2. Bones and muscles
Skeleton
bones
ligaments
support, protection, movement
Muscles
muscle
tendons
movement, vital functions
3. Fractures
A break or a crack in a bone is called
a fracture.
Many types of fractures are difficult to
determine.
If a fracture is suspected, it’s wise to
get it checked out
4. Fracture Categories
All fractures are one of two types
1) Closed – skin over fracture is not
broken
2) Open/Compound – where the
skin over the fracture is broken.
The bone may be visible.
16. Signs or Symptoms of a
Fracture
Pain and tenderness
Loss of function
A wound (with bone sticking out)
Deformity
Unnatural movement
Shock
Crepitus (grinding) (don’t test for this)
Swelling and bruising
19. What is sprain?
The bones at a joint are held together
by tough bands called ligaments.
A sprain is an injury to a ligament
1st
degree – stretched
2nd
degree – partially torn
3rd
degree – completely torn
Most common are the fingers, wrist,
ankle, and knee
20. Signs and Symptoms of a
Sprain
Pain that may be severe and increase
with the movement of the joint
Loss of function
Swelling and discoloration
25. Strains
Involves a stretching and/or tearing of
muscles or tendons. Strains most often
involve the muscles in the neck, back,
thigh, or calf.
May be difficult to distinguish from
sprains or fractures.
When uncertain whether an injury is a
strain, sprain, or fracture, treat the injury
as if it is a fracture.
28. What is a dislocation?
When the bones at a joint are no longer in proper
contact.
Can be caused by severe twisting or indirect force, or
even a muscular contraction
Most frequently dislocated joints
Shoulder
Elbow
Thumb
Finger
Jaw
Knee
29. Signs and Symptoms of a
Dislocation
Deformity or abnormal appearance
Pain and tenderness aggravated by
movement
Loss of normal function
Joint may be locked in one position
Swelling of the joint
30.
31. Treatment Dislocation
Do not try to relocate a suspected
dislocation. They should immobilize
the joint until professional medical
help is available.
32. General Treatment Principles
Stop the activity.
Survey the injured area.
First Aid if qualified.
Get help if not.
Determine if additional medical attention is
necessary.
33. RICE
R - Rest
I - Ice
C - Compression
E - Elevate
34. Splinting
Splinting is the most common procedure for
immobilizing an injury.
Cardboard is the material typically used for
“makeshift” splints but a variety of materials
can be used.
Cardboard are turned up to form a “mold”
in which the injured limb can rest.
35. Possible items for Splinting
Soft materials. Towels, blankets, or
pillows, tied with bandaging materials
or soft cloths.
Rigid materials. A board, metal strip,
folded magazine or newspaper, or
other rigid item.
36. Soft Splints
Splinting Using a Towel
Splinting using a towel, in which the
towel is rolled up and wrapped around
the limb, then tied in place.
Pillow splint
Pillow splint, in which the pillow
is wrapped around the limb and
tied.
37. Blanket as a Soft Splint
Splinting using a
blanket in which
the victim’s legs
are immobilized by
tying blankets at
intervals from mid-
thigh to feet.
38. Anatomical Splints
Created by securing a fractured bone
to an adjacent unfractured bone.
Anatomical splints are usually
reserved for fingers and toes but, in
an emergency, legs may also be
splinted together.
39. Guidelines for Splinting
1. Support the injured area.
2. Splint injury in the position that
you find it.
3. Don’t try to realign bones.
4. Check for color, warmth, and
sensation.
5. Immobilize above and below
the injury.