PHI 204 - Therapeutic Cloning

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Therapeutic Cloning (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman

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Introduction, Embryonic Stem Cells, Promises of Embryonic Stem cell research, Figure: The Promise of Stem Cell Research, Issues in Embryonic Stem cells -  New embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos  Informed consent for donation of materials for stem cell research  Waiver of consent  Consent from gamete donors  Confidentiality of donor information  Ethical concerns about oocyte donation for research (1. Medical risks of oocyte retrieval, 2. Protecting the reproductive interests of women in infertility treatment, 3. Payment to oocyte donors, 4. Informed consent for oocyte donation).

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The use of stem cells in office procedures as the practice of medicine is commercializing in the USA, there are risks that arise because of this, but there are also benefits that are possible. Regulation is needed, but barring an MD and its patient from these procedures simply pushes them outside of the country or into incognito modes. This is where true danger arises, a path to expeditiously and ethically practice should be established where the patient consent is true, and the doctor is enhanced in his practice rather than tied down.

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Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body as long as they are specified to do so. Embryonic stem cells are distinguished by two distinctive properties: their pluripotency, and their ability to replicate indefinitely. ES cells are pluripotent, that is, they are able to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult body. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells found in adults; while embryonic stem cells can generate all cell types in the body, adult stem cells are multipotent and can produce only a limited number of cell types. Additionally, under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of propagating themselves indefinitely. This allows embryonic stem cells to be employed as useful tools for both research and regenerative medicine, because they can produce limitless numbers of themselves for continued research or clinical use. Because of their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, ES cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Diseases that could potentially be treated by pluripotent stem cells include a number of blood and immune-system related genetic diseases, cancers, and disorders; juvenile diabetes; Parkinson's; blindness and spinal cord injuries. Besides the ethical concerns of stem cell therapy, there is a technical problem of graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, these problems associated with histocompatibility may be solved using autologous donor adult stem cells, therapeutic cloning, stem cell banks or more recently by reprogramming of somatic cells with defined factors (e.g. induced pluripotent stem cells). Other potential uses of embryonic stem cells include investigation of early human development, study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing.

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If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell)  Totipotent stem cell Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers  Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell) Multipotent stem cell  Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue) Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia) Embryos created in vitro fertilization Aborted embryos Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain) Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease Placental cord Baby teeth Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off. Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.

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