The Effects Of Water On Natural Water Essay

The Effects Of Water On Natural Water Essay
Water is one of the most important resources that earth can offer. Indeed, water is essential to the survival of all living things. Pure water must be
colorless, tasteless and odorless. However, sometimes, natural water can contain impurities. Indeed, dissolved solute coming minerals in rocks and soils
are often present in natural water.
The cations Mg2+and Ca2+ are the most common dissolved compounds found in natural water. The presence of the dissolved Cations Ca2+ and
Mg2+ (and other polyvalent cations) gives natural waters chemical properties that are often evaluated as hardness.1 Water is hard when it contains a
high concentration of cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ and it is considered soft when it contains a low concentration of cations Ca2+ and Mg2+. Water
Hardness is often measured in Concentrations in Molarity (M), parts per million (ppm/ mg per L) and grain per gallon (gpg).
The degree of hardness standard as established by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (S–339) and the Water Quality Association (WQA)
is2:
Degree of Hardness
Grains per Gallon (gpg) ppm (or mg/L) Soft
10.5
>180
It is very important to know and understand the hardness of water in order to limit the damages hardness does and to improve the treatments for the
problems of Hardness. Hard Water can damage household plumbing and other appliances; it decreases the efficiency of boilers, jets and tubes are
blocked, it causes the skin to become itchy and dry, it causes energy inefficiencies. It
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Water Pollution In Water
The topic that was chosen was turbidity. Turbidity is the pollution in water. Turbidity is commonly associated with cloudiness or haziness in water.
The pollution that studied was dirt and how it affected fish. It is important because it is killing our wildlife. There needs to get teams of people each
month going out and cleaning up the water. If the dirt in the water affected the fish then the experimental group would die. During the time of
researching this topic, it was discovered how different this world has changed, the types of creatures have been affected by pollution.
Too much caffeine can affect sleep. Too much algae or sediment in lakes/ streams can make them unlivable for aquatic life.Turbidity is caused by
particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light making the water appear cloudy or murky.Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid
caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air.
In this project, dirt had been used to change the conditions of the environment and see how these fish would react. During which there was an opposite
tank with normal water, a filter and 5 fish. The other tank had been used with a container, dirt, and five fish as well.
During this projects it was tested to see how each fish would react to the water. Most of the fish in the dirty water have died, all but 2. More of the fish
died in this tank then the normal water tank.

The Chemistry Of Natural Waters Lab Report
Bailee Gunter
11/2/15
Exp. 10 The Chemistry Of Natural Waters Lab
Chemistry 111
Section 107
Seung Yi Lee
Group Members:
Madison Haas
Bethany Guillen
Josh Grunden
Karina Grullon
Peyton Haefner
The Chemistry Of Natural Waters Lab
In the Chemistry of Natural Waters Lab we were to collect a sample of water, ranging from a fountain, stream, bottle, or tap water. After we collected
the samples we all did many tests to see what the hardness was for each one. Water hardness is determined by the amount ofCalcium and Magnesium in
the water.(2) Water that has more Calcium or Magnesium is considered to be harder than water with less of those two elements. When you use soap
and detergent, this is where you see water hardness coming into play in everyday life when you are washing things. During the experiment we found
out whether the samples had solutes in them by evaporating them and seeing what type of residue is left behind. These materials that are left behind
are called TDS (Total Dissolved Solids.) EDTA was one of the tests that we used to test the hardness of the water. C10H16N2O8 is EDTA which stands
for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and this would be the chelating agent in the complexation tritation. EDTA provided us with a number for the
residue remaining. Another indicator for water hardness is EBT (Erichrome Black T.) Then next way that we determined the hardness of water was
through Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (AA). The way that this hardness is determined

Results And Discussion Of The Lake Essay
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The lake will be monitored seasonally in the year 2015–16.The results of the samples collected from one place
ofSursagarlake and Samatalavwhere done and where represented. These test were carried out for the monsoon season and the smilar test will be
conducted for the winter season as well as the summer season.Thephysico–chemical parameters includeph , Dissolved Oxygen ,Total Dissolved
Oxygen and Total Dissolved Solid. The biological parameters and bacterial density as well as the diversity about the pond will be studied too for all
the seasons.The test results was measured in parts per million(ppm), but the tabular representation is converted into mg/l. 1 mg/l = 1 ppm S.R
NumbersTest ParametersSURSAGAR LAKESAMA TALAV 20152015
–162015–162015–162015–162015–16
MONSOONWINTERSUMMERMONSOONWINTER MONSOON TIME AM/PM8.30 am8.30 amAmbient Temp.CWater Temp.C2831PhMg
/l8.0––9.0–– Total HardnessMg/l1352––625–– Total Dissolved SolidMg/l1283––1042–– CODMg/l64––32–– BODMg/l20––12––
COLIFORMS–+VE––+VE–– PHYSICO–CHEMICAL PARAMETERS A tabular representation of all the parameters are shown in the above table.
The samples where collected around 8.30. the water temperature was about 28 C for Sursagar lake and 31 C for Samatalav.The ambient temperature
was of not much difference for both the lakes as the water samples where collected for the same season.Water temperature has always

Vinyl Sidding Research Paper
A Few Things To Know Before You Install Vinyl Siding Vinyl siding has a lot of appeal with homeowners because it requires very little
maintenance. If you hate the thought of scraping peeling paint and repainting your home every few years, then vinyl is probably the way to go.
Vinyl has advantages over wood, and as an added benefit, you can even install siding that looks just like wood, so you get the benefits of both types
of materials. Here are a few other things to know about vinyl siding. Vinyl Expands And Contracts Vinyl expands in hot weather and contracts when it
gets cold. Because of this constant, slight movement, vinyl isn't nailed firmly to your house like wood siding is. Instead, vinyl is hung loosely so it
can move. For that reason, proper installation is essential. If you install the siding yourself and attach the panels too tightly, there is a risk of the vinyl
warping or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you live next to a dirt road or factories, or if your house is under shade most of the day, you'll probably need to wash it more often than if you live
in a sunny, clean area. To keep your siding fresh, all you have to do is wash it. You can use a power washer every year or so to wash away dirt and
mildew. If the buildup isn't too bad, you can probably clean your home with a garden hose and spray attachment. You can use a vinyl cleaner, dish
soap, or vinegar and a soft brush to get rid of stubborn mildew stains if you don't have a power washer. If you have a damaged panel you want to
repair, it's easy to unhook it from the panels above and below it and replace the damaged panel with a new one you buy from a home improvement
store. Because your siding will slowly fade in color, you may not find an exact match when you need a replacement panel. In that case, you can take a
panel off a hidden, bottom portion of your home to use in the repairs, and then put the new panel in the spot where it won't be

Guidelines For Classification Of Water Hardness Essay
Water is measured in milligrams per liter or parts per million. In Table 1, the guidelines for classification of water hardness can be found. This table
shows the different amounts of CaCO3, calcium carbonate, in mg/L that cause water to be soft too hard.
Hardness in mg/L CaCO3Degree of Hardness
0 – 30 Very soft
31 – 60 Soft
61 – 120 Moderately soft/ moderately hard
121 – 180 Hard
>180 Very hard Table 1.4 General guidelines for classification of water hardness
Two methods that are utilized in measuring the hardness of water are EDTA and AA. The EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, method contains 3
steps. First, preparation of a standard Ca2+ solution is needed. Second, standardization of EDTA with a standardcalcium solution has to occur. The
final step is an analysis of an unknown Ca2+ sample with the standardized EDTA solution (Community College of Rhode Island). During the lab, a
NH3/NH4 buffer was added to the sample water to make the solution basic, a pH of around 10. EBT, eriochrome black T, was then added to this
solution. The solution turned blue when EBT was added. If magnesium were present in the water, the solution would turn red. Then, EDTA, which has
a known concentration, was added the red solution. The EDTA reacts with the calcium that is present in the solution bringing the solution back to its
clear color. After it reacted with calcium, it will react with the magnesium turning the solution to blue. Overall, magnesium has to be

Investigating The Relationship Between Ph And Water Hardness
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between pH and water hardness. Water samples from above the Mount Morgan
mine site and below the Mount Morgan mine site were also compared.
8.1Analysis of the Data
It was hypothesised that the water sample from above the mine site would be of better water quality than the sample from below the mine site. It was
found that this was, in fact, the case. As seen in Table 7.2, the above sample had lower acidity, hardness and conductivity than the below sample.
Given that acidity is indicated by a pH of below 7, the below mine water sample was considered acidic, at a pH of 4.92. Conversely, the above mine site
sample had a pH of 7.35, indicating an almost neutral profile.
The above mine sample had a conductivity of 2200 ВµS/cm, whereas the below mine sample had a conductivity of 7500 ВµS/cm. This suggests that
there are a significantly greater number of ions in solution in below mine water than above mine water.
The below mine sample also had greater water hardness, with a calcium ion concentration of 5183.29 mg/L, compared with the above mine sample's
hardness of only 115.02 mg/L.
The above mine water mostly exhibited water quality parameter values that aligned with the water quality guidelines for fresh water. With an almost
neutral pH of 7.35, meaning it is within the recommended pH range of 6.8–9.5 and is also safe for consumption. The hardness (concentration of
calcium ions) of 115.02 mg/L also lies

Water And Its Properties That Makes It A Essential For All...
1. Introduction
Water and its properties are very essential for all living things. In fact, scientists are paying close attention to presence of liquid water on other
planets in efforts to find extraterrestrial life in space. Water has properties that makes it a key role to sustain life 1. As it is a universal solvent, it
acts as a medium for most biochemical reactions 2. Without water, it is impossible for a living thing to function. Zooming out, water is important in
daily life as many aspects depend on water. Water is used for domestic and industrial purposes. On average, people in the United States drink 110
million gallon of water everyday 3. In total, 400 billion gallon of water is used in United states everyday 4. Natural freshwater is not completely pure.
It contains solute dissolved from erosion of minerals and dissolved gases from the atmosphere 5. Calcium, Ca2+, and magnesium, Mg2+, are the most
common and abundant solutes found in natural waters. This is due to the presence of natural minerals such as limestone and dolomite 6. The hardness
of water is defined as the concentration of dissolved mineral cations, mainly calcium and magnesium, in water. Therefore, by this definition, a hard
water contains high concentration of solutes and a soft water contains low concentration of solutes 5. The following table shows the water hardness
category according to the United States Department of Interior and the Water Quality Association 7.
Classification
mg/L or ppm

Laundry Detergents As A Cleansing Agent
Introduction
Laundry detergents are a cleansing agent that is widely used in the industry to clean laundry. The term "detergent" refers to mixtures of chemical
compounds including Alkyl Sulphonates, which are similar to soap but less affected by hard water (Farlex, 2014). Like soap, detergent increases the
ability of water to penetrate fabric and break down greases and dirt, however they are derived from organic acids rather than fatty acids (Mifflin,
2005). A detergent is an ion or molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar components. The polar component allows the detergent to dissolve in
the water, whereas the nonpolar component solubilizes greasy materials that are the usual target of the cleaning process. Their molecules then
surround the particles of grease and dirt, allowing them to be carried away thus leaving your clothes clean. This EEI explores the performance of two
different laundry powders (Fab and Woolworths select Home brand) in different types of water; ranging from soft to hard. These detergents were
compared and analysed in different types of water from varying locations to determine whether water hardness has an effect on the cleaning ability of
detergents, and whether products should be specifically formulated depending on the type of water.
Basic laundry powders
Laundry detergents such as Fab and Woolworths Select Home brand are composed of many elements that each play important roles in the laundry
process depending on the cleaning tasks

An Experiment to Determine the Total Hardness of 4...
Discussion This graph shows the comparison between the manufacturer's claims of the concentration of calcium ions in mg/L in their water verses the
results that our group has gotten from titrating their water samples. Similarly to the graph above, this graph shows the comparison between the
manufacturer's claims of the concentration of magnesium ions in mg/L in their water verses the results that our group has gotten from titrating their
water samples. From both graphs, it can be seen from the trend line that the titration results of calcium and magnesium ions in the water is greater than
the manufacturer's claims. Both trend lines are growing exponentially and the trend line for the titration results are greater than the trend... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In result, this meant that the hypothesis 'bottled water will be harder than tap water as it comes from naturally occurring springs' is incorrect as the
results from the experiment prove that tap water is harder than bottled water. However, the hypothesis may still have a chance to be correct as there
were many sources of error that was present in the investigation. For example, the amount of Erichrome Black–T indicator that was added to the flask
was slightly varied on each test. The bottle of the indicator was incredibly hard to use as the pressure from squeezing the bottle had to be precise
each time. If the indicator bottle was squeezed too hard, a lot more of the indicator will come out rather than the desired amount of two drops. The
impact of adding too many drops of the indicator is very large as it affects the titration point. Possible ways to minimise this error includes getting a
smaller bottle of the indicator with a smaller hole at the tip, so that the indicator will not rush out all at once. Another source of error that was present
in the investigation was rinsing the flasks between use. For example, the team members will rinse out the flask after testing it into the sink and then
rinsing the insides with distilled water. However, it was difficult to dry the insides, so when reusing the flask, there may be extra residue of distilled
water

Cation Analysis Lab
The full procedure for each of these sections can be found in the PSU Chemtrek.5 In Section A, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to
determine water hardness. I filled two pipets with my water sample to perform the Ca2+ analysis and the Mg2+ analysis separately. The
absorbance values for both elements are then calculated using the process described in the introduction.5 Some water samples needed to be diluted
due to their high concentration of ions but this was not the case for my sample. In Section B, we evaporated our samples to give total dissolved
solids. To do this I placed a piece of aluminum onto a hot plate and set it on medium temperature. Then I placed a drop of my sample, a drop of
distilled water, and a drop of 1x10–3 M Ca2+ onto the foil, each 0.5 cm away from each other. After the water evaporates, you are able to see white
solids left behind which is the total dissolved solids.5... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Part I, the effect of the buffer, NH3/NH4Cl, and Mg2+ were tested by combining EBT, the buffer, and 10
–3 M Mg2+ and recording the color
change. In Part II, we practiced titrations with known amounts of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by combining 1x10–3 M Ca2+, EBT, and the buffer in a 1x12 well
strip. Then I serially titrated with the EDTA solution. With this process, you are able to determine the endpoint as it corresponds to the number of
EDTA drops needed for the solution in the well to turn blue. Using this information we are able to calculate the concentration of the Ca2+ solution.
The previous steps in Part II were then repeated using both 10–3 M Ca2+ and 10–3 M Mg2+ and the results were recorded. We then used this
information to calculate the concentration of the combined Ca2+ and Mg2+

Discovering Water Hardness Lab Report
Discovering Water Hardness Lab Report
Brittany Basinger
Thursday March 26, 2015
Chemistry 111
Group Members:
Katherine Heininger Andrew Beckett
Drew Bednarski
TA:
Joe Fortenbaugh
Introduction
Water is essential for all living things to survive. Without water, life would be impossible. Seventy percent of the world is covered by water but only
2.5 percent is fresh water. (1) Not only is freshwater used for domestic and personal purposes, it is also used for irrigation, thermoelectric, industrial
and agriculture. (2) Although freshwater seems to be untarnished, it regularly contains a variety of solutes ranging from gas in the environment to
inorganic salts and minerals of rocks. Due to the ions dissolved, the water has a possibility to be hard or soft.
Water hardness is defined as the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. (2) In order to have hard water, calcium (Ca^(2+)) and
magnesium (Mg^(2+)) need to have a high concentration of both ions dissolved into the water. Depending on the amount of dissolved minerals, water
hardness has the possibility of being detected without actually experimentally testing for it. Have you ever felt like you still had residue on your hands
after washing with soap? This is the effect of the calcium ions reacting with the soap. These effects have no effects for humans when drinking this
water but industries worry about their water's hardness for one main reason.
Studying water hardness is important because

COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS LAB
UNKNOWN SAMPLE #97
COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
DR. BUDRUK
CHM 152 LL
SEAN MARKIS
4 FEBRUARY 2015
Introduction
Using a Lewis base neutral molecule to donate electron pairs (ligands) to a Lewis acid metal ion center to form a single cluster (complex) ion. When
the complex ions forms with a metal ion (chelation) the ligand used is called the (chelating agent). EDTA acts as a great chelating agent due to the
Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the metal ion center to form an octahedral complex. The metal ions especially with a +2 charge or
higher are the reason for water hardness to form on various objects known as "scum". Calcium ions are typically the most common contributing factor
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter 4 is also used for titration of redox reactions using a standard solution (Na2 EDTA) to add into another solution of unknown concentration
(unknown sample + ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer + Eriochrome Black T) until the equivalence point is reached (has fully reacted) as visually
identified by the indicators (Eriochrome Black T) from the color change of pink to violet to blue.
Procedure
1. "Prepare about 500mL of approximately 0.004M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare your solution, weigh out 0.7
–0.8g of Na2EDTA and dissolve
in about 500mL deionized water in your plastic bottle. Seal the bottle and shake vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt.
2. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard:
a. Use a 10–mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250–mL Erlenmeyer flask.
b. Add about 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask.
c. Add a magnetic stir–bar, place on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. A piece of white paper under the flask gives good contrast for easier
detection of the indicator color change.
d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). The buffer is an inhalation irritant. Stir for 30 seconds.
e. Just prior to titrating the flask, add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution. Continue stirring for another 30

Using Microsoft Excel 2010 On The Heart Disease Mortality...
3.0 Statistics
Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to create a scatter plot of the heart disease mortality data rates versus the total hardness of WTPs listed in Table
2.3.1. A linear regression using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis Package, 2010 was used to find the correlation along with the R2 value and adjusted
R2 value. The R2 values represent the percent of the variance of the data explained by the fitted line. In this case, the R2 values represent the variance
in heart disease rates that can be explained by the change in drinking water hardness. The adjusted R2 value is dependent on the number of points
within the data. The significance of the R2 value was determined by the resulting p–values. The test was considered significant if the p–value was less
than 0.05. WTPs were further divided by levels of hardness into moderately hard, hard, and very hard classifications to check for correlations within
classifications. Linear regressions were then run on each classification. The entire statistical analysis is shown in the Appendix.
4.0 Results
The range of water hardness of the 31 WTPs varied from 93 mg/l to 448 mg/l of total hardness with an average value of 180 mg/l. Of the 31 plants 17
had a total hardness between 120mg/l and 160mg/l, accounting for 58% of the study area.
The total population heart disease mortality rate versus water hardness was first analyzed and a positive correlation of 0.427 was obtained. The R2
value was found to be 0.183 indicating that 18.3% of

How Water Hardness Is Important For Homeowners And...
Whether we realize it or not, water is surrounding us in different forms everywhere. Water actually makes up about 70% of Earth. Water is overall
known as a good solvent that dissolves minerals it comes in contact with. As water moves through earth, it dissolves minerals and holds them in
solution. The amount of metal cations, such as Calcium (Ca^2+) and Magnesium (Mg^2+) in water became known as water "hardness". Water
hardness can be detected by white residue and crystal like rocks when heated. Understanding water hardness is important to us because it has proven
to create problems both in our households and in industry (1). These problems lead to expenses for homeowners and industry owners, they will end up
spending money on expensive cleaning chemicals and machinery cleaners. In our household we water hardness pop up as soap scum in our dishes and
in our laundry. Hard water also produces scale which, in industry and again in households can narrow pipes, block tubes, cause problems in brewing
facilities, and can produce problems in farmland. The greater the presence of Calcium and Magnesium in water defines its hardness. For example a
water sample with a large concentration of these two cations, along with smaller amounts of other polyvalent cations, is considered to be hard. (1, 2)
And a sample with a smaller concentration of the cations is considered soft. Below is a table of the determination of water hardness scale.
Water Hardness Scale
Grains Per GallonMilligrams

Water Hardness Essay
Introduction:
Water is an important substance that is needed all around the world. Freshwater is not completely pure though. It has dissolved solutes from minerals,
and gases from the atmosphere. The presence of dissolved ions in water gives it a chemical property that is called water hardness. Water hardness
refers to a liquid that has a high concentration of minerals, but those minerals are typically Ca2+, and Mg2+. Water that has a very low concentration
of these elements is called "soft". This chemical property can be measured as concentrations in molarity, M; parts per million, ppm; and grains per
gallon1.
Once you measure the hardness of water, there's a scale you could compare it to. If the measurement of the water is less than 17.1 ppm, the
classification of that is that the water is soft. The classification of water being 17.1–60 ppm is that it's slightly hard. If the water is 60–120 ppm the
classification of that water is moderately hard. If the water is 120–180 ppm it's said to be hard. Anything over 180 ppm is considered very hard.2
It is important to study the hardness of water because of the of the problems that can arise when left untreated. Hard water can cause a build–up in
plumbing fixtures or water heaters. This happens when calcium carbonate is deposited as calcite crystals on the inner surface of pipes, and evaporator
surfaces. The build–up can cause a blockage in pipes, and eventually corrode the metal of the pipes.3
Water hardness can be determined

Finding Stable Low Income Housing Essay
A middle classed single mother of three just moved into a house one week and the next it falling apart right before her eyes,the stairs collapsing, the
roof shifting and structure failing. She barely makes enough to afford the house, her children all depending on her to provide. Yet, she now has to
waste more money to keep her house safe for her and her children. Every night she cries because she feels she not being the best mother she can be.
Her daughter asked her if they were gonna be alright. She replied, " yes sweetheart there's nothing to worry about". That night the power shuts off due
to electrical problems and there's no water becuase the pipes bust.At this point it seemed easier to just live in a shelter. This situation is common
throughout the Colorado community with a variety of houshoulds wether that include a no children, just a couple,indepedent man or woman, young
middle aged citzens and senior citizens. Colorado homeowners/Renters continue to struggle to find stable low income housing. As the housing number
in colorado has grown by 25,143 from 2014–2015 colorado has only put out 102,000 homes. Under pressure the housing quality continues to plummet
with a rush to meet supply and demand of 1:6 homes to need. This issue needs to be addressed to homeowners and renter across Colorado. As action
must be taken before this wildfire gets out of control. As houses begin to feel more like a construction site rather home, walking in every night seeing
another problem

Removal of Hardness of Water Using Precipitation and...
KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF
TITLE: REMOVAL OF HARDNESS OF WATER USING PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEXATION METHODS.
NAME: KWARTENG YAW PRINCE COURSE: BSC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE YEAR: FIRST YEAR EXPERIMENT NO. : A.1.1.3. T.A.:
BRIGHT KOFI LEONARD DATE: 7TH NOVEMBER, 2007.
Aims and Objectives: 1. To describe water hardness. 2. To softenhard water in terms of the species involved and the reactions they undergo. 3. To test
the effectiveness of the methods.
INTRODUCTION
The experiment seeks to test the effectiveness of the two methods (precipitation and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Report the result as ppm of CaCO3 in the solid unknown sample that was supplied to you.
CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT
FunnelNa2CO3 solution
Graduated cylinderSoap solution
Test tube Distilled water
A wash bottleEthylenediamminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution
Hard water
PROCEDURE
|Procedure |Observation |
|A. HEATING | |

Summary Of Independent Reading Reflection
Independent Reading Reflections #1– Quote: "He had no idea what he was. Half of something, a quarter of something else, brown skin and black hair
like his dead mother, but with weird blue eyes like his father." Response: This is important to the development of the story because it gives us
descriptions as to what he looks like, so we can better visualize the character as the plot progresses. It also describes a little bit of what his father looks
like and what his dead mother used to look like. Questions: How did his mother die? How could his race effect the story? #2– Quote: "Wherever the
huge ships lay, scavenge gangs like nailer's swarmed like flies." Response: This is important because it gives us (the reader) much needed
background information to better visualize and understand the story. Most likely, his job will play a key role in both the story as it developes, and
Nailer's (the main character) development as a person. Questions: Why are there ships everywhere? When does this take place? (Future?) #3– Quote:
"If he'd thought about it too much, he didn't know why he saved his father either. It's not as if Richard Lopez has made his life any easier."
Response: I wonder if his father really does love him, but uses the booze to hide behind his conflicted emotions about losing his wife. This is a
similar relationship in the Outsiders between Ponyboy, and his brother Darry. Ponyboy can't tell if Darry loves him or not, because he is always
hiding his emotions from Ponyboy, for he is so hurt from his mother's and father's death. Maybe Nailer had a similar thought and that's why he chose
to save his dad. Questions: How will his dad change throughout the story if any? How will Nailer change throughout the story? #4– Quote: "They were
all looking at the water now. Hungry. "You think they even know were here?" Moon girl asked. Pima spat in the sand. "Were just flies on garbage
to people like that." Response: This quote reminds me a lot of the book "The Outsiders" due to the large social gap between poor people and rich
people. In this quote, a Clipper Ship (expensive ship for rich people) is sailing across the water, as the three main characters watch. One of the characters

The Effect Of Water Hardness On Our Health
Introduction Water hardness is an ongoing problem across the globe. While not detrimental to our health, there are many issues that arise from having
hard water in households. You may be asking, what is hard water? Isn't it all liquid? The "hardness" of water actually refers to the presence of
divalent cations, or ions with a +2 charge. In drinking water, these are most commonly Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions ("WaterHardness"). Water hardness can
cause a buildup of minerals on surfaces such as dishes, sinks, showers and pipes. While the aesthetic problems are not that important, the buildup in
the pipes can be very harmful. The scale that builds up causes utility bills to increase because more energy is required to deliver water to its final ...
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The water will turn to blue when you reach this point. Once you find how many drops of EDTA it took, you can calculate the concentration of
calcium and magnesium in the water, as seen in the results section. EDTA is not always precise since the turning point will often lie between drops,
which can result in a large margin of error, especially for small samples. For a more accurate test, we turn to AA, or Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry. This water hardness test uses a machine to aspirate the water sample. This gas then is burned in a flame, and a light of a range of
wavelengths is passed through it. The machine then calculates the amount of divalent cations in the water by comparing the relative levels of light
passed through the sample at each wavelength to known atomic absorption levels. You then use a trend line from known samples' readings, to figure
out what the concentration of calcium or magnesium there is. These two different tests are both used in this lab so that we can be assured we've done
them right. The hardness of one test should be similar to the hardness obtained from the other. Using these tests, we created a hypothesis to test.
Our group was testing which part of Pennsylvania has the highest mineral content and hardness of their water. Our samples came from a Pittsburgh
well (694 Forbes Rd. New Castle PA 16101), State College tap (478 E Calder Way State College PA 16801) and Philadelphia tap (6705 Springbank
Lane Philadelphia

Ph And Colyer Lake Has A Concentration Of 3.00
ppm, and Colyer Lake has a concentration of 2.00 x
10–4 M or 20 ppm.
AA analysis (table 3) also supports the order for hardness of the samples by giving a total hardness value of 166.1 ppm for Speedwell Forge Lake,
34.59 ppm for
Kyle Lake, and 11.81 ppm for Colyer Lake.
These results do not agree with my hypothesis. I predicted Colyer Lake to be the hardest because there are more types of bedrock that can dissolve and
contribute calcium and magnesium ions into the water. I also predicted Speedwell Forge Lake to be the softest because the only type of rock to
contribute cations is sandstone. Sandstone contains silica, calcium carbonate, and iron oxide, so very little Ca2+ should have been dissolved into the
water.9
Table 5: EDTA results of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These lakes are purely recreational lakes, not associated with public water use. The Characteristics of
Recreational Lakes published by the Department of Environmental Resources in 1978 did not document all of the lakes in Pennsylvania, but instead
sampled major lakes in the state that are required to be tested for harness due to drainage of water for public use. I obtained hardness results for three
of the lakes that are closest to the three lakes sampled in this experiment. Memorial Lake in Lebanon County is the closest documented lake to
Speedwell Forge Lake. It had a Ca concentration of 4.8 mg/L, Mg concentration of 1.3 mg/L and a total hardness of 18 ppm. Parker Dam Lake is
closest to Kyle Lake. It had a
Ca concentration of 3.7 mg/L, Mg concentration of 1.4 mg/L and a total hardness of 15 ppm. Lastly, Poe Valley Lake is closest to Colyer Lake. It
had a Ca concentration of 2.7 mg/L, Mg concentration of 1.4 mg/L, and a total hardness of 13 ppm.10 According to the results for these lakes, which
are in close vicinity to the lakes tested in this experiment, the pattern of hardness across Pennsylvania agrees with the pattern of hardness found in the
experiment.
The results of total hardness from AA was found to be higher than the results from EDTA for Colyer Lake and Kyle Lake. This should be the case,
because it is harder to recognize the end point in titrations during EDTA. For instance, the concentration of a substance that has been

The Chemistry Of Natural Waters
Emily Schwarz
12 November 2014
The Chemistry of Natural Waters
Section: 106
Group Members: Shaily Shah, James Shank, Aaron Selnick
TA: Natalie Petrillo
Introduction: "Hard water" is a term used to refer to water which has high concentrations of magnesium, calcium, and iron ions. (Lerner, 2014) In this
experiment, concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions were the main focus.
Water hardness is an important factor to consider because it has a great effect on the everyday lives of people around the world. In most places, drinking
hard water does not contribute a significant amount of calcium or magnesium towards the recommended amount for the human diet, but it can in
locations where the drinking water is extremely hard. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molar concentration is simply the number of moles of ions per liter of water. Parts per million is a ratio of weights, and for every one part per million,
there is 1 pound of solute for every million pounds per liter. (Hardness)
EDTA titration, as well as AA (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) are two main ways in which water hardness is measured. EDTA is performed
by adjusting the pH of the water with the use of a buffer, then adding an indicator to the solution, which will turn red if calcium ions are present. If
only magnesium is present in the solution, it will remain blue. Then an EDTA solution is added to the solution. The complete reaction of all calcium
and magnesium ions with the EDTA solution is represented by the change in color of the solution from red to blue. (Thomson, 2014)AA, or atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, is performed by turning the water into an aerosol, which is then burned, and the internal computer system of the
machine uses the absorbance of light to provide a number which corresponds to the concentration of ions in the water sample. (The Royal Society of
Chemistry Fine Chemicals and Medicinals Group). It is important to use more than one method to measure water hardness, especially a method which
relies mainly on the use of technology, to lower the possibilities for human error, as well as to provide multiple values of hardness for comparison.
In order to remove the calcium and magnesium ions from water, it is put

Reflection Essay
There are many lessons I learned in a little over a year. June 24, 2016, I remember standing on the stage at CSU when the old district president gave
her words of wisdom to me and I received the district flag. Our first event as an officer team we elected the secretary, treasurer, and parliamentarian.
When Sarah, the old district president, stood up to nominate me for Parliamentarian I looked at her like she was crazy. I never thought that I would get
the spot until they announced my name as the new parliamentarian. As a new team, we went to New Mexico as a new team and I met some people
that are fun but I never thought they would become my best friends. I remember thinking that they were some of the best when we were sitting around
telling embarrassing stories and Kyle, The State president, told his most embarrassing and everyone else just laughed. When we said goodbye it was
hugs, tears and until next times.
During an officer's year there are four camps you plan other events you have to attend and possible things that you have to be a guest speaker at.
The two events I remember the most were LDC and State Conference. During LDC the committee did not step up and do what they said and because
of this we had to spend extra time to try and make it successful. Being the Parliamentarian I had to say the pledges during the banquet. This is
something I have always dreamed of. I thought if we did not push through and work hard that day before we may not even be at

Chemistry Natural Waters Lab
The Chemistry of Natural Waters Lab Report Richard Reube November 6, 2014 Chemistry 111 Section: 103 Group Members: Alan Reyderman
Leslie Rowland TA: Steven Taylor Introduction: Water plays a vital role in nearly all key processes of human life. From merely sustaining it in
less developed countries, all the way up to being the cornerstone of many technological and industrial processes in modern America. The average
consumption ranges from 5.4 liters in Madagascar to over 500 hundred liters in America1. This large consumption in the developed world can
largely be attributed to the many technological advances and industrial processes that sustain our way of life today. However this water is rarely
ever pure, usually it contains numerous minerals such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ that can contribute to scale build up in industrial processes that cause
inefficiency and structural damage. This experiment serves to evaluate several filtration processes to see which is most efficient at removing
minerals that contribute to water hardness and thus scale formation. First however we will gain a better understanding of water hardness. Water
hardness is caused by the presence of the dissolved divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ as well as numerous other polyvalent cations. Water that
contains large quantities of Ca2+ and Mg2+ are said to be hard. Likewise water with very low concentrations of those divalent cations is said to be
soft. The accepted ranges for these values are indicated in the table

Water Hardness Of Salt Concentration Essay
Introduction The key to life is water. The only known planet to have stable bodies of water to support life is Earth.1 All water however, is not pure
H2O. Water often times has other compounds and chemicals mixed with it including salts. Over time plants and animals have adapted to how much
salt it can consume and survive.1 These lifeforms that adapted to low salt concentrations live in freshwater habitats. Freshwater typically has a salt
concentration of less than 1%.2 Although sometimes low, the salts that are most commonly found in water are formed with the cations Ca2+ and
Mg2+.3Water hardness is a measure of the concentration of calcium and/or magnesium ions in water.3 Water becomes hard as it drains through
limestone, dolomite and other minerals. A high concentration of these ions results in ahard water sample, while a low concentration is soft.4 Water
hardness is important in that it can cause many problems. The equation below shows how calcium can create problems.
"Calcium bicarbonate в†’ Calcium carbonate + Water + Carbon dioxide
Ca(HCO3)2 в†’ CaCO3 + H2O + CO2"3
Calcium carbonate, also known as scale,is sometimes referred to as "one of the banes of industry"4. The formation of scale blocks pipes and tubes4
and is the culprit behind the hated bathtub rings.3 To fix these problems, it is important to understand water hardness. Water hardness can be
determined in many ways. EDTA titrations and atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AA) are the most

Hair Straightener Research Paper
There are so many hair straighteners on the market today that it can become very confusing to know which straightener to buy. There are straighteners
with different plate materials (ceramic, tourmaline, aluminum)and different sizes of plates, some are labelled ionic and some digital. How do you
know which is best? These tips should help you decide what you need and which is the best straightener for you.
The first thing we will look at is the material of the plates. The most popular types of plates are made of ceramic although some are made of
tourmaline. These materials when heated create negative ions. This is good for your hair because they counteract the positive charges in your hair that
get there by brushing and everyday activities and which make styling it difficult. The name ionic only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you want perfect control over the temperature while you are hair straightening you should use a digital hair straightener that has a microprocessor
built in.
Wet to Dry Straighteners. You can use a straightener that is specifically made to style your hair while it is wet if you are in a hurry, even though it is
best to straighten you hair when it is completely dry. The moisture is allowed to escape your hair through stream in specially made channels.
Having decided on a hair straightener, the next step is to learn how to use it properly. Here are some tips to help;
You will want to make sure that you hair is dry and clean before you start to straighten it. Your hair can be damaged if you try to style it when it is
wet. For the best results do not use any products that can cause build up on your hair because it will cause your hair to clump. To make sure that you
hair is in the best condition for hair straightening you will want to wash your hair with moisturising shampoo and

Hydrous Copper Sulfate
The correct theoretical empirical formula for the Hydrous Copper Sulfate solution is CuSO4 * 5H2O. From the data and results of calculation from
this experiment, the empirical formula that was found during the process is CuSO4 * 5H2O. The sum of the percentage from the water, copper, and
sulfate found in the solution added up to be 102%, a little over the normal 100%. From the least to greatest percentage of error, copper (Cu) with
2.291%, water (H2O) with 2.77%, and sulfate (SO4) with the greatest percentage of error of 3.691%. Overall, the percentage of error were made
during this lab is acceptable. There could had been many type of error made during the process of this lab. One of the primary error that is most likely
to be made while determining

How Does Hardness Affect Our Environment?
Introduction: Water hardness is the presence of dissolved divalent calcium and magnesium cations in a liquid solution such as water. Hard water has
more cations, soft water has less cations. Calcium and magnesium is present in many different water supplies because these minerals are in rocks and
soils. The Calcium comes from sedimentary rocks such as limestone and dolomite, while Magnesium comes from rocks like olivine and pyroxenes
–––––––earth materials book. Hardness has an affect on the way our water tastes, hydro book. . it will leave a scaly deposit on the inside of pipes,
boilers, and tank – the water evaporates leaving behind rocklike deposits consisting mostly of calcite crystals Hard water can be softened at a fairly
reasonable cost, but it is not always desirable to remove all the minerals that make water hard. Extremely soft water is likely to corrode metals,
although it is preferred for laundering, dishwashing, and bathing. help reduce the chemical bonds between dirt and the surface make it easier to be
cleaned. The titration is a very inexpensive experiment that takes a few minutes to perform. The use of AA is a very large, expensive machine which
takes merely seconds. Understanding basic water softening techniques is important because we treat water in real life that way. Hard water is passed
through a cylinder containing resin beads that have been saturated with sodium. The resin beads have a negative charge and are attached to positively
charged sodium

Personal Narrative: My Love Of Reading And Writing
I'm not really a big fan of reading or writing because of past experience.When I was in elementary school i never really was told to read much so i
never decided to do it because I wasn't told to.I always thought it was boring so from me not reading or trying not to read it started to affect me my 8th
grade year i was put in read 180 for low SRI scores I was in there for two years I got out of there my 10th grade year but I still don't think I improved on
my reading at all. Then my sophomore year I was starting to get the hang of it but then I switch schools so it got harder for me and I started scoring
low on tests. ELA is probably a really hard class for me each year and it seem like it get harder and harder each year.I have never scored proficient or
advanced on star testing or anything. But I have never failed a ELA class I have always passed with a D so I know I have the ability of improving
in that subject.My teachers have worked with me each year its like I dont understand what goes on I could read a story and at the end still not
understand what i just read.Im thinking its a personal problem but i have to fix because its going to affect me in my futre with the career field I want to
be in. I think I am and want to improve in ELA. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have a very weak attitude towards reading like I know i can read the book it's just got short attention for it. My 5th grade teacher Ms.brown influenced
me to start reading because i was scoring low on the SRI. i didn't take her advice because i was being a hard head didn't think it will affect me but now
i know it started to affect me my sophomore year it was not easy to keep an A in ELA it was hard now it seem harder like i have to work extra harder
then i did before to get up to an

Hard Water Lab Report Essay
Lab Report: Hard Water Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine whether a liquid is hard water or not. Background: Hard water is the water
that has a high amount of mineral in it, usually Ca2+ and Mg+. These cations enter the source of water by leaching from minerals within a wet
underground layer of water– bearing rock, or an aquifer. According to the WHO, hard water is not harmful to human's health but it's a serious
problem in the water industry. Household plumbing and appliances are also greatly affected by hard water conditions. Some of the effects include
clogged pipes, water heater inefficiency and hard scaling. Hard water is also linked to decreased water flow or water pressure and seized (frozen)
valves in faucets,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Chemistry Workbook", page 52–53. Data Table: | Tap water from Elk Grove| Well water from Wilton| # of drops EDTA 1st time| 16| 28| # of drops
EDTA 2nd time| 16| 29| # of drops EDTA 3rd time| | | Average result| 16| 28.5| Data Analysis: 1) Which water sample had more Ca/Mg? Relatively,
how much more? The well water from Wilton has a larger amount of Ca 2+/Mg 2+ compared to the Elk Grove tap water. Relatively, it's
approximately twice harder because 28 drops of EDTA is added to Wilton well water in order to make it turns blue while it only take 16 drops to
changes color of Elk Grove tap water. 2) EDTA is often added to shampoo. Can you suggest why? EDTA is added to shampoo to take away the
calcium and magnesium that exists. The shampoo will then lather and creates more bubbles; that's greater to bathe in. 3) Pots and pans used for
boiling water often develop a coating of scale in homes that use hard water. What might this scale be? The scale might be magnesium and calcium.
After the water reaches its boiling point, all the water molecules would turns into gas evaporates, left the solid magnesium and calcium at the bottom of
the pans. 4) Why might the water of one region be much harder than another? The water of different region has different hardness level because water
comes from different sources of underground aquifers. The amount of

Glass Shower Door Research Paper
One of the biggest challenge of having glass shower doors is keeping them clean. Here are four household products you can use to keep your glass
shower doors clean.
#1 Fabric Softeners
If you have a lot of soap scum stuck to the inside if your shower, you should consider using fabric softener sheets to remove the built up soap scum.
Take a fabric softener and use it to scrub the dry glass. Scrub in a circular motion to effective loosen and remove the soap scum. Then, rinse off the
loose soap scum by pouring water over the area and squeegeeing it away. This is a great way to tackle and reduce the soap scum that has built up on
your glass shower doors.
#2 Baking Soda
Baking soda works really well for removing hard water stains from your glass shower door as well as neutralizing and removing mildew. Take a bowl
and pour baking soda into it. Then, add a little bit of water at a time and stir it until you have created a paste that is slightly runny with the baking
soda and water. Use a sponge to apply the paste to your shower door. Let the paste sit for about a minute on your shower door before scrubbing it in
and rinsing it off with some water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best type of vinegar to use is white vinegar, although you can also use apple cider vinegar. Pour some white vinegar into a spray bottle. Get your
glass shower door damp with water, then spray white vinegar onto your door; saturate the area with the vinegar solution and then rinse the vinegar

Las Vegas's Hard Water Problems
Probably, many people has learned in school that water is life. This is true for all living things in this planet, human, plants and animals. Maybe
this is not evident to people who live in areas where rain very much due to the fact that water is always available. It is available when they turn on
their faucets to water your plants or lawn, or use their showers and toilets. But did you know that Las Vegas has hard water problems? Learn here
how this reality is being made a thing of the past. The unfruitful past efforts for real water problems For decades, there have been effort to solve the
hard water issue in Las Vegas in different ways. They have been using bottled water since the '80s, importing water from across the world, and
sometimes

An Article On Hard Water
Introduction
"Hard water is water that contains cations with a charge of +2, especially Calcium and Magnesium." This is a direct quote from Professor Rachel
Casiday and Regina Frey from the Department of Chemistry at Washington University. Essentially, water hardness is the minerals that are built up
into the ground water that can have several different effect on the water. It is determined by several different cations, but in this experiment, only by
the amount of Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+). Water is an absolute necessity to life. "About 80 liters of water per person per day is required to sustain a
reasonable quality of life" (PSU Chemtrek). Being able to determine the quality of the water you drink is needed in order to maintain good health.
Hard water isn't only harmful to our bodies but to our appliances as well. JMAC Plumbing & Air Conditioning released an article written by Amy
Ortega about a month ago warning the people in the Las Vegas area about their water heaters acting up possibly because of hardness in the water.
They said and I quote, "Hard water is different from soft in that it is full of limestone, chalk, and dolomite. It's generally not anything to worry about in
terms of health, but it can be detrimental to your appliances." Hard water can cause erosion in you appliances and can completely ruin appliances in
your home.
Yet, soft water can also cause problems just as severe in a different way. According to "The Hidden Risks of Softened Water", by Martha Golea

Hardness Of Water For A Given Stock Solution Of Calcium...
HARDNESS OF WATER
Student Name: Gaurav Shriyan
Student ID.: 2275658
Group Name: A1
Date of Experiment: 26th April 2016
Introduction:
Hard water can be defined as water that contains minerals like calcium and magnesium in it. Some household tap water is supplied with a mix of hard
water. The easiest way to determine whether the water is hard is to use a detergent. Hard water creates less lather compared to normal soft water. This
experiment aims to find the hardness of tap water with the help of a given stock solution of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3(aq)) and liquid detergent. We
will take three dilution of the stock solution as a base to find the bubble height, plot them on a graph and get a linear equation of y = mx + c. Using
this equation we will find the concentration of the given tap water. Finally, we will do the error analysis and conclude the experiment.
Materials and Method:
Materials used for the experiment are as follows:
Stock calcium carbonate solution (CaCO3(aq))
Deionised water
Tap water
Liquid detergent
Boiling tubes
Boiling tube rack
Graduated cylinders
Glass marking pencil
Stoppers
Pipettes

Method:
In this experiment, we first prepared three dilution of the calcium carbonate solution (CaCO3(aq))with a concentration of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 in different
graduated cylinder. Each dilution had two samples of 20ml each. Hence, each dilution had two test results and their average is counted as the final result.
The dilution

Finding The Concentration Of Hard Water Ions
Finding the Concentration of Hard Water Ions in a Water Sample Using Complexometric Titration
By: Alya Barq
CHM 2046L
22 April 2016
Abstract:
"Hard water" is defined as water with an excess content of ions such as Mg2+ and Ca2+. Hard water causes a variety of problems, among them being
that hard water ions can block pipes and decrease water flow, can cause scaly deposits to form where there is water contact, and cause an increase in
utility bills due to amassed scales in water heaters. In this experiment, a sample of tap water was tested in order to determine the concentration of
Mg2+, and then this value was compared to a limit set by the World Health Organization. In order to carry out this task, a complexometrictitration was
performed in which EDTA was used as the titrant, and a solution containing the tap water sample, buffer, indicator, and a solution of MgCl2, was the
analyte. It was found that the magnesium ion concentration in the tap water sample was close to 0 M, and this led to the belief that there was a flaw
in experimental design. Nonetheless, the evaluation of hard water ion concentration in drinking water and tap water is very important and according to
the WHO, it should always be below 500 mg/litre.
Introduction:
Water is given the name "hard water" when it contains significant concentrations of ions such as Mg2+ and Ca2+. In many places around the United
States, significant concentrations of CaCO3 and MgCO3 dissolve into rainwater

Water Mifflin Hall, Well Water Wyckoff And Stream Water...
The data from the TDS analysis (table 2) show that tap water Mifflin hall, well water Wyckoff and stream water Raleigh has a higher amount of total
dissolved solid compared to tap water Harleysville and Tap water Yosemite that have a low amount of total dissolved solid. From these observations,
we can conclude that tap water Harleysville and tap water are softer than Yosemite tap water Mifflin Hall, well water Wyckoff andstream Water
Raleigh.The Results from ETDA (table 7) show that tap water Mifflin Hall (400 ppm) is hardest than the four other water samples. It is followed by
tap water Harleysville (340 ppm), well Water Wyckoff (320 ppm), Stream Water Raleigh (110 ppm) and Tap water Yosemite (80 ppm). This order
supports my hypothesis. Tap water Yosemite is relatively soft compared to the other water samples. I have predicted my sample to be thehardness and
tap water Yosemite to be the softest. Also, these results support my hypothesis in the assumption that they show that stream water Raleigh is
moderately hard as expected. Nevertheless, I expected tap water Yosemite to be relatively soft but the data show that it is moderately hard. In fact, I
assumed that tap water Yosemite would be slightly hard because in California ground water is stored in alluvium. They are made up of loose gravel,
sands, and silts and they contain a very low concentration of divalent cations. Maybe the fact that rocks vary from the state of California due to the
difference in geology might

Water Hardness Of Water Solubility
Not all water is alike. In fact, water contains minerals that change its properties. According to the University of Washington in St. hard water is
hard water is "water that contains cations with a charge of +2, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+"1. Water picks up these Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations as it
moves through soil and interacts with sedimentary rock undergoing a process known as dissolution. Water hardness values can be represented in
numerous ways, including milligrams per liter, parts per million, and grains per gallon. The water hardness value becomes greater with the increase
in concentration of these cations2. The water hardness in State College, PA is rather high due to the location of the town being on a large amount of
limestone3. Water hardness is significant because of the effect it can have in our homes but more importantly industries. Water hardness has an
effect on the efficiency of soap and can leave mineral deposits on your dishes. The biggest problems that water hardness creates are these mineral
deposits that it leaves behind. These mineral deposits are known as scale formation. When water is boiled and evaporates, this solid substance called
scale forms. It most commonly hardens on pipes, tubes, large industrial boilers, and other appliances. Scale blocks the flow of water and clogs pipes,
decreases heat transfer efficiency in boilers, and can lead to weakness in structures. This scale formation is also particularly difficult and expensive to
remove4. As stated

Bottled Water And Your Skin
Distilled water and your skin
You may well have spent hundreds or even thousands of pounds on cleansers, toners and different types of tonics all in the name of clear skin. On
top of this you may have put in a lot of time religiously washing those spot prone areas, scrubbing, dabbing and using the special round circular
motions all in an attempt to clear up those pesky break outs and yet, despite all your best efforts, it doesn't work. As a result, you're left out of pocket
and still struggling with problematic skin but before you throw your hands in the air in hopelessness, Make Water Pure want you to know there is an
answer. Make Water Pure are going to suggest something that's actually so necessary to your actual existence that you'll... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Why is tap water so bad for your skin?
A huge percentage of the UK has hard water which means the majority of the population have to face the cold hard truth of it: we're actually
covering ourselves in soap scum. The soap scum then clogs our pores each time we use it and contributes to breakouts. The big problem with hard
water is the fact that it has such a high mineral content which stops it from reacting with soap normally. Instead, it triggers a lather and creates a
soapy layer upon the skin. This not only leads to very clogged pores but also irritates the skin too making it itchy, dry and sometimes flaky. Dr
Dennis Gross from the U.S had this to say, "These impurities in water make it difficult for soap and shampoo to wash off, leading to dryness of the
skin and scalp, which directly irritate the skin and cause redness and rosacea."
On top of this, there are also very strong correlations between hard water and skin disorders such as eczema. This is due to the minerals such as
calcium, which when found in particularly high concentrations can cause a great loss of moisture to the skin and in turn lead to irritating conditions
like eczema. A recent study at the University of Nottingham found in over 7,500 children of school age, conditions like eczema were becoming
significantly more common for those within hard water areas than those in soft water areas. Sadly, this isn't a matter of converting

Water Is The Most Important Substances On Earth Essay
Introduction: Water is one of the most important substances on earth. Every single living organism on earth requires water. Whether it is a clownfish
living in the ocean or a big shady maple tree getting its water from the earth, every organism needs it. Water is often times advertised as the most
pure substance on earth, however this is often times untrue. Yes, water is a very pure substance but only when it is in its truly natural form, H2O.
However, there are very few cases where water is in its truest chemical composition. Water almost always has some sort of chemical deposits in it,
which can be measured in a "hardness" of the water.
The hardness of water is usually measured in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that is in a certain sample of water.1 In natural
waters, the minerals that make up water aren't all in the form of CaCOВ¬3. The actual minerals that make up the hardness of water are magnesium
cation and calcium cation, Mg2+ and Ca2+ respectively.1 Often times the calcium concentration is larger than magnesium concentration. This is due to
the fact that calcium is usually in almost all types of rocks while magnesium is only found in a few for example, dolomite and olivine.1
These dissolved ions, Mg2+ and Ca2+, make up the main properties of water hardness. The hardness of water is determined on scaling range dealing
with the concentration of the ions. Water is said to be hard if it contains a large concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. On the

The Effects Of Water On Natural Water Essay

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