1. Evolutionary and modernization theories from the 1950s-1960s sought to explain how traditionally organized societies progressed into modern industrial societies. 2. Theories such as neo-evolutionism proposed that social change occurs through a quasi-biological process of differentiation and specialization of social structures from simple to complex. 3. Critics argued these theories oversimplified by treating tradition and modernity as opposites, without recognizing the complexity of how traditional societies integrated modern influences through history.

1. Presented by:
CLENETTE A. ESCOTO
MS- AGRICULTURAL
EDUCATION

2. General refers to the variety of perception
applied by non- Marxist in Third World in the
1950’s and 1960’s
Emile Durkheim - French sociologist, social
psychologist and philosopher.
 Durkheim (1858) with his idea of
differentiation used Darwin as a model to
make this theory of social evolution.
* Neo- evolutionist and
modernization theories

3. Evolutionary theories
 were seen being able to
explain how’s First Word
progressed over time into
Modern Industrial Societies.

4. *Modernizations Theories
 tried to explain and
predict how the Third Word
Countries might become
modern.

5. *Neo- Evolutionism
*Developed by the American sociologist
Talcott Parsons, and by the other
associated with the school of thought
that be created, specifically Smelser
and Eisentadt.
Talcott Parsons - considered one of the
most influential figures in the early
development of American sociology.

6. *Neo- Evolutionism
*Basic argument of neo- evolutionists
was that Social Change, that is the
Third World become more likely First
World, can best understood and
explained as a quasi- biological
process.

7. 
*Economic
*Political
*Social structures
* Simple, multi-functional
characteristics
* Specialized function

8. * Differentiation
When different parts of society
become specialized, allowing for
greater development. In traditional
societies, the institution of the
family has responsibilities for
reproduction, economics life and
education.

9. *
1. Societies are systems that adapt on order
to survive.
2. They are primarily systems based upon
Social Norms.

10. * Social Norms
rules governing behavior. Normative behavior
is that which is seen as ‘correct’ and ‘proper’ in
society.
3. Innovation and diffusion are critical in
modernization.
* Innovation
can defined as changed involving new,
and implicitly better, ideas or ways of doing
things.

11. * Diffusion
is an idea that emerged from chemistry, and
was later used by anthropologist to refer to the
spread cultural attributes from one region or
people to another.
4. Modern societies are unique, especially
in the extent to which internal
differentiation occurs.
Moore, is one of the contributor’s characterized
evolution as unpredictable and inconsistent, using
term like ‘cycles and swing’ and fluctuation’

12. * Charles Darwin –
*He defines an evolutionary universal as
any complex of structure and processes
which so increase the capacity of living
systems to adapt.

13. * A wide outlook on the world
* Rewards based on achievement
* Cities
* A class system
* Bureaucracy and
* Democracy.

14. * Modernization
theories were less holistic, and tended to
emphasize the important of transmission of
modern attitudes and values for the success of
development.
Less holistic theories might focus on one
aspect of social change.
ex: they might emphasize the role of modern
ideas and attitudes in development, rather
than attempting to create a theory explaining
how traditional society comprised of many
part, can ‘evolve’ into a modern society.

15. *Daniel Lerner
was one of the example of
modernization theorist who argued
that it was modern techniques of
communicating ideas, which made
the difference in making the
transition from a traditional to a
modern society, in key institution
such as education and the mass
media.

16. * Inkeles and Smith
* Modernization Theorist, expressed the
goal of development as making men
modern’(sic). This male-oriented idea will
be important to remember when we
consider the criticism that women had
been left out of development of process.
* Making men modern is many ways, the
essence of modernization theory. “Modern
man has become modern when he has
changed as an individual.”

17. *
* A readiness for new experience and
openness to innovation.
* An interest in things other and those of
immediate relevance
* A more ‘democratic’ attitude towards the
opinions of others
* An orientation to the future rather that
the past
* A readiness to plan one’s own life

18. *A belief that we can dominate our
environment and achieve our goals
* An acceptance that the world is
‘calculable’ and therefore controllable
* An awareness of dignity of other, for
example, women and children
* A faith in the achievement of science and
technology, albeit a somewhat simple
faith
* A belief in ‘distributive’ justice.

19. * Rostow’s Stage of Economic
growth
* Walt Rostow, wrote a well known book that
combined a variety of strands within
Modernization and Neo-evolutionary theory called
“Stages of Economic Growth”.
He argued that economic development takes
place in well-defined stages. Development is
only possible where the socio – economic
condition promotes money saving among the
population exist.

20. *Rostow first stage “Traditional
society”
*economic output is limited because of
a lack of scientific and technological
expertise. People’s values are
fatalistic, that is they believe that the
future is predetermined and they
cannot control it. Political power has
not been centralized, as in a modern
state.

21. * “The
preconditions of take off”
* People begin to support economic
advancement. Connected to this education,
free enterprise and economics institution are
developed further.
* The society invest in transportation,
communication and raw materials and this
business. At the same time as modern
institution and production techniques begin to
emerge, aspects of traditional society remain.
Ex. Colonial State

22. *
‘growth is labeled take off’
* this stage is manifested in the defeat
of traditional barriers to growth. This
could occur through the appearance of
new politically active groups, that
prioritize economic growth and
expansion, or through the development
of new technologies such as new ways
to produce goods that represented the
beginning of industrial revolution.

23. * ‘Drive
Community’
* when the10 to 20 % of national
income is invested and the economy is
nearly ’developed’. The economy
begins to advance beyond heavy
industry, and technology gets more
sophisticated. National production
and consumption moves from meeting
basic needs, to the ability to choose
goods and services.

24. * ‘High
Consumption’
* based on increasing ability to produce
high value consumer items like cars,
refrigerators , television and
computers, the economy also becomes
more service oriented. At this point,
people’s needs are satisfied, and the
state focuses on social welfare and
security.

25. *
* his analysis focuses on the ways in
which the concepts of ‘tradition and
modernity’, which are central to many
of the theories, misrepresent the
sociological realities the exist in 1st and
3rd world countries.
*He points out that ‘tradition’ and
‘innovation’ are not necessarily in
conflict or opposed.

26. *
* he contends that is wrong to suggest
that traditional society is untouched
by modernity. Neo- evolutionary and
modernization theories tended to
ignore the fact that developing
societies had been strongly influenced
by their histories and foreign
domination and colonialism.

27. *
*He argues that traditional culture is
not homogeneous. Hindu philosophical
and religious teaching, for example, is
consistent with a number of diverse
orientation to life. The importance of
this is that so called ‘traditions culture’
is not resistant to change; it can
actually allow for a wide variety of
behaviors.

28. *
* he suggests that modern ideas or
practices do not always replace
traditional ones. They may increase
the range of option people have in
developing countries. Tradition and
modernity are not always in
conflict.

29. *
* the last criticism is that
modernizing processes do not
weaken tradition. He suggest that
increased transportation,
technologies, and the spread of ideas
benefits tradition as well as
modernity.

30. * Thus Gulfield concludes that the common
practices of neo-evolutionary and
modernization theorists to pit tradition and
modernity against each other as paired
opposites tends to overlook the real
world’s complexities. Some, but not all of
the points raised by Gusfield remain valid
about modernization theory today.

31. * Crenshaw
* attempts to surpass criticism regarding the
problematic ways in which tradition and
modernity are used reified in modernization and
neo-evolutionary theories of 1950’s and 1960’s.
* Crenshaw similar to Parsons, define social
change in any society as adaptation that follows
conflict. However, unlike Parsons, they not refer
to value laden terms such as ‘evolution’ , ‘stage
of growth’, ‘progress’, ‘tradition’ and
modernity’.

32. * Crenshaw
* he emphasize ‘transition’ that occur resulting
from changes in social and organizational
circumstances when looking at issues such as
human reproduction and its link to
modernization. Their model therefore focuses
on mechanism that produce social change, such
as instituting family planning programs, rather
than prescribing solutions that treat the social
and economic values and structures of Western
countries as the evolutionary ideal for which
Third World countries must strive.

33. *
https://philosopheress.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/evolutionary-and-
modernisation-theories/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_theory
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=emile+durkheim&biw=1366&bih=667&so
urce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjan7SY_YXOAhWGnZQKHaCcBm0Q_A
UIBigB
=emile+durkheim&biw=1366&bih=667&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcgaX-
hYbOAhXBJ5QKHeyVAnMQ_AUIBygA&dpr=1#q=talcott+parsons
http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/
lse/lse_pdf/subject_guides/sc3055_ch1-3.pdf
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm