Tall Building Systems.ppt

 Characteristics
OUTLINE
 General design criteria
 Definition
 Types

高层建筑结构与抗震
1．1 Definition of Tall Buildings
Tallness is a relative matter.
A measurable definition cannot be
universally applied.
Because of its height, one is
affected by lateral forces due to
wind or earthquake actions to an
extent that they play an important
role in the structural design.

Why Tall Buildings
The growth in modern tall building
construction began in the 1880s.
The present tall buildings are for
commercial and residential
purpose.
 Meet the demand for the rapid
growth of urban population, the
development of economics, the
high cost of land, etc.

1．2 Tall Buildings in China
China has a long history of tall
building constructions.
 In ancient China, there have been
many tall buildings.

Giant Wild Goose
Pagoda
(大雁塔)
Location:
Southern Xi’an,
Shaanxi Province,
China.
Time: 704 A.D.
during the Tang
dynasty
Height: 64m
Material: Stone

Buddha Tower
(应县木塔)
Location: Yingxian,
Shanxi Province, China.
Time: 1056 A.D. during
the Liao dynasty
Height: 67m
Material: Wood

 There old tall buildings have
experienced rain, snow, wind
and earthquake. However, they
still work at present.

In the modern times, the
development of tall buildings is
slow in China.
 Since 1950s, tall buildings became
to develops in China.

Beijing Minzu Hotel
Year: 1959
floors: 12
height: 47.4m。

Beijing Civil Aviation Building
Year: 1964
floors: 15
height: 60.8m。
Guangzhou People Building
Year: 1966
floors: 18
height: 63m。

Guangzhou Hotel
Year: 1968
floors: 27
height: 88m。

 Since 1970s, tall buildings rapidly
develops in China.
Beijing Minzu Hotel-New Building
Year: 1974
floors: 20
height: 87.4m。

Guangzhou Baiyun Hotel
Year: 1976
floors: 33
height: 114.4m。

 In Shanghai, 20 shear wall
structures with 12~16 floors are for
residential purpose.
 In Beijing, 40 shear wall structures
with 9~16 floors.

 Since 1980s, the floor number and
height continues.
Function and types are more
complicated.
Structural systems are various.

 Beijing Central Color Television
Center , 27 floors，112.7m high.

Shanghai Jingan Hilton Hotel，43
floors, 143.6m high.

Shenzhen International Trade
Center Building ，50 floors,
158.65m high.

Shenzhen
Developmen
t Center ，43
floors，
165.3m high，
the first
steel
structures in
China.

Guanzhou
International
Building, RC
Structure,63
floors,
200.2m high

Shenzhen Xian Cheng Building,
reinforced concrete tube-in-tube
structure, 61 floors, 218m high
 Guangzhou Zhongtian building ，
concrete tube-in-tube structure ，
80 floors，322m high.

Shenzhen King
Building，81 floors，
325m high.

Shanghai Jinmao Tower ，88 floors，
421m high.

In the world, modern tall buildings
have developed over 110 years. In
recent 40 years, they developed
rapidly.

In 1883, Home Insurance Building with
11 floors in Chicago, USA.

In 1931,
Empire State
Building in
New York ，
102 floors，
381m high.

Since 1950s, high-strength light
material, new wind/earthquake
resistant systems, computers and
construction machines rapid develops.

In 1972, World Trade Center Twin
Towers in New York, 110 floors,
402m high, steel structures.

In 1973, Sears
Tower in
Chicago, 110
floors, 443m
high, steel
structure.

In 1996, Oil
Mansion built in
Kuala Lumpur,
88 floors, 450 m
high , steel and
reinforced
concrete mixed
structure.

Burj Khalifa
Tower in
Dubai,
162 floors，
828 high.

1. 2 Characteristics
 Tall buildings bear vertical loads,
horizontal loads and seismic
loads, etc.
 Horizontal loads and seismic
loads are two crucial factors in
tall buildings.

H
W
M
q
Δ
Figure 1-1 internal force and deformation
(a) Gravity load；(b) horizontal load

(1-1)
式中 N- vertical load per meter；q –
horizontal distribution load； H-height；EI -
flexural rigidity （E: Modulus of elasticity，
I: moment of inertia ）
















)
(
8
)
(
2
1
)
(
4
4
2
2
H
f
EI
qH
H
f
qH
M
H
f
WH
N
W
W
W
W
W
W

Figure 1-2 Force, deformation vs.
height

 Tall buildings have enough
strength.
 Tall buildings also have enough
stiffness for the purpose of
service and safety.
ductility not to collapse.

 The resistance to horizontal
forces is a crucial issue in the
design of tall buildings.
strength, stiffness and ductility
for the purpose of service and
safety.

1. 3 Types (based on materials)
 reinforce concrete
 Steel
 Steel-reinforce concrete composite

 Reinforce concrete
low cost
Available
High strength and stiffness
 fire-resistance
Corrosion resistance

 Steel
 high strength
 light self-weight
 easy fabrication
 convenient construction

Member-level composite
Steel reinforced concrete Concrete filled steel tube

Structure-level composite
Steel-concrete hybrid structure

Member composite
Structure composite

1. 3 Types (based on forms)
 Frame structure
 Shear Wall structure
 Wall-frame structure
 Tubular structure
 etc.

a、Frame structure
 Columns and beams to resist
vertical and horizontal loads.
 Suitable for multi-layer buildings
with moderate height.

Figure1-3 Layout of a frame
Longitudinal beam Column
Transverse beam

a、Frame structure

 Convenient layout arrangement
 Suitable for classrooms, conference
rooms, restaurants, etc.
 Easily separate or combine the
space.
 Walls do not bear loads.

 easy standardization
lateral stiffness is relative weak
 top displacement and interlayer
displacement are large.
 suitable for 10-15 floor buildings.

b、shear wall structure
 Walls to resist vertical and
horizontal loads.
 Suitable for tall buildings with much
higher height.

Figure 1-4 layout of a shear wall
structure

b、shear wall structure

 high strength
 lateral stiffness is strong
 top displacement and interlayer
displacement are small.
 suitable for a higher buildings, e.g.,
above 15 floors.

 span is relative small
 not convenient layout arrangement
 self-weight is high

Figure 1-6 frame supported shear wall

c、wall-frame structure
 In a frame, several walls are
arranged.
 Take advantages of the two types of
structures.

Figure 1-7 Layout of a wall-frame structure
Wall Beam Column

c、wall-frame structure

 Characteristic of internal forces
 horizontal shear forces in a frame
is much even from bottom to top.
 Moments in columns and beams
are much even.

 Characteristic of deformation
 shear wall structures have flexural
deformation.
 frame structures have shearing
deformation.
 flexural-shearing deformation.

Figure 1-8 deformation of different types of
structures

d、tubular structure
 It is a spatial system.
 Walled-tube structures.
 Framed-tube structures.
 Trussed-tube structures.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Figure 1-9 tube types
(a) walled-tube；(b) framed-tube；(c) trussed-tube；(d)
tube-in-tube；(e) bundled-tube

Guangzhou Xi Tower

Tianjin 117 Building

1.4 Max suitable heights for each
type of structures
Table 1-1 A grade tall buildings in Chinese specifications (m)
6 grad. 7grad. 8grad. 9grad.
70 60 55 45 25
140 130 120 100 50
all walls 150 140 120 100 60
frames
supported
130 120 100 80 -
frame-core
tube
160 150 130 100 70
tube in
tube
200 180 150 120 80
70 40 35 30 -
Tubular
Slab column-wall
Forms
Non-
seismic
design
Seismic design
Frames
Wall-frame
Wall

6度 7度 8度
170 160 140 120
all walls 180 170 150 130
frames supported 150 140 120 100
frame-core tube 220 210 180 140
tube in tube 300 280 230 170
Seimic design
Wall-frame
Shear
wall
Tubular
Forms
Non-seismic
design
Table 1-2 B grade tall buildings in Chinese specifications (m)

1．5 General design criteria
 Conceptual design.
 Layout arrangement
 Load transfer
 Technological economics
 etc.

a、Layout arrangement
Simple, regular, symmetry
Length of layout is adequately
long and outstanding part is
small；
Do not adopt complicated
layout shape.

b、Vertical arrangement
Control lateral deformation
H/B is between 5 and 6.

Table 1-3 H/B for A grade tall
buildings in Chinese specifications
6、7grad. 8grad. 9grad.
frames、slab
column-shear
wall
5 4 3 2
frame-
shear wall
5 5 4 3
shear wall 6 6 5 4
tube in tube
、frame-core
6 6 5 4
Forms
Non-seimic
design
Seimic design

Table 1-4 H/B for B grade tall buildings
in Chinese specifications
6grad. 7grad. 8grad.
8 7 7 6
Non-seimic
design
Seimic design

c、 Deformation joint
temperature joint
settlement joint
aseismic joint

temperature joint

settlement joint

aseismic joint

Tall Building Systems.ppt

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