solid waste effects sources and types collection data chutes refuse

1. Solid Waste disposal
a. Collection, treatment and disposal of organic
and inorganic waste, like traditional methods,
garbage chutes, urban solid waste treatment
systems, vermi composting etc.

2. Solid Waste
• Commonly known as Trash, Garbage, refuse or rubbish
• everyday items that are discarded by the public.
• Solid waste can be defined as non liquid material that no
longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it
• The composition of municipal waste varies greatly from
country to country
• Garbage generate at different levels
– Domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agriculture
activities.
• Waste from houses, streets, shops, offices, industries and
hospitals are usually considered to be responsibility of
Municipality or local government to remove and dispose in
environment friendly manner
• If solid wastes are not managed properly, it would result in
insanitary conditions, diseases threatening public health

3. Effect of solid waste in recent years
• Cloud burst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage lines due to large
no. of indisposed plastic bags.
• Plague epidemic in Surat (1996) caused majorly due to indisposed
solid waste present within city
• Reduction in Bird migration
• Death of birds/animals due to consumption of plastic bags and
contaminated food
• Reduction of cultivable land

4. For efficient solid waste, waste are categorized in two types
Bio-degradable materials:
• food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper, food
and green waste (can also be recycled).
Non Bio-degradable materials:
• Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals,
certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, batteries etc.
• Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks,
debris.
• Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical
appliances, TVs, computers, screens, etc.
• Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste
plastics such as toys.
• Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light
bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and
containers
• Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides
• Medical waste.

5. Sources and Types of Municipal Solid Waste
Sources Typical waste
generators
Components of solid waste
Residential Single and multifamily
dwellings
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes
(bulky items, consumer electronics, batteries,
oil, tires) and household hazardous waste
Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous wastes
Institutional Schools, government
center, hospitals, prisons
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous wastes
Municipal
services
Street cleaning,
landscaping, parks,
beaches, recreational
areas
Street sweepings, landscape and tree
trimmings, general wastes from parks,
beaches, and other recreational areas

6. Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management: Systematic well planned and well managed
control on generation, collection, storage, transport, source
separation, processing, treatment, recovery and disposal of solid
waste.
Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for
a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy
generation. The aim of the resource recovery is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products.
Solid waste can be divided into three sections
• Collection of solid waste
• Conveyance of solid waste
• Disposal of solid waste

7. Collections of Solid Waste
• Collection of solid waste from individual
premises to the community level.
• Waste must be segregated at the source by
collecting separately to facilitate recycling of
both types of solid wastes - bio-degradable
and non bio-degradable
• There are several ways to collect and transport
waste for disposal

8. Garbage Containers
They are available in many sizes
• Dust beans for office and domestic used
– Are designed for easy handling
– Available in different sizes generally 300mm
diameter
– Most of them are covered with lid
– Made of plastic or metal
• Garbage Cans for building or apartment
– Are bigger in size generally 450x450 or
600x600mm
– Wheeled end with handle for easy handling
– Usually made out of plastic and metal
• Waste container for community or
neighborhood level
– Are still bigger in size 1200x1800 or 1500 x 2100
– Made of metal or plastic
– Special handles will be provided so that vehicles
will automatically lift and empty the container
in the truck or replaced with the container
loaded on the truck.

9. Kitchen sink with waste receiver
• Kitchen sink with garbage system
• A waste receiver is fitted below the sink where kitchen
wastes are allowed to be collected
• When the container is filled up, it is flushed to the
waste water pipe of larger diameter (150mm) or
manually taken away for vermi composting
• Maintenance cost is high

11. Kitchen Sink with Grinder
• A waste container with
the electric grinder is
fitted below the sink,
so the kitchen waste
are reduced to smaller
size particles for easy
washing
• This is not suitable for
bulky refuse

13. Conveyance of Solid Waste
• Usually Conveyance of solid waste starts at
individual house or neighborhood level
• The dumping places for waste are located
away from the city
• Municipal trucks are used to carry wastes
collected from community collection points
• Wastes are necessary to be removed as fast as
possible after generation in order to prevent
degrading of environment

17. REFUSE (Garbage) CHUTES
Conveyance within Multi-storeyed Buildings
• Refuse chute system built in multi-
storeyed residential buildings for
transporting and collecting the refuse
from flats at different heights.
• The refuse is received from the
successive flats through the inlets
located on the vertical system of
pipes that convey refuse through it
and discharges into the collecting
chamber from where the refuse is
cleared at suitable intervals.
• Components of garbage chute are,
the inlet hopper (flap opening), the
collection chamber (wheel container
is placed in a chamber for collection
of waste for periodic removal) and
vent at top.

18. Main Components
• Chute—A vertical pipe system
passing from floor to floor
provided with ventilation and
inlet openings, for receiving
refuse from successive flats and
ending at the ground floor on the
top of the collecting chamber.
• Inlet Hopper—A receptacle
fitting for receiving refuse from
each flat and dropping it into the
chute.
• Collection Chamber—A
compartment situated at the
lower end of the chute for
collecting and housing the refuse
during the period between two
successive clearings.

19. CHUTES
Number of Chutes—
The number of chutes depends upon
– the convenience to the user and
– the quantity of refuse to be handled between two subsequent clearings.
Material of Construction—
Chutes may be constructed out of
– asbestos cement,
– R.C.C. Pipe or
– Stainless steel
with smooth inside finish.
Diameter of the Pipe—
Chutes shall be of a minimum internal diameter of 380mm
Finish—
The inside surface of the chute-should be finished as smoothly as possible so
as not to allow any sticking of refuse particle that may cause choking
eventually.

20. • Location—
– The chute may be carried through service shafts meant for carrying drainage
pipes.
– The location shall be mostly determined by the position of inlet hopper and
the collecting chamber that is most convenient for the user.
– It should also be considered to locate the chute away from living rooms in
order to avoid noise and smell nuisance.
• Construction—
– The chute pipes should be assembled vertically, and-properly clamped to the
wall.
– The joints should be of cement mortar arid the chute may be squarely
embedded into the surrounding walls.
• Ventilation—
– Natural ventilation should be adequate to prevent any possible odour
nuisance.
– The upper end of the chute, that is, beyond the uppermost floor should be
provided with a ventilation pipe to the full bore which should rise 2 to 2.5 m
above the roof or terrace of the building.
– An umbrella type cowl with wire mesh at the top will be helpful to prevent
rainfall and other external objects of nuisance potential.
– For high rise buildings mechanical ventilation of the exhaust type is
recommended.

21. Chute Maintenance
• Access—Each chute pipe should be provided with
an access door-at intervals not greater than every
third floor.
• Wrapping of Refuse—To help preventing spillage
and blockage, the residents should be
encouraged to wrap their refuse.
• Flushing of Chute—Y-connection at terrace level
may preferably be provided in order to direct a
water hose for cleaning purposes, if needed.

22. INLET HOPPER
• Location—
– In individual chute system,
the inlet hopper shall be
located in the passage near
the kitchen and in the
common chute system
towards the end of the
common passage.
– There should be adequate
lighting at this location.
– Inlet Hopper shall be located
750mm above floor level
– For ground floor flats the
inlet hoppers may be placed
at a higher level and a flight
of steps may be provided for
using the same.

23. • Design and Construction—
– Hopper shall be constructed such that there
should be minimum escape of odour or any
other vapour when the hopper door is kept
open
– The hopper flap shall not open inside the
chute pipe which might obstruct refuse
coming from the top.
– The door and the frame should be fire-
resistant.
– Size of the Mouth and Throat—The mouth
shall have a maximum size of 25 cm height
and 36 cm width. The throat should not be
less than the size of the mouth. The
diagonal of the mouth should not be larger
than the chute size.
– Height of the Hopper—The hopper should
be constructed at a height of 75 cm
measured from the floor level to the lower
edge of the inlet opening.
– Inner Surface—The interior of the hopper
should slope towards the main chute at an
angle not less than 45° to 60 ° to the
horizontal for better performance. The
inside finish should be as smooth as
possible.

25. COLLECTION CHAMBER
Location—
• The collection chamber shall be situated at
ground level.
Capacity—
• If the refuse is discharged directly on the floor
of the collection chamber, the capacity is
designed on the quantity of refuse expected
from the chute between two consecutive
clearings.
• It may be recommended to provide a minimum
capacity of 0.054 m3/family or apartment per
day.
• In the case of chutes serving small number of
apartments, the minimum size of the collection
chamber shall be 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.8 m in order to
facilitate providing trolley and easy cleaning of
the chamber.
• Normally the height of chute bottom above
the top of the container shall be about 30 cm
in order not to allow any refuse to spill on the
floor of the chamber.
• It will be preferable to provide a minimum
head room of 2 m for the collection chamber
to facilitate easy entry into it.

26. Disposal of Solid Waste
• This is the most important part of the system
which requires maximum attention
• Solid waste is dropped in a location with
arrangements to segregate waste for recycling
and reuse
• Methods of Disposal
– Landfill : Open dump and Sanitary Landfill
– Incineration
– Ocean Dumping

27. Traditional methods: Landfills
• There are two basic types of landfills Open dumping
and Sanitary Landfill
• Open Dumping
– Very Cheap and convenient
– Requires more land which would become unfit for habitation
– Unsanitary, draws pests and vermin, harmful runoff and leachates ,
toxic gases
– Still accounts for half of solid waste
• Sanitary Landfills
– Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth once a day and
a thicker layer when the site is full
– Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates: can cause
problem by overflow
– Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
– Cheap and convenient than any other disposal other than open
dumping.
– Requires more land which would become unfit for habitation

29. Incineration
• Wastes are burn down
• Incinerations can be manually and electrically operated
Advantages:
• Reduces the land requirement
• Reduce volume 90%, weight 75%
• Heat from burning converted to electricity
Disadvantages:
• Hazardous waste like Hospital wastes are incinerated
• produces toxic gases like Cl , HCl , HCN, SO2
• High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive
• Concentrates toxins in ash
• More costly than landfills, as long as space available
There are basically two types of Incineration
1. Refuse-Derived Fuel - Refuse is sorted to remove recyclable and
unburnable materials.
– Higher energy content than raw trash.
2. Mass Burn - Everything smaller than major furniture and appliances
loaded into furnace.
– Creates air pollution problems.

30. Ocean Dumping
• Out of sight, free of emission control norms
• Contributes to ocean pollution
• Can wash back on beaches, and can cause
death of marine mammals
• Preferred method: incineration in open sea
• Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping
of sewage sludge and industrial waste
• Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can
cause habitat destruction and export of fluvial
pollutants

31. Organic Waste Disposal
• Composite Pit / Vermi compost:
• Bop gas Plant

32. Composite Pit / Vermi compost:
– Vermi compost is a rich organic medium consisting of
nutrients, plant growth promoting substances, and
beneficial micro organisms necessary for plant growth.
– It is made from agricultural waste and the use of
earthworms.
– By using a layered process over a period of time,
an organic medium is derived that reduces the need for
large amounts of pesticides and even fertilizers.

33. Bio Gas Plant
• Organic waste (night soil, animal dung, agro) are converted
into Fuel gas and manure
• The bio gas plant is consists of 2 components a digester and
a gas holder
• Digester is a cube shape or cylindrical water proof
container with an inlet and outlet
• The gas holder is normally floating, collects the gas and
supplies through a gas outlet
• The outlet of digester leads the sludge out into a pit for
drying to make manure
• There are basically two types of Bio gas plants
– Floating gas holder type bio gas plant and
– Fixed dome type bio gas plant

34. Floating gas holder type Bio Gas plant

35. Fixed dome type Bio Gas Plant

36. Advantages and Disadvantages
• In Floating gas holder type of plant, the floating
chamber is made of stainless steel, this is
expensive and needs continuous maintenance
and supervision for non rust. This dose not arise
in the fixed holder type biogas plant as everything
here is made of concrete
• Fixed dome type biogas suffers from a
disadvantage that its volume is fixed, so if the gas
pressure increases inside, it may cause damage to
the concrete dome. This dose not happens with
floating holder type of bio gas plant

37. Inorganic waste Disposal
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Recycle

38. Reduce & Reuse
• Most fundamental method of reducing waste is
to prevent it from being produced (Waste
Prevention).
• Reusing the unwanted waste reduce the waste
generated at the source
• Advantages of Reduce and reuse at Individuals
and Industry level
– Saves natural resources.
– Reduces waste toxicity
– Reduces costs

39. Recycling
Recycling benefits are
• Resource conservation
• Pollution reduction
– Crushed glass reduces energy required to manufacture new glass by
50%.
– One Sunday edition of N.Y. times consumes 62,000 trees.
– Only 40% of North American paper is recycled.
– Over 60% of aluminum cans recycled.
• Saves money, raw materials, and land.
• Encourages individual responsibility.
• Reduces pressure on disposal systems.
– Japan recycles about half of all household and commercial wastes.
• Lowers demand for raw resources.
• Reduces energy consumption and air pollution

40. What we can do?
• Buy durable items and repair them
• Buy recycled goods and recycle them
• Buy beverages in refillable containers
• Rechargeable batteries
• Reduce junk mail
• Lobby for trash separation and recycling
• Choose items with minimal packaging & reduce
number of bags used
• Compost yard and food waste