Analysis Of A Visit From The Goon Squad

Analysis Of A Visit From The Goon Squad
Taking a structuralist approach to A Visit From the Goon Squad, I immediately take into consideration the way the text is presented. The combination
of many short stories based on many different characters. It makes taking a structuralist approach a little more tricky as finding meaning within the
text is spread as they don't solely focus on a single character. Unlike something with a more simple structure, you would find a love story or horror. I
instead try to look at the combination of stories as whole to make a structure.
It's important we take a look at the characters. Dolly or La doll is a primary character in the novel mentioned in "A to B". She is first depicted as
someone high in her career only motivated by money from the start. She experiences a downfall after she agrees to work with a client the general. He
is an ex–dictator with a very colorful past and attempting to escape execution for his war crimes. She also has the poor relationship with her
currently younger daughter at the time. This is all seen in chapter 8 "selling the general". It is later known that dolly is doing what she must not for
the greed of money. It becomes clear later she is instead working in order to keep her daughter Lulu living a decent life. She is desperate for money
because she needs to keep Lulu in private school.
The general was a cool used to shift our idea of Dolly. He is used in order to make the reader question the motives on why dolly would take him on as a
client. It's only
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Taking a Look at the Structuralism Movement
Structuralism
The foundation of the structuralism movement began with the idea that this was new theory. The structure of influence came from a combination of
three anthropologists. Levi Strauss took the ideas of Marcell Mauss and Emilie Durkheim and applied them to the structure of cultural anthropology.
His argument was that few factors separate us from apes/other animals due to language, culture, and myth. The use of structuralism is a relatively new
and highly controversial theory. "The Academy of Anthropology sees structuralism as elements of human culture and they must be understood in terms
of their relations to a larger, over arching system of structure." The school of phenomenology in Germany began from 1910–1930. Developed through
Ferdinand de Saussure he proposed that languages were constructed full of hidden rules that practitioners know but are unable to articulate. The
fundamental way of thinking about the world; this predominantly concerned with the perception and description of structures.
1.The idea of wholeness, internal coherence
2.The idea of transformation, new material constantly by and through it
3.The idea of self regulation, no appeals beyond itself in order to validate its transformation procedures
The argument is that structure of human thought processes is the same in all cultures and these mental processes exist in the form of binary
oppositions. The element of culture must be understood in term of their relationship. The structure

Difference Between Foucault And Barthes
background in assessing the author on the other hand, which he considered "tyrannical". According to Barthes' statement from the essay "History or
Literature?" in on Racine, proves the above – mentioned argument, in which he initially assumed that text is a "grave" of author when text came out,
then the reader was born which is also stated in the "the Death of the Author", then Barthes criticised that old critic considered author "genius" meaning
that the creator is so sophisticated. He also signified another fact about classic thinkers that they disregarded the history of the writer which left nothing
to the writer since history shaped gracious literary aspect of the writer, if they are emptied from them, then writer will stay just as sculptor which can
ultimately be defined as a valueless object, "the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foucault's essay tended to dismiss the author from his position with respect to analyse the texts while Barthes granted all the interpretative responsibly
to the reader. Both theorists apprehended the notion of author has no authority in directing the interpretation of their writings. Foucault, in his essay
"What Is an Author?" argues that the critics should not evaluate the text in relation with its author, instead, they should analyse the text itself in the
light of the its structure, basic form and its design architecture. His brief description of author is just a discursive person. Foucault commented on
himself in his essay for being focused on a specific subject, he justifies that it is not because they were interesting to him but because the subject may
have something to do his personal life. He affirms that his experience with the things that surround him would help him better recognize or understand
them when he does any theoretical work (Mills, 11). Foucault interlinks "author" and "work", in way that author's text is counted as his work thus he
argues that if author is

The Feminist Movement Of The 18th Century Enlightenment...
In our modern, selfie–centric, and Facebook–likes–driven culture, it is widely understood that the formation and discovery of the "self" are crucial to
one's potential happiness. It is often advised that one must first focus on the well–being, contentment, and happiness of one's self before working to
provide such things for another. However, this mentality is relatively new in human history. It was once considered selfish to think of the "self" before
the welfare of one's community since they were once much more deeply and rigidly bound together. As one can imagine, the transition from a
community–centric society to that of a self–centric society was neither easy nor quick. It caused strife for many generations as those of the
community–based society saw their values being displaced and those who fought for the self–centric changes they felt were necessary and right clashed
over differing values. A prime example of this would be the feminist movement of the 18th Century Enlightenment movement; women were fighting to
be perceived as equals, and they often conveyed ideas on their society and their positions in it though literature. In Mary Robinson's satirically ironic
The Natural Daughter, she does just that by narrating the life of Martha, a young woman who rebuffs societal notions of ideal ladyhood and instead
commits to being her "self." When we first meet Martha, she is traveling with her overbearingly pompous father, resigned mother, and idyllic younger
sister. "Julia

Structuralism and Reality in Wrestling Essay
When discussing structuralism, I find that it takes a realistic viewpoint of how the world is represented, as we essentially are awash in concepts and
signs via the structures of communication and language. In this week's readings I found more depth to the ideas behind structuralism that my previous
exposures, especially when looking to Roland Barthes' "The World of Wrestling" from his collection Mythologies. "The World of Wrestling" provided
ample insight into how the structuralist idea of difference plays into deriving meaning (or meanings) from literature in innumerable ways, especially in
how the reception of specific mythemes and signifiers evoke structurally conditioned responses from the public.
One of the most important concepts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Livre, or book, cannot represent the actual physical existence of the book, rather it acts as a pointer toward the idea of the "real" object or concept out
in the world. So thus, each utterance in a language points to a concrete concept, and how that concept is understood through language reflects on how a
speaker (or writer, artist, comedian, dancer, so on; all are forms of expression and/or language) views and interprets the world based on their given
"structural" understanding of the world. Each "reader" assumes, due to prior exposure to the structure of their given communication (be it French,
English, American Sign Language), that when the signifier appears, the built–in, tag–along concept will follow.
Extending this to literature each text is a "speech act" in its own right. Looking at an individual text, as the New Critics would, would equate
evaluating his pitch and equating it to meaning. In this case an individual text is an utterance within the system, an example of parole (Bressler 99).
However, looking at the text for how it expresses meaning, how it works on its audiences preconceptions (or lack thereof) exposes the underlying
structures at play, not only in the world of literature, but in how the world

Narrative Analysis : ' Narrative ' Family Therapy '
Narrative Family Therapy in Practice
Introduction
When narrative therapy first came into my life, I was not able to realize its brilliance. I had the misconception that the modality found where problems
stemmed from and then showed clients how to cope with problems when they reoccur. Then I sawnarrative therapy in action during a session with
clients of my colleagues. The idea of problems being outsiders intruding on the system was fascinating and co–authoring a new narrative with a client
sounded fulfilling. When all of a client's knowledge is considered socially constructed rather than learned, it helps the therapist to see the client and the
client's problems as separate entities. Meaning becomes attributed to these problems through the client's interactions with their social environment.
"Life experience is richer than discourse. Narrative structures organize and give meaning to experience, but there are always feelings and lived
experience not fully encompassed by the dominant story" (White & Epston, 1990, p. 20). Effective therapy is seen as an enjoyable experience
presenting options for dialogue, rather than monologues, about the problem.
One of the greatest things about narrative therapy is it teaches clients to realize that they are not the problem but that the problem is the problem
(Biever et al.; Johnson, 1994; Tomm, 1989; M. White & Epston, 1990). This creates the safe space without the identifiedperson, but rather the
identified problem.
Situate self with

Posttructitalism And Postcolonialism
Although theory may have a reputation for being disconnected from reality, it is grounded in everyday thinking that helps us plan and understand the
actions we take in our everyday social lives (Sears, 2010, pp. 16–17). Accordingly, theories like poststructuralism attempt to explain these aspects of
human society. In this paper, after explaining the origins and major tenets of poststructuralism, I will argue that a poststructural lens is most conducive
to a critical analysis of the causes and effects of oppression. I will demonstrate this by discussing how discourses produce and maintain power relations,
how the effects of these oppressive relations are channeled through a complex network of power, and how deconstruction offers pathways for
challenging oppression. Poststructuralism Poststructuralism is derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure, a structural linguist who
argued that language does not simply reflect reality, but constructs the things it describes (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Poststructuralism differs from other
postmodernist theories in that it is primarily concerned with the influence of language on power, knowledge and identity (Healy, 2005, p. 197). In
contrast, postmodernism is moreover concerned with rejecting modernist "truths," such as rationality being the way to progress (Healy, 2005, p. 197).
Yet another post theory, postcolonialism is focused on interrogating and responding to the legacies of European colonization (Healy, 2005, p. 198).

Structuralist Disposition Of Foucault ' The Works Of Derrida
structuralist disposition of Foucault. The works of Derrida encourage us to consider the condition of strategies that ultimately refers to a radical
exteriority – something remaining outside to power and authority. This analysis of the 'outside ' acts as the catalyst to resist any form of authority
without re–affirming or confirming to the structure of authority that attempts to displace. Christopher Norris defines deconstruction as a series of moves,
which involve the disassembling of opposition and hierarchies and revealing 'aporias ' and elements of self contradiction. (Norris, Chritopher in
Derrida (London: Fontana Press, 1987), p. 19). So, deconstruction is conceptualized as a strategy of raising questions about philosophies claim to
reflexive self identity. In introducing the concept of 'supplement ', Derrida writes 'it is not any less remarkable that the so called living discourse
should suddenly be described by a metaphor borrowed from the order of the very thing one is trying to exclude from it '. (Derrida, Jacques in
Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson , Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 148). In that sense, speech is dependent on the writing that
it tends to exclude ultimately leading to writing as the logic of supplementarity ; a supplement is necessarily excluded by the presence but is also in
indispensable for the formation of its identity. This unearthing of the logic of supplementarity is considered to be a deconstructive move adopted

Sexual Connotation In Roland Barthes's The Death Of The...
Roland Barthes' essay "the Death of the Author" (1968) marks the "transition from structuralism to poststructuralism", in which he "celebrates the
demise of the author as ushering in an era of joyous freedom" (Barry 65) granted to the literary text and its reading. The text becomes an open–ended
and a polysemic discourse, and as such open to multiple meanings. He favours "the essential verbal condition of literature", in which the role of the
reader is that of "something who holds together in a single field all the traces [intertextuality included] by which the written text is constituted" (Leitch
1324–25). His poststructuralist perspective makes him see "a text's unity" lying not in its origin (an author), but its destination (a reader). In... Show
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In the process of occurrence of writing, Barthes sees, the reader as experiencing the intensities, the pleasure of the text, the erotics of reading texts that
are always coming into being. Barthes equates the reading experience, so often, with a kind of 'orgasmic', thus, giving it hedonistic or say 'inherent
sexual connotation'.
In his essays "From Work to Text" and "Theory of the Text" Barthes contrasts "the traditional author
–based notion of The Work with The Text", and
state "that while a work can be held in the hand and seen on the shelves of libraries and bookshops, the text only exists when it is produced by the
new reader". To him "the Text is experienced only in an activity, in a production" (Barthes cited in Allen 83).
To Barthes, as has been pointed out, the text is a kind of woven or spun fabric seen as made up of "quotations, references, and echoes".
Never–the–less, "this intertextual weave is potentially infinite" in the sense that when we come to deal with the text we find it as if it has been
something "already written and the already said". The new reader of the text notices that "the quotations a text is made of are anonymous,
irrecoverable, and yet already read: they are quotations without quotation marks" (Barthes cited in Allen

Comparison Of Pop Art, Postmodernism, And World War II
Pop Art, Postmodernism, and World War II
Pop Art, a form of Postmodernism, describes the genre of art during and after WW2. The question I am exploring within this topic is why did the
influence of the time period of World War II create such sexual and abstract works of art ? The points of view I encountered delivered two basic
positions on the same issue. I studied a web site as well that offered graphics to support and explain it's position
(http://www.azstarnet.com/~nik/AME/time/popart/index.html )
The idea or actual creation of sexual and abstract images have been around for centuries, Yet the idea of linking a genre of art works to the times in
which they were created doesn't appear as a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He titles his argument "After the
Orgy " which touches alot on the idea of Pop Art and modernism today, but the main position of the argument discusses the root of Pop as an orgy.
Webster defines the word orgy as, "a gathering marked by unrestrained indulgence." So I suppose in this case Baudrillard considers the idea of Pop
Art , being sexual and abstract images, as an orgy of the times.
Art critic Roland Barthes explains Pop Art to take the place of machines, "It utilizes the mechanical process of reproduction: the object itself which in
everyday life we incessantly personalize by incorporating into our individual world the object is, according to Pop
Art everything left over once we have mentally amputated all it's possible themes and uses."
Baudrillard digs deeper into the history of Pop Art to discuss it's motives in terms of religion. He explains the religion of Pop Art as an iconoclasm,
which by definition describes the act to destroy religious images. He states that iconoclasm is practiced in Pop not by the distruction of religious
images but by the creation of them.
From this I gathered the idea of sexuality in Pop Art was a form of rebellion against religion as well. Baudrillard discusses the rebellion of the
Iconolaters (Pop Artists) who gained insight to those who represented or pretended to represent God and at the same time hid under false appearance to
cover up the

Use Of Discourse And Social Media Within The Arab Spring
Throughout the years there have been many Occupy Movements; Occupy Wall Street, Occupy Central in Hong Kong and Occupy Nigeria are just a
few that were inspired by the Arab Spring. Looking at the Arab Spring in terms of ideas of power is a useful framework because it enables us to gain
information which could be useful for future occupy movements as well as giving us a different interpretation to that of the social norm. We will then
be able to connect that newly analysed idea of power with obedience and disobedience within the Arab Spring.
Power is often seen as being held by those in authority positions such as Presidents, prime ministers and military officials. We are able to reflect on
this traditional notion of power and connect it with the power at play in the Arab Spring, and thus gain an in depth look into the idea of discourse and
social media within the Arab Spring. Through the post–structural theory and prominent thinkers such as Hobbes and Foucault we are able to look at the
Arab Spring in a broad sense, looking at ideas such as the Ripple Effect which other theories may not enable us to look at. Also introduced will be the
perspective of Max Weber's structuralist theory, this stark contrast of post–structuralism will further solidify the idea that looking at the Arab Spring
with the post–structural theory is a useful framework.
The idea of Occupy movements and ideas of power is "not confined to a particular political or economic form of government" (The Subject

Development Of Media And Communications Study
In this essay I shall analyze the development of media and communications study and the themes that have helped it to improve during the last century.
A persistent concept in this field is equality because theories like Marxism, Cultural Studies, Feminism, Structuralism and Post–structuralism,
Subcultural Theory and Postmodernism examined this notion and gave it a meaning in that period of time. Against this background, a central question
that motives this paper is: 'How is equality developed by each ideology and how media manipulate it through the popular culture?' By definition,
equality means that all people have their own opportunity to express themselves because we conceive the world differently. But we still create
ourselves in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marxism is a political, economical and social system founded by Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) and Frederick Engels (1820 – 1895) who tried to reorganize
the world through their revolutionary ideologies and theories. Thus its intention is to dismiss the evolution of the Bourgeoisie society, because, in the
18th century, one of the essential concepts was the notion of class struggle. As John Storey points out, 'each significant period in history is constructed
around a particular mode of production; that is, the way in which a society is organized' (2006: 47) . This quote suggests that Marx, through the
analyze of global production, asserts that people have to live and work in equal conditions, without differences between the class of wage–earners and
the ruling class. Even if it is said that the Marxism is out–of–date, it still exists, nowadays, because of the media factors that sustain its manifestations.
For instance, mass media promotes obscenity and presents degeneration as a normal subject.
What we usually have in mind when we talk about Cultural Studies is the fact that it is like an amalgam composed by traditions, arts, values, thoughts,
faith, which is transmitted from generations to generations. Theorists as Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall and also the Centre for
Contemporany Cultural Studies brought a new vision on culture. "Lived culture is culture as

My Experience With The Hip Hop Culture
PART ONE A When reflecting on my experiences and knowledge of popular culture, I arrived with a number of remarkable questions and concerns:
Why do I care so much about the lives of celebrities? (Why do I 'Keep Up With the Kardashians'?) Do I want to be like the celebrities I glorify? Is my
desired profession for working in the film industry driven by popular culture eminence? How influential or 'brainwashing' has popular culture been a
factor in my lifestyle? Is it a good or bad influence? Does popular culture have an effect on my self–esteem? Has popular culture prematurely exposed
me to social vices? (Sex? Drugs? Violence?) Why do I identify with the hip–hop culture? What is the message that I am given when listening to hip
hop music? What does my taste in music say about me? Am I defined by society due to popular culture stereotypes? Is my judgment or perception
on beauty along with different races, gender, and sexualities skewed by popular culture standards and stereotypes? What benefit or significance do I
receive from consuming popular culture news? Does popular culture offer me any more than just material to fill my time with frivolous talk and
gossip? How much time am I consuming because of popular culture? Why do I feel 'out the loop' if I'm not immersed in the latest trends? How am I
empowered of my knowledge about popular culture news? Do I get sense of shared identity, meaning and purpose through popular culture? Does
popular culture sell me as a

Role Of Minor Characters In Perfume
During the closing decades of the post 19th century, the aspects of both French post–structuralism and the history behind the Renaissance movement
have constituted a strong driving force towards several works of literature and cultural studies. Throughout the context of this Written in Translation
paper, the several minor characters in Perfume by Patrick Suskind, are evident of portraying a behaviour that represents a contemplation of several
societal norms and societal pressures set during the time period of French post structuralism and the Renaissance movement. As a result, these minor
characters set a negative influence towards the upbringing of Grenouille, as he suffered from a lack of humanity and disassociation of sensibility.
Suskind illustrates perspectives of a satirist and a bourgeois conformist through his characters. These characters also embrace the negative aspects of
black humour and satire through a lack of humanity and disassociation of sensibility. These minor characters are clearly ofpost–structuralism and the
Renaissance movement as many of the negative traits displayed are from these time periods. In the beginning of the novel, black humour and satire
were two significant aspects associated by the caretakers of Grenouille. Throughout the novel, Marquis de La Taillade Espinasse and Baldini portray
their character in such a way that it strongly reflects and emphasizes the lack of humanity and disassociation of sensibility. Furthermore, these minor

Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein : The Modern Prometheus (...
In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus (1818), many binary comparisons appear and reveal to the reader deeper meanings beyond
the written word. One of the most important juxtapositions represents the binary scale of solitude versus companionship as evident in the protagonist
Victor Frankenstein and the Creature whom he creates. Although these characters compare in a plethora of ways, a Structuralist focus on the latter's
forced seclusion and search for camaraderie, compared to Frankenstein's self–isolation and rejection of love, will allow the reader to understand the
underlining tragedy of the story. This juxtaposition is important when read from the viewpoint of a French Structuralist, as this theory makes binary
comparisons which allow for deeper meanings to come light; therefore, the Creature's separation from community is only meaningful as a binary
comparison to Frankenstein's self–segregation.
Structuralism is deeply rooted in the base idea that each element has a reverse component. The opposites play off of each other in order to best
convey an idea. For example, light and dark enhance each other by their contrast. Only when it is dark outside do people carry flashlights. The
presence of darkness allows for a deeper appreciation of the light. However, in order for a comparison to have value, the reader and writer must agree
on context. A theorist cannot say, "Flashlights and the night are opposites" without providing a realm of interpretation.

Political Art Ideas By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels
Songyi Yoo
12/19/14
Art 006 Final
Essay #1: Political Art Ideas There was a time in history where oppression was very present in Geremy, specifically dealing with the Natzis and
communism. It was a time of great struggles for different social classes. Once history starts to form new movements, culture and art also become
affected. Due to this time communism in the 1900s made Marxism come about. It is a movement in art associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
that looks at the different levels of class and the conflict in each one. Not only in Russia was there problems within the governmental structure, it is a
worldwide problem. The Mexican Murals are also a reflection of this idea. Therefore, Russian Constructivism and the Mexican Mural movement
employ Marxism as a theory. First, Russian Constructivism was created by a group of Russians in the 1990s. In general their work is geometrical and
non–mimetic. Some of the important figures of this time would be Tatlin, Malerich, Lissitzky, and Kandinsky. They wrote the, 'Programme of the First
Working Group of Constructives' which has three main points. One that Scientific communism is heavily influenced by the theory of historical
materialism. Two, real experimentation is important. Three, there are three disciplines known as Tectonics, Faktura, and Construction. Finally Russian
Constructivists declare war on art which relates to the communistic ideas of Marxism. Additionally, the Mexican Mural movement, also called

Public Policy Reflection Paper
This has been in my thoughts as I've been drafting my way into my own dissertation ideas. My background in critical social studies means I am very
familiar with building arguments, so some of this uncertainty is expected. AT the moment, I know enough to say I am on the right track with my
research ideas and know that public administration, and public policy in particular, is the right field for me.. However, I also feel rather critical of the
policy process literature. It has been claimed, "public administration exists to realize the governance of society" (Raadschelders, 1999, p. 288). Yet,
what society believes policy to be, and for whom, changes over time and across place. I feel at this moment public policy in the United States will
change dramatically and I worry that our field is ill equipped to deal with these changing views of policy. Consequently, most of my underlying
thoughts and reflections have been on understanding how can we adapt to this changing atmosphere. My difficult questions surround the doing and the
reading of the policy process. There are three areas that I would like further explore: the role of citizen participation in the policy process, importance
of critical and postmodern perspectives in understanding public policy, and the role of government.
Citizen Participation
Many of the theories covered this term view "policy subsystems," as a relatively small group of administrators, legislators, and lobbyists who
controlled basic public

Structure, Sign And Play On The Discourse Of Human Sciences
Derrida: Structure, sign and play in the discourse of human sciences.
While understanding Derrida, many scholars consider early life of Derrida as a marginalized European and being a Jew has special significance1.
He later theorized that marginalization in terms of 'absence ', a loaded term in Derrida 's works which we will visit later in this chapter. It was a
high–time for existentialism, phenomenology and structuralism represented many renowned thinkers like Husserl, Sartre, Strauss, and others. While the
concern of structural linguistics was to formulate scientific understanding of language as structured expression/entity, others were skeptic about
fundamental presuppositions of neutral binaries, the virtuality of the 'center ' and who rejected subjective humanism of existentialists.
'Deconstruction ' is literary technique derived by Derrida to show that there are many unquestioned metaphysical notions that we use in structured
language, and arbitrary hierarchy is maintained between various binaries. Speaking in terms of linguistics, relation between signified and signifier is
anything but neutral, as it privileges one constituent of binary over other. For example, privilege of speaking voice over written text, privilege of
presence over absence, privilege of masculine over feminine and so on. Thus for Derrida logocentrism is invariably present in the history of western
metaphysics which somewhere privileges author over his text.
Derrida 's method is to look for

Literary And Cultural Theory During The Modern And...
Theories investigating subjectivity have dominated the field of literary and cultural theory during the modern and postmodern period. The way we
understand subjectivity effects the way we understand the world around us, whether the subject is viewed in the Cartesian manner as a fixed entity,
with a pre–existing nature that is not affected by the discourses that surround the it, or if we view the subject as one produced in and through the forces
of power available in the time period, whether they be political, social or linguistic. The dominant model of understanding the subject up till the 20th
century has been the model provided by Descartes, one where the self is understood as being independent and unsupported, where it is considered a
private and autonomous experience deriving meaning and substance on its own without the assistance or influence of external factors. According to
Descartes "true self–knowledge cannot rely on the contingent and fallible perceptual ideas that are not essential to one 's true self." During the age of
Enlightenment reason and empirical knowledge were foregrounded, and were focused upon as the most important factors in understanding the world,
consequently the individual was also emphasized as the creator of meaning. Human beings were understood as being born with great potential, and a
stable, true self that if given the right to its unrestrained expression, could flourish and achieve anything.
Heidegger was one of the first thinkers to

Life and Death
When a woman gets pregnant, she and her partner make a serious decision whether they should give birth to the unborn child or abort it. However,
sometimes every couple can have a different outlook about giving birth or aborting because every male and female has his or her ways of thinking. In
"Hills Like White Elephants," the author, Ernest Hemingway tells a story of an American man and his girlfriend, Jig, who have a disagreement in the
train station on the subject of whether to keep the unborn child or to abort. However, the author uses binary opposition of life and death to portray the
polemic argument a couple encounters regarding abortion. As a symbol for the binary opposition of life and death, he represents the couple's
expressions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Jig says, "Then what will we do afterward" (401)? Literally, this statement shows Jig's concerns about what will happen after the
operation, like the emotions she will feel, because abortion is something that can leave emotional damage on her after the operation. However,
symbolically, Jigs concerned feelings suggest that Jig is not quite sure about abortion. Therefore, Jig's feelings can be a representation of life because
if a woman is sure about abortion, she will do the operation. As a result, one can conclude that Jig is just wasting time with her unsure feelings to
postpone the abortion.
However, The American's feeling suggests to the readers his agreement on abortion, which symbolizes death. As the American states to Jig, "I
know we will. You don't have to be afraid. I've knows lots of people that have done it" (402). The American states his feeling after Jig states, "And
you think then we'll be all right and be happy" (402). Literally, the American wants Jig to have an abortion because he does not want to settle down
and raise a family. Instead, he wanted to continue his trip around the world. As the author states, "He did say anything but looked at the bags... There
were labels on them from all the hotels where they had spent nights" (403). The bag that has all the labels from all the hotels brings evidence that the
American likes living his life by having trips and not by making a family. Therefore, symbolically, when

Posttructuralism And Structuralism
Poststructuralism mainly criticizes the dependence of structuralism on tradition and opposes traditional structuralism to focus research on objectivity
and rationality. It attempts to restore irrational tendencies, pursue from the logic, but produce non–logical results. There is seldom a coherent theory in
the field of poststructuralism, but each theory begins with a critique of Structuralism. Take the documentary as an example, in the view of the
poststructuralist theorists, there is nothing else other than ideology, and any objective and true claim is doubtful in the documentary expression. For
many people, such a poststructuralist approach is disappointing. If the documentary cannot get any form of objectivity or authenticity, even full of
"fiction" like other feature film, then, how does documentary confirm its identity and value? For the moment, the response of the theorists to this issue
is not sufficient, but I am in favor of Carl's point of view. Carl (1996) argues that the theory of poststructuralism and postmodernism is untenable as a
philosophy. Also, as a basis for political analysis and political action, it is a failure. The research on poststructuralism is political, because many
poststructuralists believe that the world which people living now is just a social construct, and there are many different ideology promoters who want
to be hegemonic. This is obviously not acceptable.
The documentary is a non–fictional art technique. It restore and record the past or

Post Structuralism And Post Modernism
Hassrad and Cox (2013) sought to create a model that modernizes and adapts the Burrell and Morgan's model to unpack the meta–theoretical
assumptions of the paradigm not accounted for – post–structuralism, and more broadly, post modernism. This section will briefly discuss each of
Burrell and Morgan's original criteria in relation to the literature on third–order analysis to justify the use of this modification. Hassard and Cox see
three main approaches to organizational theorizing, structural, anti–structural and post–structural. Hassard and Cox (2013) also make notable
adaptations to the understanding of paradigms by rethinking them as less insulated and static and allow for significant ambiguity and contradiction.
Finally, Hassard and Cox also modernize the existing paradigmatic structure by updating terminology for several concepts, namely, replacing
nomothetic with deductive, idiographic with interpretive and anti–positivist with constructionist, in order to offer more accessible or contemporary
terms. These dimensions remain intact in terms of their definition in the original Burrell and Morgan model. Structural and post–structural approaches
to organizational theorizing can be understood as the subjective–objective dimension as discussed perviously. Hassard and Cox (2013) argue that for
the "nature of social science,", post–structural can be classified, paradigmatically, as: ontologically relativist, epistemologically relationist, and
methodologically reflexive; it

Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human...
В‘Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences' (Derrida, 1978: 278 В–293) may be read as the document of an event, although
Derrida actually commences the essay with a reservation regarding the word "event", as it entails a meaning "which it is precisely the function of
structural В– or structuralist В– thought to reduce or suspect" (278). This, I infer, refers to the emphasis within structuralist discourse on the
synchronous analysis of systems and relations within them, as opposed to a diachronic schemata occupied with uncovering genetic and teleological
content in the transformations of history. <br> <br>The event which the essay documents is that of a definitive epistemological break with structuralist
thought, of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "guiding thread" Derrida chooses is Levi–Strauss' opposition between nature and culture. (I am in parts paraphrasing elements from page 282 В–
287). Derrida writes that Levi–Strauss encounters a scandal, which is the "incest prohibition" (283). The scandal is in that the prohibition is
simultaneously universal and thus natural, while also at the same time as "a system of norms and interdicts" (283): it is cultural. The contradiction
encountered by Levi–Strauss is that the difference established in the nature/culture binary opposition is erased or at least questioned. Due to this
erasure of difference the origin of this prohibition becomes unthinkable as the "whole of philosophical conceptualisationВ…is designedВ…" (283/284)
to leave the possibility of the conceptualisation unthinkable, that is, the meaning of the construction of meaning, difference having been erased,
becomes itself impossible to bring to account. <br> <br>Levi–Strauss, by way of this realization, is forced to move from metaphysics to
metacommentary (cf. Jameson, 1988) because even though he

The Communication Model Of Communication
1. What is the transmission model of communication? Where does it come from? What does it do well in helping us understand the process of
communication in everyday life? What are its limitations? The transmission model of communication as defined by James Carey is a process whereby
messages are transmitted or sent and distributed over distance and into space for the purpose of control. The transmission model includes a sender on
one end and a receiver on the other. In the middle is the median that the message is being sent through. This comes from the nineteenth century from
religious origins. For example, to try to understand this model, we can think about missionaries. The missionaries were sent from the Roman Catholic
Church to other countries to spread the teaching of Jesus in order to gain control of the people. The transmission does well in helping us understand the
efficiency, convenience, and influence/ control of communication in everyday life. The limitations if the transmission model is that the transmission
model doesn't let us understand the importance of context – that information takes on its meaning in particular times, in particular situations, with
particular people. Another one of its limitations is that the medium is neutralized and the transmission model doesn't differentiate between different
medium such as, newspapers, social media, and amber alert on a highway reader board. Lastly, the information is homogenized. For example, all the
information

Examples Of Structuralism In I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
I am putting to use a structuralist view upon the poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" because it can be related to with simpleness, put down to the
fact that it is positioned in the lyrical genre. Structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to be part of a system of
signs. Robert Scholes demarcated structuralism as a reaction towards despair and modernism (Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An
Introduction, 1975). 'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud' is a poem that commemorates the utmost beauty of nature to such a degree that the poet believes it
to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to be part of a system of signs. Structuralists are
concerned with issues such as form and genre. The reason why I chose to apply a structuralist perspective upon William Wordsworth's poem is due to
the fact that that it can be easily interacted with because it is positioned in the lyrical genre. The rhyming scheme is in the form ABABCC. The
rhyming couplet evident at the end of each stanza creates an unpretentious break caused by the addition of a new stanza. As a result, the final line of
teach stanza contains an additional sense of emphasis. The final line of the poem mentions "the show" and conveys images of dancing daffodils, a
long–lasting impression discussed by Wordsworth. The meter of this poem is an iambic tetrameter. The meter creates a rhythm with a musical, song
like quality, to which the daffodils may dance. Wordsworth also employs consonance and alliteration to create the sense of rhythm. The form of a
poem is of utmost importance to structuralist critics. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is twenty four lines long and it features four stanzas with six
lines each. In each individual stanza there is a perceptible pattern – the first line rhymes with the third line and the second line rhymes with the fourth
line. The stanzas finish with the inclusion of a rhyming couplet. By concentrating the first three stanzas on the lake experience and the final on the
memory of that experience, Wordsworth amalgamates the content of the poem. It is interesting to note that despite the obvious fact that "I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud" is built as a sonnet although it is a lyrical poem. Wordsworth employs figurative language such as comparisons, personification,
epithets and metaphors so as to express his feelings to the reader. As a sub–genre, "I Wandered Lonely as

Little Bee By Jacques Lacan And Chris Cleave's Little Bee
Language can be seen throughout all cultures and intertwined in every part of people's daily lives. It can be argued as the building blocks of society,
as there are virtually no means of communication without some form of language. For the nigerian refugee Little Bee, language has to do with life or
death, trying to survive in her new world when she has been detained in England. She struggles with learning the "Queen's English", all the while trying
to stay safe without the protection of her friends from home and the language that she is accustomed to. Two men: post–structuralist psychoanalyst,
Jacques Lacan and nineteenth century linguist and semiologist, Ferdinand de Saussure, both have famous theories about language that can be related
to the book Little Bee, by Chris Cleave. The ability for Little Bee to learn a new variation of her own language can be outlined in the works of both
Jacques Lacan and Ferdinand de Saussure.
Both men devoted their lives to the study of language and how it related people to the world around them. Jacques Lacan's theory, described by
author Fredric Jameson as "The Prison House of Language", means that once we have learned a language, we can not see outside of it; there is no
other way to communicate or represent the world. Saussure goes more in depth into language and has more points about the role that language plays.
His main model, "structuralism," can be defined as the methodology that parts of culture are understood by their

Deconstruction In The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin
Going over literary texts isn't like reading other contents we have. We, as analysists ought to know about each word that has sense or significance, on
the grounds that this type of content isn't there just to give us a delight in analyzing it, it gives us more insight. The insight we receive, we can
discover it straightforwardly or by implication in the text. If the insight isn't obvious in the text you must uncover it. It's sort of like a profound
breaking down to uncover it. One of the hypothesis that we can utilize is deconstruction. I will be using the deconstruction approach for "The Story of
an Hour" by Kate Chopin. "The Story of an Hour" is a common story that could happen in everyday life, however has further importance to
investigate. The story tells us about the illegal bliss of a spouse, Louise Mallard, for her new autonomy since she received the news that her other half,
Brently, kicked the bucket. The story starts when Louise got the news that her significant other passed away from a train accident. At that point she
went to her room, began to sob, and in that room she envisions numerous things about the bitterness and distress until the satisfaction and delight
overcome her. In any case, her happiness was at its peak when her significant other got back home, and it turned out to be a lie. Specialists arrive and
articulate that Louise passed on of a heart attack expedited by bliss.
Now deconstruction was discovered by Jacques Derrida. Deconstruction is a

Mental Health Discourse
The body and behaviours are defined as normal and abnormal through 'othering', a conceived structure of 'knowledge'. This piece of work will explore
how those deemed mad were understood and managed.
This assignment will delve into mental health discourse and narratives in a theoretical historic context allowing for analysis and conclusions to be
drawn. Discourse perceived those displaying unacceptable behaviour termed 'madness' as a threat to the stable fabric of society by diminishing
cohesiveness and causing inner fragmentation Burger (2014). 'Early institutions created to house the behavioural deviant were commonly referred to as
asylums' (Burger 2014 :140).
Introspection of the asylum as an institution and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knowledge applied to 'madness' was accepted by the masses as truth not as a conceived reality.
Jacobs and Griffiths (2007) St Mary of Bethlem was one of the first small capacity private institutions housing the insane which charged for its
services, it remained the only hospital for mental illness in England into the 1600s. (Clark 1965) In 1518 the Royal College of Physicians were
formed to regulate the care of people within London.
(Barker 2008)The Poor Law 1601 differentiated between learning disabilities and mental illness and required individual parishes to set up housing
provision for paupers within their community. Those in authority decided insanity, decisions were subjective and without any medical knowledge.
Bartlett (1999) inexperienced un–qualified county officials decided if an individual was insane. Through a poststructuralist lens power was created
through the mechanism of structure and discourse which scrutinised individuals and determined madness. Beveridge (2014) in the 1700s psychiatry
brought in the dawn of change, Foucault called this the time of enlightenment. Digby (1985) York Retreat was founded in 1796 was one of the few
asylums set up before the 1800s it was fundamental in considering the person. Foucault (1965) there is a move from the classic age to the modern era of
medicine.
Allan (2013) more doctors in the 1800s were

Pulp Fiction
Sociology 2XX
Critically anlayse a popular culture 'text' utlising relevant theories and debates
In sociological theory there are many concepts discussed that are utilized in the analyses of society and culture. Some of the main concepts are
Postmodernism, Historical Materialism, Structuralism, Interpretive Sociology and Poststructuralism to name a few. These theories are relevant to the
research of understanding certain or specific cultural texts. These concepts provide problems and solutions associated with some of the research
approaches fore–mentioned. Analysing the main dimensions will be covered by discussing the appropriate concepts separately and by individually
contrasting the classical and modern theories with Quentin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dialectical materialism is the view that that the world exists independently of our perception of it and that as it is sole reality it has primacy over the
ideal, the imagined, and the spiritual.
In the film Pulp Fiction, by Quentin Tarantino the theme of capitalism was truly apparent, from the discussion of the Big Mac in France by Jules and
Vince to the success of the gang boss Marsellus. It is relatively evident that it played a big part in making the film especially where other more
obvious displays of greed and capitalism are in the final scenes when the couple, Honey Bunny and Pumpkin, holds up the restaurant. The man
explains to his wife that nobody ever thinks to rob a coffee shop and he makes the point that it is the perfect crime of opportunity. All of the primary
and characters and protagonists display materialistic personas, attempting to recreate their own past and future by means of consumption and a form of
class struggle against the gang leader, portraying a land owner or bourgeoisie, by the 'workers'.
Postmodernism is a term which is highly contested in the sociological world, where it is used to indicate a significant detachment from modernism. It
is easier to give the uses of the term; 'to give a name to the present historical period, to name a specific style in arts and architecture and to name a point
of rupture or disjuncture in epistemology' (Buchanan, 2010). For this,

What Is The Difference Between Realism And Realism
Realism Realism in international relations theory is one of the dominant schools of thought in international relations. Realism or political realism
prioritizes national interests and security concerns in addition to moral ideology and social reconstruction. The term is often associated with political
power. The term is often associated with political power.
Realism believes that the state is the main actor of the most important in determining the direction of a country. This means there is no term mentioned
as an International Organization but merely the State. Realism also believes the State is deciding on the future of the people. In connection with it, the
state is certainly confident that whatever actions are correct and appropriate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constructivism Realism agree with the theory that says the world is in anarchy (chaos). Constructivism also said that international relations can be
established through conflict and cooperation. So here assessed the importance of existing institutions namely through regulative and constitutive. Each
country needs to comply with the decree. If away, then there are various forms of action to be taken such as military, economic supply restrictions and
others. So countries need to assess national interests whether to cooperate or not.
Constructivism also emphasizes the influence of culture in international relations. This is because the relationship is true not only taking into account
the political and ideological aspects alone, but also the cultural aspects. For example if there are cultural similarities between actors will be more likely
to facilitate collaboration and no conflicts will occur. This can be seen through the relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia that have similar
culture, namely cultural and religious expression of Islam. So any misunderstandings easily solved without involving big

Examples Of Alienation In Ponthan Mada
In the film, Ormakalundayirikkanam, there is a scene which portrays the real life situation of a Theyyam performer, moving away from the upper
class people, he achieves an elated divine and powerful status while performing the rituals. This contradiction where he is considered as a demi–god
while performing and an outcaste in the society in other times, brings the real life situation of the low caste in a feudal set up. In the same film, the
director also represents the political reality of Kerala Liberation Struggle of 1959 through the contradicting views of the Communist party and Congress
party. The parties' perspectives on the 'Education Bill', 'Agrarian Relation Bill', and other associated human rights violations along and their adverse ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scene which shows the cart wheel and the water wheel moving in different directions signify the contradictions in the world of feudal class and
working class. In the same film, director has also used the same technique to present the persona of the character Resmi, who is also a victim of
alienation. In Alicinte Aneshanam, the director uses these approaches to makes the protagonist understand the real nature of her husband, and the
perceived difference when looked from a familial perspective and non familial perspectives, leads her to self realization. Through these binary
oppositions, TV Chandran persuades the women folk to come out of the family confinement to understand the reality, and to overcome the alienation
they are facing the society. In Mangamma, through the opposites, TV Chandran portray the differences between idealism and the social reality, and
women's' struggle to exists in that contradicting situation. The scene of the beggar singing Subrahmaniya Bharathiar's poem in the day, and trying to
molest her in the night depicts the hypocrisy in the persona of males in a male chauvinistic society. The scene 82B, depicts Mangamma's perceptions of
a real male through the comparison of characters Velayudhan and

Structuralism And Post-Structuralism In Language
Structuralism originated in the works of Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist in the 20th century. An attempt to study a specific whole as a
complex system of interrelated parts, it soon came to be applied to many other fields. Structuralism is closely related to Semiotics and Saussure
focused on the underlying system of language, 'langue' instead of the use of language. Yet, the discovery of 'langue' is possible only with an
examination of parole, speech. Apart from favouring the synchronic development of language over the diachronic version, he also asserts that linguistic
signs consist of a signifier and a signified. Hence, this approach is different from those that focus on the relationships between words and the objects
they implicate.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Post–Structuralist writing is emotive. Such texts will tend to be euphoric, urgent and flashy.
The general notion of Structuralism is that the world is constructed by language. It is only through linguistics, that reality is envisioned. In contrast,
Post–Structuralism argues that realities are created by languages. All aspects of human experience become textual and everything one thinks of, be it
about self or the world, depends on language.
Both Structuralism and Post–Structuralism arise from Saussure's linguistic theory and so, emphasize on language. In this way, there are identical.
Moreover, both accept language as a system of signs that exists separately from any physical or mental reality. Similarly, Structuralism and
Post–Structuralism will also together acknowledge that a subject is possible only through language. Hence, language overrides humans as the source of
action and meaning and so, Structuralism and Post–Structuralism are non–humanistic [5]. Structuralism is deterministic as all power to structure one's
perceptions lie with the system. Hence, Structuralism is, in particular, anti–humanist

Critical Analysis Of I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
"Critical theory", in terms of literature, can be defined as a form of criticism through the close reading of a text and the application of knowledge
acquired from the study of the humanities. The "multiple readings" mentioned in the question refers to the different schools of literary criticism – for
example, structuralism, feminist theory, new historicism/cultural materialism, ecocriticism and postcolonial criticism. It is true to say that
Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" can be read and interpreted in many different ways, especially when both the original and revised
versions of the poem are taken into account. In my opinion, the most interesting criticism that can be applied to this poem is structuralism, which I will
be analysing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Accessed: 22 November 2015), Barthes references factors of structuralism, such as parallels in plot, which change the way we interpret "I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud". What Barthes calls binary opposites are showcased in the first and fourth stanzas respectively. The first stanza
creates a lonely and lost feeling whereas there is a sense of jubilance in the fourth stanza as "the bliss of solitude" is expressed. The feeling of
loneliness is lamented in the opening stanza whereas it is described as joyous in the last stanza, which I believe can be reduced to a dyad of happy
/sad; the next question is which side of the dichotomy the poem verges on. In my opinion, the images expressed in the poem as well as the
language used (such as "sprightly" and "jocund") mean that "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" sides with the idea of happiness, mainly due to the
scenic descriptions and the warm ending to the poem, "and then my heart with pleasure fills / and dances with the daffodils" William Wordsworth, "I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", Poems (1815) Cited in Harvey Sucksmith, "Orchestra and the Golden Flower: A Critical Interpretation of the Two
Versions of Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", The Yearbook of English Studies vol. 4 (1974), pg. 149
–158. The binary opposites in the
poem allow the reader to experience an emotion, in this case loneliness, on a spectrum when reading the poem rather than having one

Analysis Of The Movie ' Shaun Of The Dead '
Post modernism can be seen as a turning against structuralism and the rigid thinking of genre. Shaun of the Dead(Focus) is a postmodern film as a
combination of two genres: horror and comedy. Horror and comedy are both opposites but did very well together in this film. Shaun of the Dead is a
post–modern as it had all of the elements of a horror film but is in fact a comedy. The film was directed and written by "Edgar Wright" (Wright) and
co–written by "Simon Peggs" (Peggs). The film is a hybrid romantic, zombie and a comedy. These genres contradict each other therefore resulting
the film to be seen as a comedy as these opposing genres are not normally combined with each other. Shaun of the Dead follows a version of a
horror film with codes by consisting blood, gore, zombies and isolation. Instead of Vladimir Propp's character theory(Propp) the lead character of a
cool and strong male lead, there is an average lead age thirty–something, who works at an electronic shop with his best friend who plays video games
all day on their couch. The average lead also doesn't want to take some responsibility, so this makes him the anti–hero. This adds another element of
humor in the film because of not having characteristics of typical hero. In the beginning of the film, Shaun is shown as the lead character. His
appearance is zombie– like because of his behavior and lifestyle in a humorous way. The ironic of that is the he is the human fighting against the
zombies later on, not

Statement Of Purpose For Liberal Arts
Statement of Purpose
Protyusha Dey
M.A. applicant in Liberal Arts
"Our culture is more shaped by the arts and humanities than it often is by politics." – Jim Leach
The unique mechanics of patterns and paradigms which unites and divides us as part of the human race is something that has always appealed to me.
India is a country that lives in multiple eras at the same time. It is my homelands unique diversity and ethos which encouraged me to incline towards
Liberal Arts. Given my education background in media and communication I see changing dynamics of culture due to globalization. Which needs to be
understood, preserve and critiqued as it has the ripple effect world over. Understanding and sharing knowledge has always come naturally to me given
my desire to explore and research in Liberal Arts I see myself in academia in the future. Humanities is very important for deliberating the human race as
it encompasses fields such as literature, arts, philosophy and religion these are subject that even STEM(science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics) need the perspective of to serve the human kind better. An M.A. program at John Hopkins would be the perfect place to help me realize
my full potential, thereby holding me in good stead for a career in academia.
I was introduced to the intellectually stimulating processes of evaluating ideas, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My education in media studies has instilled in me the power of question and critiquing ideas and ideologies. To debate and not adhere to a single
pathway is necessary for a healthy culture thrive. I would love to study this at a greater detail. I believe Liberal Arts is a field which help evolve not
just in terms of academia but personally too. In terms of a career, I see myself teaching, writing criticism, and going into editing. A doctoral study is
something I see myself pursuing after

The 's Impact On Society
Deconstructionism has impacted society today due to the effects of reading and the difficulty of defining the word from the sole creator, Jacques
Derrida, and how other philosophers have influenced it. Although there is a definition for the school of thought Deconstructionism, it has been
confused with different definitions due to the influences of other philosophers on the definition given by Derrida. One philosopher that influenced
Deconstructionism was Friedrich Nietzsche, whom we usually associate to Nihilism. The other philosopher that influenced this school of thought was
Ferdinand de Saussure, who was one of the two founders of semiology. "It must be noted that Derrida 's style of writing contributed not only to his great
popularity but also to the great animosity some felt towards him. His style is frequently more literary than philosophical and therefore more evocative
than argumentative" (Lawlor). According to Derrida, in essence, the definition of Deconstructionism is the way of reading and understanding the
difference between "text" and "meaning". The school of thought itself is notoriously difficult to define, and attempts to explain it in a straight–forward
way, understandable way have been academically criticized for being too removed from the original texts, and even contradictory to the concepts of
Deconstructionism. In an article for Postmodernism, it states, "Because at its functional level all language is a system of differences, says Derrida, all

Evaluation of the Usefulness of Selected Examples of...
Within this paper, I shall evaluate the usefulness of selected examples of Foucault's theories from a feminist perspective. To begin, a short introduction
will outline the era in which Foucault wrote, as this has been seen as influential to his work, inspiring him to move away from the former ideological
ways of thinking about the world (Taylor and Vintges 2004, Mills 1997). I shall then go on to consider the changing nature offeminism, which has
moved on from viewing patriarchy and men as the oppressors of women, and is persistently developing more complex analyses of the ways in which
gendered power relations operate. I wish to discuss the ways in which Foucault's theorisation of power and his methodology of discourse analysis have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foucault felt it necessary to dispense with ideologies such as socialism, communism and liberalism, which had all made claims to 'absolute truth' and
which had resulted in widespread devastation (Taylor and Vintges 2004: 2). Foucault's work focussed on the ways in which power operates
throughout society. In his earlier work this was on the ways in which societies govern their subjects; his later focus was on the ways in which humans
are subjectified within society, and the ways in which conduct is guided by self–governance (Mills 2003). He wanted to move beyond an analysis of
behaviours and ways of thinking that relied on the concept of ideology, and throughout his work he highlighted the oppressive function of 'truths' and
the effects of 'norms', when they are adopted unquestioned and uncritically (Mills 1997:30). Although Foucault openly refused the label of sociologist,
poststructuralist, or postmodernist, his work has been aligned with these disciplines, and he has had a significant impact within these schools of
thought (Smart 2002).
Traditional feminist theorisation focussed on the notion of patriarchy, that male dominated society serves the needs of men, while oppressing women
(Walby 1990). However, the view that all men oppress all women is now widely seen as inaccurate and oversimplified. While some women are
indeed victims of male oppression, this is not the case for all women, as some may be in positions in which they exert

Literary Theory By Jonathan Culler Theory And Literary...
Aim– The aim of this paper is to check which of the terms–– 'Theory' or 'Theories'––can be used in literary studies. Objective– An attempt has been
made in this paper to check which of the above mentioned terms is more applicable in literary studies using Jonathan Culler's Literary Theory: A Very
Short Introduction (1997). Argument– In this paper I argue that the term 'Theory' is applicable more in literary studies. Introduction– The word 'theory'
has been derived from, Greek word, 'theoria', which means "looking, viewing or beholding". The word has been used in English since the late 16th
century. Modern use of the word "theory" are derived from the original definition, but have taken... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. .' (Culler 2) What does theory mean here? First, theory signals 'speculation'. Secondly, 'My theory is that . . .' also claims to offer an explanation
that is not obvious. But generally, according to Culler, to count as a theory, not only must an explanation not be obvious; it should involve a certain
complexity. A theory must be more than a hypothesis: it can't be obvious. Theory involves some complex relations of systematic kind among a
number of factors; and it cannot be easily confirmed or disproved. If one bears all these factors in mind, it becomes easier to understand what goes by
the name of 'theory'.
Theory as genre Works that are regarded as theory have effects beyond their original field. Theory in a sense is not a set of methods for literary study
but it is an unbounded group of writings about all things under the sun, from the most technical problems of academic philosophy to various ways
which people have talked and thought about the

Defining Change Essay
Defining Change
Change can be defined as an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another, the result of alteration or modification, to
lay aside, abandon, or leave for another, become different in essence; to lose one's or its original nature, to make different; cause a transformation, or
to make or become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence. There are many different
views as to the complexity of change. Some may believe change is an illusion and nothing ever really changes. However, the majority, such as the post
structuralism theorists, believe that change is inevitable. Change can be viewed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, our political world would not be the same. How would we advance in our associations with other countries, if not for the effects of change? Our
government, our laws, our beliefs would not have changed from those of our early ancestors. Hence, it is visible that without change our society would
be 'stuck in a rut' – with no way to advance and improve.
Roland Barthes was interested in the way that signifiers – words which are derived of meaning unless associated with an image or object – were
related to each other (intertextuality) and the way they reflect the context and culture from which they came. He believed that no text can stand alone
as an isolated work. Rather they echo and reflect each other. Thus, he said, we should never do author centered studies and wrote of the "Death of the
Author". Rather, he stated that we should look at a text in its relation to other texts. Barthes ideas led to Post structuralism.
Structuralists believed that meaning in literature could be determined by studying the language structures – the signs or signifiers – which represented
ideas within a particular culture e.g. white as a sign or symbol of purity or innocence. Post Structuralists, however, argued that meaning can never be
fully understood because the cultural ideas represented by those "signs" are themselves constructed by a society rather than

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