1. CHAPTER 3
Causal Factors and Viewpoints

2. The Biological Model

3. Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Mood regulation, behavior, thought
processes
Norepinephrine
Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior,
and sleep
Dopamine
Influences pleasure, reward, noveltyseeking, coordination, and motor
movement
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Regulation of mood (esp. anxiety),
arousal, behavior
Acetylcholine
Motor behavior, arousal, reward,
attention, learning
Glutamate
Learning, memory

4. Genetics
Genetic heritability %
100
80
82
65
60
40
35
34
40
20
0
Major
depression
Bipolar
disorder
Anxiety
disorder
Substance
dependence
Schizophrenia

5. Genetics
• Genotype: genetic composition
• Phenotype: observable characteristic
• Genotype-environment interaction
• Example: phenylketonuria

6. Genetics: Research methods
Family history
method
Traditional
methods
Twin method
Adoption
method
More recent
methods
Linkage
analysis
Association
studies

7. Psychodynamic Model
• Sigmund Freud

8. Psychodynamic structure
Superego
Guiding principle: Morality
Tasks: Develop conscience;
block id impulses
Ego
Guiding principle: Reality
Tasks: Mediate demands of id and
superego; cope with real world
Id
Guiding principle: Pleasure
Tasks: Attain gratification of wants,
needs, and impulses

9. Defense mechanisms
Intrapsychic
Conflict
(Between
Id, Ego, and
Superego)
Anxiety
Reliance on
Defense
Mechanisms

10. The Behavioral Model
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned
stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned
stimulus (CS)
Conditioned
stimulus (CS)

11. Classical conditioning
• Extinction: when CS is repeatedly presented
without the UCS, the CR gradually extinguishes
• Spontaneous recovery: CR may still reappear
later

12. Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
Behavior
Positive reinforcement:
pleasant event or reward
Repetition of behavior
is more likely

13. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Focuses on how
thoughts and
information processing
become distorted
Cognitive-behavioral
perspective
Leads to maladaptive
emotions and behavior

14. Cognitive processes
Schema:
• Underlying
representation
of knowledge
that guides
current
processing of
information
Attributions:
• Process of
assigning
causes to
things that
happen
Attributional
style:
• Characteristic
way in which
individual may
tend to assign
causes to bad
or good
events

15. Sociocultural Model
• Individuals and families within cultural context
• Impact of culture on some disorders
• Culture-specific disorders
• Cultural risk factors
• Gender
• Low income
• Ethnic minorities and discrimination
• Urban violence

16. Diathesis Stress Model
Interactive Model:
Additive Model:

17. Risk factors: Abuse and Neglect
Depriving essential
resources
Institutionalization
Neglect and abuse
at home
Separation from
parents

18. Risk and protective factors: Parenting

19. Risk factors
• Marital stress, divorce
• Maladaptive peer relationships
• Deviant peers
• Peer rejection