Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Literature review: relationship between the US and international business based on cultural approach to organization Name: Institution: Relationship between the US and international business based on cultural An exploration of a collection of articles on the subject of culture and communication using theoretical framework is necessary for the comprehension of the relationship between the US and international business. The aim is conceptualizing the cultural perceptive of the American in the organizational context. Afterward, the findings of the articles reviewed can serve as the basis for concluding the nature of the relationship. The works of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) are the selected items for review. They explore subjects relating to US relations in the international sphere using a different view. The analysis of the respective studies leads to the claim that cultural perception influences behavior in the international sphere. The conclusion of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) imply that American business relations through communication with the rest are reflective of the cultural practices of the majority in the nation as depicted in the literature reviewed below. Literature review Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) explores the implications of culture on the behavior of individuals with a focus on personalities preference of values. The researchers deploy a mixed study method in testing the implication of culture on teh response of employees at the workplace. They exploit data of 598 studies that involved over 200, 000 participants as the basis for hypothesizing their study. The analysis considers the cultural values dimension that infers to Hofstede's experimental conclusion. Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) use the weighted effects of values in extricating the implication of culture. The study considers job performance absenteeism and turnover rate as the variable elements. They correlate the variable with elements such as work commitments and citizenship behavior in the quantification of the weighted values. The findings that include participants from the United States indicate a connection between emotions and cultural values. The link, in turn, affects the attitude that alters behavior translating to the expression of the same in job performance. The result is critical guide in formulating a solution to the challenges of communication and relationship issue affecting Americans in the workplace context. Taras, Kirkman, & Steel’s findings correlate cultural values to individual behavior, and such is an affirmation that the values instilled in many American affect their overall behavior at the workplace. Another confounding this in the study is that the texts explain the cultural developments using real-life examples. Yamazaki & Kayes (2004) con ...

1. Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Literature review: relationship between the US and international
business based on cultural approach to organization
Name:
Institution:
Relationship between the US and international business based
on cultural
An exploration of a collection of articles on the subject of
culture and communication using theoretical framework is
necessary for the comprehension of the relationship between the
US and international business. The aim is conceptualizing the
cultural perceptive of the American in the organizational
context. Afterward, the findings of the articles reviewed can
serve as the basis for concluding the nature of the relationship.
The works of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki &
Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) are the selected
items for review. They explore subjects relating to US relations
in the international sphere using a different view. The analysis
of the respective studies leads to the claim that cultural
perception influences behavior in the international sphere. The

2. conclusion of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki &
Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) imply that
American business relations through communication with the
rest are reflective of the cultural practices of the majority in the
nation as depicted in the literature reviewed below.
Literature review
Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) explores the implications of
culture on the behavior of individuals with a focus on
personalities preference of values. The researchers deploy a
mixed study method in testing the implication of culture on teh
response of employees at the workplace. They exploit data of
598 studies that involved over 200, 000 participants as the basis
for hypothesizing their study. The analysis considers the
cultural values dimension that infers to Hofstede's experimental
conclusion. Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) use the weighted
effects of values in extricating the implication of culture. The
study considers job performance absenteeism and turnover rate
as the variable elements. They correlate the variable with
elements such as work commitments and citizenship behavior in
the quantification of the weighted values.
The findings that include participants from the United States
indicate a connection between emotions and cultural values.
The link, in turn, affects the attitude that alters behavior
translating to the expression of the same in job performance.
The result is critical guide in formulating a solution to the
challenges of communication and relationship issue affecting
Americans in the workplace context. Taras, Kirkman, &
Steel’s findings correlate cultural values to individual behavior,
and such is an affirmation that the values instilled in many
American affect their overall behavior at the workplace.
Another confounding this in the study is that the texts explain
the cultural developments using real-life examples.
Yamazaki & Kayes (2004) conducted a study to explore the
factors that affect cross-cultural learning. The scholars
approached the task by identifying communication ability as a
skill necessary for enhancing learning in a cross-cultural

3. context. Their study inferred to Kolb's experiential learning
theory. The process entailed a review of expatriate behavior in
a diverse setting. Citizens from the US took part in the process
as a sample for the empirical study. The researchers listed 73
skills sets required for cross-cultural learning then listed the
skills into sets of 10. According to the study, the hypothetical
used listed the skills based on the prioritization by the
participants. The empirical process used the rankings of the
skills as the quantification of the general behavior of people in
a diverse setting.
The findings on the set of skills critical for interaction in the
international sphere such as communication capability affirmed
the significance of culture in human interaction. The conclusion
suggested that the open approach to communication as
prioritized in the west is a skill fundamental to interaction in a
diverse setting. According to Yamazaki & Kayes (2004), the
American prioritizes the same attributes. The researchers
concluded by reviewing existing literature on the subject before
proceeding to formulate the hypothesis that mandated clustering
of skills sets. The modes of identification of development
competencies can aid justify the behavior of American in the
business context. However, inference to organizations theory is
necessary for affirming the correlation in the behavior of people
from different cultural setting since participants vary.
Fey & Denison (2003) explored the applicability of the
American theory in a foreign context. The scholars choose
Russia as the host nation for American entities. The aim was
analyzing the practicality of the exploitation of American
theory in steering operations in external environments. Fey &
Denison (2003) deployed a multi-method evaluation of cultural
implication on the behavior of expatriates in Russia. The
primary focus was on the behavior of the American. For that
reason, the study is an integral source in the comprehension of
the US relations in business context. The research sought to
hypothesize the relevance of adaptability and flexibility
influenced by a person culture affecting the outcome of business

4. operations.
The review of data from 179 foreign-owned firms in comparison
with the findings of operations based in the United States
facilitated the process. The scholar settled on four case studies
as the basis for the quantification of the study. Their findings
indicate that adaptability had profound implication in culture
unlike the case in the United States. This implies that American
tend to adapt faster since some of their corporations owned by
American in Russia managed to thrive. Yet, the ability to adapt
is an essential element for success in the country. After the
quantification of the findings from the case studies, Fey &
Denison (2003) hypothesized that the communist era had
profound impact on the cultural behavior of Russian. As a
result, the behavior affected interaction with the American in
the global context even though the latter appear to respond
faster, as noted, the American are positive and adopt faster in
foreign environment and such play an integral role in business
relations with other people.
In conclusion, an exploration of a collection of literature on the
subject of US relations in international business is necessary for
objective conclusion about the subject. The study exploited a
collection of literature in examining the issue from a cultural
perspective. The works of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010),
Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003)
served as the materials for the exploration of the subject. Their
analysis of different scenarios based on the selected hypothesis
led to the conclusion that culture has a profound impact on the
relationship between individuals in the business context. The
findings guide the claims that America relations in the internal
sphere are pegged on the cultural practices of the majority in
the country. Fey & Denison (2003) describe the group as
flexible; thus, the reason for success in adopting in international
sphere.
References
Fey, C. F., & Denison, D. R. (2003). Organizational culture and

5. effectiveness: can American theory be applied in Russia?.
Organization science, 14(6), 686-706.
http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.14.6.686.248
68
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the
impact of Culture's consequences: a three-decade, multilevel,
meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions.
http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-09357-001
Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. C. (2004). An experiential approach
to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of
competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of
Management Learning & Education, 3(4), 362-379.
http://amle.aom.org/content/3/4/362.short
Top of Form
In Hamlet's "To be or not to be" speech, he is contemplating
death by comparing it to sleep. He says that by dying, "heart-
ache" and the "thousand natural shocks" end, indicating that
from his point of view, death ends hard times. However, he also
states that he is scared of the "dreams that may come" or
nightmares. The afterlife may be worse than the suffering that is
currently happening.
When he speaks of "to be or not to be" he is talking about life
itself. He ponders where it is better to just take on the hardship
and let the mind "suffer" or to commit suicide. These words are
important to Hamlet as he has truly gone mad due to his tragic
flaw. Even after so much time has passed, he still has not
completed the task in murdering Claudius. Hamlet keeps saying
that he will kill Claudius, but there always seems to be an
excuse or reason that stops him from doing so. For example,
later in the play when Claudius is praying, that is the perfect
chance for Hamlet to kill Claudius. Hamlet over thinks the
situation and ends up putting the murder off once again. His
inaction is ultimately causing him to suffer as Claudius is still

6. king, his mother is still married to Claudius, and his father is
still dead. Hamlet is getting nothing done but is still suffering
emotionally by his situation. Thus, he wonders if he should just
endure the suffering (since he clearly has no courage to act) or
just kill himself so he doesn't have to think about this anymore.
Bottom of Form
Title of Paper
p. #
*Note this is your header it should not be visible on the first
page
“Research Question goes here as your tile”
Name of Student
Date
The University of Houston Downtown
Title of paper should now be visible
p. #
ABSTRACT

7. (Still working)
Communication is vital to our everyday lives, no matter how
much we attempt to study this phenomenon continual
investigation is needed (Ceballos, 2017). Principal Investigator
has found thus far…Or you can say Research has indicated thus
far, x, y, z. Upon which principal investigator plans to use
(name of instrument/survey) (Author)(2017). After data
collection principal investigator will conduct (state your type of
statistical analysis/test). Conclude with what you plan to find.
Keywords: Communication, Theory, Age, Gender
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Place holder)

8. INTRODUCTION
Communication is phenomenon which is vital to our everyday
lives, no matter how much we attempt to study and remedy the
process….(introduce your topic here). Then lead into your
theory, once you lead into your theory you will cite the theory
which should be coming out of a textbook, if you’ve taken a
theory from the list I have provided the cite that source (author,
year, p.#). If there is no page number you cite (Author, year,
n/p). Remember if there is multiple authors you can cite (Author
1 & Author 2 et al., year).
Then transition to perhaps a quote that was from an article
you may have read. Here you can reference non-empirical
articles.
*Each paragraph in every section must be indented 5
spaces per APA Guidelines
Purpose of Study
RQ1 “What is the relationship between ice cream consumption
sales and summer weather based on Human Behavior theory
when controlling for: age, gender, ethnicity?”
RQ2: “There is no relationship between ice cream consumption
sales and summer weather based on Human Behavior theory
when controlling for: age, gender, and ethnicity?”

9. LITERATURE REVIEW
Devito, Basilice, Higuera, Morote and Manley (2014) conducted
a study to
examine the difference in perceived leadership styles of
Generation X and Baby Boomers
between transactional and transformational leadership styles. A
sample of 87 was taken
from a larger study that was conducted by Higuera (2008). A t-
test was conducted to
determine if there was a difference in preference of leadership
style between the two age
19 cohorts. Results indicated that there were no significant
differences in transactional
leadership (p = .096) or transformational leadership (p = .224).
You will list each article in chronological order, beginning
with the most recent ones first. Article number two would go
here (2010)
Then article # 3 (2008). Remember here you must
remember to indent each start of the the summarized article by
indenting 5 spaces.
Conclusion
(Still working)
Remember this will come later
METHODOLOGY
Sample
In this paragraph describe who you plan to investigate. For
example, this study will survey students from a public
university here in the Houston area. If you plan to administer
your study online you would have to mention how you plan to

10. collect them. For example, this study plans to collect results
with a combination of traditional survey as well as being
administered online. Survey participants were recruited via:
Facebook, LinkedIn, etc….
Instruments
Describe the type of instrument you plan to use. Usually the
type of theory you use will determine the type of instrument.
(SURVEY)
Operational Definition of Independent Variable
Describe the actual definition of the dependent variable if
gender is one of these you would just list them:
Gender Male: Biographical definition
Gender Female: Biographical definition
Operational Definition of you Dependent Variable
Describe the actual textbook definition of your independent
variable
Procedures
Here you describe how you actually attempt to collect your
data. For example: (Do not copy and paste from here and put
into your own paper, these words are copyrighted).
The university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee
granted permission
to the principal investigator to administer the survey both
traditionally through paper and
online. Traditional surveys were collected by first obtaining
permission from Principal
Investigator’s previous professors to visit classes and survey
their students. It was made
clear that participation was on a completely voluntary basis.
Electronic surveys were
collected through social media websites such as: LinkedIn at
http://www.linkedin.com
and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com and lastly Twitter
http://www.twitter.com
Copies of surveys administered can be found in Appendix B. An
Appendix would be optional at this point I am not requiring it,

11. but in traditional research that you actually plan to launch you
would need to include an appendix which would contain copies
of our surveys.
Research Design
In this section you would describe the type of statistical test
you would run to figure out what your data is actually telling
you. In other words, what did your participants say in your
survey and what does that equate to in numbers or empirical
form? You would basically state, “This study plans to
administer An Analysis of Variance or ANOVA to be able to
distinguish”…. We will also discuss the types of tests later for
now you can list (still working)
Null Hypothesis
Here you simply restate the opposite of your hypothesis. So if
your initial hypothesis was, “Red and blue make purple” then
you state, “Red and blue do not make purple”.
Ethical Considerations
Principal Investigator will submit proposal to Institutional
Review Board of UHD to ensure no participants are being
harmed in the process. Further, approval of proposal will ensure
that no federal laws are being violated. All results will remain
anonymous and confidential, participation is on voluntary basis
and no compensation will be given during the duration of the
study.
RESULTS
Here you will have to forecast your results, based on
previous research, anticipated results are indicating thus
far…Here I’m ok with you including some graphs or figures
from articles you may have read online that will support what
you think will happen if you were to launch your study. For
example, according to Author (Year) trends are indicating….
Table 1
Title of the figure is italicized

12. DISCUSSION
Discussion of Anticipated Findings
Implications of this study could benefit x, y, z, anticipated
efforts will serve to cure cancer. You essentially postulate what
or how your research can benefit society. 3 -4 sentences
Limitation of Findings
Discuss why you cannot generalize to a broader audience.
Usually the study type (I.e. convenience or sample of a
population) will be a limitation. Time and or location usually
contributes to your limitations.
Areas for Further Research
If everything were to go according to plan and you were to
launch this study, and someone wants to replicate your study
what else could they further investigate? For example, in my
dissertation I only looked at leadership preferences of my
instrument. I did not consider or measure the cultural
preferences.
REFERENCES
Author, X. (Year). Title of the article: Note only the first letter

13. of each section of the title is
capitalized. Title of Journal goes here, volume number (just list
the number), issue number (number only), pages 1-10 *please
do not type the actual words volume/issue
Continue listing all references according to the type that
follows APA guidelines. Books, website articles have a
different format, the above example is for empirical (journal)
articles only.