Benedict Anderson's Exploration of Imagined Communities in Former Colonies

Imagined Communities
In Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, Benedict discusses that the latest wave of nations
coming into existence was that of former colonies during the 20th century. The population of these
colonies all went through similar stages of development as laid out in Frantz Fanon's The Wretched
of the Earth. As Fanon laid out, the colonized would absorb the dominate culture into themselves
through their Intelligentsia, identify and extol themselves as a unique ethnic group, translate their
precolonial culture through the lens of the dominate culture, initiate a struggle against that dominate
culture, and galvanize the people into one modern nation. When looking at the nations that are
regarded as having followed these steps and being part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After the 1842 defeat of China to the British, he began studying western military technology. Within
twenty–four hours of Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival, Sakuma had arrived to survey the
situation and was able to conclude quickly that the weapons on those ships could not be defended
against with what the Tokugawa Shogunate currently had nor would ever have if Japan did not adopt
a different path. Yokoi Sōnan established the idea that Japan needed to embrace both the economic,
as well as the military, styles of the West if Japan was to survive. Yokoi, having studied how
Christianity was used by the West to unite its peoples, suggested modifications to the Shinto faith to
mimic Western religious unity. Yoshida Shōin took the most initiative. Not only did Yoshida set up
many ideas that would be enacted during the Meiji Restoration, such as abolishment of the caste
system and having a military drawn from the common population, but with Sakuma came up with
the foundation idea that would change the course of Japanese history, Wakon Yōsai (Japanese Spirit,
Western Learning). In the name of this idea Yoshida encouraged and sent out his students into the
Western World so that they could gain as much knowledge as possible. After Yoshida's death in
1859, Sakuma and Yokoi helped to enable these students to travel and learn abroad. Through their
journeys, these students became the working equivalent of the "Colonized Intelligentsia" as
discussed by Fanon and prepared to be the leaders of a new
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Explain why opposition to Russian Governments was so...
Explain why opposition to Russian Governments was so rarely successful in the period 1855–1954?
Throughout the period 1855 to 1954, opposition to Russian governments was a common occurrence
due to dissatisfaction of many civilians' lives and the lack of development seen throughout Russia.
However, as much as there were some successful movements throughout 1905 such as the
Bolsheviks gaining support and eventually gaining power, there were also several failed attempts
due to intense use of violence, terror and censorship by the state. It is arguable that whether
opposition was successful, merely came down to the strength of the opposition group or the
weakness of the government in power. All state leaders across the whole period held ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During that time, the populist movement in 1874–76 'Going to the people' failed as villages as the
peasants saw the middle class as outsiders, showing the vast gulf between the intelligentsia and the
peasants. As a result, Populism became more radical, with the creation of the secret organisation of
Land and Liberty in 1876, using terrorism and organising the assassinations of leading figures.
Lenin in Power 1917–1924 In October 1917, there was enough opposition for Lenin to take power
as leader of the Bolsheviks. The Provisional Government provided him with no majority support,
with the Bolsheviks winning 24% and the SRs gaining 54% of votes. The Liberal period consisting
of keeping workers and peasants happy left them with little power. Decree on land gives noble land
to peasantry so that they have legal title to it, did it to stop rebellion and get peasant support in the
civil war. 2. War Communism– Summer 1918 (civil war)– more authoritarian. 3. 1921– New
Economic freedom for peasantry Economic policy– less authoritarian. Lenin (Bolsheviks) more
radical and driven for revolution now. SDs split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1912 over the
membership of the party. When the war gets bad, people go back to Lenin as the party that opposed
war. 1921 peasant revolts through war communism – grain hoarding – protests for it, major famine–
Bolsheviks taking grain. Red

Essay on Popular Culture's Subserviance to High Culture
Popular Culture's Subserviance to High Culture
For about a century, Western Culture has really been divided into two cultures, the traditional type of
'high culture' and a 'mass culture' manufactured wholesale for the market. High culture is the arts
that require some form of intellect to comprehend, so therefore can only reach a tiny segment of the
population, whilst levelling accusations of elitism. High culture includes ballet; the forms of operas,
operettas and symphonies; types of film; certain novels; theatre and plays. Mass or popular culture is
derived from high culture, so for every item in high culture, there is a corresponding item of lesser
importance in popular culture. Forms of popular culture include television, ... Show more content on
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Mass culture is imposed from above, as Karl Marx recognised, onto the passive susceptibility of the
ignorant masses, to which decisions lie between consumption or no consumption. It is therefore, the
'Lords of kitsch' that are the sole beneficiaries; mass culture integrates the masses in a form of
debased high culture. This lack of control proves the power of the mass culture businessman, shown
when during the 1929 depression, when capitalism was in chaos, focus was turned from the 'idols of
production' to the 'idols of consumption' such as Hollywood movie stars, creating a
'dreamlikeworld', a marketing heaven, for the masses to aspire to. Mass culture can therefore never
be worthwhile. Commodities are imposed upon the masses, taking away freedom of choice and
individuality. Instead of being related to one another as members of a community, the relation is
formed with a system of industrial production, something abstract and untouchable. The great
culture–bearing elites have communities with members having an individual role and sharing similar
interests. In contrast, mass society sinks to the lowest level, to that of its most primitive members, its
taste complies with that of the least sensitive and most ignorant member. Members accept any idiocy
if it is wholly agreed as knowledge in the capitalist superstructure. Homogenized mass culture is so
rigidly democratic, refusing distinction or discrimination that it succeeds in destroying

Animal Farm Research Paper
Ever since the beginning of the human race, education played a paramount role in people's lives;
however, only few were allowed to have outstanding education while the majority had to be
employed in low–paying jobs due to lack of education. In the Animal Farm, George Orwell reflects
on the Russian Revolution, as Old Major, a pig in Manor Farm, shares his message of rebelling
against the egotistical humans, which three intelligent pigs–Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer–pass
on by organizing the Animalism. Although the rebellion breaks out successfully and the farm name
changes to "Animal Farm," things go sordid when Napoleon takes the leadership by sending
Snowball into an exile. Numbers of tragic events occur under Napoleon's atrocious leadership ...
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After Napoleon expels Snowball, animals are situated in a dilemma, in which Boxer convinces
himself by simply saying, "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right" (Orwell 56). Boxer's low
intellectuality causes him to have a difficult time fully making out the situation, resulting in him
naively respecting Napoleon and everything that is told. This was the exact case of the working class
during the Russian Revolution–no one clarified to them what was right or wrong that they had to
believe their leader, Joseph Stalin, without doubt. Subsequent to the unexpected abominable
execution of animals, Boxer ponders for a while, for nothing of this kind has ever happened before,
and he says, "I do not understand it... It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution...is to
work harder ...I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings" (Orwell 85). With the mental and
emotional struggle, all the unpredicted tragedies in Animal Farm only encourages Boxer to work
harder instead of looking for better solution. The working class people were unable to do anything,
besides work, during the time of turmoil, hoping to make the situation better. Despite the character
of Boxer and the working class people, their lack of education induces them to be manipulated and
work with all of their strength, even till

Holocaust Analysis
There are many extra disturbing bits and pieces about the Holocaust that people may not know.
Many loved ones were lost and many minds scared for those few that survived. Laws have been put
into action to INHIBIT another POTENTIAL MYRIAD like the Holocaust to happen again. There
are many lessons to learn from the Holocaust, but let's take a deeper look into a specific invasion on
the Polish. Due to Hitler breaking the Munich promise Britain and France declared war on Germany
knowing Poland wouldn't win, so the Allied troops should have warned the Polish people to get out
and avoid the death of millions.
Background France and Britain were Allied forces with Poland during WWII. The leaders of the
Allied forces met with Hitler and made a pact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With little preparation, the Polish quickly had their land taken right before their eyes by the Nazis.
"As they marched into the towns of Poland, Germans preyed on the Jews they encountered,
subjecting them to humiliation and beatings," (The Outbreak of WWII). Adding not only
humiliation, but terror as well, the Germans would shear the beards of the Orthodox and organize
public hangings (The Outbreak of WWII). Due to little to no preparation at all the Polish rebellion
lasted for about two months, but the Germans ended up overpowering and 200,000 Poles were killed
("Polish Victims"). "Within three weeks the Germans had defeated Poland and divided it into three
regions: the western and northern provinces of the former Polish state," (The Outbreak of WWII).
Hitler achieved his goal and became one step closer to world domination. The Nazis were
PREDOMINANT compared to the Polish in this situation. The Poles and their land were gone the
minute the Nazis stepped on the Polish territory. The Polish army was never going to be big enough
to defeat the Nazi's. They were simply not strong enough nor were they mean

The Battle Of The Ottoman Empire
For the Ottoman to progress further it needed a new national mantra for legitimacy in order to earn
the respects of its subjects, in addition the empire had to mold a new national ethos . As said before
that if "the Empire was to survive in the modern world, it could no longer be a group of disparate
communities held together by force and obedience to a ruling family; it needed a unity of
consciousness, which would create an active moral link between rulers and the ruled" (Hourani
1991: 52). In this sense the old ways of cementing authority were no longer valid during the mid–
nineteenth century. Another country that faced this dilemma was Russia, which ironically, was a
longtime rival of the Ottoman Empire for influence in Eastern Europe and the Black Sea, yet just
like the Ottoman Empire it also faced the challenges of reconciling the increasingly outdated notion
of absolute monarchy to modern civic values. For Russia its answer was to turn to an ideology that
would seemingly be a unifying factor for the Slavic peoples in Europe with the Czar as its head
similar to that of Pan–Islam followed by Abdul–Hamid. In the Russian case it would follow three
principles: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. This notion was formulated by the late Russian
education minister Sergei Uvarov who stated these principles in an 1832 report outlining the future
direction of Russian education. Uvarov, a man who once studied in Vienna and an enthusiast for
Oriental Studies, believed that the

Summary Of The Changing Face Of War By Van Creveld
Van Creveld has authored a number of major works, including Supplying War: Logistics from
Wallenstein to Patton, which established his reputation for meticulous scholarship and perceptive
insights. In Command in War, the author detailed the evolving nature of command and remains a
classic, along with Technology and War. Like its predecessor, The Transformation of War is about
that technological advances that rarely conveys a significant advantage in war, and that dependence
on technology introduces more friction and vulnerability than it solves. This book is critical to
political students, whom are looking to advance in strategic studies.
In The Changing Face of War book, the author's purpose is clear and explicitly stated. If one
understands

The Achievements And Policies Of The First Ten Years
Introduction: In 1956, seven years after it became a republic, China was going through many
political changes. Unlike many other nations that emerged as democracies, socialism was the
promoted style of governance to make China progressive. However, the progress and policies of the
first ten years in China's history are considered to be influenced by one man; Mao Zedong. Mao was
the chairman of the China's Communist Party (CCP) and the chairman of the People's Republic of
China from September 27, 1954, to April 27, 1959, under the first constitution. Mao brought the
Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1956 in order to gain the support of the intelligentsia that would
promote his socialistic agenda in Chinese society. The Hundred Flowers Campaign ... Show more
Historical Background The Communist party gained the support of the intelligentsia in 1949 after
Mao established his Communist regime in China. In 1954, a new constitution was written which
banned freedom speech and press. However, Mao knew that in order for China to prosper and
become powerful, science and technology needed to be promoted. Therefore, Mao set up a 12–year
plan where the promotion and advancement of science, technology, and agriculture were created.
The intelligentsia was the backbone of this plan and was expected to participate in Chinese politics.
Due to oppression on various rights in society, the intelligentsia was fearful of the government and
rejected to participate. It should be noted that Mao was extremely in favor of the advancement in
agriculture production. He believed agriculture to be one area where it could be used politically and
economically to promote his socialist agenda. Like science and technology, Mao believed that the
intelligentsia will progress the advancement of agricultural production as well. It should also be
noted that in 1954, China is still a new–born republic. Since the creation of this republic, it decided
to follow the Soviets plan which focussed on industrialization. Therefore, in China, Stalin and the
Soviets were seen as someone to be emulated and were regarded as the prime face of development.
A severe threat emerged to the idealized Stalin and the Soviets that

19th Century Russian Populism
This essay endeavours to construct a theory explaining the adoption of political terrorism to instigate
revolutionary social disorder. An attempt to study the conditions under which terror would be
selected by a particular social group to advance their agenda regarding the transformation of the
nature of the society, the theory will be examined based on the Russian Populism movement and its
terrorist activities in the 1870s. In the essay, I shall first introduce the background of the Russian
populist movement and then proceed to outline the general theory followed by a more detailed
theoretical discussion. Efforts shall be made to examine 19th–century Russian populism and
terrorism through the framework of the general theory. Russian populism emerged from the
frustrated expectations of the nihilist traditions in the 1860s. The abolishment of serfdom in 1861
was conservative in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sufficiently westernized intelligentsia came to realize the gulf between their social ideals and
the desperate state of the peasants, both materially and spiritually, and their disappointments with
the reforms shifted the focus of radical activities from the education circles among university
students in the big cities to the suffering mass in the rural area. To the populists, the oppression from
the autocratic sate should to be hideous enough to provoke intense resentment from the peasants
with a slight nudge, and the peasant commune itself symbolized a progressive self–governing
tradition and a mode of moral economy that could counteract absolutism. The intelligentsia,
rediscovering the virtues of the Russian peasants through revived Slavophile eyes, assumed the
position of learners among the rural mass from whom they hope to extract revolutionary energy;
hence the so–called "Going to the People" movement of 1874(1993:116). In the movement,
university students and other members of the intelligentsia,

Vera Figner: Russian Populism
Although Vera Figner, an iconic figure of Russian Populism and a resolute terrorist firmly convinced
of the righteousness of her fight, considered the division of Land and Freedom to be an inevitable
result due to the differences in principles among the revolutionists, the radicalization of Will of the
People was in fact a direct outcome of the failure of the "Going to the People" movement. The
movement was initiated in mid 1870s, during which the young intelligentsia engaged themselves in
propagandist activities in the countryside to cultivate historical consciousness among the peasants,
alleviating their material miseries and spreading education with the ultimate aim to arouse the
peasants' revolutionary potential against the corrupt autocracy. ... Show more content on
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It is true that the intelligentsia was not best prepared to interact with the rural mass, but to give them
their due credits, the soul–sucking wants had numbed the peasant society to such an extent that it
would be difficult to excite them with any kind of force. In a story titled Peasants, Chekhov depicts
a poverty that strips off all hopes of life and together with it both mutual and self–respect. The
elderly bully the young, men wastes life away in Vodka, husbands treat their wives beastly and
women accumulate inconsolable sorrow that turns into vice. Authority consisted in abusive force,
happiness is to be found in self–intoxication and morality belongs in the void–even religion has no
place when only in death hope can be found. The draining struggles erode away the peasants'
agency. Drunk and shocked, they could not gather together to put off a fire and ironically, Chekhov
let a student from the upper class save the villagers, but the young gentleman has to leave
immediately and cannot stimulate the peasants to reflect upon the farce. In the end it is the
"Zemstvo", an institution of the reforms that the peasants neither cooperate with nor act against, that
is to be blamed for everyone. Vera Figner did not look at the "Going to the People" too critically. In
her latter career as a revolutionist, she was devoted to her revolutionary ideal in the name of a
peasant population

Noam Romsky's The Responsibility Of Intellectuals?
Ever since the publication of his first political essay The Responsibility of Intellectuals in 1967,
Noam Chomsky became a person of interest inside the US politics. In this very first essay, he
critically examined the intellectuals figure in US culture at a time when the justifications for the
Vietnam War were at stake. Chomsky especially focused on the ethical and social obligations of the
intelligentsia regarding the public policies of American society and how most of their decisions and
public statements were assisting the ruling power. Nevertheless, Chomsky had already entered the
academic field through another gate. By the time of the publication, Chomsky was already a well–
known figure in the linguistics field due to the long list ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Associated with the American New Left movement, Chomsky engaged a frenetic political activism
in parallel to his official career as a linguist. His opinions were often surrounded with considerable
controversy and he was even arrested in several occasions during the 1970's, when President
Richard Nixon even included him on his Enemies' List. It was not until the 1990s, however, that
Chomsky embraced political activism to a greater degree than ever before . Nevertheless, he never
stopped writing about different fields inside the political sciences and maintained a quasi–
unachievable publishing rhythm of almost one book per year since the 1970s. This vast number of
publications has led him to build a rather consistent political view that strongly contradicts the
perspectives put forward by American media and political organizations regarding issues such as
American capitalist system, mass media control and propaganda, human rights or, what really
matters for the development of this essay, US foreign policy's double

Francess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March
Francess Kargbo Mr. Bond–Theriault 2nd period 22 March 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a
new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. "Big Brother is Watching You" As the future
nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that "2+2=5"(. There is manipulation that occurs
constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs,
those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by
Eric Arthur Blair is known by his pen name, George Orwell may not have just been a
postmodernism science fiction novel, but even a warning from his disillusionment present and
Orwell's fear of it's coming in the future. George Orwell used his gift of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That too was a gesture belonging to the ancient time. Winston woke up from his dream with the
word "Shakespeare" on his lips"(Orwell pg 31) In Winston 's dream it was the meaning of the
gesture that attracted him representing human potential her throwing away her clothes symbolized
the chains that condemned them to the Party and Big Brother. This reflects Orwell's loneliness for
all these years and the dreams were his salvation and through them he didn 't feel lonely anymore. In
a repressed society such as Oceania dreams seemed were the only private thing Winston could hold
on to. Anything expressed to paint Oceania in a bad light would be wiped out of existence. Privacy
was non–existent from the telescreen, to the kid spies, to neighbors watching neighbors depriving
them of to basic rights and instilling fear to gain obedience. "The terror refereed to here is the terror
inherent in the totalitarian society, the terror we have seen manifested to its full in Hitler's Germany,
Stalin's Russia, Mao's China, and Pol Pot's Kampuchea, to mention only some of the hells of the last
50 years of this bloodstained century." (The New Barbarians: Totalitarianism, Terror and the Left
Intelligentsia in Orwell's 1984). Shakespeare may have been the very

Khrushchev's Rise To Power: The Great Terror
Khrushchev's rise to power coincided with one of the darkest periods in Soviet history: the Great
Terror. During the 1930s, Stalin began a series of bloody purges to consolidate his power. The terror
spread throughout the Soviet Union, and Khrushchev was part of it, denouncing several fellow
students and workers as "enemies of the people" and willingly taking part in the extermination of the
Ukrainian intelligentsia.
By the time Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Khrushchev had been sent to head the
Communist Party in Ukraine, which put him near the front lines. He saw the devastation of war
first–hand as the Germans routed the Red Army, then again as the Soviets turned back the Nazi
advance.
After the war, Khrushchev was called

Ambiguity Of Intelligentsia Analysis
The term 'intelligentsia' is notoriously elastic and countless articles have been dedicated to defining
this elusive subject. The cause of this ambiguity stems from the fact that, since its conception, the
term has been employed in many different ways, by many different people. Given the high degree of
heterogeneity and disputes regarding its boundaries and criteria, it is hardly surprising that the
foremost 'accursed question' amongst the Intelligentsia should be 'who are we?' A comprehensive
analysis of the term 'intelligentsia' would require a separate study, but in order to ascertain the
influence of Western ideas in its formulation, it is advantageous to construct at least a workable
definition. 'Intelligentsia' first entered the Russian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently, by the time the term 'intelligentsia' was embedded within the Russian lexicon,
employed by the likes of Tolstoy ad Boborykin, it had become a complex entity, used at different
times to describe the educated; national culture; enlightenment; radicalism and as a derogative for
the unpatriotic. Hamburg offers a solution to the multifaceted nature of the Russian intelligentsia,
when he stipulates that it is more accurate to refer to 'multiple intelligentsias' then a single
homogenous unit. While Hamburg is a little over zealous in his categorisation and often obfuscates
the divisions between his sub–groups, his model is useful in that it allows us to avoid
oversimplification in both our definition of the 'intelligentsia' and what characteristic we ascribe to
it. Berlin stipulates that the 'intelligentsia' were more than intellectuals, 'they conceived of
themselves as being a dedicated order...devoted to the spreading of a specific attitude to life,
something like a gospel.' As a result the most simplistic definition of the 'intelligentsia,' as the
eighteenth century Europeanised intellectual minority, is often regarded as a 'proto'

The Emergence And Development Of Russia 's Radical During...
Frank Masi
History 127B
How would you explain the emergence and development of Russia's radical intelligentsia during the
post–reform era? What were the major ideological positions and differences? Why were these
positions believed to be the only possible paths to significant political change?
The emergence of the intelligentsia can be heavily attributed to a general feeling of unease towards
the future of the Russian Empire, which is examined by David Saunders in his book entitled "Russia
in the Age of Reaction and Reform: 1801–1881", in which he explains how the intelligentsia first
came to fruition: The intelligentsia was not solely the product of aristocratic disillusionment, for
Nicholas I's domestic critics came from both privileged and non privileged parts of the community.
The emergence of the 'post–Decembrist' generation of dissidents ought to be related to the
phenomenon of social displacement in general . . . (148)
Developing out of a sense of displacement and members of the intelligentsia felt as though they had
not overcome their own divisions from the masses, and had recently lost their ties to the state
(Saunders 148). The intelligentsia was socially diverse but was heavily dominated by noble,
privileged members of Russian society who felt marginalized by Catherine the Great's Charter to the
Nobility in 1785 and who witnessed a significant decline in political influence. Catherine was one of
the first ruling members to limit the power of outside groups,

Causes of Terrorism
Causes Of Global Terrorism
Article 1
Research literature on causational factors and diverse goals that drives people to resort to carry out
terrorist acts is inconclusive. How these two are connected can be a matter of debate: are researched
causes derived from terrorists' manifestos, implicitly or explicitly worded goals, or are living
conditions perceived as unjust and not decent and therefore its goals may be inferred, or a mere
conjecture? Multiple reasons are listed here, of which some seem to be more applicable than others,
and some others tend to go together for identification of more or less convincing causational factors.
Ethnicity, nationalism/separatism
Probably the most contested cause of terrorism is an aggrieved ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
RA and DA are both present as well as the statistics. If either one of them is true, the West ought to
be continuously subject to terrorist acts by (a small group representing) people from these Third
World countries. But there is no huge mass uprising of the vast majority of the world population
against the few in Western states, nor continuous terrorist attacks carried out by Third World citizens
against the West. In fact, the amount of terrorist incidents declined in the 1990s. (Refer to e.g.
'Patterns of Global Terrorism' publications, downloadable from the US State Department website at
http://www.usemb.se/terror/).
Broadening the perspective to globalization, Galtung (2002) blames the Third World – First World
dichotomy as a new version of class conflict based on structural violence. This assertion in itself
may provide an explanation as to why widespread social upheaval has not occurred. Proving
injustice being done by structural violence is considerably more difficult than an overt assault on a
country or discrimination of a target group, and even if one succeeds in convincing one's own group,
they will likely stumble upon

Paul Nguyen. 20Th Literature. Mrs. Hildebrand. 2/20/2017.
Paul Nguyen
20th Literature
Mrs. Hildebrand
2/20/2017
The failure of Socialism and Communism
In Animal Farm, George Orwell portrays a picture of a farm that is controlled by the animals. He
describes how the pigs control and lead their farm and how they relate to the Russian Revolution.
George Orwell views his opinion in this story about the way they rule their farm and how it parallels
to Socialism and Communism. Socialism and Communism are the idealistic, fantasy economic
structures – both ensure the need of the people in the community – but both have failed and
succumbed to dictatorship.
Socialism is an economic system that surrounds the central meaning of "common ownership". It
gives an illusion of a good economic structure but it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It brings the idea of socialism further, where a central authoritarian party will control the economic
system not based the majority of people in Socialism. Communism failed because it eliminated the
free–market. Therefore, there will be no competitive or any advancements in the products. For
example, Vietnam was in communism and the U.S is in capitalism, where free–market is promoted.
The U.S has a further development than Vietnam, because it promotes the free–market which
motivate the business owners to produce new products to compare with other business owners – "a
decade after unification" which was in 1976 "Vietnam still remained impoverished" (Is Vietnam still
a Communist Country). But in the mid–1980s, Vietnam started to adopt some traits of capitalism,
series of economic called "Doi Moi" (Renovation) – which encourage "Private enterprise, decontrol
and foreign investment" (Is Vietnam still a Communist Country) and it is similar to free–market, so
now it has become "one of the world's fastest growing economies and has set its sights on becoming
a modern and industrialized nation by 2020." (Is Vietnam still a Communist Country?) In Animal
Farm, Napoleon has taken the idea of Socialism from Snowball and Old Major further. He
transferred the original idea of the Old Major, a "society of animals set free from hunger and the
whip, all equal, each working according

Jennifer Patico
In Consumption and Social Changes in a Post–Soviet Middle Class, Jennifer Patico explores the
impact of market consumerism on the social position of public school teachers in post–Soviet
Russia. Living in St. Petersburg during the financial crisis of 1989 –1990, Patico describes how her
informants struggled to reconcile their perceived moral value as educators with their declining
material wealth. Patico defines this "logic of value" as "how people in a marketizing society
interpret and construct the interrelationships between materiality and morality; between wealth and
social standing; and between resources and respect" (Patico, 8). From this definition, Patico
investigates how teachers in St. Petersburg constructed their own conception of ... Show more
Patico cites Anthony Jones who describes the social position of teachers in the 1980s: "Although
teachers have fairly low status within the intelligentsia, their membership still conveys high status in
the general occupational structure" (Patico, 63). In the Soviet system, occupation determined both
social class and access to resources; however, the sudden introduction of capitalism and market
consumerism shifted this standard: "A previous logic of value – one that associated professional
achievement with material privileges – was being challenged" (Patico, 52). Experiencing downward
financial and social status, teachers constructed a new "logic of value" with an emphasis on morality
and culture. Patico suggests that important characteristics of this emerging "logic of value"
manifested themselves in consumer choices. She describes her informants: "They did not see
themselves as naive victims of marketization...They wished to master all this knowledge and tended
to find it important to be well–informed consumers and to maintain dignified, cultured lifestyles"
(Patico, 61). Given rapid economic changes which threatened to dilute their social position, teachers
grasped onto their status as knowledgeable and cultured intelligentsia. In her article "Tracing
Landscapes of the Past in Class Subjectivity" Michele Rivkin–Fish describes this process: "Groups
who aspired to distinction and recognition could still deploy symbolic markers of prestige."
(Rivkin–Fish, 89). Defining morals and culture as such symbolic markers of prestige, a new middle
class

Freedom of the Press by George Orwell
George Orwell – The Freedom of the Press (alternate preface) This book was first thought of, so far
as the central idea goes, in 1937, but was not written down until about the end of 1943. By the time
when it came to be written it was obvious that there would be great difficulty in getting it published
(in spite of the present book shortage which ensures that anything describable as a book will 'sell '),
and in the event it was refused by four publishers. Only one of these had any ideological motive.
Two had been publishing anti–Russian books for years, and the other had no noticeable political
colour. One publisher actually started by accepting the book, but after making the preliminary
arrangements he decided to consult the Ministry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not exactly forbidden to say this, that or the other, but it is 'not done ' to say it, just as in mid–
Victorian times it was 'not done ' to mention trousers in the presence of a lady. Anyone who
challenges the prevailing orthodoxy finds himself silenced with surprising effectiveness. A
genuinely unfashionable opinion is almost never given a fair hearing, either in the popular press or
in the highbrow periodicals. At this moment what is demanded by the prevailing orthodoxy is an
uncritical admiration of Soviet Russia. Every–one knows this, nearly everyone acts on it. Any
serious criticism of the Soviet régime, any disclosure of facts which the Soviet government would
prefer to keep hidden, is next door to unprintable. And this nation–wide conspiracy to flatter our ally
takes place, curiously enough, against a background of genuine intellectual tolerance. For though
you are not allowed to criticize the Soviet government, at least you are reasonably free to criticize
our own. Hardly anyone will print an attack on Stalin, but it is quite safe to attack Churchill, at any
rate in books and periodicals. And throughout five years of war, during two or three of which we
were fighting for national survival, countless books, pamphlets and articles advocating a
compromise peace have been published without interference. More, they have been published
without exciting much disapproval. So long as the prestige of the USSR is not involved,

Gorbachev's Suny
The argument that Suny is making is that is that by Gorbachev even though he was trying to
improve the nation and to bring it closer to the west and this showed a weaker republic as a whole
after his election he addressed the party's 27th congress and spoke of openness and social
democracy. He also mentions in the same speech that he wanted a Socialist future for U.S.S.R He
also enacted polices which were not popular was the anti–alcohol campaign which led to improving
the countries overall health but also led to an emergence of an exploding black market and a
decrease in taxes collected adversely affecting the economy. Gorbachev tried to strengthen his ideal
of a closer relationship with the west during a visit to West Germany where he spoke

Social Status In The Great Gatsby
Coining the term 'Jazz Age', Francis Scott Fitzgerald, a modern American writer, has skillfully
portrayed the social status, and class of the Post World War I Americans, their illusive pursuit of
'American Dream', their luxurious and careless life style in the mode of high class society etc. in his
brilliant masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. The novel is the underlying commentary regarding the
ascending of the social ladder, the causes behind this, the pursuit of material wealth, how it is
associated with racism and sexuality, and the reaction of the consequences. It is found in the novel
that the narrator is merely a witness in a character–oriented story, and the characters do not portray
the real people, but rather present the cultural and economic state in a class–based materialistic,
extravagant, disillusioned, and racist American society. Fitzgerald, in characterization, divides
society into various groups defined by wealth and social status and makes a queer relationship
between money, love, and sex through the thematic lens of social stratification and ethnic approach.
Due to 'American Dream', disillusionment, and materialistic trend of the contemporary time, social
class has become a prestigious issue to the people of 'Jazz Age'. Lovisa Lindberg's view is that
Rupali Mirza's writing entitled "F. Scott

Comparing 'Wigan Pier And Love On The Dole'
George Orwell's book "Wigan Pier" and Greenwoods film "Love on the Dole" provide very similar
descriptions of the working class in the inter war years in Britain. Both works provide many
descriptions of the everyday living conditions and social issues faced by most working–class
individuals. Very poor state benefits such as the Means Test and the unfairness of their policies can
be seen in the Orwell's book and the film. The intelligentsia community however did not really
address the social issued that seemed to be of great importance to the working class. Greenwood and
Orwell both point out that social change is needed and that if something was not changed soon, then
things could get much worse. Richards Weight's article, however points out that the intelligentsia
community was preoccupied with promotion of British culture rather than working the issue of high
unemployment, poor housing conditions and state welfare benefits. The film provides a very similar
description of the working class in Orwell's book. The living conditions were very similar and could
easily be seen in how the working class daily life was like. An example would be in the beginning of
the film Mrs. Hardcastle is helping Mr. Hardcastle bathe in the kitchen. She can be seen boiling
water and helping Mr. Hardcastle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I understand the intelligentsia efforts as a cause to create social awareness of the heritage and roots
of Britain. Weights writes "But the left/liberal intelligentsia promoted British culture specifically in
order to defend the traditions and achievements of the nation rather than to look forward to how they
might be built upon the future."10 Greenwoods film provided insight into the life of the working
class and the need for change. He also pointed out that the conditions were worsening and needed to
change soon. Larry states in the

The Search for Truth in Anton Chekhov's The Cherry...
The scholar is engaged in the interminable quest for truth. The knowledge that one can never
understand everything makes a person wise. Ignorance is the assumption that one can understand all
about the world around them. An ignorant person is so confident they comprehend the truth, that
they are blind to the greater truth. Anton Chekhov and Sophocles deal with the idea of this sinful
pride that leads to ignorance in their respective works, The Cherry Orchard and Oedipus Rex. In
each drama, certain characters are slapped in the face with the truth; the light is revealed. However,
these characters make the connection when it is too late. Their destruction is already destined to
become a reality, a horrid fate that could have been prevented. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The timing of the chorus' plea as Oedipus enters the stage clearly demonstrates that Oedipus is the
man whom he seeks, the murderer of the king. The truth of the play is revealed, yet Oedipus remains
ignorant.
Chekhov also makes use of a symbol to represent truth in his play. In The Cherry Orchard, the
Ranevskayas are an aristocratic family that squander away their final days at their beloved cherry
orchard. It shall soon be auctioned off, yet the family merely sits about and engages in meaningless
chatter. They assume that everything shall be taken care of, the way it always has been in their lives.
However, there is one man who seems to be above the careless atmosphere that surrounds him–
Lopakhin, the hard–working son of generations of peasants. This man of great ambition represents
truth. The truth that Chekhov reveals in the play is the emerging changes in the Russian social
structure. The industrious middle class is on the rise, and the lazy aristocracy is doomed to fade
away. In the end, Lopakhin buys the cherry orchard, which is the "estate where [his] father and
grandfather were slaves" (Chekhov 366). The cherry orchard was the security, the wealth, and the
power of the aristocracy; it is bought by a merchant, the son of peasants. Could the aristocracy not
see what was happening, or did they choose to remain ignorant? By constructing summer cottages,
the Ranevskaya family could have prevented the loss of the beloved

Why Did The Soviet Union Collapse?
Who Killed Mother Russia and Soviet has been an enduring question since the end of the Russian
Empire and the end of the Cold War. At the height of its power, it spread over eleven time zones,
marched into Paris to depose Napoleon, and was seen as one of the five great powers that kept
Europe in equilibrium. Soviet Russia controlled half of Europe and led the advance of Hitler's
Germany. The collapse of the Russian Empire was as sudden as the collapse of the Soviet Union 74
years later. To some historians, the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin seized power when the
proletariat arose to throw off their bourgeois masters. Other historians contend that the Communists
had a better organization and good luck which allowed them to overthrow the provisional
government. Secondly, the collapse of the Soviet Union was just as sudden as the collapse of the
Russian Empire. To political scientists, the collapse of the USSR was the natural occurrence of an
authoritarian regime. Some reasons explored why the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
collapsed would be the opening up of Russia to Western influences, the failure of the system reforms
during the 1800s and the 1980s, and palace revolts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catherine brought more Enlightenment reforms to Russia such as trying to integrate the theories of
Adam Smith with the strong regulatory state of Peter the Great. She created a national legislative
commission that was to reform the way that local governments operated and the relationship
between the central government and the outlying provinces (Montefiore 2016, 224–225). The most
notable example of her reforms would be transitioning education into humanistic liberal education
which created the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia would be a force that would cause trouble for
future Russia leaders, but that connection allowed her to become one of the most prominent
enlightened despots of the era (Blanning 2008,

How Did Intelligentsia Play In Russian Society
Zhivago's children were the last Russian intelligentsia because the intelligentsia quickly became
absorbed by party conformism and bureaucratic materialism. The Russian intelligentsia failed to
bridge the gap between the pre–revolutionary intelligentsia's ethos and mores and was hindered by
the communist experiment. Thus, the Russian intelligentsia did not transform Soviet society along
Marxist–Leninist thought because intellectual discovery inherently contradicts the Soviet ideology.
Zubok's claims the intelligentsia transformed Soviet society in light of political liberalization and
cultural relaxation. However, Soviet society was transformed as Soviet citizens became increasingly
disillusioned with the communist experiment. Out of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The role of the intelligentsia was clear, the expertise and knowledge of intelligentsia would cure
Soviet party and societal ills. As a whole, Soviet society wanted to move on from their Stalinist past,
however, the way in which Soviet society transformed was not state–sponsored; instead Soviet
citizens were allowed to think for themselves. The Russian intelligentsia did not want to dismantle
Soviet ideology; instead the intelligentsia was searching for meaningful roles and moral values to
replace the unshakeable truths that had embodied Soviet society during the reign of Stalin. The
Russian intelligentsia wanted to create more ethical and aesthetic norms within the Soviet society.
Of those meaningful roles came self–expression and individualism. In their attempt to reform the
communist experiment, the intelligentsia slowly dismantled the Soviet system through their social
networks, which were based on mutual trust and skepticism towards the official culture and
bureaucracy, assertion of civic norms, such as human rights, and greater autonomy in the judgment
of aesthetic norms. The Russian intelligentsia wanted to develop and publish their ideas in order to
further spread knowledge and thus, transform Soviet society from its Stalinist past. However, their
ideas were never grounded in anything substantial because their ideas inherently challenged the

The Groundings With My Brothers Summary
On June 16, 2015, a long time television and real estate magnate by the name of Donald J. Trump
opened his presidential campaign by uttering one of the most racially insensitive remarks in today's
time when he elucidated upon that notion that Mexican immigrants who come to America are not
model citizens but rather rapists and murderers who undermine the legitimacy and economic
fortitude of the American experiment. This racist and xenophobic remark illustrates just how
entrenched the notion of white supremacy or as Walter Rodney would call it the "white cultural
imperialism" ideology is inextricably tied to the understanding of our society today. Because of this
problematic ideology, there must be some sort of opposition to fight against such ... Show more
In particular, Walter Rodney's third argument about the role of black intellectual in integrating one's
self with the happening's of the black masses is particularity intriguing. Here, I posit that Rodney is
making an argument about the need for solidary within politically repressed minority communities
like those of the African–American community. I agree with Rodney that through the acceptance
and affirmation of the connections that we share with each of our brothers and sisters that it helps us
move in a path in which all of those who are the most marginalized within our society stand a
chance to benefit in the long run. Solidary is important to liberation and in reforming the oppressive
structures under which we live.
Moreover, I agree with the argument Rodney posits when he tasks black intellectuals to not believe
and challenge the social myth of the multi–racial society. In this instance, I think that Rodney is
making a broader point about how pervasive and powerful ideology can be. Essentially, in a sort of
Marxist spin, it is my belief that Rodney is saying that people in power often times make
relationships and ideas seem more legitimate than they actually are in order to cause one to be
obscured to

Stalin 's The Soviet Union
Stalin's "revolution from above" reshaped the Soviet Union through his many policies including his
Five Year Plans, industrialization and collectivization. The Soviet Union was transformed from
technologically backward to industrialized. Carter's view that history is driven from above or from
below relates to Fitzpatrick and Bailes' essays because they show that Stalin's policies to create a
new elite were prompted by the social mobility of the working class. The education of the working
class and the fact that the Communists were mainly working class prompted Stalin to put anti–
intelligentsia policies in place in order. The working class became more educated and technically
skilled while also being promoted to higher, more powerful administrative positions. Praktiki were
those who were promoted without being formally educated because they were loyal to Stalin and
had practical experience. This shows that the new elite was created through the upward mobility of
the technically educated and those who were not. Stalin's polices were created as a result of what
was happening in the working class. The creation of the new elite shows that while this elite acted as
the administration and policy makers of the Soviet Union, they had come from below, the working
class. The social mobility of the lower classes may have caused them to be more supportive of the
government and this would influence the history of Russia as a whole. The elite was created by
Stalin and was aimed to

How Successful Was The Tsarist Regime Between 1861-1881?...
How successful was opposition to the tsarist regime between 1861–1881 in achieving its aims?
The opposition included the intelligentsia which involved Miikhail Bakunin, the populist which
involved Mikhail Romas, black partition and the Peoples Will. These groups were successful to a
certain extent between 1861– 1881 in achieving its aims. These groups had both long term and short
term objectives some of these groups were successful others not.
Furthermore the intelligentsia though relatively tiny since the existence of literate and educated
Russians was limited, their size and influence grew in the 1970s. Some of the younger generations
in the 1860s where inspired by the movement. The need for action was also encouraged by the
works of a number of intellectual thinkers including Mikhail Bakunin. He believed that's the state
crushes individual freedom and should therefore be removed, this was a long term goal. The
intelligentsia posed a threat to the tsarist regime this was because not only were they knowledgeable
about western developments, many had travelled abroad, but also read, wrote in the press went to
the theatre and were determined to change what they believed to be outmoded and inhabiting
Russian ways. In 1862 a group of students published a manifesto titled Young Russia in which they
argued that revolution was the only way forward. In 1862 a series of fires in St Petersburg destroyed
over 2000 shops. This was a result of young Russia when they called for radical

Russian History: The Strongest Nation In The World
Intro: Russian history is a long complicated story that tells the tale of one of the strongest nation in
the world. Learning this history allows one to understand the culture of the nation and what led the
nation to the position that it is currently in.
Thesis:
Goals of course: Some goals that I had for at class were to learn more about Russia and to learn
more about the current politics between Russian and the United States. This course obviously taught
me a multitude of things about Russia over the course of the semester. I feel as if this course
shattered my ignorance on Russia and while some ignorance still remains, I am definitely much less
ignorant than at the beginning of the course. Politics, at the moment, with Russia are ... Show more
This isn't to say that government officials in America don't accept bribes; it just happens to be more
illegal to do so here. The oligarchs were another unexpected feature of the economy of the Russian
Federation. This handful of men held a majority of the nation's wealth in their pockets,
monopolizing the brand new capitalist nation almost instantly. And although these men held a bunch
of power, they weren't able to hold this power for long, as Putin set out on a mission to rid the nation
of oligarchs. Most were exiled, but some were imprisoned or executed.
Insights work with Major/Minor:
Whenever the narrative we were discussing was medical based, it reminding me of how much I truly
want to work in the medical field. Right now, I'm not taking any medical related classes and it's easy
to get caught up in everything and lose sight of the end–game. For me, these slight medical talks
reminded me that there was much more 'fun' school to come. I, also, have come to appreciate the
freedom in choice of major much more after studying the restrictions of the intelligentsia in Russia.
I remember one night, you mentioned how during the communist reign, many intelligentsia would
choose to study ancient history because it was a time before communism and they wouldn't have to
support communism in their studies.
Insights shape individual:

The Great Terror Essay
The Great Terror, an outbreak of organised bloodshed that infected the Communist Party and Soviet
society in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), took place in the years 1934 to 1940.
The Terror was created by the hegemonic figure, Joseph Stalin, one of the most powerful and lethal
dictators in history. His paranoia and yearning to be a complete autocrat was enforced by the
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), the communist police. Stalin's ambition saw his
determination to eliminate rivals such as followers of Leon Trotsky, a political enemy. The overall
concept and practices of the Terror impacted on the communist party, government officials and the
peasants. The NKVD, Stalin's instrument for carrying out the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stalin's initial political purge occurred on December 1st 1934, when Sergey Kirov, secretary of the
Leningrad Soviet, was assassinated by Leonid Nikolayev. Some soviets believed that Stalin ordered
the assassination of Kirov; however Stalin used this event as an opportunity to arrest thousands of
his opponents, whom he alleged may have been responsible for the murder. The NKVD were
ordered to initiate the investigations of suspects in order to arrest them, send them to concentration
camps and carry out death sentences and by the end of December 1934, numerous of Kirov's
followers in Leningrad, as well as the assassin Nikolaev, were all shot on the same night, December
29th. As a consequence, this impacted the public as society became terrified of saying the wrong
thing and feared being prosecuted and executed. Stalin's political opponents who avoided purges
were presented at show trials, between 1936 and 1938, a judicial trial held in public with the intent
of influencing public opinion rather than ensuring justice, where the accused pleaded guilty to
charges of treason that he could not have committed. The NKVD had extracted the confessions,
through various methods, from those arrested. These methods included bribery, with promises of
freedom for themselves and their families, and the use of force and torture. Moreover it included the
extraction of the accused's commitment to the Communist Party as the NKVD would tell

Animal Farm Rhetorical Analysis
George Orwell in his didactic political satire "Animal Farm" effectively alludes to the significant
role propaganda plays within the novel to distort truth and exploit the proletariat.Throughout his
satirical fable, Orwell critically explores the challenges encountered by the pig intelligentsia as
revolutionary propaganda idealises Animalism which is subverted by naive and uneducated animals
such as Molly. Her domesticated shallow mindset and vanity for decorative ribbons ultimately forms
a foundation for her reliance and preference in maintaining Mr. Jone's repressive status. This is
clearly exemplified throughout "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery.
Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?". ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The depiction of the naive molly as shallow and materialistic through Snowballs rhetorical question
exhibits her as symbolic of human oppression through her proud emphasis on the ribbons which
represent a badge of slavery fundamentally juxtaposed by his Marxist ideals of egalitarianism.
Ironically, Molly loses her liberty by surrendering to the ideals presented by Snowball clearly
portraying the way in which Snowball employs the use of Propaganda to manipulate truth.
Furthermore, Orwell's satirical allegory highly explores the distortion of truth through Squealer who
acts as a persuasive mechanism in order to consolidate totalitarian rule. He does through his
correlation with the leadership of the pig intelligentsia (Snowball and Napoleon) to refine Old
Major's philosophy into the doctrine of Animalism. This is clearly exemplified through "Squealer
was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he has a way of skipping from
side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very

George Sowell : The Oppression Of IntellectualsRole In...
1. Intellectual is a Western concept with the recognition of distinct identity filled with both positive
and negative connotations depending on how one perceives intellectuals. Sowell's view of
intellectuals is a negative view that mocks the occupation of intellectuals. According to
Sowell,"intellectuals are people whose end products are intangible ideas, and they are usually
judged by whether those ideas sound good to other intellectuals or resonate with the public"
(Sowell). He compares the occupation of engineers to intellectuals where work is put in and
produces an end product. However, unlike engineers, intellectuals are unaccountable for their ideas
being wrong. Intelligentsia are the more educated segment of the population that include
intellectuals, however, a distinction is made between intelligentsia and intellectuals. Sowell uses the
distinction between scientist and intellectuals' role in society to highlight the difference. Scientists
and the role of science are different to intellectuals' role because science predicts actual facts and
tangible patterns. While intellectuals work with ideas that are out of bounds of facts. Intellectuals
also include a spectrum within the community, and not solely left leaning.
Shils observes that "in every society, there are some persons with an unusual sensitivity to the
sacred, an uncommon reflectiveness about the nature of their universe, and the rules which govern
their society" (Shils). This is a more inclusive definition

Hundred Flowers
HundrHow far do you agree that the Hundred Flowers campaign was a trick designed by Mao to
trap his opponents?
"Criticism of the bureaucracy is pushing the government towards the better." Mao managed to
convince the intellectual population of China that he genuinely thought that criticism was a
necessary factor in the further development of China as a communist nation. During the Hundred
Flowers Campaign, many people criticized the party as well as Mao which led to Mao halting it. The
communist party quickly reversed the movement and labelled all the critics as 'rightists'. Historians
still debate whether Mao designed the campaign to trick his opponents into revealing themselves or
whether it was a social experiment that went wrong. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Hundred Flowers Campaign can also be considered a genuine error by Mao as he
underestimated the extent of discontent the people had with communism and was thus forced to
reverse it into the anti– rightist movement in order to restore his authority over China. Despite the 5
year plan being heralded as a success, Mao realized that the communist bureaucracy had many flaws
and he was dissatisfied with the amount of involvement from the peasants. Mao believed that if all
the 'different schools of thought' would be allowed to 'contend' then communism would emerge as
the supreme ideology however this was not the case. Mao also wanted communism to be improve
due to the constructive criticism from intellectuals. However, there was overwhelming support for a
democratic regime and this is the real reason why Mao was forced to label the intelligentsia as
'rightists' because not doing so would lead to erosion of respect for authority and increased support
for an anti– communist regime. Mao also disliked the fact that the communist party was severe in
applying its policies and wanted to see intellectuals play a greater role.
In addition to Mao wanting communism to naturally emerge as the greatest belief, he also wanted to
purge the CCP of corruption and bureaucracy as he believed that these two factors were limiting the
growth of communism in China.

Russian Revolution Research Paper
The Russian revolution of 1917 was plagued by political discontent. Nicholas II ruled an autocratic
government where he was the sole ruler who dictated and produced laws as he pleased. Discontent
was caused by the failure of the nation to develop politically, introduce a democratic government,
and the lack of policies to promote economic and industrial growth failed to improve the lives of
ordinary Russians. The Tsar's refusal to change lead to increased public discontent and amid the ever
increasing tensions that spread throughout the country, underground extremist groups formed and
actively resisted the political rule of the land. Strikes in the factories and workshops of St Petersburg
followed, and matters reached a breaking point when a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1914, Nicholas II declared war on Germany, a move that found an initial resonance within
factories as well as politically and socially in Russia (Murphy, 2005). However, war quickly had a
disastrous consequence for Russia because a series of military disasters (eg Masurian Lakes and
Tannenburg) damaged the Russian Army during the early stages of the war, followed by repeated
losses of troops as the war dragged on year after year. The poor supply of inferior weapons and
supplies by the Trans–Siberian railway did not help and when troop numbers had to be bolstered by
forcing peasants to fight, the agricultural and basic fabric of the rest of Russian society suffered
(Pethybridge,

The Response of the Chinese Intellectuals to Thought...
On October 1, 1949, the newly established People's Republic of China faced the challenge of
consolidating its power over a vast mainland and implementing the socialist policies it advocated.
Of hindrance to the process of organizational and ideological remolding of China was the
ambivalent ideological nature of China's intellectuals. Special action had to be taken by the
Communist regime to address the explicit and latent issue of non–Marxian thought and bourgeois
ideals among its most talented educated class. The campaigns of the Communists to transform the
intelligentsia were not spurred by vehemence towards a former ruling class, but by the Communist
appeal for a united ideological front. The behavior of the intellectuals and the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Chou's statements give the impression that the CCP initiated the campaign to Suppress
Counter–Revolutionaries in direct response to the divided intellectual class. The Suppression of
Counter–Revolutionaries took the form of a program of ideological remolding. The Communists
had graduated from the early and mild forms of 'study' to more severe methods in an effort to reform
the intellectuals. It involved group pressure, public trials, mass arrests and executions, and an
Inquisition–style system of mutual spying and informing which penetrated the inner circles of
family life in China. In September of 1951 some three thousand professors gathered to hear a lecture
by Premier Enlai. This was the official launch of the ideological reform. As applied to the
intellectual class, the ideological reform and study program began in 1951 and lasted well into 1955.
The pressures of the ideological reform program bound the intelligentsia in struggle, and then split
the intellectuals of China into three groups. The first group was the converts, those who joined the
Communist cause actively and, according to their evaluators,

Socialist Jews Confront The Pogroms Summary
Some thing that I found interesting in the reading Socialist Jews Confront the Pogroms was that the
Jewish intelligentsia would abandon their own people and disregard their struggles. Secondly, I
found it interesting that the Russian intelligentsia would ignore the pogroms and not do anything
about them, they even started supporting them. I found these two things to be interesting because it
would be more beneficial to the Russian Socialist to have more people in their revolution regardless
of who they were. This would also help further move their agenda along, which was to help the
middle class, which a majority of Jews were apart of as well. Some reasonings as to why the
Pogroms had happened could be that the Russian elites wanted to scapegoat the Jews in order to
prevent the Socialist from overthrowing the Russian government. By scapegoating the Jews the
Russian Socialists were now distracted by having to deal with a new new enemy. This process could
have been made easier to do, since the Jewish intelligentsia believe that the jewish masses were
illogical in their interest in wanting to improve the jewish condition and therefore were inferior, and
not worth their concern or time. The Russian Intelligentsia may have been influenced by theses
opinions, while they were working with the Jewish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the situation of the Jews and Russians, this would have been beneficial for them to have worked
together, as it would give them more of an advantage in overthrowing the government, in order to
start a new socialist/communist government. The Russians and Jews working together would also be
important to the socialist agenda because marxism promotes economic equality for everyone in that
country. Since the Jews lived in Russia it would be beneficial for them to participate in the revolt in
order to gain economic

How Did Alexander II Kill The Tsar
Explain why Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 (12 marks)
Tsar Alexander II was assassinated for a number of reasons. Tsar Alexander II was the ruler of
Russia since 1855 to 1881. He was killed in the streets of St. Petersburg by a bomb thrown by a
member of the People's Will group. The People's Will was formed in 1879. They used methods such
as terrorism and assassination in their attempt to overthrow Russia's Tsarist autocracy. They
murdered officials and made several attempts on the Tsar's life before finally assassinating him on
March 13 1881. Alexander II did much to liberalize and modernize Russia this included the
abolishment of serfdom in 1861. However his authority was challenged by groups such as the
People's Will party, the populist and the intelligentsia. He used repressive actions and he
passionately opposed movements for political reform. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At court, reactionary ministers hinted that the tsars reforming instincts had gone too far. Weakening
the props which the impartial monarchy relied on, the church and the nobility. They argued that the
state needed to be purged of the foreign influences which were undermining it, both the dangerous
and uncontrollable western ideas which were spreading through the liberal universities and being
discussed in the press, more literally the ethnic minorities and their religion which were seen as
diluting Russian strength. The conservatives were not against all the changes that Alexander II had
initiated. Therefore the reason why Tsar Alexander II was assassinated was because of reactions to

Marketing Coffee Shop Analysis
Group 1
Coffee Shop Analysis:
Dunkin' Donuts
Intelligentsia
Starbucks
Group Members
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$
Marketing 452: Principles of Retailing
Instructor: ****
Tuesday, April 28th, 2009
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
In the coffee industry, the three retailers, Dunkin' Donuts, Intelligentsia, and Starbucks, all have
their own unique style to attract consumers. To better understand and observe the elements of coffee
retailers, we selected two locations from each retailer to perform our research. First, we collected
menus to determine the products, depth of assortment, and product ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction to Industries
[pic]
History
In 1950, Dunkin' Donuts was founded by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts. Today,
Dunkin' Donuts is a subsidiary of Dunkin' Brands, Inc., a consortium of private equity companies
including Bain Capital, The Carlyle Group, and Thomas H. Lee Partners. Dunkin' Donuts is known

as the world's largest coffee and baked goods chain who serves over three million customers daily.
Dunkin' Donuts has 52 different types of donuts accompanied with over a dozen coffee beverages, a
selection of bagels, breakfast sandwiches and flatbreads, and other baked goods.
The company's year–end numbers for 2008 state, the integrated stores, Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin
Robins, are 100 percent franchised. Together, the stores are present in a total of 14,848 locations in
44 countries worldwide, including 9,087 stores in the U.S. The total global system–wide sales were
$6.9 billion for the company's year–end of 2008. There are over 8,300 locations in 30 countries with
more than 6,000 stores in the U.S. Dunkin' Brands strives to lead and build brands that exceed its
customer's expectations of a traditional quick service experience to deliver best–in–class menu items
to eat, drink, and enjoy.
Mission Statement
Dunkin' Brands goes beyond fast food to deliver innovative product choices at the right price served
fresh, meeting the needs of people who are busy living.
Website
https://www.dunkindonuts.com

Transformation Of The African American Intelligentsia Summary
The book Transformation of the African American Intelligentsia: 1880–2012 by Martin Kilson of
Harvard, reinforces to the reader that from the end of the slave era in 1865, education was viewed by
most African Americans as one of the primary roads to success in American society. Learning how
to read was the first thing free slaves. They poured into schools ran by the Freedman's Bureau, as
well as attending the church–sponsored black colleges that sprung up across the South. Almost
unbelievably, within two generations out of slavery, African Americans were became physicians,
lawyers, college presidents, political officeholders, authors, artists, religious leaders, and scholars of
every type. Among them were such persons as W.E.B. Du Bois, Mary ... Show more content on
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If the problem is with teachers that do not value or wish the best for the students before them, then
we need to stop that. If the problem is inequitable funding within and between school districts we
need to correct that. If the problem is in the homes and hearts of the students themselves then we
need to address that. Whatever it is, we cannot do nothing and scratch on heads as the current
statistics continue to rise. It is to the advantage of everyone to be sure that all of our children are
receiving a quality education no matter where they live. We need to start laying the foundations now
for the black intelligentsia of the future. Those who came before us and who worked so hard to
achieve an education under conditions and restrictions we can hardly imagine, expect nothing less
from their descendants. Very little awaits a high school dropout except the underground economy of
illegal activities and the increased risk of any early grave that comes as a consequence of that
lifestyle.
This is not the first generation of African Americans to contend with single–parent households,
poverty, racism, violent streets, or underfunded

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