5. WRITTEN CLOSE TO SPEAKING
Some written text are more related to the oral communication such as
whatsapp, which is more spontaneous and informal
6. PARAGRAPHS
1. The number of sentences in a paragraph is important, but the
number of words doesn’t matter.
2. Each paragraph has a different purpose
3. Start a new paragraph to introduce a new point
4. Paragraph in reports usually have headings.
5. They make a piece of writing easier to read.
6.
7. SENTENCES
1. Long sentences = slowly and descriptive
2. Short sentences = quick and active
3. Don’t write too difficult sentences if you are not sure about them.
4. A long sentence followed by a short sentence can create a
dramatic effect.
5. Longer more complicated sentences = more formal
8. LAYOUT I
It help to know what type of composition it is. Example of a formal
letter:
9. LAYOUT II
TITLE PARAGRAPHS HEADINGS YOUR NAME
ARTICLE YES YES NO NO
REPORT NO YES YES YES
LETTER NO YES NO YES
STORY YES YES NO NO
DISCURSIVE
COMPOSITION
YES YES NO NO
Different types of layouts according to the kind of composition:
10. FORMAL VS INFORMAL
FORMAL INFORMAL
Long sentences Short sentences
Don’t use contractions Use contractions
Use + the passive voice Use + the active voice
Formal grammar and vocabulary Style conversational and chatty
Examples
Composition for your teacher,
report, formal letter
Examples:
E-mail, article for a magazine of
teenagers, letter to a friend
Don’t use phrasal verbs Use phrasal verbs
11. TIPS FOR IMPROVING
• Make up a model bank with a collection of writing examples.
• Learn useful expressions (on the one hand… on the other
hand…)
• Keep a diary.
• Use what you have learnt.
• Correct your work yourself.
• Read as much as you can.
