Avm Research Papers

Avm Research Papers
Brain Arteriovenous Malformation, Adult
A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a condition that means your arteries and veins are
tangled. The veins bring blood to the heart and lungs. The arteries bring blood away from the heart
and to the brain. If they are tangled, blood is not able to travel to where it is needed. Brain AVM
may also lead to bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage), which can be life–threatening. Most brain
AVMs are present since birth (congenital).
CAUSES
It is not known what causes brain AVM. Genes that are passed down through families may cause
some types of AVM.
RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for brain AVM include being male.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms depend on which area of the brain is affected and the amount of damage. Symptoms may
include:
Headache. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Learn as much as you can about your condition and work closely with your team of health care
providers.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider. Do not
take blood thinners, such as aspirin or warfarin, unless instructed by your health care provider.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
Avoid lifting heavy objects as directed by your health care provider.
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have a sudden, severe headache with no known cause.
You have nausea or vomiting occurring with another symptom.
You have sudden weakness or numbness of your face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of your
body.
You have sudden trouble walking or difficulty moving your arms or legs.
You have sudden confusion.
You have sudden trouble speaking (aphasia) or understanding.
You have sudden trouble seeing in one or both of your eyes.

You have a sudden loss of balance or coordination.
You have a stiff neck.
You have difficulty breathing.
You have a partial or total loss of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Aneurysms Essay
To begin with, the word aneurysm derives from the Latin word "aneurysma." In Latin "aneurysma"
means dilation and dilation means that act of expanding. From this, it is easier to figure out what an
aneurysm really is. The definition of the English word aneurysm means, blood–filled dilation of a
blood vessel. There are several different types of aneurysm, but this report will only cover a cerebral
one. Intracranial aneurysms are classified as dissecting, saccular, and fusiform. There are many
causes of intracranial aneurysms. Some of the most common causes would include fibromuscular
dysphasia, atherosclerosis, and arteriovenous malformation. Some that are less common, but do
occur would include drugs, infection, and trauma. Dissecting ... Show more content on
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Saccular aneurysms are the most common and are easily identified because of the berrylike sacs on
the veins or arteries. They are caused by weakness in the vessel wall layers. The sac itself grows
from the intima and adventitia of an vessel. When this occurs abnormal hemodynamic pressure on
the cerebral arteries causes rupture. Saccular aneurysm can be caused by infections, tumors, or
drugs. Aneurysms occur to people in their early forties to their late fifties. Most aneurysms occur to
people that are around age sixty. Intracranial aneurysms are rare to children and only account for 2%
of the total aneurysms. The younger the patient with an intracranial aneurysm the larger the sac.
Location is a big part in classifying the type of aneurysm. About 86.5% of all intracranial aneurysms
occurs in the carotid region. The pieces all fall to place when using the Hunt and Hess scale, which
measures the current status of the expansion. There is a grade 0 to grade 5 scale. Zero is a non
ruptured aneurysm and 5 is basically the point were there is not much doctors can do to make the
patient live. Vasospasm is the term used when a constriction of a vein or artery occurs. It is also the
cause of death when an aneurysm occurs. More than 50% of all surviving patients that get an
intracranial aneurysm have neurological defects. Treatment is wonderful when treating intracranial
aneurysm. The most common approach is surgery, because blood

Questions On Risk Factors Of Stroke
Module 2 Learning Activities – Stroke
1. List the modifiable risk factors of stroke?
The modifiable risk factors of stroke includes high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, carotid or
arterial disease, atrial fibrillation, sickle cell disease, high blood cholesterol and other heart diseases
like coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, heart valve
disease or congenital heart malformations (Bergman, Kindler, & Pfau, 2012). Physical inactivity,
obesity, excessive alcohol use, drug use and poor diet are also considered as the
modifiable risk factors of stroke (Bergman, Kindler, & Pfau, 2012).
2. List the non–modifiable risk factors of stroke?
The non–modifiable risk factors of stroke include age, heredity, race and gender.
Previous history of stroke, transient ischemic attack or heart attack are also important non–
modifiable risk factors of stroke.
3. Why is early identification of stroke necessary?
The early identification of stroke symptoms is very crucial to enable the provision of
appropriate stroke treatments. The stroke treatments are planned based on the time the stroke
symptoms began. "Time is brain" is a

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
Gibbons also explains that an ischemic stroke also consist of transient ischemic attacks (TIA). A TIA
is known as a "mini stroke" that is only a brief period of symptoms similar to those of an ischemic
stroke but only lasting a couple hours. TIAs are caused by temporary decreases in the blood supply.
TIAs can also be caused by a clot or debris blocking blood flow to part of the brain. These
blockages are temporary thus leaving no lasting symptoms. TIAs usually happen before an actual
stroke happens. According to many doctors these attacks serve as a warning and also an opportunity
of possibly lowering risks of actually have a stroke.
The article "Stroke" by Dr. Colin Tidy, explains that a hemorrhagic stroke is the least common, for it
only affects thirteen percent of people but are the cause of most stroke deaths, this meaning many
people die when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tidy's studies, this type of stroke is caused when an artery in the brain ruptures or leaks blood
causing there to be pressure thus damaging the brain cells and causing tissue death.(See Figure 2)
Tidy explains that ruptures are caused by conditions such as, hypertension, trauma, blood–thinning
medication, or aneurysms (weakness in blood vessels walls). Hemorrhagic strokes are classified as
either an intracerebral or a subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes. An Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
is the most common. Tidy explains that these are usually caused by leaking blood vessels in the
brain. Intracerebral strokes are usually caused by high blood pressure and aging blood vessels. An
intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke can also be caused by an

Trustpoint Rehabilitation Hospital: A Case Study
On October 7, 2017, I shadowed a speech language pathologist at Trustpoint Rehabilitation
Hospital. During this time, the therapist was working on the pediatric floor and was administering
therapy to different patients every hour. The therapist treated a variety of patients with different
needs and goals. Many of the patients had sustained an accidental injury that affected their daily
living routines and quality of life. The therapist first worked with a 12 year–old girl who
experienced a left hemisphere cerebrovascular accident from a ruptured arteriovenous malformation
(AVM). Since the patient's accident, she has experienced right–sided paresis and language deficits.
Throughout the session, the therapist targeted word retrieval, reading,

Acute Stroke Research Paper
The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture
of an artery to the brain. Sudden loss of speech, weakness, or paralysis of one side of the body can
be symptoms. A suspected stroke may be confirmed by scanning the brain with special X–ray tests,
such as CAT scans. The death rate and level of disability resulting from strokes can be dramatically
reduced by immediate and appropriate medical care. Prevention involves minimizing risk factors,
such as controlling high blood pressure and diabetes. Abbreviated CVA. Also known as
cerebrovascular.
Medications like tPA (clot buster) can minimize brain damage. Other treatments focus on limiting
complications and preventing additional strokes. Here are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Also balance disorder, fatigue, lightheadedness, or vertigo.Here are some more muscle weakness or
numbness and numbness or weakness. difficulty speaking, slurred speech, or speech and pins and
needles or reduced sensation of touch.Finally difficulty swallowing, headache, inability to
understand, mental confusion, or rapid involuntary eye movement.
Age matters because the likelihood of having a stroke nearly doubles every 10 years after age 55.
Although stroke is more common among the elderly,a lot of people under 65 also have strokes. A list
of risk for a stroke high blood pressure,diabetes,heart diseases,smoking,and brain aneurysms or
arteriovenous malformation (AVMs). Sudden numbness or weakness of the face,arm or
leg,especially on one side of the body. Some people who have a stroke recover quickly and can
regain normal function of their body after just a few days.
Strokes are also more likely to be fatal and strike earlier in men than in women. The consequences
of a stroke can be devastating. Not only can a stroke kill you, but nonfatal strokes can leave you
severely debilitated, paralyzed, or unable to communicate. When stroke causes pain, it usually
occurs as a sudden and severe headache. The most common stroke type is ischemic (blockage)
stroke, typically is not painful. Ischemic strokes cause weakness, language, visual and other brain
problems, but little or no

Memphis Narrative
Two hours into the trip, I received a call from Dr. Neuro #1's office saying I was booked to see a
neurosurgeon in Memphis, Tennessee, on Monday. Even though it was Thursday afternoon when the
receptionist asked me if I could make the appointment, I said, "Yes." I hung up and felt panic. How
was I going to get from Florida to Memphis? I was wheelchair bound and had difficulty doing
anything for myself. By this point, I had to eat with plastic forks and spoons because regular
silverware was simply too heavy for me to lift. I called Rose who said she would take me to
Memphis once we returned home and not to worry. She said she would work it all out. Kevin and I
continued our trip to Florida.
Friday, while in Florida, I received ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While she was in the store, the Holy Spirit reminded me of the Chiari Institute and told me to call. I
thought how can I call them I do not have their number and then I remembered the receptionist had
called my cell phone so it was in my caller ID. I simply called the number and a woman answered.
She told me they just had an opening come up for October 21 and 24, 2005 so she asked, "Could
you be here in ten days?" I said, "Yes!" We confirmed the plans and when Rose came out of the
grocery store, I was now headed to New York for help. Within less than 24 hours God had opened
another door. Hope was not over yet. But what lay ahead was definitely uncertainty. We drove home
from Memphis and began to plan a trip to New York. Kevin and I had no money. The entire year had
been a terrible financial drain with no end in sight. I simply prayed and gave it to God. I was in so
much pain and unable to do anything about the situation except trust God. I consumed my time
listening to praise music. The music eased my physical pain and increased my spiritual strength. I
knew New York was going to bring answers from God, but I had a lot of concerns. These specialists
were not on our PPO for our medical insurance. In other words, they were "out of network," and
Kevin and I would have to pay the bills. However, every part of me knew New York was the right
place to

Informative Essay On Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a type of birth defect called a neural tube defect, it happens if the spinal column of
the fetus does not close completely during the first month or pregnancy, that can damage the nerves
and spinal cord" (U.S National Library Medicine, 2014). Spina bifida's symptoms are defending on
how severe the defect is. Children with mild form of spina bifida do not have any problems.
According to WebMD, children with the most severe form often, have spine, and brain issues that
cause serious problems (2014). Scientists believed that spina bifida is caused by a condition of
genetic and environmental factors such as the mother's nutrition. "The long–term problems
associated with spina bifida are; bowel problems, muscles movement, sensation, intellect and
education, sexual function, emotional and family support (which are the most, needed on both
affected person and their family), and urine and kidney problem; almost all ... Show more content on
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Apparently, three is no cure spina bifida, because of the nerve, tissue that is damages or lost cannot
be repaired or replaced, and without the cure, the treatment for this disorder may include surgery,
medication, and physiotherapy. Treatment is also defending on the type and severity of the disorder.
"Types of spina bifida are; spina bifida myelomeningocele, the most serious form of the birth defect
and not only membrane protrude from the vertebral cleft but the spinal cord also pushes through the
hole. spina bifida meningocele is the rarest form of this neural defect, it characterized by a
protrusion of the protective coating around the spinal cord through the cleft or the hole in the
vertebrae, surgeon can repair and remove this cyst although there may still have some damage to the
spinal

Treatment Options For Children With Adolescent Idiopathic
Treatment Options for children with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Parents of children diagnosed with AIS (Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) face difficult decisions
when determining a course of treatment. The information received from the child's doctor or
orthopedist may be the only reference parents have to base decisions on. This may leave many
unanswered questions regarding the child's treatment, effects of treatment and long term quality of
life after treatment. Like most parents, upon hearing my daughter's diagnosis, a million questions
came to mind including what does this mean for her health, can she still play sports, will she have
pain, and mostly, will she live a normal life?
Background:
Scoliosis is defined as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While back pain is not a normal sign of scoliosis, it was the only thing my daughter complained
about and it can indicate a secondary condition such as spondylolisthesis, syringomyelia, tethered
cord, herniated disc or spinal tumor. (Asher & Burton, 2006)
Diagnosis for scoliosis via a standard exam can be easily detected using the Adam's Forward Bend
Test. During this test, the patient leans forward with his/her feet together and bends 90 degrees at the
waist revealing any asymmetry on the truck or any abnormal spinal curvatures. If abnormalities are
detected an x–ray, spinal radiograph, CT scan or MRI will be used for more accurate diagnosis.
Curves are then measured by the Cobb Method with the higher severity depicted by a greater curve.
(AANS, May 2016) Statement of Problem: Interventions and treatments for AIS have evolved over
the years, however long term study documenting outcomes are rare. To properly study a case from
diagnosis to completion would encompass a minimum of thirty years. Effects of treatment are
unknown due to lack of comprehensive studies. This leaves parents of AIS patients at the mercy of
doctors and orthopedists who themselves have not

Chiari Research Paper
Throughout researching Chiari, I have learned that Chiari is not only rare, but research is limited. In
my essay I have defined key components of Chiari and it affects. I looked at who has chiari, why
they have it and how they cope with it. Chiarians around the world have come together to find find a
cure and I believe that with further research and investigation, not only a cure can be found but also
a diagnostic test. The history of Chiari goes back all the way to the 17th century. That's when reports
were first published of hindbrain herniation. Hindbrain herniation had only been seen in the
presence of patients with myelomeningoceles. According to The Chiari Malformations, Hindbrain
herniation was found alone in 1881 by Langhans. 10 years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hydrocephalus is when CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) builds up in the brain, causing increased pressure
in the brain. The pressure can cause mental defects and possibly a misshapen skull. Hydrocephalus
can occur with any other type of Chiari but it is most often seen with Type II. Severe Hydrocephalus
can be fatal if left untreated. Spina Bifida occurs when the spinal cord is either incomplete or
underdeveloped. Spina Bifida is most commonly associated with Type II. Syringomyelia is a
buildup of CSF, which forms a synix, or a fluid cavity. The growing synix destroys the spinal cord
which results in pain and weakness. Other symptoms include, stiffness in the back and shoulders,
and loss of extreme feelings of cold and hot. Tethered cord syndrome is another syndrome related to
Chiari.Tethered cord syndrome is the attachment of the spinal cord to spine. This disorder can cause
permanent damage to the lower bodies muscles and nerves. Spinal curvature is commonly
associated with type I Chiari. It is seen most commonly with children whose spine is
underdeveloped. According to Conquer Chiari, 60–70% of Chiarians struggle with sleep apnea. A
person with sleep apnea stops breathing in their sleep and then wakes up breathing again.
Decompression surgery decreases sleep apnea occurrences by 90%. According to The National
Organization

Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Research Paper
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, is also known as the Osler–Weber–Rendu Syndrome,
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia effects approximately 1 in 5,000 people. It effects males and
females from all racial ethnic groups. Dr. Rendu first described Hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia as a hereditary disorder involving nosebleeds and characteristic red spots that was
distinctly different from hemophilia. HHT is a hereditary disorder that is passed down through
generations, Its characterized by abnormal blood vessels. Blood vessels are the tubes that carry
blood around our bodies. There are two types of blood vessels; arteries and veins. Arteries carry
blood under high pressure out to all areas of the body after being pumped by the heart. Veins carry
blood that should be under low pressure, back to the heart. An artery does not usually connect
directly to a vein. Usually there are very small vessels called capillaries that connect an artery to a
vein. A human with HHT has a tendency to form blood vessels that lack normal capillaries between
an artery and vein. This means the arterial blood under high pressure flows directly into a vein
without first having to squeeze through very small ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients also start to develop small red spots, or telangiectasia's on the face, mouth, fingers, and in
the gastrointestinal tract. A high number of HHT patients will also have or develop artery
malformations (AVM's) in one or ore body organs, where capillaries between arteries and veins are
missing. Other common symptoms of HHT include: shortness of breath, exercise tolerance, fatigue,
migraine headaches, seizures, abdominal pain, leg swelling, intestinal bleeding, anemia. Also very
small proportion of patients have multiple benign polyps in the large intestine, which may bleed or
transform into colorectal cancer. A similarly small proportion experiences pulmonary

Blindsight Essay
Blindsight phenomenon suggests that the brain can sense the presence of an object without actually
seeing it. Blindsight is defined as those who are cortically blind (caused most often by blood flow
loss to the occipital cortex, where we process our conscious visuals) due to lesions in their striate
cortex, or V1, having the ability to respond to visual stimuli that is not consciously seen. Patients
reportedly have blindness, but respond to visual stimuli. The studies are mainly conducted on
patients who are "blind" on only one side of their visual field. The articles I have had assistance in
choosing are; Seeing without Seeing? Degraded Conscious Vision in a Blindsight Patient and
Unseen Facial and Bodily Expressions Trigger Fast Emotional ... Show more content on
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This method does not take into account the possibility of weak conscious knowledge, we cannot
report on that which we are unaware of. One study involving a 31 year old female patient (GR)
whom, for a few months, had experienced severe headaches. Suddenly, she was hit with a massive
headache, then blindness on the right side of her visual field, and dropped to a level 12 Glasgow
Coma Score (GCS – an objective way of recording the conscious state of a person. A patient is
assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3,
indicating deep unconsciousness, and either 14 (original scale) or 15, the more widely used modified
or revised scale). The results of a CT scan of her cerebral lobe indicated an anterior left occipital
lobe hemorrhage, surrounding the subarachnoid space, and expanding to the left lateral ventricle,
resulting in a moderate hydrocephalus (swelling of the head). The next day, her GCS decreased to 7,
and a new CT scanning showed increased hydrocephalus. A drain was placed in the right lateral
ventricle to drain CSF. Angiography showed an arteriovenous malformation. The malformation was
treated with endovascular (of or relating to a surgical procedure in which a catheter containing
medications or miniature instruments is inserted through the skin into a blood

Stroke Case Studies
1) Description of the pathology
A stroke occurs when oxygen and nutrients are deprived from the brain due to the reduced or
interrupted flow of blood to the brain. As a result, brain cells die. Symptoms of stroke may include
slurred speech or no speech, difficulty with understanding, weakness or paralysis to one side of the
body, facial drooping, vision problems, trouble swallowing or headache.
2) Body systems involved
The body systems involved when a stroke occurs is the nervous system and cardiovascular system.
They blockages or ruptured blood vessels are part of the cardiovascular system. The nervous system
contains the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Other body systems are involved in the effects of a
stroke varies depending on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment for an ischemic stroke needs to be received within three hours. Clot busting medication is
given to restore blood flow to the brain. Emergency medications include intravenous injection of
TPA. It is given within four and a half hours of first stroke symptom. It can also be given through a
catheter fed from the artery in the groin to the brain and given directly to the area of the clot. Aspirin
is also given to prevent risk of another stroke and will be given immediately. Aspirin prevents
formation of clots. Mechanical clot removal is also an

Essay On Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistula
INTRODUCTION:
Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a rare vascular malformation accounting for 1.6 %
of all intracranial vascular malformations [1]. Approximately 170 cases of pial arteriovenous fistulae
have been reported since 1970. It consists of one or more arterial feeders and usually a single venous
channel [2]. The direct arteriovenous shunt results in high venous blood flow and varix formation
with the subsequent risk of haemorrhage. PAVF can be congenital or result from iatrogenic or
traumatic injury [2]. However, the exact cause remains elusive. PAVF may present with a wide
range of neurologic symptoms including an asymptomatic state, head ache, seizures, focal
neurologic deficit to potentially catastrophic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All patients had a diagnostic angiogram prior to the embolization procedure. Fourteen patients were
treated endovascularly.
Onyx alone was used in seven patients, coils alone in two patients, coils with onyx in two patients,
NBCA alone in one patient, coils with NBCA was used in two patients. Balloon assistance was
taken in a case reduce the flow while injecting glue. Onyx 18 in 6 cases onyx 34 was used in one
case. We used Marathon microcatheter (ev3) for injection of NBCA and onyx, Echelon
microcatheter for coiling. The microcatheter was positioned just proximal to the fistulous site from
where the onyx or NBCA was injected.
The procedures were performed on Siemens Artis Zee (Siemens, Germany) Biplane digital
subtraction angiography machine.
Patients were followed up, mRS at 3 months was assessed. After that patients were followed up at
one year. Outcome were categorized as neurologically excellent without any symptoms (modified
Rankin Scale 0), good (modified Rankin Scale 1 or 2) and poor (modified Rankin Scale score >2).
RESULTS
Fourteen patients were treated with endovascular means. One patient showed spontaneous
obliteration of the fistula just prior to interventional procedure. Of these nine patients (60%) were
male patients and six were female. The mean age of the treated patients was 12.5 with a range of 3
to 32 years. The mean age of all the patients was years 14 with a range of 3 to 37 years.
In our cohort majority of the patients

Free College Admissions Essays: Lessons Learned
Lessons Learned
Guarantees? I don't think so. Imagine waking up one day to find that your perspective of life has
changed. All that you thought would be real or a given in your world no longer existed. If we are the
least bit wise we all know and accept that life will always carry risks. Expectations may be dashed
in an instant.
It all started the day my brain blew up. Really?! Not at 39, not when you are healthy and active, and
certainly not when you provide hospice care for a living– no lessons in the value of life are needed.
But here is the perfect example of lessons learned whether we sought them out or not. My
professional life had now become personal. I was the patient, the impaired one, and the individual
who suffered a rare, severe and devastating brain injury that would most likely dramatically change
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I learned that I didn't have to always agree and accept. I would be provided standard protocol
treatments based on their knowledge and historical facts, but I also learned that we are all
individuals in our own unique positions. I was consistently told and educated that any function
returned by 12–24 months was the most that I could expect. Having just finished my Master's degree
in the world of academia I tended to buy into these outcomes but as I healed and gained a better
grasp on the situation this predictor was no longer acceptable to me. We are all bring different
situations and perceptions to the table. I believe in neuroplasticity and didn't hesitate to let my
neurologist and physical and occupational therapists know. I am sure that initially I was labeled as a
bit unrealistic but who cares – my body, my life, my goals, my attitude and my power of positive

Hydatid Disease Essay
We read with great interest a case report by Tosya et al. on isolated hydatidosis involving the
ascending aorta [1]. Cystic hydatid disease still represents a neglected disease despite being highly
endemic in a myriad of livestock–raising regions worldwide, and this case presentation makes
evident how diverse the localization and clinical manifestations of this infection can be. With this
comment, our aim is to extend the discussion by highlighting several important issues. The
described patient initially presented with recurrent arterial embolic events, which is an unusual
manifestation of this disease. The hydatid embolism usually stems from spontaneous or traumatic
rupture of the hydatid cyst, with only a several case reports describing such events in the literature
[2]. Still, histopathologic evaluation of the embolus can be pursed, which in some instances may
reveal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the diagnosis is usually performed with serologic tests, the authors rightly state that up to
50% of infected individuals may present with negative serology. This fact is important to accentuate,
as large numbers of clinicians still seek serologic confirmation of their working diagnosis. Albeit
significant efforts have been made to improve this percentage using synthetic peptides, recombinant
proteins and combinations of defined antigens, it must be noted that only 60%–80% of infected
individuals become seropositive [3]. Furthermore, 10%–15% of serological examinations return
negative results due to the wall thickness of the individual hydatid cysts. By contrast, false–positive
serological findings can also be found in 10%–15% of patients, primarily as a result of cross–
reacting with other parasitic infections, but also in non–active disease stages, patients with
malignancy or during pregnancy

Medical Terminology Case Study
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
The accumulation of blood within the cranium, due either to head trauma or flaws in the cerebral
vasculature
CLASSIFICATION
Based on location of intra–cerebral hemorrhage
○ Extra–axial hemorrhages occur outside of brain tissue
– Subarachnoid
□ Blood collects between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
– Epidural/Extradural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and the skull
– Subdural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and brain
○ Intra–axial hemorrhages occur within brain tissue
– Also referred to as intracerebral hemorrhages
– Intraparenchymal
□ Blood collects in brain parenchyma
– Intraventricular
□ Blood collects in the ventricular system of the brain
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
○ Other risk factors/associations 4
– Prior treatment with antithrombotics
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Primary diagnostic tools
○ History and physical examination is suggestive of disease by explicit clinical criteria (i.e.,
hypertension, sudden onset of seizure, neurologic deficits, coma)·
○ Confirmation of diagnosis is made by radiographic examination of the skull (i.e., MRI of the
head)
Laboratory
○ CBC
– Increased WBC will indicate infection, or secondary to trauma (stress reaction); in rare cases may

signal hematologic disturbance (i.e., leukemia)
– Diminished platelets indicates further risk of

Duroplasty Essay
TYPE 1 CHIARI MALFORMATION Duroplasty or Not INTRODUCTION Since the description of
malformations of the hindbrain, there has been a very keen interest in attempting to accurately
define its etiology and determine its optimal treatment. Appropriate and adequate treatment will
depend on understanding the pathophysiology of the entity. Uncertainty over the etiology of the
Chiari malformation has led to debate and controversy of the optimal surgical management of the
condition. Various surgical approaches have been proposed, however the debate as to whether
duroplasty is required is still active. CASE A 31 year old male presented to the outpatient
department of the University Hospital of the West Indies with a one year history of weakness of the
upper limbs that had been affecting his function at school. He was also complaining of headaches
that were located mostly over the frontal area of the head and were aggravated by sneezing and
coughing. He denied any vertigo, vomiting, lateralising weakness, fever or neck stiffness. On
examination, he had a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 15 with no cranial nerve deficits. No
cerebellar signs were elicit, he however had grade IV/V ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the data presented, the addition of a duroplasty appears to provide more durable results,
especially in reducing the size of the syrinx. There are however certain circumstances in which just
bony decompression may suffice and hence reduce the morbidity of opening the dura. Other surgical
options such as leaving the inner layer of dura intact have promising results. Currently the
decompression of Chiari malformation (DECMI) trial, a large randomized prospective study,
looking at minimally invasive method for decompressing a Chiari 1 malformation is currently
underway. This will provide more insight in the need, or lack thereof, to perform a

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Essay
I. Introduction: A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space. This
area is located between the pia matter and arachnoid matter. Cerebral spinal fluid is usually found in
this in this space. The Cerebral spinal fluid acts as a shock absorber for any trauma or blow to the
head. Sometimes the force is to big and blood is released into this area. This damages the lining of
the brain which increases pressure to the brain and killing brain cells.
II. Etiology The most common causes of a sub arachnoid hemorrhage is a blow to the head or
trauma.
i) Trauma is usually seen in the older people that have fallen. Young people who have been in a
motor vehicle accident may also experience SAH. ii) Spontaneous hemorrhage can also occur. Non
traumatic hemorrhage can be caused by a ruptured cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous
malformation. Arteriovenous malformation is a tenement of the vessels which leads to a rupture of
blood.
iii) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genetics can also increase the chances of a spontaneous SAH.
III. Disease Type: SAH is not necessarily a disease but more like an injury. SAH can lead to a stroke
if not treated in time.
IV. Signs and Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of an SAH can be a headache, dizziness, pain in the
eyes, diplopia, and loss of eyesight.
i) A headache is the most common symptom, and some people may describe it as the "the worst
headache" unlike any other type of a

Case Study Of Gigantism
Introduction Alice has a son,Tim, who is 3 years old. The growth velocity of Tim is excessively
rapid compared with the other children of the same age. In addition, the level of growth hormone
(GH) in serum is much higher than normal range. Based on the result of the test, Tim is suspected to
have pituitary gigantism. According to the case scenario, Alice experienced emotional distress as she
becomes silent and no response to my question after doctor's consultation. Having psychological
pressure on coping with the Gigantism of her son would encounter emotion distress. The learning
objective is to understand the treatment of Gigantism her son need to face. In the following, the
entry will further discuss the information related ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Lafferty & Chrousos,1999). Excess growth hormone level can affect the daily life of the patient.
Therefore, treatment is more important for the patient to control hormone production.
Despite the treatment is the most important part for the patient, Alice has to know how to take care
of her son and provide a proper management such as tailored clothes and bed.
In addition, understanding the details of treatments can reduce the distress of Alice. Alice will know
Tim can be recovering from gigantism and she can know what methods can help Tim.
Treatment
1. Medical treatment
If the condition of patients is not good or location of tumors is difficult to have surgery, medical
treatment will be used to control the GH level. There are 3 types of drugs that can control hormone
production.
First, dopamine–receptor agonists are effectual in controlling tumor size and prolactin levels in
either patients with microadenomas or macroadenomas(Keil & Stratakis,2008). They can reduce the
growth hormone level. Dopamine agonists includes bromocriptine and cabergoline which are pill
form.
Bromocriptine used to treat growth hormone and prolactin excess.
It is safe when administered to a child for extended

Patient Premature Case Studies
Patient was an 22 year–old male who was diagnosed with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
following rupture in left cerebellar hemisphere four years ago while participating in physical
education (P.E.) at school. The patient is unaware of initial diagnostic procedures, but reported
receiving an embolization and shunt to decrease intracranial pressure. Following rupture, the patient
remained in a coma for two weeks; awoke with severe ataxia, dysphagia, lack of left UE/LE control,
left facial droop, and poor balance. After about one and half months inpatient treatment and physical
therapy, the patient was discharged home. Once home, the patient continued physical therapy,
occupational therapy, and speech therapy on an outpatient basis with

Diagnosis: The 10-Year-Old Girl
Diagnosis
The 10–year–old girl that was living a normal childhood until the symptoms started. Her diet and
active lifestyle were typical for her age. She has been experiencing troubles walking and fatigues
very quickly, eye twitching and slurred speech that has been progressively getting worse, and a
slight lateral curvature of her spine (she looks slightly bent to the side). These symptoms that the
patient are experiencing relate to Chiari malformation type 1 [7], is a condition in which brain tissue
extends into your spinal canal, develops as the skull and brain are growing. As a result, signs and
symptoms may not occur until late childhood [10]. It occurs when part of your skull is abnormally
small or misshapen, pressing on your brain and forcing it downward ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
MRI can also provide images of the cerebellum and determine whether it extends into the spinal
canal. An MRI is often used to diagnose Chiari malformation. Since this pain less test is harmless, it
can be done more than once, and explain progress with treatments [10]. Computerized Tomography
(CT) uses X–rays to obtain cross–sectional images of your body. A CT scan can help to reveal brain
tumors, brain damage, bone and blood vessel abnormalities, and other conditions [10].
When taking these tests, doctors look for the results of defining the size of the cerebral ventricles
and showing a blockage [11]. Also, examining if the cerebellar tonsils are out of position, but since
Chiari is always changing, doctors use symptoms and the results of the cerebral [12]. When
checking the functions controlled by the cerebellum and spinal cord, doctors watch for balance,
touch, reflexes, sensation and motor skills [13]. Since the symptoms deal with these topics/skills,
looking for relation between both symptoms and possible problems/conditions.

Symptoms And Treatment Plan Using Digital Subtraction...
MRA Brain – AVM Studies
Celeste A. Santos
Midwestern State University
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Sciences Program
RADS 4773
04/04/2017
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are currently diagnosed and treatment plan is formulated by
using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (Machet, Portefaix, Kadziolka, Robin, Lanoix &
Pierot, 2012). There are some drawbacks to DSA, amongst them is the cost, patient discomfort,
contrast injection and radiation exposure (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, Rabrait, Wu, Johnson, Wieben,
Trystram, Rodriguez–Regent, Alshareef, Turski, Meder, Naggara & Oppenheim, 2015). While DSA
is considered to be the "Gold Standard" of care for AVMs there are studies underway to determine if
brain MRA studies can obtain images ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the average nidus size was 5.3cm in their research (2013). The researches also make note that of the
29 combined studies on their 6 patients 13 out of the 14 image sequences showed early filling into
the nidus (Nogueira, Bayrlee, Hirsch, et al., 2013). In the TRICKS research the authors make no
reference to the size of the nidus detected by TRICKS only that there were 22 cAVMS and that 2 of
those were infratentorial (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, et al., 2015). It is noted however, that DSA showed
22cAVMS whose size ranged from 5mm to 45mm (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, et al., 2015).
Feeding/Draining Vessels
When it came to the delineation of feeding vessels both 7T studies and DSA had an excellent score
of 4.81 while once again 1.5T had the lowest score coming in at 4.17 (Wrede, Dammann, Johst, et
al., 2016). When it came to scoring the sequences for venous drainage 7T TOF and DSA scored the
highest; 7T TOF came in at 4.62 and DSA came in a bit higher at 4.72; while 7T MPRAGE came in
a bit lower at 3.92 and 1.5 T once again came in with the lowest score at 3.52 (Wrede, Dammann,
Johst, et al., 2016). Machet, Portefaix, Kadziolka, et al. noted that when it came to detecting the
origin of arterial feeders this could not be accomplished since injecting the four supra–aortic vessels
one by one was not feasible, however according to the researchers TR–CE–MRA was able to detect
a few flow–related aneurysm or distant aneurysms as shown on DSA (2016). Dautry, Edjlali, Roca,
et al.

Essay On Acroangiodermatitis
Acroangiodermatitis is a rare vasoproliferative disorderof cutaneous blood vessels.2, 5It is a benign,
exaggerated form of stasis dermatitis, and begins as violaceous macules and patches.They develop
into nodules or indurated plaques over time, usually bilaterally on the extensor surfaces of lower
extremities.1, 4It may present in childhood or early adult life according to the underlying cause.2
It has various synonyms, such as acroangiodermatitisof Mali– Kuiper, gravitational purpura, stasis
purpura, acral capillary angiomatosis,and pseudo‑Kaposi sarcoma.2Mali et al. coined the term
"Acroangiodermatitis" in 1965,and is currently, thepreferred term in literature.2, 4Variants of
acroangiodermatitis include the Mali type associated with chronic venous insufficiency, the
Stewart‑Bluefarb type associated with arteriovenous malformations, gravity purpura in pregnancy,
and those associated with arteriovenous shunts in hemodialysis.2
Acroangiodermatitisis a proliferation of pre– existing vasculature seen in patients ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On microscopy, acroangiodermatitis is characterized by marked benign proliferation in the papillary
and reticular dermis, of pre– existing blood vessels, which are round and regular. The vessels are
lined by plump endothelial cells, which are Factor VIII– related antigen and CD34 positive. Kaposi
sarcoma, on the other hand, is a malignant tumor characterized by neoplastic spindle cells forming
irregular clefts, slit– like spaces and vascular channels,independent of pre– existing vessels, and
arranged as lobulated masses deep within the dermis.The lining endothelial and perivascular spindle
cells are CD34 positive and Factor VIII– related antigen negative. Endothelial cells in Kaposi
sarcoma show atypia unlikeacroangiodermatitis where there is minimal or no atypia.1, 2,

Personal Narrative: Brain Procedure
Everyone has experienced a difficult time in their lives either by making a difficult desition or by
experiencing something. My most difficult experience was when my father was having brain
procedure done to fix an arteriovenous malformation or is also known by AVM (malformation of
arteries and veins). It all started in the summer of 2016 my dad suffer a stroke. He dad was home
alone, and knew that something was not right, he was able to dial the first contact on his phone, it so
happen to be my sister and, was able to tell her that something was wrong, as she rush over across
town to check on my dad she found him on the couch not being able to move his left extremities.
She rushed him to the nearest hospital, after running many tests they found he had a hemorrhagic ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was the worst feeling I have ever felt. Finally, after spending one week in the hospital, he was able
to go home with a follow–up procedure to fix the AVM that had a rupture and bleed. On the day of
the procedure to have an embolism, he was going to be put to sleep for 72 hours because, they
wanted to keep his blood pressure extremely low, before the surgery the doctor said it would only
take one hour, after four hours of seating in the waiting room the longest four hours of my life, like
any other human being I was thinking the worst and was scare off all the risk all over again, like any
other surgery you have a chance of stroke or even death. I imagine myself without my father and me
began to cry, how could I possibly be able to keep living a life where I don't have my father. The
doctor who performs the surgery came out and said everything was good and he had no problems,
that was a relief, now the hardest part was going to the ICU and seeing my dad hooked up to what it
seem like millions of monitors, and having him breathing with

Occupational Therapy Personal Statement
As a young child, I did not fully grasp why my uncle was confined to a wheelchair. Many years
later, my parents informed me that he had an arteriovenous malformation removed from his pons
that left him ataxic. With a two–year–old daughter and a son on the way, my uncle was told he
might never walk again. When individuals are confronted with a physical or emotional challenge
such as this, they may look to others for support in finding inner strength and self–fulfillment in
their life. As a future occupational therapist, I look forward to helping individuals finding this inner
strength to attain competence and independence in the occupations of life. During my undergraduate
studies, I was a four–year collegiate athlete. Being a student–athlete broadened my time
management, effective communication, and leadership skills. While I had been playing soccer since
I was in diapers, I knew that my education was far more important to my long–term professional
goal of becoming an OT. I majored in health science and psychology because I was fascinated with
the connection between the mind and body. I was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I accumulated over 100 observation hours in rehabilitation, pediatrics, and post surgery therapy. By
interacting with a wide variety of people, these experiences further developed my interpersonal
communication skills. From helping children to grasp a pencil, to aiding elder patients recovering
from surgery, I understood how OT's could benefit people of all ages and abilities across a lifespan.
I learned hands on how the therapeutic use of everyday activities could help individuals live
functional lives through the use of meaningful occupations. By working with individuals who face a
challenge, I was able to show compassion and empathy when caring for others, which in turn gave
me self–fulfillment in my own

Chiari Malformation Research Paper
There are 4 different types of Chiari malformations. Type 1 is the most common and occurs when
the cerebellar tonsil is found below the forman magnum; usually affecting older children or adults
and is the only type of malformation that can be acquired. Type II involves both the brainstem and
cerebellum below the forman magnum, this type is usually associated with other diseases such as
spina bifida and myelomeningocele. This is usually found in children and this type is responsible for
the name Arnold–Chiari malformation. Type III is the most severe it results in the cerebellum and
the brain stem producing a pouch–like structure that protrudes from the back of the head and upper
neck. This pouch contains brain matter and causes severe neurological deficits. Finally, Type IV is
extremely uncommon and involves the complete underdevelopment of the cerebellum ("Different",
n.d.).
There are several causes that can be associated with a Chiari malformation. Some of those causes
are associates with a structural defect of the spinal cord during fetal development, injury, or even a
lack of nutrients provided to the fetus during development. The cause associated with injury can be
as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are more pronounced than others depending on the type of malformation. However, the most
common symptoms are posterior headache on exertion with neck pain, hoarseness or swallowing
problems, sleep apnea, weakness or numbness in an extremity, and balance problems. A Chiari
malformation can be difficult to diagnose because of the multitude or signs and symptoms that are
associated with it and other diseases as well. For instance, the symptom that is associated with pain/
spinal problems can include neck pain, pain across the shoulder blades, chest pain, and curvature of
the spine. Each of those symptoms are associated with other disorders as to include; muscle issues,
heart attack, and scoliosis ("Chiari I",

Case Study: Tulane Medical Center
Tulane Medical Center specializes in neurological disorders and injuries pertaining to the brain,
spine, and nervous system, with research conducted on each specific injury/disorder they treat, and a
specialized treatment plan to go with it. As mentioned before, Tulane employs state of the art
technology like neurointerventional radiation and the Neuropace RNS system to go along with the
board–certified, fellowship trained neurologists and neurosurgeons who work side by side with
fellow specialists and professionals to ensure the best care possible. We believe that Music Therapy
can help further treat patients in correspondence to: Memory and aging (Dementia, Alzheimer's
Disease, Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, Frontotemporal Dementia, ... Show more
The Neurology and Neurosurgery department at the Tulane Medical Center rates a measly 34.5/100,
with a below average patient safety score of 1/5, patient services and an average chance of survival
of 6/10, a low number of patients, and an average of 0.1% reputation with specialists. Music
Therapy could greatly aid their program by bringing a new method to their program, which may
have the best advanced technology score of 5/5, yet it hasn't statistically improved their ratings so
far. We believe that in addition to Tulane's advanced research facilities and equipment, Music
Therapy can bring about the increase in patient care needed to boost their numbers and start to really
show the potential in Tulane's Medical

Arteriovenous Malformation
Retinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare congenital vascular anomalies.
Initially named as "racemous haemangiomas" or "cirsoidal aneurisms", these anomalies are defined
by aberrant arterio–venous shunts [112]. Possible associations with cerebral arteriovenous
malformation have been described, i.e. Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome (1937) or Wyburn–
Mason syndrome (1943) [113]. Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are typically unilateral, non
hereditary and asymptomatic.
These vascular malformations usually involve a single or multiple quadrants of the fundus, being,
above all, found at the level of the papillomacular fascicle and the superotemporal quadrant [112–
114].
Archer first classified in 1973 [114] these congenital malformations into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
– arteriovenous malformation group 2: defined by direct arteriovenous shunts between a branch of
the retinal artery and vein, without any capillary plexus interposition; medium caliber vessels are
typically involved (Figure 8). – arteriovenous malformation group 3: it accounts for a diffuse,
marked dilatation of the retinal vessels, with many large caliber anastamosing channels. Visual
impairment could be associated (Figure 9).
The most frequent ocular complications reported for all the AVM groups, are: vascular occlusions,
aneurysm formation, intraretinal haemorrhage, exudation and cystoid macular oedema. Furthermore,
neovascular glaucoma and open angle glaucoma have been described as a result of a retinal central
vein occlusion [1].
Concerning groups 2 and 3 AVM, the occurrence of multiple arteriovenous malformations, in
different extraocular sites, including central nervous system, orbit, eyelid, maxillofacial region, has
been described

A Stroke Is Also Known As A Cerebrovascular Accident (Cva).
A stroke is also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Strokes can be either ischemic or
hemorrhagic. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blockage of a blood flow to the brain. It can be
caused by a thrombosis or embolism. A thrombosis is a clot that disrupts the flow of blood to the
brain. An embolism is a blood clot that forms in a different area of the circulatory system and travels
through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are when a
blood vessel bursts causing bleeding in the brain or in the area surrounding the brain. This can be
caused by an aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation. An aneurysm is a weakened area of a
blood vessel that eventually is weakened so much that it bursts. An ... Show more content on
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About half of all pediatric strokes are hemorrhagic and is also listed as one of the top ten causes of
death in kids. (American Heart Association, 2016). The origin of stroke in kids in unknown, but
contributors can be sickle cell anemia, congenital heart defects, immune disorders or other clotting
factors. Strokes can also happen during the perinatal period, or the last 18 week of gestation to the
first 30 days after birth. This is the most common time for pediatric strokes to occur (International
Alliance for Pediatric Stroke, 2017). Many people are unaware of the possibility of a stroke
occurring to someone so young, it is often only thought to happen to adults. The actuality is that
two–thirds of all strokes do happen to people aged 65 and older. (Radomski & Latham, 2014)
The location and severity of the CVA determine the impairment or disability of the individual.
Possible areas affected are paralysis or weakness, gross and fine motor skills, speech and language,
cognition, vision, and emotions. A stroke that occurs on one side of the brain will affect the opposite
side of the body. If a stroke were to occur on the left side of the brain, it would be the right side of
the individual's body that could potentially have paralysis or weakness, speech or language
problems, or memory loss. If a stroke were to occur on the right side of the brain, it would be the
individual's left side that could potentially have paralysis or

A Congenital Malformation Commonly Affecting Children Born...
As a congenital malformation commonly affecting children born with Spina Bifida, the Arnold–
Chiari malformation, or Chiari Malformation Type II, involves the irregular extension of both the
cerebellar tonsils and the brain stem tissue into the opening to the spinal canal – the foramen
magnum (NINDS, 2013). Typically, the brain stem and the cerebellum sit above the opening to the
spinal canal, where the brain stem houses most of the cranial nerves that supply the body. Providing
the control centres for vital bodily functions such as breathing, regulation of the body's internal
environment through maintenance of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing sensory and
motor control to a significant portion of the body (Joynt, 2014), the Arnold–Chiari malformation
causes substantial problems for patients. Likewise, the congestion of these structures in the spinal
canal limits the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to the spinal cord (Medway,
2006), causing other medical issues that become regularly associated with Spina Bifida as a result,
such as hydrocephalus (Columbia Neurosurgery, n.d.). Issues associated with the Arnold–Chiari
malformation can only be relieved, rather than treated, through surgical processes that aim to
eliminate or reduce these symptoms (WebMD, 2014).
The Arnold–Chiari malformation refers to the second type of malformations associated with the
Chiari group, where the irregular formation of the brainstem and cerebellum sees them

A Brief Note On The Health Care Provider
There is a critical situation that we are faced with today. We must dissect all the information and
evidence in order to help the patient and her family through a tough decision. This is the current
situation, L.D. a 39–year–old woman was admitted to the hospital and the health care provider
noticed that L.D. has a rare illness called Arteriovenous malformation (AVM). AVM is an abnormal
connection between arteries and veins bypassing the capillary system. "They typically consist of two
or more feeding arteries, a knot of abnormal vessels referred to as the 'nidus', and one or more veins
(Machet, et al., 2012)." The health care provider considered L.D. condition to be an emergency
because she was hemorrhaging, so the health care provider ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The problem with AVM is considered to be critical. The treatment goal was not clearly stated, but it
seems as if it is neurosurgical process that was preformed left her with severe neurological damage.
There are four treatment options that should be recommended to help with the patient current
condition, and these are microsurgical removal, endovascular embolization, intravascular
embolization and radiosurgical. In microsurgical removal, a microscope is used to assist the surgeon
with removing the AVM from surrounding brain tissue. Endovascular involve the doctor inserting a
long, thin tube into the patient leg artery and threads it through blood vessels to the patient brain
using X–ray imaging. This tube allows the doctor to inject an embolizing agent, which may include
a glue–like substance or other materials, to block the artery and reduce blood flow into the AVM.
The radiosurgical procedure includes the use of radiation to destroy the AVM (Rispoli, Di Chirico,
Sibille, & Carletti, 2013). Each of these treatments should be carefully evaluated with a patient that
is pregnant. Since L.D. has hemorrhage on the brain, cerebral angiography should be performed
because it can be safe for her unborn child. Cerebral angiography reveals important details about the
AVM such as location, size, feeding arteries, and drainage. The fetus is rarely affected by the
material that is used during testing if the fetus is shielded

Arteriovenous Malformation Resection Case Study
Arteriovenous Malformation Resection
Arteriovenous Malformation Resectionis a type of procedure which is performed when there is an
abnormal tangle of vessels in the brain or spinal cord which can occur with one or more arteries
which can be directly connected to one or more veins people are born with this although the it is not
found to be hereditary. The arteries which carry oxegen aged blood to the heart and to the tissues
and veins take blood back from the tissues to the heart n an Arteriovenous Malformation Resection
the direct connection between one or more arteries and veins gives rise to many problems. The most
serious problem that you have to deal with is when that the veins are usually thinned walled and
may not be able to accept high blood pressure flow for a long period of time. The result of this is
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An angiogram ( which is also refers to as an arteriogram) is a special test in which a
neuroradiologist injects dye into the blood vessels in the brain and obtains images of the blood
vessels. At this point, the angiogram is the test that most accurately shows the Arteriovenous
malfunction resection and its relationship to the surrounding arteries and veins. Arteriovenous
Malformation Resection are found in most adults the ages between 20 to 40 year olds what happens
during surgery this type of Things you can expect are Arteriovenous Malformation Resection
involves delicately separating the Arteriovenous Malformation Resection from the surrounding
tissue by using a microscope than a neurosurgeon will cut off the blood supply to the Arteriovenous
Malformation Resection this type of procedure is called microsurgical resection. The other type of
surgical procedure is called Stereotactic radiotherapy what happends during this surgery is that they
deliver deliver a concentrated dose of radiotherapy to the core of the Arteriovenous Malformation
Resection in one session. Over the course of 2 to 5 years, the vessels of

Intracranial Aneurysm Research Paper
Ruptured Saccular Intracranial Aneurysm associated with Arteriovenous Malformation
Introduction
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal collection of blood vessels in which arterial
blood flows directly into the draining vein without the normal interposed capillaries. AVM are
tangled anastomosis of blood vessels of varying calibre in which arteriovenous shunting occurs in a
central nidus in which the area towards in which multiple feeding arteries converge and from which
enlarged vein drains.1 They have a higher rate of bleeding than normal vessels. AVMs can occur
anywhere in the body. Brain AVMs are of special concern because of the damage they cause when
they bleed. The incidence of AVM is about 1 in 100,000 per year in unselected ... Show more
Another hypothesis is that these associations can accidentally exist together.20 Among these
hypothesis, the hemodynamic stress secondary to the increased blood flow of AVM plays a
significant role to provoke this coexistence of lesion.1,21 This hypothesis is supported by a report
showing that the associated aneurysms tend to be concentrated in feeding arteries which supply
AVM and the associated aneurysms may shrink in proportion to the occlusion of the AVM. 3
The incidence of intracranial aneurysms is higher in patients with intracranial AVM than in the
general population. This incidence varies from 2.7 to 23% in the literature.1, 22 Four types of
aneurysms occur in association with AVM are: [1] Unassociated aneurysms: this type of aneurysm
occurs on the circle of Willis in a location that is not associated hemodynamically with the

Sandcastle Worm Research Paper
The sandcastle worm is an odd, yet fascinating creature that utilizes a substance that one may mimic
to understand the principles of its mechanisms, to obtain ideas of concepts which may be applied to
benefit medicine (Hwang, et al., 2015). The Sandcastle worm (Phragmatopoma Californica)
constructs its tubular shelter by binding grains of sand together with the adhesive produced and
secreted from the glands of its thorax (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2011).
The sandcastle worm, much like mussels, secretes a protein adhesive containing the amino acid
DOPA. Similar to mussel glue, catechol groups in DOPA in the sandcastle worm's glue allow for the
natural adhesive to bind the grains together in order for the worm to form ... Show more content on
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The gels can also deliver drugs for continuous amounts of time as it adheres to vessels and slowly
releases the medication (Kastrup, 2013). For fetal surgery operations, surgeons are not always able
to effectively close the incision wound created since the fetal membrane is very delicate, which
could lead to premature birth. Biomimetic mussel glue is very beneficial for these operations
because they can safely close the wound without causing any harm to the thin amniotic sac, and
does not trigger immune responses in the fetus that could be problematic (UC Berkley, 2016). Like
biomimetic mussel glue, the use of sandcastle–worm–inspired biomimetic adhesives also resolve
problems and provide improved alternative options for medical procedures that surgeons currently
struggle with. The properties modelled after natural sandcastle worm glue that biomimetic worm
glue possess provide the synthetic adhesive with the ability to perform successfully under active
environments, which improves the success of medical procedures, therefore transforming the
medical procedures

Brain Injury Paper
In a study by Fink, Stagitti, & Galvin (Fink, Stagitti, & Galvin, 2012), three male children with
acquired brain injury were assessed on their abilities in pretend play situations. The three children
were between the ages of three and six years of age. Each child had be diagnosed with acquired
brain injury due to a different cause; the causes included meningitis, arteriovenous malformation
(AVM), and a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Since the children were under the age of eight, the
examiners used the Child–Initiated Pretend Play Assessment (ChIPPA), to assess their ability to
initiate and engage in play.
Using the ChIPPA, the examiners assessed the children individually in a quiet space. Seeing that the
children were under the age, their parents were also in the room at a distance from the testing. Prior
to assessment the examiners retrieved background information on each individual child from
answers of the parents and medical records. For further data analysis of the child's play, the
examiners used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the Clinical Observation form. The
examiners conducted two sessions of the ChIPPA; which included the symbolic and conventional
imaginative pretend play, that are then divided into three sections ... Show more content on
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During the conventional imaginative play, children were "invited to play with conventional toys..."
(Fink, Stagnitti, & Galvin, 2012, p. 337), where two children scored in the expected range, while
one child showed significant delay. During the symbolic play session, children were "invited to play
with unstructured materials..." (Fink, Stagnitti, & Galvin, 2012, p. 337), where the results were a
reversal of the conventional imaginative play results. In the symbolic play session, one child scored
above the expected range, while two children showed a form of

An Autosomal Dominant Disorder
Recurrent epistaxis is one of the diagnostic criteria for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
(HHT). HHT is an autosomal–dominant disorder that is also depicted by skin and mucosal
telangiectasias. Feared complications of HHT include rupture of pulmonary or cerebral
arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The etiology of HHT is most often due to genetic mutations
that impair normal angiogenesis. We report a case of suspected HHT in a 49–year–old female, with
a first–degree relative with HHT, and a history of recurrent epistaxis status post coiling of left and
right internal maxillary arteries. Of special note, her initial hemoglobin level was 1.7, but she was
alert and walking at triage. Her presentation was consistent with multiple prior admissions in the
past three years. Patients with suspected hereditary telangiectasia should receive a comprehensive
work up, including serum studies, imaging, and possibly genetic testing. Treatment should focus on
both acute management of the bleed and prevention of future complications.
Introduction:
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, or Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, is an autosomal
dominant disorder characterized by recurrent epistaxis and small arteriovenous malformations
known as telangiectasias . Telangiectasias can rupture with minimal or no trauma, and resultant
bleeds can be difficult to manage. The epistaxis can lead to chronic anemia in a small set of afflicted
patients. The estimated prevalence of HTT is estimated to be one

Six Cases Of Head And Head Vascular Anomalies : A Case Study
et al [6) who studied 19 patients with AVM& Romano et al [39] who reported 6 cases of head and
neck vascular anomalies. They documented that TRICK–MRA added important diagnostic
information in evaluation of AVMs of head and neck with respect to arterial feeders, nidus size and
venous drainage. Discrepancy in the results between contrast enhanced MRI & TRICKS –MRA
regarding the size of the nidus was seen in (3) patients ( > or < 2cm) & in the number of the feeding
arteries (Single or multiple) in ( 6) patients. This discrepancy had changed the choice of treatment
where embolization was successful in 6 cases, combined embolization and surgery needed in five
cases, while sclerotherapy was significant in 4cases of small AVM nidus ( ... Show more content on
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These groups may represent the lesions that required pre–intervention identification of the vascular
feeder. This may explain why more common groups as LM did not appear at all in this study and
also could explain why the relatively rare facial AVMs appeared three times more than hemangioma.
TRICKS MRA was accurate in detection of the feeding arteries at the periphery of all hemangiomas
included in the study. One hemangioma at the peri–orbital region showed multiple arterial feeders &
surgical excision of the lesion was the choice of treatment, although the hemangioma was small in
size. Low flow venous malformation appear on MRI examination as lobulated, serpentine, poorly
demarcated lesion with septa, hypo– or isointense on T1–weighted sequences and hyperintense on
T2–weighted sequences. Signal void rarely occurring, but characteristic, due to phleboliths or
caused by the presence of clots in veins. The lesion exhibits diffuse contrast enhancement on
delayed dynamic study [21, 44, 45]. The two lesions included in our study showed fairly demarcated
margins with typical signal intensities on T1 & T2 sequences with small signal void area of
phleboliths within one lesion. Mild homogenous delayed enhancement seen in both lesions on
MRI+C, no arterial feeder was appreciable on TRICKS–MRA. Both patients underwent successful
sclerotherapy & No residual or recurrence of either lesion on follow up

Cerebral Arteriovenous Segmentation
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations are presumably congenital vascular malformations that may
present clinically with a variety of symptoms, including hemorrhage, seizures, headaches,
progressive neurologic deficits, and intellectual deterioration. Hemodynamic alterations caused by
the complex Angioarchitecture of CAVMs play a role in seizure manifestation [43]. Large CAVM
size and high flow through the arterial feeding vessels of the CAVMs were related to seizure
susceptibility on the basis of the assumption that the large Nidus creates a low–resistance vascular
bed redirecting blood away from the surrounding brain tissue, thus creating local hypoxemia in the
adjacent brain tissue, which, in turn, may trigger gliosis and seizure activity. This pathomechanism
was referred to as "arterial steal." Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVM) are a common
form of cerebral vascular malformation and are composed of a NIDUS of vessels through which
arteriovenous shunting occur [44].
[44] Choi, Post–treatment Bleeding of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations after Gamma Knife
Radiosurgery.
Three types are described:
1. Parenchymal (pial) AVM
2. Dural AVM
3. Mixed AVM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are comprised of snarled tangles of arteries and veins. Arteries carry oxygen–rich blood away
from the heart to the body's cells; veins return oxygen–depleted blood to the lungs and heart. The
absence of capillaries for small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins creates a short–cut for
blood to pass directly from arteries to veins. The presence of an AVM disrupts this vital cyclical
process. Although AVMs can develop in many different sites, those located in the brain or spinal
cord–the two parts of the central nervous system–can have especially widespread effects on the

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