Matteo Ricci's Scientific Contributions in China

Ricci Accomplishments
Matteo Ricci was one of the most influential people before the twentieth century through his
contributions to science in China. He was born on October 6, 1552 in Macerata of the Papal states in
Italy and lived to the age fifty–eight May 11, 1610 in Beijing, China leaving behind 2,500 Chinese
Catholics, with many in the educated classes, and a great legacy. He came from a noble family. His
parents were Giovanni Battista Ricci and Giovanna Angiolelli. His dad was pharmacist by
profession and his mom was known for a simple piety. When he was eighteen, Matteo went to study
law at La Sapienza, the University at Rome. In May 1577 Ricci he traveled to Portugal for ten
months in preparation for his overseas mission studying Portuguese and starting theology. From
1578 to 1582 he was in India, after ordained as a priest, and spent two years completing his
theological training. While this was happening he taught Greek in Jesuit colleges. After, completing
his training with the Jesuits he was assigned to China Mission, in 1582. He stayed there and worked
for twenty–seven years. Throughout the twenty–seven years he gained a lot of respect from others,
attained knowledge, and gained many influential friendships. Matteo Ricci had many
accomplishments through his lifetime. He was a renaissance, extraordinary at ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement was to reform the beliefs, ideas, and practices taught in the Roman Catholic Church.
The Protestant reformation was a major European movement in the sixteenth century. It was a time
of religious, political, intellectual and cultural catastrophe that splintered Catholic Europe. The
Reformation ended the alliance constrained by medieval Christianity and many historians. This led
to the beginning of the modern era. A lowering of the old order was already under way in Northern
Europe. This is shown by the development of new cities and a decided middle
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Discovery Of The Americas
The discovery of the Americas has impacted the events of world history since Columbus attempted
to sail to India in 1492. This voyage would spark a hunger amongst European powers for land and
natural resources. It would also allow for religious ideas and scientific discoveries to spread outside
of Europe into far and distant lands that had no knowledge of something like Christianity. The
discovery of the Americas also impacted countries that had nothing to do with the actual discovery
of the Americas. Those countries uninvolved in the discovery were impacted by the goods brought
back from America. These goods along with the discovery of the Americas would fuel the world
trade machine for the next few centuries. The discovery of the ... Show more content on
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(Tignor, 543) Jesuits saw the discovery of the Americas as a chance to further spread their religion
to people who would have never known about Christianity. However, the Jesuits were interested in
scientific ideas as well as religion spreading so the Jesuits, while destroying native religious
symbols for Christian ones, recorded and stored information on the native's language and
demographics. (Tignor, 543) Specifically, French Jesuits recorded dictionaries and grammar
accounts of the Iroquoian language. (Tignor, 544) Jesuits would have seen the discovery of the
Americas as a positive thing because it allowed them to spread religion and write and record
information that would have been written into European languages. Nevertheless, some Christian
missionaries, including the Jesuits, saw the Americas and specifically the natives as a problem
because the natives would never fully convert to Christianity, but the natives would instead mix
native spirituality with Christianity and God so Christianity was not a replacement, but rather an
additive to native religions. (Tignor, 544) Another problem faced by the Jesuits was the natives'
custom of assimilating captive groups into their societies so some European colonists ended up
adopting native dress and culture and these Europeans did not

Absolutism, Absolute Monarchy
Unit IV: Concepts and Identifications (Please clearly explain the significance of each).
95 Theses
Absolutism, absolute monarch
Anglican Church
Brahe, John
Calvin, John
Capitalism
Catholic Reformation
Cervantes, Miguel de
Copernicus, Nicholas
Deism
Divine right
"Early modern" period
Edict of Nantes
Empirical Evidence
English Civil War
Enlightenment
Galileo

Gunpowder Empires
Gutenberg, Johann
Habsburg Family
Humanism
Indulgences
Jesuits
Joint–stock companies
Kepler, Johannes
Land–based powers, sea–based powers
Leonardo da Vinci
Limited (constitutional) monarchy
Locke, John
Louis XIV
Luther, Martin
Machiavelli, Martin
Medici family
Mercator projection
Michelangelo
Montesquieu, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1502 – 1736
Sati
The suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands funerals pyres, spread, even though Akbar
and Shah Jahan outlawed it.
Shah Abbas I
Safavid empire reached peak under this ruler, ruled from 1588 to 1629. He increased the size of the
millitary and brought the empire out of their fall.

Shi'ism
The split off of Islam that believes that power should be passed down by family members, and was
the less taken form, opposed to
Sikhism
One of the youngest amongst the major world religions, is a monotheistic religion that originated in
South Asia (sub–continental India) during the 15th century. Founded by by the first guru Nanuk
Suleiman the Magnificent
The leader of the Ottomans when they were at the height of their empire. He ruled from 1520–1566.
He conquered parts of Europe during his reign.
Taj Mahal
Burial sight of mumtaz mahal wife of Shah Jahan. A building made of white marble inlaid with
precious stones and is still today of the most beautiful buildings in

European And Non-European Culture In The 1500s And 1600s
Europeans had many goals throughout the 1500s and 1600s. To achieve their goals, they deferred to
the non–European culture. However, the question remains how did the Europeans accommodate
themselves to Non–European culture? The European traders and missionaries would accommodate
themselves by integrating into the Non–European culture, by adapting their physical appearance, by
referring to the traditional practices, and through the response of the nations wants to European
goods.
In order for Europe's influence to be successful across the world, they had a guide written by Father
Jean de Brébeuf, called "Instructions for The Fathers of Our Society Who Shall Be Sent to The
Hurons." In this small guide, Father Jean, writes instruction for other European members to follow
in order to be successful in their influence in the new world. The thought of being the superior race,
followed them to the new world, so embracing a culture that they thought was low–class, was a big
change to the European men. "As to the other numerous things which may be unpleasant, they must
be endured for the love of God, without saying anything or appearing to notice them." They did not
do anything that contradicts the Natives belief, as they were trying to convert them to the "idealized"
culture. They were doing so in a way that the Natives did not realize they were being converted. So,
the Europeans change their normal customs in order to gain their trust. In which they accommodate
to non–European

A Weakness In Polo’S Work Is His Natural Bias In Seeing
A weakness in Polo's work is his natural bias in seeing these events and seeing Chinese culture. As
previously stated, Polo had no prior experience of China and therefore used what he knew to
understand China. For example, when Polo described the harem of Kublai, he wrote "the eldest born
of any one of these succeeds to the empire...They bear equally the time of empress, and have their
separate courts." Then later wrote, "It may be asked whether the people of the province do not feel
themselves aggrieved in having their daughters thus forcibly taken from them by the sovereign?
Certainly not." The people Polo was responding to were Europeans back home who likely saw this
practice as barbaric. Polo wrote his entire work from a European view ... Show more content on
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Next is the evidence provided by the works from their methodology. For The Travels of Marco Polo,
the evidence for Polo's conclusions are his own experiences while in China. Therefore, Polo's work
provided Europe a more unfiltered and objective view of China in all its extravagance to Polo and
later the Europeans. This unfiltered view point meant that Polo was inaccurate in some of his
information. When describing Kublai Khan's palace, Polo remarked how large the walls are and how
extravagant and magnificent it was. The palace itself was in fact just an enclosed royal park used as
an encampment. Polo's observations and vocabulary used to describe the palace showed that
European's viewed China and what they did in awe, even when the Chinese were acting similar to
the Europeans in many aspects. Marco Polo, because of his observations, used abductive reasoning
when constructing his work. Abductive reasoning is a form of logical reasoning which starts with
observation than seek to find the simplest and most likely explanation to that observation. A key
factor to this reasoning is that the premises given do not guarantee the conclusion even when the
premises are true. This is true for Marco Polo, as many of his observations of China and of the Yuan
dynasty are true, the conclusions he draws of China's spender and civilization. Although there were
a few misconceptions on Polo's account, for the majority of the work

Is Confucianism A Religion?
Introduction
The question of whether or not Confucianism is a religion has been explored by many writers. Its
religious status has been controversial in intellectual circles since the controversy of the Chinese
rites of 17th century. There have been several attempts to define the religious character of
Confucianism. The arguments by Matteo Ricci that the church should accommodate ancestor
worship by Christians of Chinese origin because he considered it veneration and not a true worship
was the beginning of Confucianism as a religious model (Tucker, 1998).
Ricci and other missionaries searched for the word God as well as other forms of revelation in early
Chinese scriptures. The major controversy was whether Shangdi (The High Lord) or Tian (The
Heaven) could fit the bill and whether or not the natural philosophy of Chinese matched Christian
revelation. The confirmation came in 1877 when James Legge, a missionary translator averred to the
Shanghai Missionary Conference that Confucian scriptures were other ways of achieving ultimate
truth (Tucker, 1998).
Despite the fact that Confucianism may not qualify as a form of religion based on particular
definitions of the term, the conceptions are tied closely to devotional practices and popular worship.
From the beginning, Confucianism has had a strong religious dimension that was characterized by
ritual practices, heavenly reverence, strong belief in moral order, and reverence for ancestors as the
guiding providence. In its

Why Is Genue Ricci Important To Religion
Matteo Ricci Matteo Ricci was known to be a very intellectual man, he brought many important
things to our world, and was an adventurer and teacher for most of his life time. Matteo was born
October 6, 1552 into a noble family, in Macerata, Italy. His mother, Giovanni Angiolelli, was known
for her simple religion, and his father, Giovanni Battista Ricci, was a pharmacist. Matteo took
preliminary studies at home, and then when he got a little older, he attended the school that the
Jesuit priests had opened during 1561 in his hometown. During the time that he was at the Jesuits
school, he completed classical studies. Then, at only age 16, he set out for Rome to study law.
Matteo, while in Rome, became attracted to the life of the Jesuits, and on August 15, 1571, he
requested the permission to join them. After his request was granted, he became an Italian Jesuit
missionary, and during this time he introduced Christian teaching to the Chinese empire in the 16th
Century. For nearly 30 years, he lived in the Chinese Empire, he was a pioneer in attempt at mutual
comprehension between China and the West. Matteo, was a missionary to China, he brought
mathematical and astronomical knowledge to China, where he adapted to their culture. He studied
philosophy, theology, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1580, a superior of Jesuit missions in the East Indies, Alessandro Valignani, prepared to enter
China. Then he sailed to the Portuguese colony in South China, known as Macao. During this stay,
he took an intensive language course, and mastered the Chinese language to perfection. In 1583,
Matteo entered China with Michael Ruggieri, his Jesuit companion. During the start, he dressed in
the clothing of a Buddhist monk, and then later as a Confucian Mandarin. (Confucius was a famous
sage and social philosopher, Confucius' ideas were not accepted during his lifetime, and he
frequently regretted the fact that by any of the old–fashioned lords, he remained

Civil Rights Discrimination
Civil rights have been a hot–button issue/topic in this country for decades. For many years people
were treated differently because of either their skin color. These people had fewer job opportunities,
were often paid less than their white counterparts, and even for a time were sent to separate and
often worse schools, and were forced to use different bathrooms and drinking from separate water
fountains in public. It was very difficult for blacks at this time in this country, but help would soon
bring relief to these people. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, brought some forms of
equality to this country, and the Supreme Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education, ended
segregation and allowed blacks and whites to attend the same schools. While there have been great
strides towards equality in this country, some still feel that not enough is being done and that blacks
still feel marginalized by society and aren't given the same opportunities as their white counterparts.
Many are still to this day, even with laws in place to protect them, they are still often overlooked for
job opportunities and promotions within the work environment. One such area where this happened
was in the city of New Haven and their team of firefighters. In this instance, a few members of the
team, which happened to be black, were not given a fair chance of getting a promotion to the ranks
of captain or lieutenant. What followed was a mess that the city and officials could have easily

In the time period from 1450-1750, Asia began to use...
In the time period from 1450–1750, Asia began to use multiple strategies to to build their empires.
Many aspects of their culture including their government, religion, and education were refined and
changed. During their time period, Europe began to move into Asia in order to gain influence. While
the empires of Eastern Asia focused more on their governments and education, the Europeans came
and attempt to spread their religious ideas, especially Catholic countries. During this time in history,
government positions were commonly handed down from generation to generation with in a family.
Examples of such practices were common in the European monarchies and the Muslim empires
including the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals. As shown in ... Show more content on
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In Asia, European nations, especially those who were Catholic, were interested in spreading
Christianity to Asia. Countries, such as Spain were successful in spreading Christianity throughout
the Americas. Western Europe was looking for the same success in Asia that they had in the
Americas. Many missionaries were sent to Asia to fulfil these hopes. In document 4, Matteo and his
lay companion Paul Siu Kwang–k'i, a painting depicting Ricci, left, and Paul Siu, right. Ricci is
depicted wearing traditional Chinese attire. The Jesuits, the group for which Ricci was associated
with, believed that the best way to convert a civilization, such as China, was to immerse themselves
in their culture. Missionaries did not just focus their efforts in China. As document 13 shows,
Writing of St. Francis Xavier Letter from Japan – 1551, these missionaries worked to translate the
Bible to allow those they were converting to better understand Christianity in their own language.
This would allow a significantly higher number of people in Japan to convert, and the missionaries
would be considered successful. On the other hand, the document also shows the fears that the
Japanese had in regards to converting to Christianity. According to Xavier, the Japanese see the
"rightness" of Christianity as opposed to their previous beliefs, but he sites that their princes cause

Difference Between The Jesuits In The 16th Century And The...
The initial difference between the Jesuits in the 16th century and later missionaries is how they were
allowed to proselytize. "Famed Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci" achieved such success by
commandeering existing networks which he had noted "were admired and respected," as such they
"adopted the dress of the literati" as well as presenting their message in a manner similar to
Confucian, and even Buddhist, ideals. Additionally the Jesuit understanding of "science, math,
astronomy, philosophy, and religion and their attention–getting instruments..." opened doors and
discussions with the Jesuit missionaries (Schoppa 47). Relationships weren't all tea and roses as
even seemingly acculturated Jesuits were still considered 'other.' It took the unequal treaties,
specifically the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, following the Second Opium War, to grant widespread
access to Christian missionaries (Schoppa 50–61).
During the earlier parts of the 19th century Christian missionary work was done in secret to avoid
persecution. This atmosphere led missionaries to accept the types of cover stories one would expect
from Hollywood, like a translator on an opium dispensing ship (Schoppa 61). More common, as
found in missionary records typically show a different story (Welch 12–16). Missionaries, especially
young single female missionaries, remarked on the safety and welcome they felt among the Chinese.
Travelers expressed their surprise at this by comparing missions undertaken as relatively safe in

Apush Chapter 1 Summary
AD 1600 – 1700
–Persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Charles IX
–Jesuit missionary and scholar, Matteo Ricci, starts evangelizing China
–Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius becomes professor at Leiden. Arminius's studies of
Romans lead him to doubt Calvin's doctrine of predestination, resulting in doctrines emphasizing
man's ability to choose Christ and Christ's death for all people. (Arminianism)
–Gunpowder Plot fails. Catholic extremists attempt to kill King James I and blow up Parliament,
seizing the government.
–First Baptist Church is founded in Amsterdam by John Smyth, who baptizes himself.
–Emperor Rudolph II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia
–King James Version Bible (The Authorized Version) published
–Galileo is prohibited by Church from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–The British Test Act bans Catholics from holding public offices unless they deny certain doctrines.
–Isaac Watts, hymn writer
–John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress published.
–Edict of Nantes revoked. Huguenots flee France.
–Johann Sebastian Bach, composer called "The fifth Evangelist"
–English Parliament Issues Toleration Act (tolerating all Protestant groups, but not Roman
Catholics).
–Chinese emperor officially allows Christianity. Ricci's Initial 2,000 converts multiply to 300,000.
–The Amish founded by Jakob Amman.
–First missionary societies formed by Protestants.
–Jamestown, Virginia, established – first permanent English colony on American mainland
–Massachusetts Bay Colony founded
–Dutch peasants (Boers) settle in South Africa
–British Take New Amsterdam from the Dutch and rename it New York
–War of European powers against the Turks (to 1699); high point of Turkish advance in Europe
–James II of England calls for freedom of conscience; Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism
and demand "Glorious Revolution"
–Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia; attempts to westernize nation and build Russia as a
military power.
1700 –

Summary Of Chapter 21: Regulating The Inner And Outer Domains
Chapter 21: Regulating the "Inner" and "Outer" Domains
1. Trade rights and religious perceptions affected how Matteo Ricci viewed relations with china by
taking a different strategy than the other missionaries. "...the Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552–1610)
encouraged his followers to immerse themselves in the language and to become conversant with the
rich traditions of Chinese literature (Source 21.2, Ricci, Matteo, in Patterns of World History, Vol. 2,
p. S21–4)". Instead of limiting their training in Chinese language and culture and focusing merely
on the conversion of the poor, the Jesuits instead immersed themselves in the Chinese language and
high culture of the empire. They gained recognition through their advanced knowledge in
mathematics, astronomy, military science and other European learning required by the imperial ...
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Honda–san urged the Japanese emperor and his government to emulate the Europeans system.
"Nevertheless, it was the prowess of these particular Europeans in the shipping and trade, dependent
on a scientific and mathematical knowledge of navigation, that most interested Honda (Source 21.2,
Honda, Toshiaki, in Patterns of World History, Vol. 2, p. S21–11)" Honda admired the way the
European mastered shipping and trade through the use of scientific and mathematical knowledge.
The Japanese wanted to take initiative, they wanted to prevent their ships from continuing on getting
lost in the sea from merely depending on landmarks and mountains for navigation. Honda thought
his country needed improvement, he suggested if they developed the methods of navigation, they
would reduce the amount of rice and other foods lost at sea (Source 21.2, Honda, Toshiaki, in
Patterns of World History, Vol. 2, p. S21–12). Which would greatly benefit the nation's wealth and
stabilize the prices of rice and other food products throughout Japan. Therefore, Honda–san required
the Japanese's to gain knowledge of astronomy and mathematics in order to ensure Japans

The Communist Revolution: Female Infanticide In China
Western sources concerning female infanticide begin in 1579, with the arrival in China of the first
European missionaries. They brought them a wholly different perspective on infanticide from that of
the chinese, one shaped by Christian doctrine; "shaped by thousands of images of the Madonna and
child, infanticide inspired horror in European eye when it was encountered in China." (Mungello,
2008) A flood of morbid reports detailing the furtively condoned practice was generated by these
new arrivals; reports of babies thrown into rivers, buried in refuce piles, suffocated, and starved.
Many of these observations were made by Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary who served in China
from 1582 until 1610. His accounts are particularly significant given his comprehensive experience
of China. Over the course of three decades, Ricci traveled from Macau in the south to Beijing in the
north, and observed the practice of female infanticide to be widespread throughout the country. This
diminishes the possibility that other accounts of infanticide only representative of isolated ... Show
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Starting in 1949, and intensifying during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, a diametric
shift began to take place with Chinese gender roles. The social status of women was drastically
improved, as they were allowed to venture forth from the domestic sphere. Many women began
working outside the house, allowing them to earn an income for their birth families before they were
married. (Hinton, 1984) The dowry culture began to recede in favor of love marriages, further
reducing the economic strain a female child would place on her household. (Huang, 2012) Love
marriages and earning power also increased the woman's status within the household. It became
commonplace for daughters to visit their birth families, allowing them to assist in caring or elderly
relatives, a task previously designated only to sons. (Yan,

Tardiness
Chapter 3
Research Methodology This chapter represents and describes the research design, research
setting,sampling procedure,data gathering instruments and statistical treatments of data.
Research Design The descriptive method of research was used in this study.With this it does not
only require the collection and tabulation of data,but also it entails describing the data presented in
this paper.In particular, the study attempted to describe and analyze the factors that lead the
development of tardiness among the students of Xavier University High School.
Research Setting The research was done in Xavier University Highschool– Ateneo de Cagayan,
Cagayan de Oro City. June 1999 marked the beginning of co–education at XUHS and the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data Collection Procedure A researcher–made questionnaire was given to the respondents to find
out about the factors that lead XUHS students of being tardy. Furthermore, in–depth interviews were
audio recorded to substantiate the results in this study. Statistical Treatment To analyze and interpret
the gathered data, the statistical tools were employed in this study. These are frequency and
percentage to describe the profile of the students and the factors that lead XUHS students of being

Matteo Ricci's Visit To China
During Matteo Ricci's visit to China, he discovered that the Chinese were using their known metals
for many different purposes. One purpose was that of gunpowder technology, mainly used for
entertainment and cultural events. A chief attraction of Chinese festivals was fireworks, made from
the valuable saltpeter. This use of the gunpowder technology for entertainment was shocking for
Ricci, because the Chinese did not use it in war as much. I believe the Chinese did this because
gunpowder was relatively primitive and not superior to that of a crossbow yet. Enemies of the
Chinese mainly consisted of cavalry units like the Mongols, which were hard to defeat with early
guns. Another reason was the power of the Emperor to decide to prevent technology

Chinese Astronomy In Ming Dynasty
Haoshen Hong
Melissa Vipperman–Cohen
MMW 13, Section B17
Writing Assignment 3
05/11/2016
The stagnation of Chinese astronomy in Ming Dynasty
Long ago, people began to observe the sky and astronomical objects to make predictions and modify
calendars. Until early Ming Dynasty, China was way more developed in astronomy than that of
European countries'. Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory was built in 1279 in China that enabled
astronomers to calculate the accurate time of one year that was 300 years ahead of European
scholars working it out (K.G 37). However, in the 18th century, Chinese star catalog was "relying on
European data and the ephemerides were calculated on the basis of Newtonian theory" (Renn 283).
Besides the failure to compute data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China missed its golden time to compete with European countries in terms of astronomy because of
emperors' short sight and Astronomy Bureau's dereliction. A current historian Joseph Needham
raised a famous question: why China had been overtaken by the West in science and technology,
despite its earlier success? There could be an answer to this question in terms of astronomy: the
backwardness might be caused by the emperor's lack–of–foresight decisions and government
bureau's hereditary

Philosophy and Religon Essay
The 16th century was a time of culmination. A time during which the fundamental forces of
civilization that shaped the world thus far, came together and accelerated their pace. Religious,
cultural, intellectual, and economic transformations took place. New civilizations arose, only to be
destroyed by imperialistic invaders. Old cultures converged and conflicts arose. New and old, east
and west were unified, if only fleetingly and superficially. The religious beliefs of any society during
the 1500s were taken very seriously and were tremendously important. At the time, entire empires
were built on the simple principle of religion. It was the central unifier, the Europeans under
Christianity, the Ottoman Empire under Sunni Islam, and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Their philosophy was derived from their religious beliefs. Their God was not a removed entity that
controlled the world but did not have a role in the life of the individual. Their God was everything
and without him, there was nothing. God was salvation and eternal life. Their main reference was
the Bible. It was studied extensively by Catholic theologians and, from it, created a central ethical
system was developed. The Chinese on the other hand had an ethical system based on the individual.
Confucianism was not a religion. It was not based on a deity and strict codes of conduct found in
Catholic tradition did not exist. However, an overall sense of order was decidedly central to its
philosophy. Virtue here was found introspectively, through thought and study. Another interesting
facet of Confucianism was it's veneration of ancestors, an extension of honoring one's parents. These
two ethical systems differed so much that fundamental concepts (right, wrong, sinful, virtuous) were
not completely equateable. Confucianism viewed people as fundamentally good. In the Great
Learning, a fundamental Confucian text, described human nature as "being universally good" and
that the "original substance of the mind is correct." This gives us important insight into how they
would classify an act as immoral or sinful. If each person is fundamentally good, then any act he
does would also be good. And any act that he does that goes against his "innate knowing...of right
and

Research Paper On China's Great Wall
"China's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers". Bloomberg. June 5, 2012.
Retrieved June 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ See Names above for a discussion of this figurative use of wàn.
Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus (2011). The New York Times
Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. St. Martin's Press of
Macmillan Publishers. p. 1131. ISBN 978–0–312–64302–7. Beginning as separate sections of
fortification around the 7th century B.C. and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.,
this wall, built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone, runs from east to west across
China for over 4,000 miles.
Jump up ^ "Great Wall of China". Encyclopædia Britannica. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Accessed May 12, 2010.
Cecil Adams, "Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space?", The
Straight Dope. Accessed May 12, 2010.
Snopes, "Great wall from space", last updated July 21, 2007. Accessed May 12, 2010.
"Is China's Great Wall Visible from Space?", Scientific American, February 21, 2008. "... the wall is
only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions. And many other
structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point–desert roads, for example–appear
more prominent from an orbital perspective."
Jump up ^ "Metro Tescos", The Times (London), April 26, 2010. Found at The Times website.
Accessed May 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d López–Gil 2008, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ "NASA – Great Wall of China". Nasa.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose; Dr. Douglas Brinkley (September 19, 2001). "JOHNSON
SPACE CENTER ORAL HISTORY PROJECT ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT – Neil
Armstrong" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Markus, Francis. (2005, April 19). Great Wall visible in space photo. BBC News, Asia–
Pacific section. Retrieved March 17,

Seventh Day Adventist Beliefs
As I continue to listen and read the textbook, more questions pop into my head as to what people
buy into with their belief in Christianity. As history goes on, more and more variations of
Christianity are formed through different beliefs of the "perfect" way to worship God. When reading
about the different groups, such as the Seventh Day Adventists and the Jehovah Witnesses, I noticed
numerous concepts that people bought into. The Seventh Day Adventists saw the end of the world
coming on a specific day. The Jehovah Witnesses saw the present world as ruled by Satan and do not
believe in celebrating holidays such as Christmas, birthdays, and Easter in the present day. They also
have the belief that 144,000 will go to Heaven and the rest will live ... Show more content on
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It can be difficult to figure out what to believe because as a young adult, I find that I question
everything. When learning about the four Gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, I questioned
why those four gospels made it into the Bible and why other gospels that were written did not. All of
this made me question what exactly to believe, which seems to be a constant topic in my day–to–day
life. Overall, when learning about different kinds of Christianity, I find it very intriguing to see how
other people view the Bible. So many interpretations stem out of one book and it is so fascinating to
see how many Christian denominations can develop from this. Also, when reading, I found the topic
of Globalization and missionary work interesting to learn about. When Matteo Ricci went to China
to try to convert the Chinese people; he ended up coming out as a failure. This is because of the
culture surrounding the individuals of China and what they grew up to know and believe. I saw what
a huge impact culture has on one's religion. The Chinese people could not adapt to a new religion
coming their

How Did Queen Elizabeth Occur In 1602
During 1601–1605 a lot of ruling changed and a lot if wars happened. Queen Elizabeth dies and
James I took her spot. After King James dies, Charles I took his spot. Then after a while he gets
married. Also, a lot of wars and problems happened.
During 1601–1650 a lot of rulers were happening. It was all about Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I,
and Oliver Cromwell. Queen Elizabeth I was ruled to be a queen in 1558, then she died in 1603.
After her, James I becomes king in England. He was the first king in England and in Scotland.
Prince James got crowned to be a king of Scotland when he was only 13 months old. Queen
Elizabeth was his mother's cousin and when she died, he took over her. In 1611, James published his
bible. King James died in 1625. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She didn't wanted to take part in English Protestant ceremonies of state. In 1649, King Charles I
executed for treason.
During 1601–1650 a lot of conflict, fighting, and law were happening too. In 1601, Dutch beaten
Portuguese in a naval engagement. In 1602, The Dutch government support the Dutch East India
Company a monopoly to attend trade in Asia. Also in 1602, William Shakespeare wrote Our
remedies oft in ourselves do lie, which we ascribe to heaven. In 1603, Scotland is no longer
independent because Queen Elizabeth dies. Then James didn't liked England's Puritans, but he
thought that the request for a formal translation of the Bible to be known as the Authorized King
James Bible in place of three other forms is okay and he agreed on it. In 1605, a thread by extremist
Catholics to explode the Britain's Parliament fails. The perpetrators are hanged. Then the main man
of British helped the Iranian have more armies. In 1606, the Dutch found about northern Australia,
which is known as today Cape York peninsula. In 1607, the company of London has sent three ships
and a small group in Virginia, and there, in the spring season on an island in a river to be named
after King James. In 1607 the Dutch also

How Did The Europeans Contribute To The Spread Of Maritime...
When maritime expansion began, China participated not because they were interested in trading
rather they wanted to broaden their empire to show the rest of the world their power and
achievements. Trade did come into play when the Ming sought to expanding the empire, however it
was more about curiosity of the new lands. China did set up trading with Western countries for a
short period of time before they realized that the West did not offer them as much as they had hoped
for. The Europeans still were interested in trading with China so they allowed one trading port only,
Macao. This did not last long as China began to think Europeans were a threat to their way of life
and decided to limit their interaction with them. Eventually the Dutch East India Company had
formed and showed favor in China by acknowledging the emperors superiority. Although China had
wanted to decrease their contact with Westerners, especially trading with them, Chinese scholars and
intellects took interest in the Jesuits and allowed them to enter their country on a limited basis.
Catholic missionaries joined the merchants from Spain and Portugal to China. The Dominicans and
Franciscans wanted to try to convert the lower class of China, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They first allowed trading to occur but then limited how much the Europeans could trade with them.
The most significant contact with Westerners was through the Jesuits. The Jesuits had a tremendous
effect on China in terms of bring with them the knowledge of new technology like clocks as well as
new advancements in science like astronomy. Although the Jesuits succeeded in converting some
Chinese scholars to Christianity, the emperor eventually put a halt to the conversion and banned
missionaries from entering China. This resulted in China's empire to become more isolated and even
more

The Last Supper By Sebastiano Ricci
Art is a particular form of social consciousness and of human activities, an important way for people
to perceive, discover and improve life: according to the laws of beauty. It is the creation of tangible
or intangible products containing great values of thought–aesthetics, cultural character, and
emotions. In this sense, there are numerous types of art. Painting is one of the oldest forms of art on
earth. From prehistoric times, artists not only used it to communicate, but they also used painting to
entertain the viewers. Painting can be transformed, eliminating the tedium, fatigue, and stress in
daily tasks to bring the joy. Fun in life or silence for the soul. In other words, painting is a language
that communicates an artist 's ideas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the visual arts, composition is the way to build a work to communicate the intent of the art in the
brightest and most persuasive way. The most important thing in composition is the creation of the
artistic image. The Last Supper's composition is very ingenious. Sebastiano arranges the disciples
into groups of three, each side of Jesus has two groups. All lines and gestures are centered toward
Jesus. From one group to the other, the artist makes an effort to connect with one another in a very
natural way; the example of the guy stands on the opposite side of the table on Jesus's right is
putting his hand on the guy's shoulder that sits next to him to connect the two right–wing groups,
and between the two groups on the left, they were making eye contacts.
As we all know, color is the voice for the artist 's sentiment. It makes up the appearance of a picture.
Color is the decisive factor in depths of the two–dimensional plane of the artwork, making the
viewer feel physically and mentally attracted, or the context of things – the phenomenon the author
wants to present. Colors have been around for a long time, but there is not a common definition for
colors. And perhaps humans are one of the luckiest creatures that can identify colors. Often, the
recipient 's eye knows a myriad of colors and colors that always change based on the relationship
between light and perspective. In art, color creates a sense of

Matteo Ricci's Contribution To Christianity
Matteo ricci, born October 6, 1552, Macerata, Italy was one of the most well known teachers of his
time. Matteo was a missionary who traveled to China and brought his mathematical and
astronomical knowledge to China which adapted to Chinese culture. Matteo was very well known
for introducing Christian teaching to the Chinese in the 16th century. Matteo lived there for nearly
30 years and was a settler in the attempt to bring China and the West styles together. By adopting the
language and culture of the country he was able to fit in more. Matteo was one if not the only gain
entrance to the interior of China, which was normally closed to foreigners. Matteo Ricci visited the
Society of Jesus in 1571. Along with his study in theology and philosophy,

Confucianism Rituals And Sacrifices Of Buddhism
Confucianism Rituals and Sacrifices
ENLE Li
51669159
Ashton Clayton
Confucianism Rituals and Sacrifices
Introduction
Ritual is a religious ceremony that involves a series of activities performed in a particular order by
those who subscribe to the religion. Sacrifice is the act of giving something to a supernatural being
to please it. The word sacrifice also means the offering given to the supernatural human being. The
essay is going to discuss rituals and sacrifices in Confucianism, which is one the largest religion in
China.
Rituals
In the Confucianism religion, rituals are held to bring people together. The core unifying factor of
rituals is worship. One of the oldest rituals in the Confucian is the worship of the ancestors.
Confucians took ancestors worship as a source of their moral and spiritual fulfillment something that
brought harmony in the society. The rise of Han dynasty in 202 BC, endorsed Confucianism as a
leadership ideology, and it came with the incorporation of the ancestors worship (Dubs, 1938).
Shrines to ancestors mostly consisted of pictures of the dead elders and to show respect to them, one
was required to clasp incense in the hand and kneel before the picture to place the burning incense in
the holder. Ancestors are taken to be a link to the Supreme Being and the people. The respect for the
dead was caused by the belief that a person has two souls, namely hun and po. The two souls are
associated with yang and yin

Ap European Exploration Dbq Analysis
Between the 1450–1750, European states began to embark on a series of global explorations that
prompted a new chapter in world history. It was known as the Age of Discovery, or the Age of
Exploration, this period spanned the fifteenth through the early seventeenth century, during which
time European expansion to places such as the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Competition between
European empires, such as Spain and England, fueled the evolution and advancement of overseas
exploration and European empires during this period expanded greatly.
The economic, political, and cultural effects of Europe's global exploration impacted both European
society and the entire world. The reactions to European explorations in different parts of the world
was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first document is written by Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa which shows the mite system of
Indians. The Indians have to serve each and every year with great losses and gaps in the quotas of
Indians (Document 6). The author of this document was a Spanish missionary–friar possibly hired
by Queen Isabella of Spain. She actually decreed that the Indians to be treated as subjects of the
Spanish empire, and would therefore have the same rights as citizens, although this was almost
immediately ignored which led to the brutal killing of most.The European explorations has caused
many of the villages to become depopulated and many Indians were brutally abused. Antonio
Vazquez de Espinosa was a Spanish friar of the Discalced Carmelites originally from Jerez de la
Frontera whose Compendio y Descripción de las Indias Occidentales has become a source of detail
for the history of South America. The second document is written by Tokugawa Iemitsu which
shows five rules that are strict due to the European explorations (Document 7). The author's purpose
of this document was to show that these foreign politics policy must be followed by all Japanese
people or consequences will occur. The Japanese are negatively impacted as there are now rules of
forbidding Japanese ships to leave for foreign countries, no one is allowed to go aboard and if
anyone did, they were put to death. Iemitsu ruled

Analysis Of The Chinese Armillary
The Chinese armillary is a sculpture that is installed behind Cudahy Science Hall and can in front of
the west quad. This bronze sculpture was installed on Loyola's campus in February 2013 and is a
replica of the Chinese armillaries that is are on display at the Beijing Observatory. It is displayed on
Loyola's campus due the piece's connection the Jesuits but it depicting the celestial orbits of the time
that the Jesuit missionary, Matteo Ricci, was in China in the 17th century. While this sculpture is not
depicting a figure in a position that can be seen in Roman sculptures, this piece is relevant to the
topics and themes of Art of the Roman World due to it being both a duplicate as well as it being a
bronze sculpture. This duplicate was

Convert China To Christianity
To convert people all over the globe, Jesuits resorted to many strategies to relate to the locals on
their missions. In the mission to convert China to Christianity, the greatest success came from
Jesuits emerging themselves deep into Chinese culture, and failed because of lack of European
support. When Jesuits first got to China they studied the culture and found "a well–established
pattern of using robes and other adornments to denote social status," (403) [1]. The most successful
campaigns used by missionaries in other parts of the globe involved mixing local culture with
Christianity. Until 1592 missionaries in China dressed as Buddhist monks, with distinctive robes
that inadvertently singled them out as people not to be associated with.

Essay on Pablo Casals: Internationally Renowned Cellist
Pablo Casals: Internationally Renowned Cellist
Pablo Casals (sometimes called his original name Pau Carlos Salvidor
Defillo De Casals) was one of, if not, the greatest cellists in history.
Casals is easily recognized as one of the master soloists of classical music and he has many
accomplishments in his many years as a public figure that have made him internationally renowned.
Casals was born in Vendrell, Spain on December 29, 1876. He received his very first music lessons
from his father (a music teacher), on the violin. A four years after that, at the age of twelve, Casals
realized he would much rather play the cello instead, and begin lessons with that instrument. After
nine years of study on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soon Casals began a great deal of touring across Europe and the
Americas, making his fresh, new style increasingly more and more popular.
Because of his popularity, at the time, the solo cellist performer became a very highly thought of
occupation. After his long tour, Casals met and then joined up with two other famous and acclaimed
French performers. These were the violinist Jacques Thibaud and the pianist Alfred Cortot. Together,
these three became a trio that gained international fame as they began touring again for a long
period of time.
Casals began his second career as a conductor in 1908. Then in the year 1919, he founded and he
subsidized the "Orquestra Pau Casals" in
Barcelona. This was designed specifically to help young talented, and struggling musicians.
The next Occupation that casals took was composing. Doing this, he wrote the famous "El Pesebre"
(The Manager), which is still listened to widely in Spain, even today. Casals wrote and preformed
many other pieces of music that are commonly taught in music school in Spain, today.
Being an ardent opponent of Fascism, Casals exiled himself from Spain.
He did this in a protest against the regime of Frincisco Franco. For a time, he even stopped
performing altogether.
After this long exile, in the 1950's Casals began being active in music again and he organized and
ran many series of musical festivals in
France and Puerto Rico. In

China Vs China
Could the Eurocentric notion of China being "inferior"or having "failed" at achieving modernity
constitute an overwhelming misunderstanding of China as a whole? Is the "failure" narrative
evidence of how the propagators of the European academy use their understandings to pervert the
very essence of true Chinese history? If it wasn't intentional, could the West have 'failed' to
understand the complex cultural and socioeconomic dynamics of China? Historians who adhere to
the foundations of Eurocentric thought, in establishing the 'China v. Europe' comparative analysis,
have often cited claims that European advancements throughout history were not only 'unique' but
are in fact the precedent for modernity. In establishing this precedent, the West ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ricci was born in 1552 and has written accounts of his immersion during his mission in Ming
dynasty China. Historian Nigel Cameron, had documented thirteen centuries of European travels to
China, which included Matteo Ricci's travels as well. According to Cameron, Matteo Ricci was "the
only one to whom the Chinese accorded unreservedly their respect as a scholar in their own
language and literature." So It seems that there is a more effective way of grasping a full if not some
understanding of the cultural dynamics of China. Now especially with regards to the comprehension
of different cultures it may be hard to do so through the Euro–lense or through a European
methodological way of interpretation. Explaining and comprehending the Chinese culture through
the English language may result in failure. Even Matteo Ricci, admitted that the Chinese language
"is totally different from Greek or German." Western historians have misinterpreted non–West
histories, in fact it is common. But, to what extent does this misinterpretation lie? It lies with the
teleological

The Memory Palace Of Ricci Summary
In The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci it details the effects that European contact had on the
political, economic, social, and religious aspects of Asia. The Jesuit priest, Matteo Ricci set out from
Italy and went to Asia to encourage Christianity in the late fifteenth century. The biggest impact
Ricci had on Asia would be the religious aspects that were influenced because of the mixing
between Confusion ideas and Christianity. European influences also impacted the area of the New
France colonies. This is area is now known to us as Canada. The Jesuits had come into contact with
the New France colonies in the early sixteenth century. The Jesuits at this time were led by the same
idea as Matteo Ricci; to spread the western thought and also try to convert the colonies to
Christianity. In 1577, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On Riccis' journey to convert the Chinese he had not only mastered their language but had also
managed to impress them with his memory and math abilities. "By impressing the Chinese with his
memory skills, Ricci hoped to interest them in his culture; through interesting the in his culture he
hoped to draw them to an interest in his God" . While in china Ricci had created four images that
were events taken from the bible and a book Ricci had written himself in Chinese on memory. The
four images were recreations from the bible were The Warriors, The HuiHui, Profit and Harvest, and
The Fourth Picture. The Warriors image draws from the Chinese ideograph of war and two separate
ideographs that represent the word for spear, the other word with a sense of "to stop". From these
ideographs Ricci creates an image of "a warrior, the very picture of martial vigor, holds a spear,
poised to strike at his enemy; that second warrior grasps the first by the wrist, striving to stop the
blow from falling." For the Huihui image Ricci chooses the Chinese ideograph Yao. Profit and
harvest is the image for which Ricci creates "a harvester who bears his own name, and

Essay about The Truth of Thanksgiving
The Truth of Thanksgiving While children are growing up in America, they are told several tales of
America's establishment and history. However, these stories are generally not told as they actually
happened. An instance of this is the story of the Pilgrims and the first Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving is
explained as this elaborate ceremony where the Pilgrims and Indians gathered in harmony at this
large harvest in celebration of their coming together. According to the primary document of William
Bradford's journal, Thanksgiving didn't pan out quite as it is explained to Americans today. In the
film, The Addams Family Values, the Addams children take part in a traditional, yet misconceived
celebration of the first Thanksgiving. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The performance chosen was a reenactment of the first Thanksgiving. The "cool kids" were cast as
the Pilgrims, while Wednesday and her friends were cast as the Native Americans. Wednesday is
actually cast in the lead role of Pocahontas. In the beginning of the dinner performance, the Pilgrims
give a speech regarding the Native Americans as savages and explain how they should become
Pilgrims. In the end, the Native Americans do not enjoy a pleasant meal with the Pilgrims. Instead,
they revolt, burning down the Pilgrims homes and torturing their families. Many aspects of this film
are worthy of analysis. The dual depiction of the Addams family is worthy of noting. The Addams
family is portrayed as savages. They are shown as living very differently from the typical American
family. They reside in a Gothic like castle, bury their pets alive, eat squirrel, etc. Interestingly, the
family is actually from Europe, specifically France. The Addams family takes on a dual role of
Native Americans (their savage description) and Europeans (their European background). When
they send Wednesday and Pugsley to Camp Chippewa, it is actually considered to be the camp for
"American's privileged children" (Addams' Family Values). This is a Native American based camp,
yet the early Native Americans were not in anyway considered privileged by the Europeans due to
their primitive way of living. When all the children take part in the typical "Indian" activities, the

Ming Dynasty Essay
The person that I studied was an amazing man. Xu Guangqi was a very famous mathematician in the
Ming Dynasty. He was gifted in many other things as well that included math. Xu was very
important to the Ming dynasty. He made many discoveries that made the Ming dynasty a better,
smarter place. Xu was an amazing mathematician, scientist and agriculturist. He also had some
struggles but overcame them. Xu was born in Shanghai in 1562 on April 24th. He was born into a
poor family. His father was a vegetable farmer and did not make much money. He was still able to
send Xu to school even with the financial difficulties. Later on in life he changed his name to Paul
or 保祿 In Chinese First,In 1607 Xu and a man named Ricci had translated the first ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He worked with Xu a long time and they were good friends so they naturally had huge effects on
each of their cultures. Ricci even convinced Xu to be baptized as a Catholic, but his ethnicity was
still han. Matteo had helped Xu decode many texts. They decoded several western texts into into
Chinese. They also decoded several Confucian texts to latin. Together they made a great team and
could go anywhere that they wanted with the knowledge that they shared together. Even though he
was a great mathematician, he did like agriculture a lot as well. He promoted wet rice in Northeast
China. He worked on western style irrigation while he was retired. He also worked on the
cultivation of sweet potatoes. His main focus for agriculture was irrigation and fertilizers. He was
well known in the ming dynasty. He achieved the highest level in the civil service unit. His current
title is a servant of god. From 1607 to 1610 he was forced to be retired. He did not want to be retired
because he wanted to always try to help the Ming anyway he could. He started small like remaking
the Chinese calendar then went big by predicting eclipses. Although he was smart he did not receive
a higher degree till his thirties. Xu could also be considered an astronomer. His followers predicted a
solar eclipse in 1607. He also achieved the highest level in the civil service unit which is extremely
hard to do. After he was baptized as a Catholic he started to care even more about the Ming

European And Non-European Expansion In The 1500s And 1600s
Europeans had many ambitions throughout the 1500s and 1600s. To achieve their goals, they
deferred to the non–European culture. The main question remains: how did the Europeans
accommodate themselves to Non–European culture? The European traders and missionaries would
accommodate themselves by integrating into the Non–European culture, by adapting their physical
appearance, by referring to the traditional practices, and through the response of the native people
wants to European goods.
For Europe's influence to be successful across the world, they had a guide written by Father Jean de
Brébeuf, called "Instructions for The Fathers of Our Society Who Shall Be Sent to The Hurons." In
this small guide, Father Jean, writes instruction for other European members to follow in order to be
successful in their influence in the new world. The thought of being the superior race, followed them
to the new world, so embracing a culture that they thought was low–class, was a big change to the
European men. "As to the other numerous things which may be unpleasant, they must be endured
for the love of God, without saying anything or appearing to notice them." They did not do anything
that contradicts the Natives belief, as they were trying to convert them to the "idealized" culture.
They were doing so in a way that the Natives did not realize they were being converted. So, the
Europeans change their normal customs, to gain their trust. In which they accommodate to non–
European ways. The

Loyola's Heroic Leadership
From the founding of the Society of Jesus to today, Jesuits have been charged to help souls in a
heroic manner. This simple mission formed the catalyst and motivation for each Jesuit to engage the
world around them while adhering to their founder's, Ignatius of Loyola's, call to "find God in all
things," (Jesuits, 2014). At the core of Ignatian spirituality lies the realization that God is active in
our everyday lives. Therefore, it is the goal of each Jesuit to be sensitive to God's call for their lives
and respond to it. It was from this mindset that Jesuits engaged the world (Jesuits, 2014). In Heroic
Leadership, Chris Lowney argues that upon reflection of the lives of the Jesuits, one can discover
four guiding leadership principles: self–awareness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serving as a mathematician and astronomer professor in the Jesuits' Collegio Romano, Clavius
selected exceptional pupils for his master classes. Alongside his academic vocation arose his self–
aware. Clavius view that his calling was to mold young intellectuals into "better people," (Lowney,
2003). He encouraged his students and himself to constantly challenge the current understanding of
the world and be willing to adopt different perspectives (sign of ingenuity). Clavius' heroism to
strive for truth was exemplified when he duplicated Galileo's experiments, which disproved his
model of the Earth as the center of the universe. Dismissing his pride of being the top Ptolemaic
scholar, and dismissing to his fears of reprisal by the Church (a sign of indifference), Clavius
"endorsed all Gaileo's findings and calculations," (Lowney, 2003). His willingness to confirm a
scientific stance rejected by the Catholic Church as heresy demonstrates Clavius' deep love for his
pupils and his mission as a scholar. Instead of ignoring revealed truth, Clavius preached, "scientists
needed to accept the facts and set about finding a credible theory to explain them," (Lowney, 2003).
His love of truth and heroic pursuit of it stand as Clavius' unique demonstration of the Jesuit
leadership

The Samurai, By Shusaku Endo
Even up to the year 2016, several hundred years after Christian missionaries and Japanese Christian
converts had been persecuted in Japan (日本), there resides a complete total of under one percent of
Christians living within Japan, which possesses a population 126,354,292 people. It is quite a
different story in China (中国) however. The amount of Christians present in current day China is
somewhere between two to three percent of the whole population, which reaches 1,381,537,308
people. China's Christian population is also developing much more rapidly that Japan's Christian
population. Why is this the case exactly?
Well, as can be clearly seen in the book The Samurai by a famous Japanese Catholic author named
Shusaku Endo (しゅさく・えんど), one is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon (せい・しょうなごん) she writes a section title: To Make a
Beloved Son a Priest. Her opening sentence pretty much says it all when it comes to Japanese not
being very religious. She states, "That parents should bring some beloved son of theirs to be a
priests is really distressing." This, even though Sei Shonagon is not referring to a Christian priest,
shows that religion did not appear to be a high priority of the Japanese, in particular the noble class.
A few lines later she states, "...most people are convinced that a priest is unimportant as a piece of
wood, and they treat him accordingly." If this is how priests that preach the traditional religion of
Japan are treated and looked upon as, then it pretty obvious that foreign Christian missionaries
preaching a completely foreign religion won't be accepted so warmly. Yoshida Kenkō (よしだ・け
んこう), a Japanese monk and the author of the Essays in Idleness, seems to agree with Sei
Shōnagon on this matter. In his short essay, If One Is Born in This World, he notes that rather than
be a priest "a true hermit might, in fact, seen as more admirable". Yoshida goes as far as to say, "The
clerics impress nobody, even when they flaunt their authority and their importance is loudly
proclaimed." Thus, it is evident that, through both their Japanese authors and their great classical
literary works, the Japanese culture with regards to religion is reflected as it was shown in The

The Jesuits In China
When the Jesuits were in China, their goals may have been the same while in China but while they
are in their home country it is different. For example, in Portugal they only want Portuguese people
in their church and in France they only want the French in their churches. Since they didn't view
themselves as a single unifying force, Kangxi grew attentive of the amount of westerners entering
his country which led to him being more careful and him creating stricter and stricter political
policies. However, the Jesuits learned from Matteo Ricci that the emperor loved knowledge so they
could impress the emperor with their westerner mathematician style and astronomy. According to
Kangxi, "I made all missionaries who wanted to stay on in China sign a certificate, stating that they
would remain here for life". This can be interpreted in many ways. One way I interpreted it was that
Kangxi wanted to keep a headcount of the Jesuits entering China so he could predict if any problems
would arise from the clashing religions and regions. Kangxi was wary of the strength of the
westerns and of the greedy merchants that were surrounding China. Merchants go against the
Confucius analects which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His next policy was banning the Daoist and Buddhist sects and some of their traditions. According
to Kangxi he also made a policy where, "printing blocks of certain mystical and magical books
burned; and I continued to enforce the prohibitions against the private ownership of forbidden
books–though I allowed exceptions for those working at home in astronomy and mathematics". As I
mentioned before the emperor liked astronomy and mathematics so it was not a surprise that he did
not want these books burned as they could contain important information regarding the subject. The
enforcement of his policies from checking to see Missionaries' certificates to prohibiting and
burning books quickly

Response Of The Catholic Church To The Reformation
3.Describe the response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation.
Long before the reformation period,people within the church, both clergy and lay were keen for the
church to eliminate all corrupt practices and for a reform,which would bring everyone closer to God.
Those high up in church authority had ignored the concerns made by these reformers because they
were personally gaining from practices like indulgences. However the sixteenth century split of
protestant from the Catholic church became obvious and brought about bad publicity towards the
church as the loss of members was a large concern, putting them under pressure to reform itself
properly. The church responded in a very serious matter which resulted in the church starting ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peter and the vicar of Christ was affirmed,Both scripture and tradition are expressions of God's
revelation and lastly Human nature is not totally depraved.
The second 'category' being church discipline, which focused on upholding key beliefs and put
decrees in place to abolish all bad practices, the following reforms were decided on to put the church
back in order;A seminary,which was a place where priests were educate and was set up in each
diocese, Decrees were also passed against pluralism and absenteeism. This meant that bishops and
others who held religious officers could no longer be appointed multiple positions. Indulgence
selling was also abolished.
Pope Pius IV confirmed all of these decrees passed by the bishops after the closing of the council in
1563 and issued a summary of the main doctrines of the council in the form of a creed. Some of the
major decrees were; A new index of forbidden books that was set out to obstruct the spread of
heretical ideas . The Roman Catechism, which was a comprehensive overview of the catholic
church's beliefs that was established in 1566. This was produced to help priests educate lay people
on catholic belief and practices,helping the word be spread around about the newly reformed church
and the beliefs it follows. 'The Inquisition' was also one of the main decrees bought back from the
13th century. The inquisition

The Memory Palace Of Matteo Ricci Analysis
Matteo Ricci was a born in Italy in 1552. He became a Jesuit and went a mission to China in 1583.
He lived out the rest of his twenty seven years in China, bringing in Western culture and technology,
while learning about what China had to offer. In his novel, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci,
Jonathan Spence retells Ricci's life story, while also adding information about the world at the time.
Spence tells Ricci's story in an interesting way, by assigning Chinese characters and images that he
believes Ricci would have used in his memory palace, a fictional tool to remember what that took
place during his life. The memory palace works by assigning memories to a character or image, so
when you think of the image, you can remember the memories associated with it. Spence then
breaks up the chapters separately by each image or character and talks about the history and story
from Ricci's life associated with the image or character. This essay will primarily focus on chapter
four of the novel, though a summary of the themes of chapter six is included as well. In chapter four
Spence largely discusses the three main religions of the Western world, Christianity, Islam, and
Judaism, and then draws parallels with the three largest religions in China at the time,
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. However, these examples are not the only instances where a
trio of three religions and belief systems are present. At the end of the Warring States period in
China, around 350 BCE, China was

Walter Ciszek Research Paper
Walter Ciszek was born in 1904 in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania as the son of an immigrant coal
miner. When Walter was young, he was considered a bully and trouble maker, often starting fights
just for the "devilment". Once, his own father went to the police station and asked the police to take
his son the reform school. In eighth grade Walter decided that he was going to become a priest,
although much to his father's disbelief, and entered the Polish minor seminary. Walter would do
extreme feats in order to prove that he could do anything that someone else could do, like giving up
nearly all food during lent, giving up meat for an entire year, swimming in a nearly frozen lake, and
running five miles each morning at four thirty. After reading the life of ... Show more content on
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After finally arriving, he worked in the mines and as a construction worker, and as a priest in secret.
He would hold masses in secret at night and her fellow worker's confessions during the day. In April
22, 1955, three years before his sentence was up, Walter was set free but was only allowed to go to
the town of Norilsk. One of the first things he did after obtaining his freedom was writing a letter to
his sisters in America and his sister were astonished at him being alive. Walter continued his calling
as a priest in the town, gaining respect of the citizens and even converting some of them, until the
KGB ordered him to leave to Kransnoyarsk. The same incident occurred there also and he moved to
Abakan for four years as a mechanic. In April of 1963 he received a letter from his sister Helen who
was finally able to meet him in Russia during June with KGB permission. However her visa was
delayed and Walter has taken to Moscow in October. Walter was unexplainable given VIP treatment
during his time in the capital, but he later found out why when he was taken the Moscow

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