Democracy's Potential Explained in 40 Characters

Essay about Democracy
Like a living organism, democracy must be born into a time where the parents, circumstances, are
right to understand the potential of such a child, democracy, and the soil, society, may be described
as the type of state that is ready to accept and nurture that child. Metaphors aside, democracy has
been noted to provide a better opportunity for human development. Democracy is also commonly
defined as a political system that is associated with free and fair elections. A democratic regime
simply refers to a system of governance that places sovereignty in the citizen's hands which allow
them to contribute to the process of decision–making through their elected officials. Democracy is
not as old as many may originally think. As recent as 1974, ... Show more content on
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These breakdowns can occur through military action, a seizure of power by the opposition, or a
collapse of the state. When a collapse occurs, the state cannot coerce and is unable to successfully
control the inhabitants of the given territory. Diamond conveys an important reason why some
authoritarian regimes lose domestic legitimacy. The citizens of a state may not be confident in their
government when "... they fulfill their self–proclaimed missions and become redundant or when
they completely fail to do so and clearly cannot deliver," (Diamond 91). Failures of dictatorial
regimes in countries like Greece and Argentina were a result of bad economic or political
performances. Another example of authoritarian failure occurred in Africa in the early 1990s. Most
African countries were severely set back because of massive foreign debts. In order to pay back
some of these loans, many governments of these African countries would use almost four times their
export earnings leaving the government with no funds to provide basic services for its citizens.
These failures were not just economic but political as well. It got to a point where these "...
authoritarian states became too broke to buy off their opposition and too exhausted to repress them,
protests escalated," (Diamond 93). These protests had prompted not just a change in the leader, but a
change in the
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Statement Essay: What Is The Bush Doctrine?
Paper #2: "What is The Bush Doctrine?"
The Bush Doctrine is an ideology developed by think tanks of neo–liberal and neo–conservative
political scientists in the United States much earlier than when President George W. Bush assumed
power. Nevertheless, Bush was the first to openly declare it as the landmark of his foreign policy
while the aftermath of the tragic events of 9/11 provided a fertile ground for its practical
advancement. These events did not spark the ideas encompassing the doctrine; rather, they expedited
its process and justified its actions to the people of the United States and its allies. This ideology has
its roots in the Wilsonian tradition of political thought, which advocates the importance of self–
determination, the advancement of democracy. It also promotes the free market economy model as
well as a global, sustainable and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bush sought to reveal his administrations' ambitions for the creation of a new world order
dominated by a global union of liberal democratic states with open market economies in a golden
era of perpetual world peace, prosperity, and freedom. Thus the US, in its attempt to accomplish this
vision, is willing to work collaboratively with other friendly nations in a multilateral basis through
the use of independent institutions. Moreover, this administration is prepared to act unilaterally with
the use of force if necessary, to counter and contain threats to the American sovereignty and that of
its allies. As the scholar Tony Smith describes, "there would be American Hegemony over the
international system, with progressive imperialism against those who thwarted America's grand

Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation
Transitions to democracy have been explained in various ways. Modernization for instance, is one
theoretical approach to explain why countries democratize. Additionally, social and cultural factors
have also explained democratization, as well as, international factors. It becomes deductive to
attribute democratization to any one single theory as modernization works with social and cultural
factors that are also impacted by international factors. It appears as if they all contribute in one way
or another. Wezel and Inglehart (2008) examine the effects of crucial social and cultural elements
like self–expression that work with modernization in tandem to aid in democratization. Ross (2001)
further illustrates this claim in his finding that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, instead of that wealth creating conditions that promote democracy, they lack the social
and cultural conditions. Thus the government uses oil money for quelling the need for self–
expression. Ross (2001) illustrates Inglehart's argument that modernization's effects on economic
development can bring higher education levels and occupational specialization that aid in
democratization. However, if economic development does not produce the cultural and social
changes mentioned by Ingelhart, it will not result in democratization (Ross 2001). This is an
interesting caveat to the claim of modernization assisting democratization. It appears that economic
growth is a necessary but not sufficient cause for democratization. It seems as if there also needs to
be an element of social and cultural change as well to create values consistent with democratization.
Therefore oil wealth alone does not satisfy the social and cultural conditions that facilitate
democratization.
Contrary to the notion that economics alone benefit democratization, Ross' (2001) results suggest
that the antidemocratic properties of oil and mineral wealth are substantial. Furthermore, his finding
indicate that oil harms democracy more in oil–poor countries than in oil–rich ones and oil and
mineral wealth cause greater damage to democracy in poor countries than in rich ones. Additionally,
all of the variables measuring occupational specialization are highly

Competitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism
1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism
Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks
proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to
only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. In competitive
authoritarianism regimes, elections are normally rigged, power figures regularly misuse state
resources while oppressed are denied simple liberties. Anyone who is opposed is often killed or
jailed. Competitive Authoritarianism is not an authoritarian and is not quite a democracy, but it has
democratic institutions in place and incumbents cannot reduce them.
2. perils of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political reform is often resulting in increased demands of oppressed and weaken state. New
democracies tend to have security problems and questions of the democratic governance. The state
must instill stability and social control; thus a weak state will fail. Democracy, however, can achieve
peace by allocating power through elections, manage diversity without violence, and create political
positions. State and nation–building, integration, and a development of a unified ideology can be a
strategy to promote democratic consolidation.
5. "resource curse" and the transition to democracy
Countries that do not promote accountability and state competence to benefit from resource booms
are at risk of the resource curse. The resource curse is when resource–rich countries benefit from its
wealthy natural resources (i.e. oil) and do not help with its people welfare. Its government officials
are less likely to meet the demands of its people because they are too busy pocketing the cash. These
countries are more deceptable to authoritarianism, low levels of economic growth and stability.
Wealthy natural resources can promote power conflicts and corrupt governments. Countries that
have a resource curse are more likely to transition to democracy when its large revenue comes from
citizens ' taxes.
Discuss the role of civil society, political culture and culture shifts in

Perpetual Peace Theory Essay
Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs (1983) essay by M.Doyle, the main modern liberal
thinker. on democratic peace theory, bring back to life Kant's "Perpetual peace" (1795) theory by
analysing the lack of wars btween liberal democratic states.
Nowadays, the democratic peace theory is one of the most accepted theses among the international
relations community. It is considered as one of the most stable and unbreakable « law » of the field.
This theory explain that democracies do not fight each other, not because the people living in it are
intrinsically pacific, but because between democracies war is the last resort since it has become such
an irrational way to deal with issues.
In his essay, Doyle is trying to analyse this pacific situation by explaining the correlation between
the extern behavior of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the theory depends on different forms of freedoms which enhance people's rights:
negative and positive freedoms, and the guarantee of democratic participation concept.
Negative freedoms are the freedoms which are protecting the citizens from arbitrary authority –
freedom of conscience, free press and speech, equality under the law, and the right to hold and
exchange fearlessly property. Those rights are essential because they avoid the anarchical « state of
nature » and enable citizens to live in an organized society where their rights are protected.
They are different from positive freedoms whose purpose is to help and ensure a decent life to every
citizens with – social and economic equality and equal education, health care, and employment.
These rights enable a welfare system where citizen's condition of living is a central matter in

Democracy Is Defined As A System Of Governance
Democracy can be defined as a system of governance where there is a political system in which
governments are chosen through free and fair elections, there is an active participation in political
process by the citizenry, laws and procedures apply equally to all citizenry. Alison Ayers argues that
democracy comprises of a periodic election of political representatives, through multi party
elections, rule of law, constitutionalism, good governance, and the promotion of human rights.
These principles form part of the modern state, and are based on on neoliberal values such as
accountability, transparency, tolerance and pluralism (Ayers, 2006) . A democratic state is one where
civil, political and economic rights centre around the individual, and these individual rights are
protected within a constitution, where everyone is equal before the law. Political leaders are chosen
through regular elections in which two or more individuals compete against each other. These
individuals align themselves with political parties, which are used as vehicles to canvas for votes
which puts them in power until the next election (Ayers, 2006) .
Promoting democracy has formed an essential part of the foreign policy objectives of many western
nations. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), The European Commission and the UK's Department
for International Development (DFID) are some of the largest western

Democratic Peace Theory
Intro: US Presidents have made it a goal during their term(s) in office to establish a good
relationship with foreign countries and even try to improve upon existing connections with our
allies. Some believe it is to prevent conflicts between the countries while others dispute that it is a
threat assessment by the United States to pick and choose their friends and enemies. Preventing
conflict between two democracies or countries that practice democracy is called Democratic Peace
Theory. However, research has begun to show that Democratic Peace Theory is ineffective and
needs to be brought to an end as a model for how international relations are formed or destroyed.
Democratic Peace Theory needs to be abolished as a support for forming ... Show more content on
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Gleditsch asks the question if democracies really do keep the peace and he found out that they try to
but also sometimes have problems within their own house (Gleditsch 289). This could explain why
rebellions within a country usually win because the government is torn if they should quiet the
rebellion or concede because they do not want to be thrown out of office.
Shouldn't leave the "football" with a passionate fan: Democratic Peace Theory cannot work as a
solution for unsuccessful talks when it comes to foreign policy because when deciding if
democracies should go to war with one another, having the citizens decide is bad because the
average person does not think rationally, they think emotionally which leads to more problems. Take
the Cold War of the United States against the USSR as an example of how emotions almost
destroyed two nations. People were spying on their own family members out of fear of being
branded a communist and the fear of nuclear annihilation was ever present danger that children were
doing drills in case of nuclear fallout. Had it not been for Gorbachev assuming power in Russia and
letting his people see what freedom was about through his policies, we would not be here today. Mr.
Layne, author of "Kant or Can't," furthers the point by stating that Democracies behave differently
against non–democracies (Layne 4). Democratic Peace Theory cannot be a solution to resolve
foreign

Essay about Democratic Peace Theory
The idea that democracies do not fight each other can be traced back to the writings of Immanuel
Kant over two hundred years ago in essay 'On Perpetual Peace', however, only in the early 1980s
and with the writings of Michael Doyle was the idea consolidated. According to Doyle and other
advocates of the democratic peace theory, liberal democratic states have been able to maintain
peaceful relations amongst themselves, but are prone to wage war against non–democratic regimes.
In order to prove this theory, vast databases have been constructed of historical dyadic relationships
between states as well as detailed breakdowns of incidents of inter–state war. The conclusions
reached are best shown in the work of Bruce Russett who has argued that ... Show more content on
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So the theory suggests that because democracies externalise their interstate norms, they resolve
disputes with other states like them in a peaceful way. Hence domestic inner–state policies influence
their foreign policies. However, this proclamation is disputed by C. Layne who argues that the 'crux'
of this theory is that if the assumption that democracies promote their peaceful inner–state norms
and beliefs, then they shouldn't ever threaten other democracies, especially not in a crisis. I will use
the case study of the 'Trent affair' to provide evidence of how war was avoided. I will argue that in
this case, war was avoided not because of the domestic pacific influence on foreign policy but
because of other strategic reasons. In 1861 there was an incident when the British mail ship Trent
which was transporting J. M. Mason and J. Slidell on route from America to England, was stopped
by the USS San Jacinto and the two men were arrested. This caused outrage amongst the British
public, writes Layne, adding some of the reports from the time such as "the people are frantic with
rage... I have never seen so intense a feeling of indignation in my life." An ultimatum was
immediately sent to Washington and military threats were given. This indicates that the government,
as much as the public, was very much bellicose. So even though both countries were

The Political Landscape Of Venezuela
VENEZUELAN DEMOCRACY 'S STEP BACKWARDS
The current political landscape in Venezuela is an alarming step backward for Democracy in Latin
America. While Venezuela has the richest proven oil reserves in the world, the country 's citizens are
literally starving to death due to food shortages. While in a traditional democracy this would lead to
the political leaders being ousted from power, Venezuela 's President has seized more and more
control, shifting the country towards an authoritarian regime. Venezuela had been slowly moving
towards a free democracy with the Punto Fijo regime (1958 – 1998), but the movement was set back
by rampant corruption and the failing credibility of the country 's political establishment. This led to
the rise of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like in Venezuela 's transition from a military dictatorship to a democracy, a country 's
transformation can be broken down into three phases: a preparatory phase where the country 's
leaders engage in a prolonged and inconclusive political struggle (Rustow 1970 : 352), such as the
1958 Venezuelan coup d 'état; a decision phase where the country 's leaders decide in favor of
democracy, such as the Venezuelan general elections of 1958 and the transition of power from the
interim military leader to the elected one; and finally a habituation phase where the country 's
leaders and the citizens learn from successful resolutions and put their faith into the new rules, such
as Venezuela 's establishment of a governing board after the 1958 coup d 'état to form a Democracy
and hold elections. While Venezuela was able to successfully move through the three stages of
democratic transformation, with the rise of the Bolivarian Revolution, the country has moved into a
"gray zone" and has once again entered the preparatory phase where it could backslide fully into a
full dictatorship.
There are two main patterns within a democracy that can cause a backslide into a "gray zone"
(Carothers). The first is feckless pluralism syndrome where a country has a substantial amount of
freedom, holds regular elections, and power is exchanged between two parties. Nevertheless,
political elites from major parties are corrupt, self–centered, and only work in their party 's self–
interests. Exchange

The Arab Spring Movement Of 2011
Section I: While the Arab Spring Movement of 2011 Didn't Culminate in the Ultimate Goal of
Achieving Real Democracy for Most States with the Exception of Tunisia, the Arab Spring Did
Disrupt the Status Quo and May Eventually be a Stepping Stone in Years Long Struggles for
Democracy.
Never known for being a pillar of peace, the Middle East has always been rife with turmoil.
However, in 2011 this turmoil was super–charged, as several nations experienced civil uprising.
Citizens of Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman, mobilized, forming massive protests.
Heads of state in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen were stripped of their powers and removed.
Even more developed nations like Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Sudan experienced protests, albeit
minor during the Arab Spring. (The National.AE, 2011) Objectives in each area varied, but civil
liberties violations and economic grievances were primary concerns among protestors. What's
unique about the Arab Spring, is that activities and information was often shared between
participants via social media. Cheers and encouragement were also doled out via social media by
individuals and groups in other countries. (Kesselman, 2016 page 487)
In retrospect, it's easy to see that their objectives fell short of their intended goals. Be that as it may,
it would be wise to understand the reasoning behind their actions and take a closer look at
"democracy" and the expectations behind this powerful word. Furthermore, it's vital to study

Democratization Or Diversion?
Introduction: Inspired by the essay "Democratization or Diversion? The Effect of Community
Colleges on Educational Attainment" written by the professor Cecilia Rouse, our group addresses an
imperative question: does a student's background and/or local community characteristics affect
his/her test scores, possibly affecting a student's chance of continuing into post–secondary
education? In order to find the answer, our group collected the data that are related to students'
background, their community, and their test score as a measurement of their academic performance.
After that, our group utilized the data and built a linear model to examine the factors' impact upon
the test score.
Model: In the model, we have 14 variables: "Education Year" (ed); "Parent's Income" (incomehi);
"Tuition of the school" (tuition); "Distance to the college" (dist); "State Hourly Wage in
Manufacturing in 1980" (stwmfg80); "County Unemployment rate in 1980" (cue80); does the
student live in an "Urban Area" (urban); if the student's family owns home (ownhome); does the
student's mother or father, or both, possess a college degree (dadcoll, momcoll); if the student is
Hispanic (hispanic), African American (black); and, if the student is female (female). After testing
the significance level, we exclude three variables that are not statistically significant, which means
they might have minor or even no impact on the test score. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Therefore, to further examine the effect of income effect, we set up interaction variables between
income and other variables. After t–statistic test, our group found three statistically significant
variables. We adjust the model

Term Paper
Question 1: The only way that peace can be maintained between the United States and a rising
China is the democratization of the latter." Do you agree or disagree with this assertion? Explain.
Introduction
I agree that the only way that peace can be maintained between the United States and the United
States and a rising China is the democratization of the latter. In this essay, I would provide the two
underlying explanations of democracy peace theory along with the statistical regression analysis and
empirical evidences. According to democratic peace theory, democracies rarely fight against each
other. It is substantiated with Bruce Russett's plausible empirical study of war between democracies
during the period of year 1816 to 1992. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A separation of power requires leader to secure the legislative approval and funding of war. Such
institutional constraints make democratic leaders accountable for bad decisions make democracies
reluctant to go to war.4 In addition, the regular rotation of office in democracies ensures that
personal animosities among leaders will not last long. As such, the institutional explanation stresses
that violent conflicts between democracies will be limited because in democracies, the constraints of
checks and balances, division of power, and need for public debates to garner widespread support
will primarily slow decisions to use large–scale violence and reduce the likelihood that such
decisions will be made. Leaders of democracies will perceive each other as equally constrained by
domestic hierarchies. As such, leaders of democracies will expect, in conflicts with other
democracies, time for processes of international conflict resolution to operate, and they will
downplay the probability of a surprise attack. 5 The above two explanations on democratic peace are
in fact complementary and overlapping where culture influences the creation and evolution of
political institutions, and institutions shape the culture.6
Both theoretical models of democracy peace theory in China context
Norms of behavior as well as international

Causes And Disadvantages Of Democracy
PS 50 – Short Paper Assignment
There are two types of regimes: democracies and dictatorships. As political scientist, Samuel P.
Huntington describes it, "a country is democratic to the extent that its most powerful collective–
decision makers are selected through fair, honest, and periodic elections in which candidates freely
compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote." This definition
has since become one of the most widely accepted definitions of democracy among political
scientists. A dictatorship, on the other hand, is any other type of regime. Although this may not have
been the case a century ago, democracy tends to have a positive connotation attached to it, most
likely due to the positive effects associated with it, such as higher levels of wealth and civic
engagement. However, this paper will prove that wealth and civic engagement are the products of
the underlying causes of democracy, not the democracy itself.
When looking at the richest countries in the world, it seems as though a substantial amount of them
are democracies. From Luxembourg to the United States to Ireland, the most stable democracies
always seem to be wealthy. To normal observers, this phenomenon can be seen as proof that
democracy naturally brings about wealth, but to political scientists, this phenomenon doesn't come
about from nowhere. There must be a reason that stable democracies are usually wealthy. For
instance, the modernization theory serves to

Lipset 's Argument On Democratization Essay
In this paper, I first explain Lipset's arguments pertaining to democratization. Then, I describe and
argue in regards to the flaws in certain aspects of Lipset's argument. Lipset claims that education
essentially leads to democracy as it is one of the strongest indicators of it. I argue that this is not
always correct because there are countries where people are well–educated but not taxed. This leads
to no representation and therefore no democracy. I also show why Lipset's prediction that many
countries (especially in Latin America) would democratize was flawed, and why they did not
successfully democratize. Lipset also argues that economic development leads to democracy.
However, I argue that this assertion is also flawed. There are simply too many rentier countries that
have a vast amount of wealth from oil and minerals and yet they do not democratize. I then explain
Ross's and Anderson's research and arguments that refute Lipset's. In his article, "Some Social
Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," Lipset found that
there are several factors that have a high correlation with democracy, which can be used to discern
between democracies and non–democracies, including: higher income, more vehicles, urbanization,
less agriculture, more industrialization, more media, more literacy, and the most important factor
differentiating between democratic and nondemocratic entities, education (Lipset 75–80). Although
Lipset states that there are two

Does Modernization Lead Democracy Or Does It Not?
Does Modernization lead to Democracy or does it not? My hypothesis for this research question is
that modernization does not lead to democracy even as I explore the different kinds of literature
written on this subject. As part of my research design I have decided to use a single case study as a
comparative method. This is because case studies offer a detailed explanation of the topic of
discussion transforming "journalism into political science" (Hague & Harrop, 2013: 361). I have
decided to look at Singapore to provide a well–rounded description which will therefore show how
it operates in the context of modernization and democracy. One of the primary authors who decided
to study the relationship between economic development and democracy was Seymour Martin
Lipset in both this books titled Political Man and The Social Requisites of Democracy. (Heo & Tan,
2001) Since his literature came out more and more social scientists began to expand or critique on
the words of Lipset in carrying out their own research. It is clear to see that discourses around
economic progress and democracy are still debated to this day. Arguments around whether or not
democracy should come first then development follows are also being discussed in other areas.
However there is a general consensus across the board of most authors that the two are closely
related. Many argue that they go hand in hand; it is not wise to have one without the other. In
helping to answer my research question the work of

Is A Condition For Democratization?
"Is secularization a condition for democratization?"
Nations on either side of the prime meridian are likely to clash religiously and politically: on one
shore of the world, political institutions are conceived in terms of divine authority; on the other they
are not. Today, the United States is the only country to have no government involvement in religion.
The United States nevertheless has an isolated example of state support for religion on inscriptions
on U.S. currency in which it says "in God we trust." In spite of the progress that the United States
has made as a modern secular democracy over the last two centuries, the West's widespread belief
that secularism is the best way to democratize has been challenged by recent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Each concept is paramount to the discussion at large about religion and state and secularism and
democracy because there is frequent overlap among the concepts. There can be democratic and non–
democratic secularism, democracies with established churches, and even democracies with
unfriendly separation of church and state. All four concepts do not necessarily have to be in tandem
with one another because each country is sovereign in the way they view each concept in
governance. As a religion, Islam is an ongoing dialect between believing, belonging, and behaving.
In retrospect, political Islam involves nationalization of Islamic institutions such as state ministries,
Islamic references in political competition, religiously motivated uprisings and political movements.
In Muslim–majority nations, where religion is about "believing, belonging, and behaving," most
aspects of social life have become interwoven with religion, especially throughout history in the
nation–building process. A Western lens of secularity will be used throughout this paper to
understand the paradigm of religion and state and the way religion has often been meshed within
Muslim societies. A Western view suggests that secularism is a way in which all religious and non–
religious groups will be protected and have rights under the secular state. This view of secularism
leans toward how religion and public affairs are integrated in a society and

Democracy in the Middle East Essay
Over the last century, the Middle East has been the location of ethnic rivalry, political and economic
instability, religious conflict, territorial dispute and war. Much of this tension in the Middle East
comes from the various interpretations of Islam and how the religion should be applied to politics
and society. Over the last ten years, the United States and their allies have pushed to promote
democracy in the Middle East. However, they too have many obstacles they must overcome. They
face problems such as the compatibility of Islamic law and democracy, the issue of women's rights,
and there is always the problem of how to go about implementing a democratic reform in these
countries. Many initially would assume that it is only the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By the end of 2005 Freedom House had recorded strong improvements in the political and civil
rights of countries like Jordan, Morocco, Egypt, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. Over a year later, the
democratic prospects in the Middle East did not look as prosperous as before. Struggles between the
regimes, the United States, and Europe started to diminish the democratic reform. People in the
Middle East wanted a change because what they had before did not serve for their best interests.
Elections began in many of these Middle Eastern nations like Palestine where Hammas won, in
Lebanon where Hezbollah won, in Iraq where the Islamists got the majority, and in Egypt where
many members of the Muslim Brotherhood won seats in parliament. Although the electoral process
began in some of these Middle Eastern states, it was not the greatest thing in the world since people
were not voting based off the political platforms on which these parties stand on but rather the
personalities of the leaders. There was also a lot of corruption in these elections that swayed votes to
these Islamist parties.
The Bush administration was hoping that Iraq would set an example that could influence the rest of
the region to democratize. Instead, Islamist parties were the ones to win the elections, violence
started to increase in the region, and countries surrounding Iraq now used them as an example of
why democratizing is not a good option. Leaders had turned the terrible situation in Iraq as an
excuse

The Study Of Democratization Has Been A Key Cornerstone
The study of democratization has been a key cornerstone within the field of comparative politics for
the last several decades. Yet, the key mechanisms that lead countries to transition from autocracies
to democracies are subject of debate that is ongoing. Building from Lipset corner stone article
"Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy", scholars have
focused on the influence of modernization theory, specifically economic development, on the
process of regime transition and consolidation. Modernization theory has been a driving force within
the field, spawning countless numbers of studies that have shaped and reshaped the field of
comparative politics. Recently, this theory once again changed the way ... Show more content on
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Before going in–depth into A&S Elite–Theory Approach, it is important to know the two primary
theories that are addressed within their study. A&R and Boix both build on the foundation of
Modernization theory with a focus of what can be called Redistributive theory. This relies on the
assumption that democracy is desired by the poor due to the ability to redistribute wealth from the
rich to the rest of society, on the other hand, the elites fear the redistribution that comes with
democratic transition. This implies that the probability of democratization can be related to the level
of inequality due to costs and benefits associated with redistribution. A&R and Boix come up with
conflicting results for the effects of inequality and democracy. The Elite–Competition Approach
pushes back against the importance of redistribution that is associated with democratic transition,
while introducing a new key actor and different types of inequality. Unsurprisingly, A&S findings
regarding the relationship of inequality and democratization are different than the theories laid out
by A&R and Boix. The key components of these three studies will be discussed more in–depth with
focus on the assumptions and implications of each.
A&R view the relationship between democracy and

Reliable Partners : How Democracies Have Made A Separate...
Charles Lipson in "Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace," argues that
Democratic Peace Theory offers an explanation as to why democracies, in particular, have avoided
the war front. In his delineation, he cites the ideals of bargaining, mutual benefit, reluctance to bear
the cost of war, and the restraint placed upon elected official as to why democracies, unlike non–
democracies, have avoided conflict for as long as they have (Lipson 10). His argument, alike to
other Democratic peace theorists, consist of the idea that all areas should be a democracy, as these
benefits exist amongst democracies due to their shared values.
Although this theory seemingly has its benefits, it also has its downfalls. There are three ... Show
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Democratic Peace Theory contends that there is a constant peace in society due to mutual
profitability and understanding, but Realists typically tend towards the belief that there is a perpetual
security dilemma within society and that there is a constant threat of war. Permanent peace seems
improbable to Realists, as conflicts are bound to arise due to conflicting interests and opinions, and
said conflicts have persisted amongst democracies in the past. Comprehensively, the idea that
neither the theory itself or alternative theories can explain Democratic Peace Theories perpetuation
could mean that there is no such thing as democratic peace. Theoretically, however, the proposal that
said theory explanation is derived from an unaffiliated source. One could argue that said
cohesiveness between democracies can be based upon an imperialistic and hegemonic United States.
America 's increasing annual power presence created a sense of stability and strength that could be
"democratic peace." The war part could be either coincidence or due to fear of attacking a hegemon.
The indefinency of the theory puts its legitimacy into question. If we are unsure of its origins and
why it's in existence, a question remains–is the theory admissible?
Additionally, the ideal of no war in an entirely democratic society is incomprehensible to
Constructionists and Realists. Democratic Peace Theorists state that within democracies, there are
incentives to avoid war. Lipson has

Comparison of Mexico and Nigeria Essay
The Adventure to Democracy
301100190
Simon Fraser University
The Adventure to Democracy
In the midst of the prevalence of democratic transitions, a number of developing countries are
seeking to achieve the successful consolidation of civil order in modern days. Among those
participants, Mexico and Nigeria has been spotlighted for the completely contrastive endings at the
end of their long–adventures towards democratization since their independence; Mexico, from its
independence, has maintained the political stability despite the authoritarian single–party regime and
even accomplished the solid democratization at the time of the 2000 election whereas Nigerian
regime has been deteriorated by a series of military cues d'états and ... Show more content on
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By means of land redistribution and Import Substitution Industrialization, PRI reinforced economic
and social defections and even further promoted the remarkable economic development. In political
aspect, it also largely contributed to settle down the ethnic and regional conflicts and created an
atmosphere that was conducive to co–operate. As Andreas Schedler mentions in his journal, PRI
brought "the end to armed strife between regional warlords and rival revolutionary factions by its
foundation (pg 5, Schedler, 2000)" . Besides in accordance to the 2000 released article from the
Economist, PRI used to fund the opposition political parties in order to maintain their existence in
politics (The Economist, 2000). In brief, the PRI govern on the basis on collaboration, not on
coercion.
Ethnocentrism vs. Patriotism Along with what mentioned above, the contention of tripartite parties
in Nigeria that encourages Ethnocentrism to splinters internal society contradicts to the national
harmonization in Mexico. The contrast of Nigeria's ethnocentrism and Mexico's patriotism is well
presented in their story of oil revenue. Both have received considerable attention in the International
market as the significant oil–producers. In the case of Nigeria, despite the great fortune, unequal
share of oil revenue and prevailing corruptions around oil revenue provoked the increased political
tensions among regional

Are Democratic States More Peaceful?
Democratic states are perceived to be more peaceful because "democracies do not attack each
other." The proposition that democracies never (or rarely; there is a good deal of variation about
this) go to war against one another has nearly become a truism. Since Michael Doyle's essay in 1983
pointed out that no liberal democracy has ever fought a war with another democracy , scholars have
treated pacifism between as democracies, "as closest thing we have to an empirical law in
international relations." The democratic peace proposition encourages hope for a new age of
international peace. Over the years since Michael Doyle's essay a lot of literature has been written
about "democratic peace theory". A lot of analysis has focused on the ... Show more content on
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A democratic government is typically thought of as one based on the consent of, and responding to
the wishes of its constituents. A fundamental difficulty of devising a universal definition of
democracy is that governments of widely varying, even diametrically opposed, structure and
attributes can be perceived to be responsive to the needs and desires of its constituents. "Bourgeois"
republics, fascist dictatorships can be and have been perceived by numerous and passionate
advocates to meet this essential criterion for "democracy". Advocates of the democratic peace
proposition have an admittedly procedural definition for democracy, focusing on competitive
elections, widespread suffrage, civil rights, freedom of the press etc. Many of these attributes and
structures are easily identifiable. The debate focuses on the issue that whether political regimes
possessing such relatively easy–to–identify characteristics behave differently –especially towards
each other–than do other sorts of regimes. Democracy is a continuous concept; states are democratic
to lesser or greater degrees, and therefore is it impossible to sort states into two categories,
democratic and non democratic. This makes it necessary for those who are defending or evaluating
the assertion that "democracies never fight wars against one another to acknowledge that in reality
the assertion that they are defending, in more precise terms is ' States that have achieved a

Modernization Theory Of India 's Democracy
support their emergence of democracy.
The idea that economic development will lead to democratization and democratic consolidation
generally holds for most cases. More often than not, increasing economic development increases the
probability that any given society will have democratic politics. Although this theory is widely
spread it does not seem to account for all cases, such as India. Due to the large population of India,
the defying factors against modernization theory are not easily overlooked. Many scholars have
been analyzing the deviant case for years, trying to find out how they defied the modernization
theory. India is considered a deviant case because it only recently began to see notable economic
development, and for most of the twentieth century the country was profound poor. Looking through
the modernization theory it would lead us to believe that India was ruled by an authoritarian regime
due to their poor economics. Because they defy this belief and have been a democratic country for a
prolonged time it is evident that India does not conform to the modernization theory. India's
democracy emerged amidst severe poverty, widespread illiteracy, and a largely agrarian and rural
population characterized by vast linguistic and ethnic diversity. However, India was able not only to
transition to but also consolidate a robust democratic system that has survived for over sixty years.
The historical process of Indian democratization challenges the central premise of

Authoritarianism In The Cold War
The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union resulted in major shift in United
States foreign policy. For years, the United States supported tyrannical dictators in return for stable
anti–communist government receptive to United States interests. The Cold War resulted in a new
world order with the United States as the lone global hegemonic power. In Eastern Europe in
particular, the end of the Cold War ushered in an era of economic growth and a large increase in the
number of liberal democracies. Although the world saw a large increase in liberal democracies, a
new regime type referred to as competitive authoritarianism began to emerge. According to Levitsky
and Way, "In competitive authoritarian regimes, formal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these systems, the regimes possess some of these characteristics but have found ways to
manipulate the system to consolidate their power. "Rather than openly violating democratic rules
(for example, by banning or repressing the opposition and the media), incumbents are more likely to
use bribery, co–optation, and more subtle forms of persecution, such as the use of tax authorities,
compliant judiciaries, and other state agencies to 'legally' harass, persecute, or extort cooperative
behavior from critics" . While it is apparent that these regimes are not fully democratic, it would be
unfair to label them as fully authoritarian either. Unlike traditional totalitarian governments, the
persistence of true democratic institutions in competitive authoritarian regimes allows the opposition
to contest, weaken and occasionally even defeat autocratic incumbents. While these situations are
generally uncommon, these situations are possible in competitive authoritarianism due to four
independent means, the electoral arena, the legislature, the judiciary and the media. These four
branches are virtually independent of the executive control however, unlike in democracies, the
competitive authoritarian regimes use its power to undermine their independence. "In regards to the
electoral arena, large–scale abuses of state power, biased media coverage, harassment of opposition
candidates and activists are widespread, legislatures tend to be relatively weak, the

Political Friendly Fire In America
Friendly fire in combat is known as weapon fire coming from one's own side, especially when it
causes accidental injury or death to one's own forces. Friendly fire in the political realm is when you
are on the same side as your colleague, but you fire at them with your words and have only negative
things to say about them. There is a long history in American politics of poor relationships between
presidents and their vice presidents. One example of this, is the relationship between Republican
President Dwight Eisenhower and his Vice President Richard Nixon. Nixon served as Eisenhower's
vice president for eight years throughout the 1950s. As Eisenhower's presidency term was soon to be
over, and Nixon was planning to run for president against John F. Kennedy; Eisenhower (Ike) was
given an easy opportunity to credit his fellow Republican and Vice President. However, when
Eisenhower was asked during a news conference what proposals of Nixon's he had adopted, his
response was astonishing. "If you give me a week, I might think of one," Eisenhower said. "I don't
remember." Nixon lost one of the closest elections in history to John F. Kennedy. (Garcia, Eric.
"Political Friendly Fire." Roll Call, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2018. (–– removed HTML ––) ...
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Alexander Hamilton attempted to undercut colleague John Adams in two presidential elections. In
1796, favoring Charles Pinckney, Hamilton pursued a silent but unsuccessful campaign to prevent
Adams from becoming president. Four years later, when Adams was running for re–election,
Hamilton again favored Pinckney in his opposition to Adams. He published a letter criticizing the
Adam's character and labeling him unfit for office. Hamilton accused Adams of having "a vanity
without bounds, and a jealousy capable of discoloring every object." Adams lost. (Garcia, Eric.
"Political Friendly Fire." Roll Call, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2018. (–– removed HTML ––)

Democracy And Its Impact On The Nation Economically Before...
For a nation to possess a sufficiently operating democracy, does the nation itself need to be
modernized beforehand? For a state to be effectively governed by a democracy, the state must take
actions and follow the steps of modernizing and strongly developing the nation economically before
democracy can function correctly. Although there are many different types of structural and
voluntarist theories, the history of multiple countries, for example, El Salvador's hardship in
democratizing before modernizing, prove this plan of action of modernization before
democratization to be the most rewarding and proper way to democratize, in other words run a
nation by its citizens. To strive for a democracy, the knowledge and full understanding of
democratization and the series of actions needed to reach it should be obtained. What exactly is a
democracy? A democracy is a governmental system that is represented by the nation's citizens that
elect officials that act upon the people's opinions shown through elections. Whereas the regime
results as the leaders are accountable to citizens. The main goal of a democracy is to hold the
involvement of living in a free country. For a democracy it must meet the eight factors. These eight
standards include a citizen to have the right to join and form organizations. The people of a
democratized state also have the right to vote and freedom of expression to project individualism.
The fourth factor of a perfect democracy is that any citizen

The United Nations ( Un )
The contemporary world is plagued with intra–state conflicts, struggles over power and territory,
and economic crises. As a result, since the end of the Cold War the international community has
been providing various forms of assistance and response to conflict–affected countries. 'Peace–
oriented' initiatives exhibit how international organisations such as the United Nations (UN), the
European Union or other donor agencies see themselves as the enablers of sustainable peace. They
believe in something called 'liberal peace' – a notion that certain types of society, namely liberal
democracies, tend to be more peaceful in their domestic and mutual affairs. In consequence,
international organisations and liberal states believe that only ... Show more content on
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A utopia is often viewed as an ideology of perfection. According to Berlin, it is a static ideal that is
unalterable due to its faultlessness in which all human desires have been fulfilled (Berlin 1991: 20).
Thus, all utopias are an adaptation of the Platonic ideal.
Therefore, the practice of liberal peacebuilding embodies an optimism which enshrines the notion
that since objective reality is constructed based on the current status quo (in this case it is
democratic peace), then it must be the culmination of the finest factors to form the best outcome.
Consquently, liberal peacebuilding has the ideological potential to be described as a practice that
ultimately leads to an ideal utopia which views war and conflict as "unnatural and irrational, an
artificial contrivance" (Burchill 2013: 60).
Based on the post–Cold War neo–Kantian democratic peace theory, which made democracy the
major source of sustaining peace, liberal peacebuilding seems to preach a universal rhetoric that
assumes that the greater the number of democratic states, the lower the incidence of inter and intra
state wars. Thus, basing itself on the three pillars of peace (democratisation, marketisation, and the
rule of law) as examined by Michael W. Doyle (2005), liberal peacebuilding promotes a vision of
the world in

Development And Democracy : The Wider Field Of Political...
The main question for my research paper is whether citizens of poor countries, as they experience
rapid development, are willing to concede certain of their democratic liberties in exchange for
development. Once they have attained a certain level of development, do they demand for more of
those democratic rights? This research question fits into the wider field of political economy. The
scholarship available on the broad topic of development and its relationships to democracy is
numerous, however the key schools of thought can be grouped into four distinct perspectives. Each
perspective understands the relationship between development and democracy differently–
especially relating to the role of various actors or institutions, while some find no significant
relationship at all. The literature review below will utilize a funnel strategy of first summarizing the
major perspectives from the broad topic of development and democracy, then moving on to my
narrower focus which is the relationship between development and democracy in developmental
states– that is, states that have a unique state–market institutional set up and achieve rapid economic
development.
Development and Democracy: The broader literature
Modernization Theory
The major perspective on the relationship between development and democracy is called
'modernization theory'. Within this broad theory, the pioneering study of the relationship between
development and democracy is by Seymour Lipset (1959) in his paper

Democratic War Thesis Summary
Bell engages two divergent arguments surrounding democracy, war, and peace –– the 'democratic
war thesis' and the 'empire peace thesis'. The two ushered in rich debates, with the former critiquing
the franchise of democracy, labeling it as war–prone, meanwhile, the latter working alongside global
imperialism.
The Democratic War Thesis argues a direct connection between democracy and inter–state conflict.
This argument, is however, split between a strong and weak variant, with the former claiming that
by nature, democracies are prone to war, while the latter notes democratic norms and structures that
offer avenues for conflict, as to facilitate war (653). Bell points out that as the U.S. public called for
war against Spain, "The people, it turned

The United States Illogical Practice of Democratic Peace...
The idea of a lasting, ideally global, peace has been present in the minds of people for centuries. The
most notable formulation of this is Kant's vision of perpetual peace. "He saw it as a condition that
needed to be maintained by politics between states with governments which represented society and
separation of power. From this basic framework stems the idea called "democratic peace theory"
(pg. 82). Democratic Peace Theory (DPT) asserts that democracies do not generally fight other
democracies because they share common norms and domestic institutions that constrain
international, state actors from going to war. Sebastian Rosato states, "In practical terms democratic
peace theory provides the intellectual justification for the belief ... Show more content on
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The normative side of the theory, while powerful, can be a double–edged sword. Implementing the
normative side theory can be dangerous according to an individuals or groups subjective
interpretation. The idea of global peace and security is so seductive that normative logic can be used
to justify war. "Woodrow Wilson, a firm believer in Kant's ideas, told Congress, 'The world must be
made safe for democracy when asking it to declare war on Germany.' Furthermore, the justification
for war in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, allowed George W. Bush and Tony Blair to state
they are "bringing democracy to Afghanistan" (pg. 20).Subjective interpretation of what democracy
is can be used to validate aggression.
Institutional Logic Institutional logic states, "Democratic institutions and processes make leaders
accountable to a wide range of social groups that may, in a variety of circumstances, oppose war"
(Rosato, pg. 587). The accountability of political elites wanting to stay in office means they must be
ready to discredit unpopular policies and align themselves with other elites who share the same
interests. Democratic states also allow for freedom of speech and a supposedly transparent political
process, meaning the mass public can monitor and rate the government's performance holding these
leaders accountable. However, Roasto states, "because they are conscious of their

The Chinese Middle-Class And The Growth Of Middle Class In...
Socio–economic and socio–political are the main force to the steadily growth of new middle class in
China and become a major component of Chinese population . Many scholars explained the
significant of middle–class as the supporter of democratization and democratic as Barrington
Moore's famous quote "no middle class, no democracy" However, the structure of Chinese society is
very complex since China has its own characteristics which differ from other. The idea of China's
expanding middle–class will be a major driving force for political change and democratization may
not be worked. I disagree with this statement due to the following reason;
Many Chinese middle–class still lack awareness on politics and property rights. They are concern
more on individual rights and personal interests. Beyond, Chinese government has spoiled various
privileges to middle class. CIS report that 72% of Chinese citizens are satisfied with the conditions
and 75% thought that citizens do not need to participate in politics . They focus more on personal
interests and better life. Most of middle–class believed that individual rights need to be protected for
example guarantees of the rights to education, to work, to free information, etc. With the higher
standard of living possesses the Chinese middle class with all material bonds, they tend to ignore the
political awareness and participation .
Although some Chinese middle–class may speak of democracy, but it has display at low levels in
real life.

The Contrasting Development of Democratic and...
Two states, developing as either a democratic or authoritarian regime, could be expected to undergo
different paths over the course of fifty years. While this opportunity of observational research is
unlikely to occur, it presents itself to analysis implementing secured theories regarding the
tendencies of both forms of government. A democratic regime, defined by popular sovereignty and
political equality, deeply contrasts the inequality and singular rule synonymous with
authoritarianism. The differences in the two states would be most notable in regard to tendencies
regarding international relations, economic development, as well as the level of internal stability
resulting from the decisions made by political leader. The dissimilarities ... Show more content on
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It is likely that the authoritarian country would be less developed economically because of effects
stemming from inefficiency in the provision of public goods. As opposed to democracies, more apt
to proficiency in this realm, authoritarian rulers may avoid providing sufficient goods in order to
prevent overthrow. Public goods, in adequate supply, have a tendency to promote economic growth.
While this growth would be looked upon in a positive light by democratic regimes, as the positive
benefits of increased wealth act to reduce economic polarization on course to the decreased presence
of redistributive conflicts, an authoritarian ruler would view the provision of these goods in
sufficient quantity as a resource to fuel proletariat uprising (122). The tendencies regarding public
goods would leave the authoritarian state incapable of reaching the economic vitality of the
democratic state, which, in asserting the stimulant of institutional stability, has further provided an
environment welcoming to innovation and development (125). Following fifty years of
development, the authoritarian and democratic states would be expected to show separation in their
experiences with internal stability. Authoritarian regimes are characterized by their ability to deliver
basic human necessities. Independent and democratic countries, for example, are set apart by their
notable ability to avoid famine. While these occurrences are common in authoritarian

Chapter Five: State, Society, And Foreign Policy
Chapter Five: The State, Society, and Foreign Policy Initially, I found the Democratic Peace Theory
to seem hypocritical and backwards, but continuing to read more throughout the chapter, the
conclusion that came, was that this theory actually makes a compelling argument. However, the fact
that democracy leaders will wage war in the efforts of building more democratic systems, often
referred to as expanding the "zone of peace", in hopes for attaining worldwide peace among the
states, was the exact portion that seemed hypocritical. The compelling part of the argument, as
previously mentioned, is based on the "Dyadic Model" of the democratic peace theory that stresses
three supporting arguments: the structural argument, the normative argument, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very evident the United States has several interest groups that heavily influence our society and
at times claim their goal is in "National Interest", but foreign policy wise, it does not seem they are
quite as influential. The chapter then raises questions on public opinion within a state and foreign
policy. The quote made by Seymour Martin Lipset, "The President makes public opinion, he does
not follow it", speaks volumes about the United States and its citizens. I think Lipset was correct in
his statement, however, that does not mean I agree with it. The majority of citizens of the U.S. are
basically followers and do as we are told and do not question our government unless a crisis is
about. When a crisis is current then the people begin to become informed and involved in political
matters, which seems absurd to me. So, in this sense, no public opinion should not matter in foreign
policy, if the people decide to become active and play a role in our democratic government, which is
actually what a democracy is, that is when public opinion becomes a matter of

Pros And Cons Of Liberal Peace Theory
Liberal or democratic peace theory has points in favor of its argument but it also counts with flaws
and weaknesses. For example, the theory analyses the relation between liberal states and between
liberal states and non–liberal states, leaving aside a clear explanation of why non–liberal states have
a tendency to go to war higher than liberal ones or the relation between non–liberals. Additionally, it
does not take into consideration that "non–democracies are just as capable of establishing peace
both amongst themselves and also with democracies" (Tziarras, 2012). Another flaw identified by
many critics to the theory is that there is no sufficient statistical evidence to demonstrate that
democracies never, or hardly ever, go to war among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is not about the nature of liberal democratic character, but the nature of norms itself,
which evolve in time between states. Norms are essential to International Relations as they define
what actors should do, accounting for a basis so that all states follow such norms. Democratic
political culture has shown over time that it encourages peaceful means of resolution. Thus, this
perception of critical–solving through peace has become a shared norm between states since leaders
in one democratic state will suppose and expect the other democratic state will act in the same
manner, smoothing the conflicts and differences between them in a peaceful way. Political ideology
consequently begins to have a degree of similarity between these states. As mentioned before hand,
these norms are not fixed and can adjust within time, "cultural norms influences the creation and
evolution of political institutions, and institutions help generate a more peaceful moral culture over
time" (Placek, 2012). This creates a general aspect of what behavior ought to be between these
democratic states, more than the nature of them being

The Theory Of Democratic Peace
The Theory of Democratic Peace has been a topic of much debate over the years. Why is this? There
are many opinions on this theory and many questions are raised when speaking about it. The
argument that I pose is, is there such a thing as democratic peace? In order to address my argument
and in order to critically analyse Democratic Peace Theory, this piece of academic writing will look
at a variety of causes that some theorists' state are behind the Democratic Peace Theory and will
look at the different branches of the theory. Firstly it will look at what ideology the theory can be
drawn from and how the two can link together to prove that democratic peace can exist. Secondly it
will look at if the theory has helped the spreading of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Essentially, this theory makes the assumption that if there is a war between two countries, it will be
between one that is democratic and one that is not. There has been some evidence that no two
democratic countries have ever been to war, if we are talking about 'war' in the sense of military
action (Griffiths et al., 2008). For example, '353 pairs of states engaged in wars between 1816–1991
and none was between two democracies: 155 pairs involved a democracy and a non–democratic
country, and 198 involved two non–democratic states fighting each other' (Griffiths et al., 2008). A
reason for why democratic peace theorists stress that democratic states fight with only non–
democratic states is due to the reason that, 'they may be dangerous because they seek other ends,
such as conquest or plunder' (Owen 1994). When did the theory originate? 'Democratic Peace
Theory, as it came to be known, emerged as a robust research programme in the post–Cold War
years' (Daddow, 2013). According to Rosato (2003), the theory 'is probably the most powerful
liberal contribution to the debate on the causes of war and peace' (p.585)
Now let's talk about the ideology that the theory can be drawn from and let's see how the ideology
and the theory can be linked together to help prove that some sort of democratic peace can and does
exist. Liberalism, an ideology that focuses mainly on the individual, but has other key features such

Struggles and Setbacks of Developing Democracies in Latin...
The concept of patrimonialism in Latin American countries is a subject that has been studied and
researched by some of the world's most renowned sociologists and political scientists. In this
literature review I will use the information gathered from several of these researchers and combine
their theories and ideologies in an attempt to understand why many Latin American countries such
as Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, and Bolivia have continued to remain oppressed throughout
history and stand on a slippery slope towards democratic reform of their national governments. The
impeded development of democracy in these countries is much derived from Spanish empirical
forms, reigning from the colonial era in which Spanish conquistadores ... Show more content on
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Evaluating progress from an economic standpoint
In order to successfully evaluate the transition of an authoritarian regime towards a more democratic
form of government, we would not only look at the implications of power and rule of government
policy, but as well the economic values of these authoritarian states, in doing this we could find that
the abuse of government resources and funding are extremely detrimental to the democratic
progress, in which the question could be asked, what are some of the main economic mechanisms
causing the deprivation of economic growth in these authoritarian states? The suboptimal economic
growth in Latin America suggests that even after open–market policies have been implemented;
Latin Americas share in world output has remained stagnant at roughly 6% since the 1970's. Some
experts have suggested that corruption, excessive debt, political instability, low investment in human
capital, and emigration account for low levels of economic prosperity in Latin America (Lizardo, R.
& Mollack, A. V. 2009). The findings of this study would lead us to believe that these detrimental
governmental actions would appeal to the school of thought aforementioned, in where the leader of
a state is placing his priorities above those of the citizens of the state. The states control over
economic earnings, and over–abusive consumption contributes to the negative growth economically,
of these states,

Democracy has in the 20th and 21st century grown in...
Democracy has in the 20th and 21st century grown in popularity, which has been credited due to the
'waves of democracy', which has been caused by a variety of reasons all over the world. However
because of the growth of democracy, it has led to debate between academics as to whether or not
presidentialism has had a positive or negative effect on new and developing democracies. In this
essay it will discuss the effect presidentialism has had on democracy as a system of government. A
brief background of democracy will be spoken about, especially what affect the 'waves of
democracy' has had on new democratic systems. Moreover the affect that institutional design plays
in maintaining a stable political system, in terms of representation ... Show more content on
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With this wave of democracy came the redesign of political institution. The institutional design of a
presidentialism and parliamentary system is also hugely important during the development of new
democracies. The process of designing institutions is the first step is providing a platform for those
who are involved in policy making. It can also led to creating incentivise and As mentioned
previously Linz is a noted political and social scientist, who main areas of expertise is in creating a
greater understanding of how democracy, totalitarianism and authoritarianism systems operate. Linz
view on presidentialism was that this type of political system was less likely than a parliamentary
system to be able to maintain a stable democratic system. This was because in presidential systems,
the executive has considerably more constitutional powers, than the executive in a parliamentary
system. Linz had this beliefs as he believed a president held too much power, as a president was not
only the executive power holder, but was also perceived as the symbolic head of state (Linz, 1990).
Further evidence of presidential power described by Linz in a presidentialism system, was the
control they possessed over the composition of their cabinet and their administration. Furthermore
even though a president is elected by the voters, presidents do not require a vote of confidence by
the states parliament as they are independent. This was a major concern in the view

The Potential Effects Of Democracy On The Middle East
The Potential Effects of Democracy in the Middle East
Democracy has often been affiliated with reflective notions such as freedom and liberty, as well as
the belief that people deserve a voice to represent their demands and the majority of a population
should have its way. The first idea of democracy promotion started with Wilsonian ideas, the
democratic peace theorem, and the long–term security interests of all democracies (Huber, 2008). It
is often regarded as an abstract concept with varying definitions that change based on the area the
concept is being applied in. Fundamentally, the democracy practiced in the U.S. is inconceivable to
apply to a region that is drastically different in a wide array of aspects. As a result, any associations
with the concept of democracy in regions such as the Middle East must be regarded subjectively due
to a different social, cultural, economic, and political environment. Furthermore, the manner in
which states with undemocratic political systems are portrayed as being 'failed' states carries the
connotation that being undemocratic is thus backward (Al–Jarrah, 2007). Given that the vast
majority of the countries in the Middle East are predominantly Islamic, have diverse economies, and
share a common Middle Eastern culture, these influences must be acknowledged for the respective
roles they play in order to form an adequate definition for democracy in this region.
In order to gain an understanding of what has prevented the Middle East

Liberalism and Its Key Values
In the study of Liberalism and its key values, those of Democracy and Social Justice have often been
posited as providing the world with an ideology and political philosophy which can guarantee peace
between its adherents. The 'Democratic Peace' has been formulated in order to illustrate a world in
which democratic states do not engage in war between each oth–er as fellow democrats live with a
stable and historically unique form of government. This essay shall explore whether it is acceptable
that one can portray 'liberal democracy' in par–ticular as universally applicable in a standard form.
This is a central tenet of the democratic peace theory and as such requires questioning to determine
whether or not liberalism is indeed a force peace in world politics. Furthermore, it shall look at
many pieces of postcolonial International Relations (IR) theory, engage with democratic peace
theory directly, as well as some contemporary examples of liberal actions in order to assess the
peaceful state, thus far, of liberalism. It is my argument that although the democratic peace theory
does portray the best intentions of those Liberal States who actively engage in world politics, it is
not, howev–er, accurate in portraying liberalism as a whole as peaceful. Instead by accepting and
discuss–ing the peace between liberal nations, it fails to highlight and in fact sometimes seeks to
hide the more aggressive and warring actions of liberals against those from outside of the para–
digm.
In

Democratization Of Healthcare
the info. In fact, the writer cited the references and suggested more website to find more information
about the topic. Truly, samples and statics are incorporated in the article, which pursue the
information. Moreover, the quantitative method is perfect for the investigation. In fact, the
interrelationship between paragraphs is coherence and clear, it has not grammar mistakes.
3. Orszag, P. R ; Ezekiel J. E.; (2010). Health Care Reform and Cost Control. The New England
Journal of Medicine; 363.7 601–3.
The article Health Care Reform and Cost Control details the future impact of taxes. Eventually,
taxes will decrease health care insurance cost. The analysts predicts that the health care will be
effective. In a long term, it will cost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has not solved the quality of the health care in coordination with the costs. Therefore, it declares
that communities advocates for a better health care system. In the same way, the argument refers to a
health care reform to reduce costs and improve the quality of services. However, the writer explains
that the innovation of health care is a complex project that needs the collaboration and mutual
alliance executives, community leaders and the consumers (Hoffman, Ezekiel, 2013).
This is an intelligible article that contains detailed steps on how to reform the Affordable Health
Care Act. The author uses a unique vocabulary to communicate his ideas. He presents examples and
subtitles to organize the document. The article's tittle and problem statement are excellent, both, are
directly connected to the paper's main points. Accordingly, the article's style is quantitative. The
author quoted references and suggested other online sites to find more information about the issue.
Currently, Health Care system is a political and social concern. Last year, the government invested
$3.2 trillion, in the health care system. This is around $10,000 per an individual. In fact, the cost of
health care keeps increasing. Every year, the Medicaid program enrolls eligible families (Pears,

Democracy's Potential Explained in 40 Characters

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