Health Promotion Of South Africa

Health Promotion Of South Africa
Health Promotion
Located in West Africa, Nigeria is the population giant of Africa, with more than 130 million people. The terrain changes from the oil
–rich Niger Delta
in the south to a belt of rain forests inland and to high savanna–covered plateaus in the north. The population is as diverse as it is large, with some 250
ethnic groups. Nigeria 's three largest ethnic groups are: Hausa–Fulani (29 percent of the population), Yoruba (21 percent) and Igbo, or Ibo (18
percent). Northern Nigeria is mostly Islamic and dominated by the Hausa–Fulani ethnic group. Southern Nigeria is more westernized and urbanized
than the north, with the Yoruba in the southwest and the Igbo in the southeast. It is estimated that about half the Yorubas are Christian and half
Muslim, though many maintain traditional beliefs. The Igbo in the southwest tend to be Christian; many are Roman Catholic. A century of British
rule ended in 1960. After independence, ethnic tensions increased, deepened by the rift between the poor north and the more prosperous south. Civil
war raged from 1967 to 1970, when the Igbo fought unsuccessfully for autonomy as the Republic of Biafra. The end of the civil war did not mark a
return to political stability. After decades of military coups and military rule, free elections were held in 1999 that brought Nigeria back on the road to
democracy. The system of government is based on the United States model with a federal government and 36 states, with a Federal Capital Territory
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A major outbreak of Lead Poisoning in Northern Nigeria
Preliminary Issues A major outbreak of Lead Poisoning in Northern Nigeria, more specifically in the area of the Zamfara State, is described by the
Human Rights Watch (HRW) as the "biggest epidemic of Lead Poisoning in modern history." The height of the outbreak caused children mortality rates
to sky rocket. This situation is still a current crisis today – for those who still suffer from lead poisoning, and for the survivors who are now struggling
with the dire disabilities. According to news report released by NPR Health, the original crisis was caused due to locals processing of ore for gold. The
area that was being processed for ore was laced with lead; when the ore was grinded to extract the gold, the process generated clouds of "lead–laden"
dust, which was carried home by the workers and inhaled by the children (NPR Health News). The result showed an alarming impact on the mortality
rate of children who were exposed to lead. According to The African Journal ofMedicine and Medical Sciences, approximately 400 children died
within the first couple days of the lead infested mining incident, and a total of 40% of children died in the village of Zamfara within the year (The
African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences). Medical attention was brought to the area when there was an unusual notice for the experience of
deaths, vomiting of blood, and seizures in children. Health professionals discovered that while the international concerned level of lead poisoning is

Boko Haram : A Serious Problem
The State of Nigeria has experienced a growing number of militants across the county. Over the past three years, there has been an increasing threat
posed by growing numbers of homegrown terrorists that have managed to become a serious problem to the nation. In recent times, several terror
attacks have been mounted in major towns and cities spread across the country. The major religious terrorist group, Boko Haram, has caused chaos in
these areas causing substantial damage in the regions over which they have gained control. Boko Haram militants have taken over a majority of the
regions in the north and declared their own version of Islamic law. In the delta region sitting directly off the coast of Guinea, armed militant groups
have waged war against the government due to economic grievances. These events have come to shape the policies, ideologies, and future of the Nigeria
as the country rolls into the reality of the threat posted at their own doorstep. In past three years, Boko Haram has carried out multiple attacks on
several key areas in the Nigerian nation. The group began targeting military and civilian installations, resulting in a significant loss of lives. They have
transformed into a religious terrorist group aimed at creating an Islamic state in Nigeria. The most infamous and audacious operation in recent history
is the kidnapping of young Chibok women from a region in northeast Nigeria. The group's goal is to institute Sharia, and they resort to extreme
measures

Islamic State West Africa Province Essay
Islamic State West Africa Province, Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad, Boko Haram; known by many names, the terror
organization that has plagued Northern Nigeria since the mid–2000s remains a threat to stability in Western Africa. Boko Haram was classified by the
Global Terrorism Index as the deadliest terror organization of 2015; inflicting 6644 deaths, 77% civilians, this terror group is in fact on the decline due
to infighting, coalition military strikes and a seeming lack of strategy, save for assaults on civilians and some infrastructure. Such a lack of strategy
through which to attain their end–goal of a fundamentalist Sharia state in Nigeria has led to the group's decline. A new strategy is critical if it were to
make a resurgence to prominence in northern Nigeria. Should a strategically enlightened leader take the reins of Boko Haram, his first priority would
be to end the hostilities between competing factions by any means necessary. He would afterwards find it necessary to integrate and garner support for
his cause amongst the general population, rendering the two entirely necessary to mutual survival. The next priority would be to divide and cripple
Nigerian armed forces through attacks on soft targets to degrade morale and possibly open negotiations for some kind of resolution. Failing that, calling
on support from other fundamentalist organizations and countries would no doubt add to the fighting capacity and legitimacy of Boko Haram, thus

Discuss The Causes Of The Nigeria Civil War
Authors have identified remote and immediate causes of the Nigerian Civil War. There were remote and immediate causes of the civil war. While the
remote causes of the civil war in Nigeria are factors that imply that there were underlying factors that gradually built up overtime the tension that
eventually led to the civil war, the immediate causes were simply triggers to the tension that had reached boiling point. These causes shall be
summarized to include but not restricted to the following as discussed below.
The remote causes include but not limited to the following: the Kano Riot of 1953; the national census controversy of 1962; the general election crisis
of 1964; the Western Region election of 1965; free expression of tribal sentiments in political campaigns; the tendency to suppress opposition in politics,
domination of Northern Nigeria in their own regime by the southerners; introduction of the Northern oligarchy into the administration of Nigeria; desire
for each regional party to control the centre; the introduction of Decree 34 by the Ironsi's government who intended to make Nigeria a Unitary State.
The immediate causes of the war include: the 1966 coup which claimed the lives of politicians especially from the Northern and Western Regions, and
the belief by the Northerners ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Incidentally nothing seems to have changed in the character of the operators of the Nigerian state since independence. The same reasons of corruption,
nepotism, tribalism, exclusion, marginalization, high handedness, dictatorial tendencies, fraud maladministration, injustice, human rights abuses and
the like vices are usually repeated to justify each change of government in the country but nothing has really changed for the

The Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On...
In 2014, Binyavanga Wainaina, a well–known Kenyan author and journalist, wrote, "There is no country in the world with the diversity, confidence,
talent and black pride like Nigeria." There is certainly truth to these words. The west african country of Nigeria has proven itself to be a successful and
enduring land. As the English began exploring and colonizing the land grounded in tradition and folklore, Nigeria effectively adapted and grew. Even
when torn apart, Nigeria has pulled itself back together and grown stronger. There are many aspects to Nigeria's culture that are worth considering. But
one aspect of Nigeria has proven itself to be rich, transformative, and long–lasting: literature. Nigeria has produced rich literature that shows the conflict
between tradition and western influence as well as dividing war. Further, Nigerian literature answers to this clash with a call to reconciliation and
balance of the two.
A brief look into the history of Nigeria would be beneficial before considering the literary culture and history of the country. Nigeria contains the
greatest amount of historical cultures and empires than any other African country. The land is filled with a variety of peoples and tribes, such as the
Fulani and the Bornu, the Igbo people and the Yoruba people. In the early 19th century, the unique land began attracting British explorers, Christian
missionaries, activists, and traders. The British acquired the land soon after. Thus began direct rule of the

The Boko Haram Group On The Nigerian Economy
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In recent times, Nigeria has attracted significant global attention as a result of the on going Boko Haram terrorism actions. With Nigeria being one of
the most populous country in West Africa there is bound to be religious and political tensions which in turn breeds political violence. The Boko Haram
group is the first insurgent group in Nigeria to be classified as a terrorist organisation by the United States of America and it Allies (Akpan, F et al:
2014). From their radical emergence in 2009 up till date, the country has suffered vulnerability to terror, criminality and instability, starting in 2010
with a retaliation attack for the death of their leader Mohammed Yusuf. The sect further intensified their activities in 2011 with the bombing of the
Police headquarters in Abuja the capital city and the UN headquarters also in Abuja. All these attacks left a lot dead and a whole lot more of people
injured and displaced. This dissertation investigates the effects of the Boko haram group on the Nigerian economy and how this in turn has brought
about a domino effect of instability in the country. In this study, the use of mainly library research shall be used to trace the sequence of Boko Haram
crisis faced by the State.
What exactly is terrorism? This word has been so incorporated into our daily lives, with the media every day reporting on act of "terrorism" or the
other. Terrorism is often labelled as acts of violence that is against the society,

Boko Haram
Location and Duration
The Boko Haram conflict is currently taking place in Nigeria, with some minor ongoing activity in western Chad, southeast Niger and northern
Cameroon. Though the group is concentrated in the northeastern states of Borno and Yobe in Nigeria, its influence has spread throughout the country.
The current insurgency officially began on July 26th, 2009, and while Nigerian President Muhammadu Buharu declared the conflict 'technically' over
in December 2015, the violence continues today.
Major Players
First, there is Boko Haram (meaning "Western education is forbidden"), an Islamic extremist group currently lead by Abubakar Shekau. Originally
called Yusifiyya (after the former leader, Mohammed Yusuf), in 2010 their official name became Jama 'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda 'awati wal
–Jihad
(meaning "People Committed to the Prophet's Teachings for Propagation and Jihad"). Since pledging allegiance to ISIL in in March 2015, the group
is officially known as Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya or ISWAP ("Islamic State West Africa Province").
On the opposing side, there is the Nigerian State, the military and police force of which has been combatting the Boko Haram since its founding. The
Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF) is a government group made up of military units from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria that was
founded in 1994. In 2015, it underwent structural changes after years of inaction, its new aim being to bring an end to the Boko Haram insurgency.
Origins and

Role and Influence of Religion on Conflicts
There are different views on the role and influence of religion on conflicts. Rabkin states that religion is not a primary source of conflicts and violent
strife. According to him, most often than not, religion is used only to legitimize, but not motivate conflicts. However, Jonathan Fox states that religion is
one of the motivators of terrorism. The impact of religion on conflicts is also increasing over the years. Similarly in Nigeria, religion was not the central
source of conflicts at the time of colonization or even after independence. However, its role has increased through time to the extent that it curtailed
other important contributing factors to the conflict. Religion and identity are highly correlated in Nigeria. As a result, almost all Nigerians identify
themselves with a religion: Muslims represents 50.5 % of the population; Christians represents 48.2 % of the population, and other traditional religions
constitute the remaining 1.4 % of the population. This strong religious affiliation made Nigeria one of the most religious nations in the world. In a
survey conducted by BBC, 95% of Nigerian respondents asserted that they would die for their religious belief. In line with this affirmation, beginning
from the 1990s, violent deadly clashes in the name of religion between Christians and Muslims became the everyday phenomenon in Nigeria. In
Nigeria, religion has more influence at elections and civil servant appointments than any other credentials. In

Nigeria Biafra Civil War
| Realism, Power and the Nigerian Civil War| | 211540478| Ntsika Nduli| 3/15/2013|
|
International Relations is a field of politics that takes a look at the interactions that occur in between states in the international arena. Its aim is to
explain why certain events have unfolded in certain ways, as a result of how states use their power relatively to each other. Mostly the interactions that
International Relations tries to examine or explain, is the conflicts that arise as a result of differing interests that states have. To provide a base for
analysis, this essay is going to use the central theory of realism to explain the civil war that occurred in Nigeria in between 1967 to 1970. This essay
will seek to explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
War was inevitable: 'This simple and seemingly innocuous action broke the last thread and split the last institution symbolizing Nigeria's nationhood
and cohesion which had been regularly tampered with by the politicians since 1962. The rift between the Eastern Region and the rest of the country
was total' (ibid). In a meeting convened in Aburi, Ghana, by Ghanaian general Gen. Ankrah, leader of the eastern region military Lt. Col. Ojukwu
understood the real issues at hand and convinced attendees that the only way for Nigeria to stay together is that it has to break apart, effectively
implying secession. After a breakdown in communication, a frustrated federal government passes Decree no. 8 of 17th March 1967, which split
Nigeria's regions into twelve states. This was seen by Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon as a pre–emptive, non–violence weapon against the east. The eastern
region was split into 3 states. Lt. Col. Ojukwu unsurprisingly rejected Decree no. 8 and states that the Enugu, (capital of Nigeria's eastern region) is
headed for secession. On the 30th of May 1967, the eastern region of Nigeria declares itself as the independent sovereign state of Biafra. The Federal
military fired the first bullet on the 6th of July 1967. Now this essay will turn to providing a background to the development of Realism as an analytical
theory of International Relations.

The Vietnam War: The Nigerian Civil War
Africa is a continent made up of many different countries, each with their own struggles and triumphs. There have been many conflicts and wars
throughout the continent. Blood has been shed, and freedoms have been won. One of the most deadly and horrific conflicts in African history took
place in the country of Nigeria. This conflict is known as the Nigerian Civil War; also referred to as the Nigerian–Biafran War. Nigeria was a country of
major division and diversity within itself when it came to religion, economics, ethnicity, and culture. Originally colonized by the British, the north was
predominantly Muslim, while the south was predominantly Christian and animist (Nigerian Civil War, 2015). In fact, when Nigeria won its
independence from the British in 1960, the country was home to nearly three hundred different ethnic and cultural groups (Nigerian Civil War, 2015).
Such differences throughout the country caused great tensions. There were three main ethnic groups ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This war was one of the bloodiest and deadliest battles, not only in African history, but in world history. When all was said and done, it is estimated
that upwards of three million casualties were suffered due to battle, disease, and starvation (Nigerian Civil War, 2015). Some of the biggest victims of
the Nigerian–Biafran war, however, were children. Children of war are not raised in the traditional manner that they are during times of peace. After the
crimes against the Igbo, such as the massacres of northern Christians, were made public, sensitization teams tried to reassure the children of the Igbo
territories that their government would take care of them and protect their land (Uchendu, 2007, p. 396). The children were even taught songs in their
schools, such as the following:
"Eastern Region stands for truth and justice nothing

Biafran Research Paper
Nigeria would be of a seed if there was any Nigeria before 1914. Britain was so ambitious to change our way of life; hence Biafra problem started.
Maybe Biafra would be beautiful and civilized if there was no Fredrick Lugard in 1914. Lugard tampered with what was organic that has led to
early graves over 5 million Biafrans, that was when Biafrans rejected fact of being unjust. The death of the over five million Biafrans cannot be in
vain. Then read the New York Times report of 1966, 1968, 1969 and 1970 about the persecution of the Biafran people. We must agree thatNigeria was
created as a trap to destroy Biafran people and to serves the interest of Britain. Radio Biafra (Nnamdi Kanu, the leader of IPOB) has made it clear that
Biafrans do not understand what Nigeria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biafrans must go back to the original. So, those with an ugly mindset towards Biafra, hallucinating about ways to preserve the double standard
constitution and evil empire called Nigeria, and busy wallowing in ignorance must trace Biafran people to the 7th sons of Jacob in the Bible. We
have a compelling historical background. Biafra restoration is not a threat to anybody but it's advisable to respect the very faultless efforts of the
Indigenous People of Biafra. Biafra restoration is an endless effort unless if Biafra is restored. Therefore, is time UN, US, EU and AU to take it
upon themselves to call for the dissolution of Nigeria. Because it has failed and corrupted its citizens; even made them poorer. It has failed beyond
description, deep in violation of human right and intentional law. That's why is more than important you will sign the petition bellow; you are
obliged to do so. According to history, Biafra, Benny Kingdom, Hausa etcetera, fault Britain and they were defeated, Britain killed the leaders /chiefs
of those ethnic groups to create Nigeria; therefore, Ngeria was created between the forces of Satan and power of destruction. There was no time all the
ethnic groups agreed to be

The Soil Degradation Of Nigeria Essay
Soil Degradation in Nigeria
Introduction
Nigeria is a country in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Nigeria is in the tropical
zone of Africa (between latitude 4 and 14 degrees N, and longitude 2 and 14 degrees E), with a vast area of savanna vegetation in the northern part. The
climate is damp, very humid and highly influenced by the combined effects of the ocean, desert, humidity, temperature, and mainly the variation that
exist in the amount of rainfall in each region. This alone forms a major influence on the type of vegetation found in various regions in the country. The
activities of human such as farming, mining, deforestation, and including other natural factors is said to be the cause of land degradation, which is
also seen as a decline in land or soil quality of the country, Nigeria.
However, some regions in the country are now undesirable for agricultural practices leading shortage of food supply and economic implications, such
as low–income. In this article, I will be discussing the following:
1.Agro–ecological zones
2.Soil and water (rainfall)
3.Causes of Soil Degradation
4.Effects of Soil Degradation in Nigeria
5.Solutions of Soil Degradation
Agro–Ecological Zones
There is mountainous vegetation in the plateau regions of Nigeria. Before soil depreciation or degradation that is at an increase today in the country, I
will like to discourse the different agro–ecological zones in Nigeria.

Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria
The military elites made the situation even worse by staging coups and making a mockery of democracy in Nigeria. The military era was marked by
corruption, ineptitude and confusion. It drove Nigeria into many problems including economic problems, poverty, and ethno–religious conflicts until
the 1990s. The military continued intervening because they believed the civilian leaders were inept and indecisive.
Ethnic conflicts continued to escalate through the democratic transition in Nigeria, as various ethnic groups demanded political restructuring. The
federal structure has developed deep cracks and demands urgent action to fix it. What is most worrisome in Nigeria is the religious dimension of ethnic
conflict and competition for power and oil wealth. The numerous ethno–religious conflicts that the northern cities of Kaduna, Kano, Jos and Zamfara
have witnessed, came about from the introduction of Muslim Sharia courts, in addition to the South's demands for autonomy. The continuing conflict is
a sign Nigeria's lack of effective mechanisms to manage ethnic conflicts.
The intense ethnic conflicts that rocked Nigeria and South Africa have pushed them to develop constitutionally backed institutions for conflict
management. In South Africa, the state has prevented further conflicts by developing multiple democratic approaches to create a foundation for peace
and security. The new constitution crafted an impressive document aimed to heal the wounds of the past and to build a

Importance Of Geography In Nigeria
Geography is the study of people, their environments, and their resources. Geography affects our lives and a country's history. A country it affects is
Nigeria, its geographic features have different effects on the country as a whole. The five themes of geography are location, place, human–environment
interaction, movement and regions. These geographic features are very important and have led to historic events with significant outcomes in Nigeria.
Location is a theme of geography, which tells us where we are. There are two types of location, absolute and relative. Absolute location is a latitude
and longitude, global location, or a street address, a local location. The absolute location of Nigeria is 10В° North Latitude, 8В° East
Longitude. Relative location is a location described by landmarks, time, direction or distance, and the relationship of one place to another. The
relative location of Nigeria is east of Benin, south of Niger, southwest of Chad, west of Cameroon, and on the west coast of Africa. This causes great
strife in Nigeria because its location has led to border disputes with their neighbors
Chad and Cameroon. Decades ago, Cameroon ceded from Nigeria and there are still disputes about which land is whose. However, their location is
beneficial, giving them multiple countries to trade with; and control over the River Delta, which gives them a monopoly on oil production.
The theme, location, affects Nigeria as a country and the lives of its people.
The theme of place tells us what it's like 'there'. Human characteristics and physical characteristics are two parts of the theme of place. Human
characteristics are the main languages, customs, and beliefs of a country; how many people live, work, and visit a place. The main languages of
Nigeria are English, Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa. Many aspects of Nigerian customs
have to do with politeness and respect to your elders. The customs are simple, such as greeting your elders and parents in the morning, calling elders
'ma' or 'sa'. They are very friendly and inclusive, and they always help out one of their own.The main religions are Christianity and
Islam. Thee Northern region of Nigeria is mostly populated by Hausas who are predominantly
Muslim. The West is

Impact Of Boko Haram On Economic And Social Activities
OMONIYI YINUSA
THE IMPACT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENT ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA
Boko Haram is an affiliated branch of the Islamic State (ISIS) of Iraq and the Levant. It has been performing its atrocities in Nigeria since 2009,
during regime of Dr Good Luck (Past President). The name of the group means "Western" or "non–Islamic" education is a sin. The group is active in
the northern part of Nigeria, and their primary objective is to impose Islamic law as the only law in Nigeria.
The official name of the Boko Haram group is actually Jama 'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda 'awati wal–Jihad, which in Arabic means "People of the Sunnah
(the practise and examples of the Prophet Muhammad 's life) for Preaching and Jihad Group".
Ironically, they do not believe in technological development and this is one of the reasons why they lack the ability to see things in different
perceptive. In the early days, people refused to take their cassava to their places for processing because they primitively used mortar and pestle to
grind their cassava, pepper and so many other things, instead, to where machines will be used to grind them.
ANALYSIS OF THE CRISIS
A depth interview was carried out with a final year political student at the University of Lagos who studied Boko haram insurgent as a course in
school, he explained to me how the crisis impacted negatively the economy of Nigeria and the safety of the inhabitant. He explained "western
influence on Islamic society is viewed as a

Nigeria And South Africa The Legacy Of The British
Nigeria and South Africa–The Legacy of the British Nigeria and South Africa are two of the largest countries in Africa. These countries are very diverse
with rich in cultures and and strong resources that would make any country great. However, these countries apparent strengths are what is dooming
these nations. Nigeria's rich and diverse culture is cause much tension between different regions in the nation as there is dispute over which culture has
the right to the country's resources. While most of the money coming from the south, and the power and military strength is based in the north, the
tension between the two worlds continues to collide and cause constant uproars. Leaders of the nation are corrupt and are stealing the revenue made
from oil and other exports. South Africa is in a similar situation as the legacy of white lead settler rule is causing much tension between the white and
the black today. Whites control much of the businesses and productivity in the country while the black South Africans work for the whites. This causes
much tensions between to two groups as there is little room for class mobility. Corruption is also apparent here as the South African government is
often bought by the rich and steals much of the profit from the resources which depletes funds that are supposed to be used for the population. This is
what Stephen Chan and John Campbell say that sustainable economic growth has eluded the two countries and will continue to hinder economic

British Imperialism In Nigeria Research Paper
During the New Imperialism, many regions in Africa were colonized by European nations. In 1885, European powers, such as Portugal, France, Britain,
Germany, Spain, Italy, and Belgium, gathered altogether at the Berlin Conference, deciding on who gets what African colony. One of the regions was
Nigeria. Without consulting the natives, the British took over Nigeria during the Scramble for Africa. Indeed, Nigeria did not wanted to be colonized,
so they demanded for independence by creating a constitution legislated by the British and by electing a prime minister and a governor–general to lead
their country. They elected Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, from the National Population Commission of Nigeria, as prime minister, and Nnamdi Azikiwe,
from the National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this would be when "the imbalance in education in Nigeria between the South and the North [...] created the problem of inequality
between urban cities" (Colonialism: Impact of Colonialism on Nigeria by the British). Since the British had divided the country of Nigeria into
different areas, each area had created their own educational policies, resulting into a different system of education, especially between northern and
southern Nigeria. Likewise, according to The Religious Literacy Project, Nigeria was originally diverse with "over 270 ethnic groups who [spoke]
over 370 languages" if it were not to have the British who influenced Christianity widely, making "half of the population [...] Muslim, 40–50% [...]
Christian, and 5–10% [practicing] indigenous religious traditions" (Nigeria). The spread of Christianity throughout Nigeria had brought a number of
people to convert from their own religion to a Christian. It was so widely spread until almost half of the population was practicing a religion that was
brought by their colonizer while the other half stayed with their own religion. (maybe add in more) For the most part, Nigeria was in social harm under
the British rule due to the alterations in literacy and

Terrorism : An Imperative For Economic, Political And...
TERRORISM IN AFRICA; an Imperative for Economic, Political and Military Solutions. The bombings of the United States embassies in Tanzania
and Kenya were marked indicators that Africa based terrorist groups were increasing threats to the interests of democratic societies in Africa those of
all freedom loving societies the world over. Our policy makers have for long treated the Middle East and Asia as the main battlegrounds in the war on
terror. Those regions have been joined by Africa in the aftermath of the Arab revolution which gave rise to regional instability. Could demographic,
economic and/or religious forces be fuelling the growth of terrorism in Africa, particularly Nigeria? I would show that the current preferred ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These groups include the pseudo–Christian 'Lord's Resistance Army' in Uganda, the extremist Islamic 'Boko Haram' in Nigeria whose most
prominent attacks involved the use of a car bomb to demolish a UN compound in 2011 and the kidnapping of hundreds of school girls from a school
in northern Nigeria. In the ensuing period the group has killed hundreds of other Nigerians including security personnel as it attempts to impose Sharia
law in the mainly Muslim northern part of Nigeria. In Somalia, there is the al–Shabaab militia which has carried out suicide bombings throughout the
capital city of Mogadishu and in neighboring countries like Kenya and Uganda. There are the Islamist groups in Mali mostly composed of factions of
al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM conquered and governed a broad swath of northern Mali which it used as a base to plot attacks
outside of the country's border including the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya and on the natural–gas facility in Algeria. Africans have
been involved in terror plots in the continental United States an example of which is the militant who tried to bring down a Northwest Airlines flight
on Christmas Day in 2009. The scourge of religion based terrorism in Africa has some common threads running through the affected geographic areas.
In Nigeria, which is split between a mainly Muslim North and a Christian and

Why Did Boko Haram Come To Cameroon
Boko Haram means Western learning is forbidden (Schultz). Boko Haram is an Islamic militant group that originated in Nigeria and spread through
northern Cameroon and south–western Chad. It started out with a group of young Islamic radicals. Boko Haram is a terrorist organization that is much
like ISIS. The question is, why has Boko Haram come to Cameroon? Boko Haram has come to Cameroon because they want to establish an Islamic
state in that area, because they are running out of supplies, and because Cameroon is an easier target to attack than surrounding countries.
One of the reasons that Boko Haram has come to Cameroon is because they want to establish an Islamic state in that area. Establishing an Islamic state
in that area is a solution for problems that the founders of Boko Haram saw. "Bad governance, corruption, persistent economic hardship, and rising
inequality have fostered the growth of radical extremist groups" (Schultz). The founders of Boko Haram saw these problems and their solution was to
try to create an Islamic state. The Islamic state that they wanted to create stretched across eastern Nigeria, northern Cameroon, and south–western Chad
("Cameroon"). The founders of Boko Haram saw a problem and tried to fix it, but they did it in a very bad way, and this bad way caused them to be in
Cameroon.
Another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many problems caused Boko Haram to form, and creating an Islamic state was their solution to those problems (Schultz). Supplies are running low in
Boko Haram so they have come to Cameroon to steal more food, guns, explosives, and munitions (Chimtom). Cameroon also has a smaller, less
effective military, so Boko Haram has been very hard to fight in Cameroon. Boko Haram will be a problem in Cameroon until the military can force
them out of

Similarities Between America And Nigeria
African history is extremely important because it contributes to the overall understanding of world history. The historical interaction between Africa
and America created a platform for national capitalization. Nigeria is one of the most populated countries in Africa and more specifically it consists of
one of the highest amounts of ethnics groups. Nigeria consists of over three hundred different ethnic groups. Language, culture, and values are what
differentiate ethnic groups from each other. Three out of the hundred ethnic groups make up seventy percent of Nigeria. These three ethnic groups
includes the people of Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. Of the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, the Hausa–Fulani group, makes up the greatest percentage
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are the second most populated ethnic group in southern Nigeria. The people of Igbo mostly reside in southeastern Nigeria. They have four main
areas in which they are spread out; the low lying deltas, the riverbanks, the central belt, and the Udi highlands. In addition, the Igbo speak one common
language. It originates from the Niger–Congo language. They also share one religion which is based upon the Christian religion as there is one
creator, God. Family values in this cultures includes birth, marriage and burial. One most always be present to these traditional events. Unlike most of
the common ethnic groups in Nigeria, the Igbo people do not possess a reliable historic story that infers their origins. Although, there is no common
traditional story that explains their beginnings, theories do exist. One of the two theories guesses that the Igbos came about from their area which was
called "Igboland". While the other guesses that the people of Igbo are descendants of immigrants of northern and western Nigeria who came to the land
as early as the fourteenth century. Shifting back into the more verified historical aspect of the Igbo culture. The Portuguese arrived in the mid fifteenth
century. Europe came in contact with them for just slave trade initially. Trade was more significant opposed to building empires. Slaves were mostly
shipped off to the America's. Britain tried to

Why Is Boko Haram?
Since the execution of Osama bin Laden and other al–Qaeda leaders, international terrorism seems to be on the decline with some even arguing that
terrorism will end sooner than we expected. However, through waves of recent bombings, bloody kidnappings, and remorseless assassinations, Nigeria
has proven that while terrorism may be on the decline, local terrorist groups seem to still be on the rise and the unprecedented terrorist operations of
Boko Haram have shattered the hope that peace is returning to Africa's most populous country any time soon ("Boko Haram").
Nigeria is a West African country with a population of about 170 million people. It is a country divided with religion and ethnicity. The country is
made up of both Muslims and Christians, with an area called the middle belt bordering the Muslim north and Christian south (Ehwarieme). For many
decades, Nigeria has witnessed various forms of violent conflicts. In recent times the activities of Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria has become the
major source of crisis and fear in the country. About 13,000 people are estimated to have been killed in Boko Haram–related violence, making it one of
the deadliest terrorist groups in the world. ("Boko Haram"). The United Nations and Nigerian officials estimate that more than six million Nigerians
have been affected by the conflict between Boko Haram and the Nigerian government, and more than 300,000 have been displaced. As it spreads
across north and central Nigeria, attacks are

Biafran War
The background of this conflict is entrenched in; Ethnic division, Politics and economics of federalism. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the
Biafran War, 6 July 1967– 15 January 1970, was a war fought to counter the secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Biafra represented nationalist
aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern–dominated federal government. The conflict
resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain's formal decolonization of Nigeria in 1960–1963.
Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter–coup, and persecution of Igbos living in Northern Nigeria. Control over oil
production in the Niger

Impact Of Oil Spills On The Economy Of Northern Nigeria
Abstract
Over the years cases have been heard of destruction of the fertile area of Niger delta due to oil spills. The most affected area is in Nigeria where
reports state that there have been more than 400 tons spills. The major reason given behind the spills is due to human mistakes. In a report provided by
the national oil spills detection in Nigeria indicated that there were more than 1200 oil spill sites that had been left out by the oil companies by the
year 2008 along the Niger delta. Even though the Niger delta from a front view shows the pace to good looking due to the green pastures found in the
area, but in detailed review there have been severe damage inside the area since the fish that could be surviving have already died, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
15
2.3.1 Bioremediation approach. 16
2.3.2 Chemical and biological methods. 16
2.3.3 Physical methods. 16
Conclusion. 16
Chapter 3. 17
3.1 Methodology. 17
3.2 Tools for data collection. 18
3.3. Research Philosophy. 18
3.3.1 Epistemological and Ontological Assumption. 18

3.3.2 Phenomenology and Positivism.. 19
3.3.3. Qualitative and Quantitative Research. 19
3.4 interviews and research questions. 19
3.5The role of the research. 20
3.6Research period. 20
3.7 Ethics and Analysis. 21
3.8 Research Limitations. 21
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Niger Delta is Located in Southeast of Nigeria and has a history of being one of the most fertile land in Northern Nigeria. There is subsistence
farming and fishing in this region that is mainly done by the natives of this place, and is inhibited by 3000 communities that have settled there for a
long time doing farming as their major economic activities (Ikelegbe, 2013). The estimated population at the Niger Delta is 27 million people, of
this population, 75% of the population relies upon agricultural activities for living. However, the water, air, forest and soil resources have been
devastated because of the exploration of gas and oil resources. The key issue and problem associated with the oil recourse exploration is oil spills and
gas flares.
The local

Imperialism In Nigeria
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, more commonly known as Nigeria is located in West Africa, in the west it borders Benin, in the east it borders
Chad and Cameroon, and Niger in the north. It's coast is located on the gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital city is Abuja. It is home to
over 250 different ethnic groups. The main religions practiced are Islam, and Christianity. (Commisceo Global Consultancy ) There are over 500
different languages, but the main language spoken is English. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country, and it's the 9th most populous country in the
world, with an estimated 150 million people. Lately the country has had a huge amount of explosive population growth due to its high fertility rate. It ...
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He was born on March 5th, 1937 in Abeokuta, south–west Nigeria. In 1958, he join the Nigerian army. He served in the army for 21 years, his service
included serving in the UN peacekeeping mission, and commanding the 3rd Marine Commando Division during Nigeria's 30–month Biafran civil war
(1967–1970). In 1976, he became military head of state after the assassination of his predecessor General Murtala Muhammad. (Obansajo
Biography) He remained the military leader of Nigeria until 1979. In 1988 he founded the African Leadership forum. In 1995, he was imprisoned for
plotting a coup to overthrow military leader General Sani Abacha. He was sentenced to life in prison, after pressure from other world leaders his
sentence was reduced to 15 years in prison. He was released after Abacha's sudden death in 1998, after serving only 3 years. On May 29 1999,
Obasanjo took office as Nigeria's first civilian head of state of Nigeria after 16 years of military rule, his term lasted from 1999 until 2007. (Olusegun
Obasanjo – News, Biography of Former

Ethnicity In Nigeria
Nigeria is part of the 16 countries in West Africa. Nigeria has different groups of ethnicity and has a population of about 186 million. Nigeria has over
250 ethnic groups. The ethnic groups have different belief and practices (VANGUARD,2017). The country is well known for its oil natural resources
which provides most of their gross domestic product. The largest groups are the Hausa in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest and the Igbo (or Ibo) in
the southeast, who account for around a fifth of the population each. The languages of these three groups can therefore be used in government. Other
large groups include the Ijaw in the east and the Fulani in the north. Nigeria is divided into 36 states. In this essay I will discuss the cultural in the
northern states, southern states and other cultural practices strongly encourage.
In the 13 northern states, the vast majority of people are Muslim. The Hausa have been Muslims for almost a thousand years, having been converted
to Islam by Arab traders and merchants from the 10th century. Sharia law was introduced into the northern Nigerian states from 2000. This is a code
for how Muslims should lead their lives. It is thought to have been drawn up by Muslim scholars in the early centuries of Islam, with parts of it taken
directly from the Koran. As in other countries, northern Nigeria uses the code as a basis for its criminal law. However, some of the harsher penalties,
such as death–by–stoning for adultery, have never been

Effects Of Political Corruption In Nigeria
Political corruption is a significant problem in Africa. Many of the regions in Africa were seeking for independence from European nations that had
caused for political views to differ. The ideas of leaders were not all similar which may have created a majority of these countries in Africa to
express their feelings and form their own political parties. Besides wanting to be freed from European rule, the rise of political corruption could also
be faulted to the African leaders of different regions of Africa to voice their own beliefs with the determination that it lacked unifying the nation's
overall.
Political corruption is when government powers are illegally aiding for more control that does not allow for new forms of leadership to take ... Show
The transformation of politics in Nigeria fell into the trap of military rule that caused for chaos to occur across the country. Colonial chiefs were
taking positions in office which they were not qualified for and used force and bribery to win over the people of Nigeria. The idea that Nigeria was
being set up in this form of government was misleading and did not let the people feel as though they were independent. Regional leaders were
seeking to take over local politics of this country and were able to do so when it came to the national and local elections. When Nigeria, revamped
their constitution in the 1950s, which divided Nigeria into three different regions caused a fight to see who would control the political party. Nigeria
located in West Africa is made up of three separate cultures in the area that lead to disunity and issues with the government. The Hausa–Fulani in the
north, the Yoruba in the west, and Ibo in the east. Amongst these cultures, they started to form their political parties. There was the National Council of
Nigeria and the Cameroons, the Action Group and Northern People's Congress. The British should be held responsible for encouraging these groups to
compete against one another. The British were responsible for favoring other political parties over others that would help create cockiness to
development in the long run. The British mostly supported the N.C.N.C and allowed

Boko Haram Is The Most Powerful Group
Similar to the past few years, the atrocious kidnapping of 276 on the 14th of April, of boarding school girls from the village of Chibok in the
north–eastern part of Nigeria falls into an arrangement of shocking terror unbridled by Boko Haram. Nigeria has always been at the heart of security
threatening challenges, but Boko Haram is the most powerful group as of yet. Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for many bombings and other
terrorist activities north and central Nigeria, thus placing Nigeria on the verge of dissolution. Till date, terror caused by Boko Hara has resulted in an
estimate of about 10,000 deaths. Boko Haram, officially called Jama'tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal
–Jihad, is a Sunni extremist terrorist group based
in northeast Nigeria and active in Chad, Niger and Cameroon. Purpose of Boko Haram is to get rid of the current political regime in Nigeria, which
the group believes is run by corrupt Muslims. They group wishes to "establish a fundamentalist interpretation of Sharia (Islamic law) across all of
Nigeria (Start)." Furthermore, the group wishes to rid Nigeria of any western education and institutions, specifically schools for girls. Seven to ten
thousand members of Boko Haram are led by Abubakr Shekau. Initially, the group had links to Al–Qaeda, but pledged allegiance in March 2015. Since
the end of the British rule, politicians and Islamic ulama have expressed their disapproval with western education. Since then, political and
ethno–religious groups

Christian Persecution in Nigeria
Christian persecution by Muslim extremists in (mainly) northern Nigeria is and has been a serious problem for several years. The main contributors
to this issue are the Islamic extremist and Muslim purist organization, Boko Haram. According to Religion Today, over 3000 people have been killed
since Boko Haram began it's insurgency. Murders and jihads are a regular occurrence in Nigeria, with new reports seemingly coming out every day of
another terrorist attack or mass shooting. With government being unsupportive of Christians and the constant persecution by extremists, the outlook
has seemed bleak for a very long time, but quite recently the announcement of NASOC (Nigerian Army Special Operations Command) things could be
starting to look up for the persecuted.
Although Boko Haram is the most associated group with Christian persecution in Nigeria, Christians face many other threats as well. The government
denies them basic facilities such as wells, schools, and of course, does not provide labor or funds for the building of churches. Apart from the
government, there have also been emerging signs that al–Qaeda may have ties with Boko Haram. Before late 2013, Goodluck Jonathan had addressed
concerns that the United States of America labeling Boko Haram a Foreign Terrorist Organization would draw more attention to them, possibly drawing
support from other Muslim extremist groups. In light of the links between al–Qaeda and Boko Haram, Goodluck Jonathan announced the Nigerian

A Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria
One of the best ways to succeed in life is to work together. Unfortunetly for Nigeria, the lack of this characteristic has been endlessly causing it
problems for years. The quarrel between the Muslims in the north and the Christians in the south has been constantly growing. This has recently led to
very violent acts of protest and the taking of thousands of innocent lives. These acts of terrorism by northern Nigerian Islam extremists are becoming
much more frequent because of a rather newly created terrorist group, Boko Haram. The group is growing in power and most likely is not being shut
down any time soon. There are many reasons for this, including many Nigerian citizens being in poverty,Nigeria's corrupt government, and most
crucial, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the nation being so varied, the government is very unbiased towards religion and states that one is a Nigerian citizen before one is a
Christian or a Muslim. However, not all agree this should be true (Phillips 59). Even though the nation's government is secular, twelve northern
Nigerian states, which is one–third of the country, have adopted Sharia law in addition to Nigerian law as a second set of regulations (Davis). Sharia
law is an Islamic law based on the Koran, Muslims' sacred book, with extremely strict and horrid punishments, and many Muslims believe this
constitution should be just as important as Nigerian law. These opinions have caused many extremists to feel negative towards the Nigerian
government (Phillips 59). Because of this aggression, religious violence has been going on since the 1960's (Bumgardener). Nigeria is the most
populated country in Africa, and consequently, much of the country is impoverished (Davis). Shockingly, according to the International Crisis Group,
"most Nigerians are poorer today than they were at independence in 1960 ... and the government is unable to provide security, good roads, water, health
and reliable education." This benefits Nigerian terrorist groups because the thought of having some type of job entices many young men to join. On top
of that, many Nigerian Muslims enroll because they claim there has been much discrimination against them by Christians. By accusing Nigerian's
President

Introduction to Security Challenges in the Northern Region...
Since the return to civil democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has witnessed the relative deterioration of its internal security. This is worrisome because
internal security crisis is inherent with tendencies that threaten national unity and the peace of the state. This research attempts a critical analysis of the
causative of the relative insecurity in Nigeria in relation to the problem of policing in Jos which is located in the northern region of Nigeria.
The work is aimed at taking an indebt look into the Nigeria police force, which of course is the major law enforcement agency in any country
especially in a democratic setting. The evolution, roles and effectiveness of the Nigerian police force have been variously analysed by different ... Show
The place which has been referred to as a home of peace and tourism, but more recently seems to have lost this reputation as a result of the eruption of
conflicts between different communities that had hitherto lived in peace and harmony with one another. Some example such as the 1984 Mangu–fier
border conflicts, the April 1994 conflicts in Jos and Bukuru between indigenous communities and settlers, the 1992 and 195 Mangu–Bukkos conflict,
1997 conflicts between Biom and Hausa communities as well as that between Mangu–Chagu in the same year, the Jos crisis of 2001 and the 27 April
2004 clashes between rival ethnic militias in central plateau state would be in deptly considered in relation to the role played by the Nigerian police
and to what extent it had helped or otherwise affected maintaining peace and security in plateau state.
The work would in general revolve around the security challenges in northern Nigeria with emphasis on the Jos ethnic and religious crisis as well as
instances which would be drawn from the various ethnic and religious crisis which have taken place within plateau state so as to the determine to what
extent the Nigerian police have been able to salvage the situation or otherwise. We would further make a conscious attempt to establish those factors
that serves as a deterrent to the effective management of security in Jos. Not of cause leaving out whether or not the police

The Violence Of Boko Haram
Day after day, night after night, our world keeps getting even more dangerous and we don't seem to notice. On April 14, nearly 300 Nigerian girls
were abducted from their school. We cannot even imagine their darkest fears or the pain they are going through with the Boko Haram terrorists
who took them. Boko Haram is a group of Nigerian terrorists ruled by a man named Abubakar. Boko Haram stands for "Western education is
sinful". But we can imagine how their parents and family are feeling. The abduction of these girls has led to many social media trends calling for
their rescue. Around the world, people have started campaigns, and protests. There are millions of people worried about these girls. There are also few
people who can help. Many... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I don't see how people could still live there knowing how dangerous life is there. It's divided into 36 states and one federal capital territory.
Boko Haram is an awful group. Since more people live in the North, Boko Haram moves up there to attack. He plans to attack, kidnap, and kill more
where he declares his territory. Boko Haram also declared parts of Bornu a caliphate. Not only does he declare that, but he puts his eyes on small
villages. Why? Because it's easier for the terrorists to attack.
Boko Haram Islamics are responsible for the deaths of 10 christians. These islamic terrorists hate all the western christian. The majority of the
kidnapped girls are christian. Violence back then has left a major impact on the kidnapping of 200–300 nigerian girls now. The Isamic people have
always tried to find a way to take down the christians. Now, the Boko Haram terrorists still continue to take action in violence.
It is said that Boko Haram has converted the girls into Islams and has them married off. It sounds like everything the Islams tried back then, these
terrorists are accomplishing it in a violent and deadly way now. The Boko Haram Leader, Abubakar has denied the hope of releasing the girls. People
claim that the government has done nothing to help them. Not only has this happened now but it also happened back then when the killing of Islam's was
occurring. There has always been problems and complains about the government not helping them.
In

Boko Haram : A Threat Of Western Civilization
"Conflict is not something separate from organization; disintegration implies integration. Inherit in the whole problem of conflict are such phenomena
as power, leadership, and the elite" (International Sociological Association, 34).
This year, 2015, began at exactly 12:00 am, January 1st. While some people were out enjoying the celebrations that a new year had finally come and
forgetting their worries that the past year had given them, a little church in Gombe, Nigeria was in shambles. A suicide bomber had strapped
explosives to his body and attended a New Year service intended for Christian worshipers (Abubakar). Gombe is located in the northeastern region of
Nigeria; northern Nigeria is an established Islamic region. Islamic extremist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rural population's density per square kilometer of arable land in Nigeria is 0.0. The percentage of sanitation facilities in rural areas of Nigeria,
as of 2008 is 28 percent. In Nigeria, almost 100 million people live on one dollar a day. Most of the poverty is concentrated in the northern areas of
Nigeria, for example, the state of Sokoto, which has a poverty rate at about 86.4 percent. The term absolute poverty is "the number of those who can
only afford the bare essentials such as food, shelter, and clothing" (IFDA). The percentage of people living in absolute poverty, in the already poor
areas of Nigeria in 2004 was 54.7 percent, and as of 2012, the number had grown to 60.9 percent. This number is expected to continue rising. This
trend in the country has startled many due to the fact that although the economy in Nigeria is growing, most Nigerians are just getting poorer. This fact
alone shows that there are other factors involved, factors that are resulting in the disruption of the progress of Nigeria.
The cause of poverty in Nigeria is a result of multiple factors that overlap and run deep within the history and culture of Nigeria, which makes it
difficult for the cycle of poverty to stop, yet, by understanding some of the main causes of poverty in Nigeria, anthropologist can suggest ways in
which poverty can be decreased. Analysts have reviewed the country in an attempt to figure out why Nigeria is getting poorer, and many have come to
some basic

Growing Up In Northern Nigeria
Growing up in Northern Nigeria wasn't an easy adventure due to the incessant religious crisis and low socio economic level of education amongst the
indigenes hence, making it this far as a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) freshman at Connecticut University is a great achievement that I am
very proud of.I grew up in a home with aunties, uncles, ten (10) siblings and a stepmother. My Father worked with the Nigerian government as a tax
administrator where heresigned fromto become a paramount traditional ruler, which led to my communal upbringing. My mother worked as a nurse in
a government hospital where she retired as a matron.
My education was done in Nigeria; my elementary and high school education was in the rural part of Nigeria

The Concept Of Child Marriage
Analysis of the concept of child marriage in Nigeria, a case study of the child not bride media campaign in 2013, using the standpoint theory.
Introduction
One issue that has greeted the large population of Nigeria amongst other issues is the issue of child marriage, which basically is a prevalent practice.
An easy explanation or yardstick to this would be the fact that Nigeria is divided on religious grounds. This division is as follows; the Southern part is
mainly occupied by Christian while the North is principally occupied by Muslims. On this note, it can be said that although the country is operated by
a Federal Law as well as the Nigerian Constitution a host of Northern states in Nigeria still uses the Sharia law, or what can be known as their own
version of it. Basically, the federal law of the Nigerian people prohibits the marriage of persons that are below eighteen. However, the states in Nigeria
that indulge in Sharia law do not forbid child marriage. therefore these generates a clash of laws and principles, but still not enough to stimulate the
intervention of the federal government. Child marriage can then be seen as a traditional convention that has been allowed to subsist within Nigeria. It
is a popular fact amongst elites, as proven by medical practitioners that the Autonomy of a person as well as his or her Consent, are two key elements,
amongst others, that are important to consider when a person is entering into a marital relationship with someone else,

Informative Effects Of Genocide In Nigeria
Genocide Awareness Informative Essay
Genocide is not just a thing from the past. Genocide is currently happening around the world. Nigeria is under a genocide emergency, meaning that
genocide is taking place right now. A terrorist group called Boko Haram is responsible. Boko Haram is literally translated as "Western Education is a
Sin." It is an Islamist extremist group led by Abubakar Shekau ("Genocide Emergency: Nigeria: Boko Haram, Borno State."). Boko Haram has been
targeting Christian schools all over Nigeria in an attempt to drive out western culture from the region. They have been killing thousands without
mercy and have resisted negotiation and seem immune to reason or logic. The cause for genocide in Nigeria by the group Boko Haram is driven by
their hatred for western culture and religion and can only be stopped by the destruction or dispersion of the organization.
According to Merriam Webster's dictionary, genocide is "the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group." A Polish
Jewish Lawyer, Raphael Lemkin, coined the term in the mid 1940's after he escaped Nazi occupied Poland. (Kramer, Mark. "Genocide.") Genocide
can happen for many reasons. One possible cause for genocide is to spread terror and gain power and control. Another reason could be because of
opposing views on religion and a desire to wipe out religious competitors. For example, under Hitler's Germany, an estimated 6 million Jews were
slaughtered because of their

Rudolf Gaudio 's Allah Made Us
Rudolf Gaudio's Allah Made Us tells the story of how sexual outlaws and Islamic sociocultural norms coexisted and produced a complex sociolinguistic
world in Kano and other cities in Northern Nigeria, a Muslim West African region. Once a center of Islamic emirates, interreligious interaction and a
cultural hub, the advent of British colonialism and Islamic revivalism facilitated the growth of an intolerant environment in Nigeria, operating as a kind
of "modernistic moralism" that disorganized bori (spirit possession) practices and marginalized a once thriving sexual community known as 'yan daudu
(p. 9). The broader argument throughout Gaudio's book is that sociolinguistic practices– so often framed as insignificant identity markers to shape
cultural or sexual citizenships– are integral to both. The result is an intervention to how we understand the relationship between gendered language and
non–normative identities in Northern Nigeria, and a narrative of how the political potential of language, often understood as neutral, is deeply
embedded as "a medium of social participation and an object of criticism and control" (p. 8). Beyond providing a rich, vivid ethnography of 'yan
daudu, the book also traces how moral purification and subcultures shape possibilities in present–day Nigeria.
Gaudio's account begins in 1993, when he first encountered 'yan daudu, a community of men, who are characterized by feminine mannerisms and/or
homosexual practices and desires (p. 19).

The Threat Of Boko Haram Essay
Independent from British ruling since 1960, Nigeria today still suffers from ethnical and religious divisions as well as unequal distribution of power
and resources among its regions. A high degree of violence and insecurity has shaped Nigeria's political framework since colonial times. The region is
characterized by systematic human under–development and socio–political decay. By draining resources from development, terrorism creates an
additional burden on the society and interferes with development opportunities. According to Aghedo & Osumah (2012) the term national security has
been boarded to encompass both state and human security. While state security is analogous to the dominant notion of national security, human
security, on the other hand, emphasizes the preservation of the well–being of persons, including the protection of their socioeconomic, political and
environmental rights. The notion of security is reorganized as a social construct, imbued with human faces (p.855). Although Boko Haram is
categorized as a terrorist organization, it remains difficult to define terrorism itself under international law. With the rising of nationalist movements
after the World War II in the old empires of the European powers, modern terrorism has accelerated and generated publicity for its causes and
influenced global policy. While no one has yet agreed upon a definition of terrorism, many see in terrorism an effective means of transforming local
conflicts into international

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