipur & Nagaland.
24. Basic Services :- ICTC, ICTC- ANC, STD Services & Condom
Promotion, HIV-TB Coordination Programme
Care, Support and Treatment : ART Centers, Link ART
Centers,
Community Care Centers , Drop in Centers
Blood Safety – Supports to Ensure safe Blood transfusion
Sentinel Surveillance – To know the current prevalence and
trend
of HIV infection in the State,
Monitoring & Evaluation - CMIS, Reporting
25. IEC, BCC - Hot line counseling, Mainstreaming, Youth
affairs, GIPA
Coordination
TI – Targeted Intervention through NGO & CBO
TSU – Technical support Unit
Training – Capacity development of Human resources
26. Early detection of HIV
Provision of basic information on modes of
transmission and
prevention of HIV/AIDS
Link people with other HIV prevention, care and
treatment
services
27. Pre-test and Post-test Counseling
Testing for HIV
ARV prophylaxis to mother-baby pairs
Counseling on infant feeding practice
Counseling on family planning
Referral for pre-ART registration and CD4 count
Post-natal follow-up of sero-reactive mothers and their exposed babies
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis
EID
Partner counseling
Cross referrals
Whole Blood Finger Prick test
Out Reach Activity
28. ICTCICTC
STI prevention
& treatment
Community support to
Mainstream HIV/AIDS
Early access to
medical care,
preventive therapy
other OIs and ARV
treatment
MCH services PPTCT
Access to
family planning
Counselling
For BCC &
Psychological support
Peer support from
PLHA Network Spiritual support
Material and financial
assistance
Legal services for
children and family
Access to condoms
Early management of
Opportunistic Infection
29. Known as Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART)
It suppresses HIV replication and reduces
infectivity
Improvement of clinical condition and quality
of life
Prolongation of life BUT NO CURE
Management of opportunistic infection.
(Tuberculosis – commonest)
30. Identify eligible persons with HIV/AIDS
requiring ART
Provide free ARV drugs to eligible persons
with HIV/AIDS life long
Provide counseling services for drug adherence
Educate persons on nutrition, hygiene and
prevention
Referral for specialized services or admission.
Mechanism to tracking
32. Common STIs –
Syphillis,Gonorrhoea,Chanchriod,LGV,HIV
Common presentation – genital ulcer,urethral
and vaginal discharge, swollen lymph node etc
Screening, Syndromic treatment ,contact
tracing, treatment of partners – need to be done
STI increases the risk of HIV transmission
33. Awareness campaign-through IEC campaign in
local language
Condom promotion
Risk reduction, BCC
Capacity building of the Health care personnel
Promotion of HIV screening- possibility of
setting up ICTC in PPP mode
34. Abstinence from Pre- marital & Extra marital
Sex
Be faithful to Single Partner
Condom
Step 2: Pathogenesis, Progression (Slides 5-11) - 15 minutes
Trainer’s Notes:
Use the image on the following slide to illustrate the steps involved in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
Ask participants to quickly name the modes of HIV transmission
Reader’s Notes:
HIV transmitted through sexual activity enters the bloodstream via mucous membranes lining the vagina, rectum and mouth. Macrophages and dendritic cells on the surface of mucous membranes bind virus and shuttle it into the lymph nodes, which contain high concentrations of Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells).
Once HIV has entered the body, the immune system initiates anti-HIV antibody and cytotoxic T cell production. However, it can take one to six months for an individual exposed to HIV to produce measurable quantities of antibody. The immune response is weakened as memory T cells (CD4+ CCR5+) are destroyed.
HIV enters the body and binds to dendritic cells (orange cells with projections) which carry the virus to CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissue establishing the infection.
Virus replication accelerates producing massive viremia and wide dissemination of virus throughout the body's lymphoid tissues.
An immune response against virus causes some protection but a chronic persistent infection is established. The production of cytokines and cell divisions that regulate the immune response for protection also cause HIV replication.
There is a rapid turnover of CD4+ T cells that ultimately leads to their destruction and to a change in lymphoid tissues that prevent immune responses.
Six states are categorized as high prevalence states, i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Nagaland, Manipur, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, since the HIV prevalence rates among women attending antenatal clinics in these states is 1 percent and above.
Gujarat, Pondicherry and Goa are categorized as states with moderate prevalence of HIV, since HIV prevalence rates amongst high risk population (STD Clinic attendees) has been found to be 5 percent or more, but among women attending ante-natal clinics, the HIV prevalence rates are below one percent.
All remaining States/Union Territories are categorized as low prevalence States since the prevalence rates amongst high-risk population (STD Clinic attendees) is below 5 percent.
However on the basis of vulnerability like migration, size of population and presence of weak health infrastructure, these states are further classified as “Highly vulnerable” and “Vulnerable” States.