How Did Geography Influence The Early Development Of Rome

How Did Geography Influence The Early Development Of Rome
The location of Rome was favored by the settlers. It was about 20 miles inland on the Tribe River.
Rome also had a route to the sea but it was farther away and not safe from the Pirates. The land was
on 7 huge hills and they could cross the river easily. Indo–European people moved into Italy during
the period from 1500 BC to 1000 BC. We don't know much about them but they did live in villages.
They The Italian Peninsula is an important crossroads between the western and eastern
Mediterranean Sea due to the way the land juts into the sea. After the Romans had established their
Mediterranean empire, governing it was made easier because of Italy's central location.
As in other early civilizations, geography played an important role in the development of Rome. The
Apennines are less rugged than the mountain ranges of Greece and did not divide the Italian
Peninsula into many small isolated communities. Italy also had more land for farming than did
Greece, enabling it to support a large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 650 b.c., they expanded into north–central Italy and came to control Rome and most of
Latium. The Etruscans found Rome a village but launched a building program that turned it into a
city. The Romans borrowed ideas from the Etruscans, such as Etruscan dress–the toga and short
cloak. The Roman army also borrowed its organization from the Etruscans. After their conquest of
Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with a strong power in the Mediterranean–the state
of Carthage. The Phoenicians had founded Carthage around 800 b.c. on the coast of North Africa.
By the third century b.c., Carthage had an enormous trading empire in the western Mediterranean,
including the coast of northern Africa, southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and western Sicily. With
its control of western Mediterranean trade, Carthage was the largest and richest state in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Depiction of Etruscan and Roman Women in History
The Etruscan society allegedly migrated from Tuscany or Lydia. (Klien, 166) Much of what scholars
know regarding Etruscan society is based on funerary artwork. The Etruscans did not keep any
written records of their activity. What we know about Etruscan lifestyle is based on their artwork left
behind. Early on Etruscan society had a lot of contact with the Greeks that reflect in much of the
Etruscan works of art. The distinction in Etruscan art and Greek art is clearly seen through the
Etruscan representation of couples in art. The pieces in this collection will attempt to show how
women in Etruscan society enjoyed a liberal lifestyle in contrast to Greek and Roman counterparts.
Etruscan women were adorned with lavish jewels, had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Etruscans had a strong sense of community and valued the contributions women made to growing
the Etruscan society.
In the Sarcophagus of Ramtha Vishnai (Figure 1)and Sarcophagus of Larth Tetnies and Tanchvil
Tarnai (Figure 2) the sculpture represents a relief of a man clad in a bracelet and woman embracing
on their marital bed. The couple covered by a sheet, possibly the husbands cloak or tebenna that
serves as a symbol of their marriage. The sarcophagi are two generations of the same family. An
inscription on the sarcophagus indicates that one coffin contains the parents the other sarcophagus
contains their son and his wife. The parents sarcophagus, carved in a local volcanic stone, show the
more naturalistic character of Etruscan art. The middle–aged man and his wife are pressed close
together, their feet poking out beneath the covers. ("Conservation in Action: Etruscan Sarcophagi.")
A long relief on the side depicts their wedding procession with the couple at the center. The son's
sarcophagus shows the influence of Greek art and styles in this beard and his wife's hairstyle, as
well as in their idealized appearance and prose. The sides of the sarcophagus are carved with less
personal scenes of Greek and Amazon and horsemen attacking armed men on foot. Although the
sarcophagus depict a couple on its lid the coffin is designed for a

Etruscan Religion
The origin of the Roman mythology is based on the Etruscan religion and the Greek mythology. The
religion or belief system could shape with geography and influence by it.
Roman culture was born and grew on the civilizations of the Etruscans and Greeks so that the
mythology of Romans is based on Etruscan religion and the Greek mythology. Etruscans who were
settled in Italy before the Romans were not a local folk, due to this fact their religion had distinctive
rituals and myths when it is compared with that region's traditions. One of the distinguishing
features of Etruscan religion is having prophets in their culture. As de
Grummond described, the prophecies of the prophets originated the beginning of the religion of the
Etruscans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De Grummond adds that the entire guides of Etrusca disciplina were unveiled after an insightful
child rose from recently ploughed land, and the base of Etruscan prophecy was laid down in the tale
of Tages (2006, p.
27). Another main part of Etruscan religion is their pantheon. As Simon stated, unlike Jewish,
Christian, and Islamic religions Etruscan religion was polytheistic, and gods of the pantheon resided
in sixteen ranges of Etruscan heaven (2006, p. 45). However, according to them
Etruscans believed a revealed religion and they communicated with the deity by gods of the sky,
earth and the underworld. Their main gods was Tin or Tinia who is the god of sky and counterpart of
Zeus in Greek mythology and Jupiter in Roman mythology. Other major goddesses were Uni who
was the supreme goddess of pantheon, wife of Tinia, the equivalent of Hera in Greek mythology and
Juno in Roman mythology, and Menrva who was the goddess of wisdom and the equal of Athena in
Greek mythology and Minerva in Roman mythology. Together Tinia, Uni and Menrva were triad
rulers of the Etruscan pantheon. After
Roman civilization's rising in the area, Etruscan religion started to merge with that

Etruscan Culture Essay
Question– What was the true origin of the Etruscan civilisation, were they Greek or Italian?
Intro
The origin of the Etruscans has been a subject of debate since antiquity. Herodotus, for example,
argued that the Etruscans descended from a people who invaded Etruria from Anatolia before
800BC and established themselves over the native Iron Age inhabitants of the region, where as
Dionysius of Halicarnassus believed that Etruscans were of local Italian origin.
Body
Section 1– Development of the Etruscan Civilisation
In any event by the middle of the 7th century BC the chief Etruscan towns had been founded.
Culture created and developed on the Italian Peninsula by the ancient people of Etruria during the
1st millennium BC.
From very early times Etruscan society was dominated by a firmly entrenched aristocracy that
exercised strict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, many scholars long upheld the tradition of Herodotus that the Etruscans migrated to
Italy from Lydia in the 12th century BC to escape a severe famine.
After the Roman conquest of Etruria the Etruscan language fell into disuse. Writing in the 1st
century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius called the language unlike any other, thus noting a
difficulty that has since hindered attempts to translate its surviving fragments. Although knowledge
of the Etruscan language is still very limited, scholars have identified it as not related to the Indo–
European family of languages.
The Etruscan alphabet contained 26 letters in its earliest known form and 20 in its latest form. It
somewhat resembles the Greek alphabet, but the vocabulary and grammar of the two languages
differ.
On the island of Lemnos, in the Aegean there survives the inscribed tomb of a warrior, and the
language of the inscription has links both with Etruscan and with tongues of Asia

How Did Rome Concrete?
Rome left many legacies in its wake that have solidified its long lasting impact on the world. It is
only fitting that, in the longevity of Roman influence, two of its legacies are the building methods
that added longevity to their structures. The iconic Roman arch and their use of concrete has allowed
many of its structures to live on to this day and their use was rather significant at the time. It is
fortunate that we are discussing both together since their combined use provided the backbone of
their empire.
So much of what we know about Roman culture, military methods, religion and art weren't truly
Roman in their genesis but were adopted and perfected by the Romans. So perhaps it is fitting that
their most iconic architectural element was also adopted and perfected. It is unclear whether the arch
originated in Etruria or in Sicily by Archimedes (Alchin, 2017) but there is no question that the
Romans were the ones who put it to widespread use. The structural importance of the arch was that
it "enables wide spaces to be crossed by the use of the minimum of materials, thus relieving weight
which would otherwise put an intolerable burden on the structure." (Kamm, n.d.)
While the more visible arch was adopted, concrete was undoubtedly a Roman ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The expanse of Rome required a vast network of roads to connect the empire to aid with speedy
communications and troop movements. The combination of concrete in addition to the use of arches
allowed the romans to build the bridges necessary to keep those roads connected. As its cities grew,
so did the need for water for its residents and again the Romans turned to the combination of
concrete and arches to build great aqueducts. (Kamm,

Argument Against Napoleon Bonaparte
Hello, I speak to you today as the great Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother to Napoleon. While
many here may consider Napoleon a true revolutionary, the only right–minded people in the
building, including myself, label him as a traitor, who should be prosecuted to the fullest extent.
Before I get in to my argument against Napoleon, I would like to provide you with some
background details of my personal relationship to Napoleon, so my credentials be known and taken
into consideration when deciding the ultimate verdict. Although born in Corsica in 1775, I was
educated in France at the College of Auton, the military school in Brienne and the seminary in Aix–
en–Provence. In 1789, I returned to Corsica to join the Jacobin Club, and to bring the fight to the
oppressive ruler, Pasquale Paoli. I was a fervent opponent of tyranny, and even went to France to
solicit help towards the fight against Paoli. I then became a devout Jacobin in the South of France. It
is with this strong background of fighting tyranny that I am qualified to express my discontent for
Napoleon and his traitorous rule, in which he failed to follow many revolutionary ideals. I have
prepared the following two grievances to formally express why my brother, Napoleon is a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When I helped to appoint him First Consul in November 1799, I made sure that he knew the
consequences if he were to ever break with these three ideals. However, he then proceeded to limit
the liberty of the people with the help of Fouche, by taking away the right to freedom of press. Him
and Fouche reduced the number of newspapers down to four, and threatened violence to anyone
who published unfavorable information about him. This key break with liberty shows how Napoleon
took advantage of the revolution to gain power, and then used his position to limit the rights of the
people. This is truly a traitorous

Etruscan Origin
Etruscan people, who called themselves Rasenna, or Rasna were highly developed ancient
civilization culture and people in period after 8 century BC and originated from Villanova Iron Age
Culture. This Etruscan civilization is distinct from 768 BC to 264 BC in the North–West district of
Apennine peninsula (Ancient Etruria or modern Tuscan district). There are no agreed and settled
versions about ethnic origin of Etruscan people. The most popular are following two versions: 1.
Etruscans are local people, who lived on Apennine peninsula. This was mentioned by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (60BC– 7AD). This version is not approved by modern archeology researches. 2. This
people and civilization were created as a result of three migration waves ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The studies revealed that DNA code of ancient Etruscan was close to that one of Anatolian people of
modern Turkey. The same time their DNA was more close to Anatolian population, rather than
southern Apennine peninsula (southern Italia ) population. That makes possible to conclude the
version of Etruscan origin due to combined waves of migration from east. Francois Vase is a large
Krater vase dating 570BC. It is competed in black–figure pottery style. It was discovered in 1845 in
Etruria. It's 66cm high and covered with beautiful 270 human and animal figures and labelled with
121 inscriptions. There are 6 friezes or registeres on the vase. Many traditional illustrations of Greek
Mythos are shown. These are Caledonian Hunt, Theseus and athenians at Knossos, battle of
Lapithes and Centaures, funeral Games of Patrokles, wedding of Peleos and Thetis, Achilesus
pursuit of Troiles, return of Gethestion to Olymp and many others scenes of Greek Mythos. In my
opinion– the object is important as it is actually a kind of "visual book", etruscan comics. Animation
media. Greek word "Mythos" means oral word, speech. But this vase is a visual media
representation. So it is an attempt to create visual media source. This vase substituted books and
cinema to ancient etruscans. It is an ancestor of modern books, cinema and

Ager Romanus
Rome gradually expanded its borders by including the terrains dominated in battles. The citizens
inside the Roman domain proper, as well as those in the outlying communities each had functions
useful to Rome and became important to its growth as a sovereign power.
According to Wikipedia (2015), the ager Romanus translates to mean "the field of Rome". This
domain proper is the rural areas neighboring the city of Rome. Much of these lands were won in
battle. The people of these outlying towns would encompass the rights of Roman citizenship and
become part of the state. Some of the areas in the ager Romanus included a great portion of Latium,
the northern lot of Campania, the rural area in Sabine, The southern area in Etruria, some of Umbria,

Carthage And Rome: The Punic Wars
At some point, Carthage and Rome became almost equal by all ramifications. Below are the reasons
to support this line of thought.
Introduction:When the Punic Wars started in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage were the pioneer cities
in terms of wealth and militarily in the western Mediterranean. Rome was a land of power which
built her strength on the activities of the mighty legions after having assimilated the other Italian
city–states under her control. Carthage was a maritime power, expanding power through trade and
commerce.
Founded in ca 750 BCE, Carthage started as a Phoenician colony. Its eventual expansion and
prosperity made Carthage a significant power, although this strength rested on the skill of the
Carthaginian fleets. Carthage depended on mercenaries, a decision that would contribute to the city's
destruction during the Punic Wars. But still, this status made them an equal to the Romans.
By the third ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carthage, unlike Rome, was ruled by an oligarchy of powerful families, the most prominent at the
time of the Punic Wars being the Barcas. The Republic, however, drew strength from the strong
emphasis on family as well as the ideals of Stoicism that stressed duty, honor, and order.
Without a naval fleet to protect its shipping until the First Punic War began, Rome was a land power,
her legions beyond compare. Aptly demonstrated with the destruction of Etruria and the subjugation
of the Latin city–states, the legion was manned by citizen–soldiers. Until the later civil wars and the
creation of personal armies begun by Consul Marius, Roman commanders were expected to follow
the tradition of Cincinnatus, an early Republican general whose duty to the Republic came before
personal

The Influence Of Etruscan Culture
Etruscan culture was developed in Italy after about 800 BC. Etruscan culture was flourished in three
confederacies of cities including Etruria, the Po Valley with the eastern Alps, and of Latium and
Campania (Padgett, 2016). Etruscan had business dealings with Archaic Greece. Therefore, Etruscan
art was influenced deeply by Archaic Greece, especially Etruscan art and architecture. Etruscan
religion is very mysterious, and they emphasized the power of nature. They believe that people can
be revived after death. Therefore, their design of cremation and burial are very similar to the real
life. Women had high social status, and they could participate in various art activities and activities.
For example, Cerveteri Sarcophagus is one of the great

Struggle Of Orders
For the general population in Ancient Rome, there was the battle between the distinctive classes of
individuals. Not every person was honored to be a rich national in Rome, despite the way that Rome
had the most current innovations, government, open works of the time and weapons. Moreover, not
every person had the benefit to be a subject too.
The contention of Orders, otherwise called the Struggle of Orders, was a political battle between the
average citizens, who were known as the Plebeians and the blue–bloods, known as the Patricians.
The Plebeians accordingly looked for political correspondence with the Patricians. This battle
assumed a critical part when it went to the confining of the Roman Constitution. The contention
prompted withdrawal by the Plebeians from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patricians required the plebeian's physical bodies to battle for them, they in this way had no
alternative however to offer in to the plebeian requests. The patricians consequently conceded the
plebs the privilege to choose their own officers by tribe and furthermore, to perceive formally their
consecrated justices, the tribunes. After this, the plebeians requested classified law. Severance is the
withdrawal or the risk of withdrawal from the Roman state amid times of emergency. This is the
thing that the Plebs utilized. Because of the severance, there was starvation in Rome in 492 BC. This
came because of the plebeian ranchers had not sown their harvests amid the severance time frame.
There was game plan for grain importation from Etruria in order to address this deficiency. In the
next year, a considerably more prominent measure of grain was foreign from Sicily, however there
was an issue of how it could be circulated among the Roman nationals. There was as yet strain
emerging from withdrawal, which prompted banishing of Gaius Marcus Coriolanus after the
changes which came because of the

Portrait Of A Creature Woman Analysis
Getty Villa is a study of the arts and culture of Ancient Greece, Rome and Etruria. Villa is a replica
of an actual Italian Villa that destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. I truly love everything
about Getty Villa, the view of the Pacific Coast and every single room of the museum. The three that
captured my complete attending are Portrait of a woman as Cybele, Portrait of a Mature Woman and
Wounded Niobid. Portrait of a woman as Cybele was found in Rome in the 1500s. The large statue
of a seated woman is the mother goddess or also known as Roman goddess Cybele. What I truly
love about this statue is the different role of every single attribute of her. Let's start with the crown.
She wears the crown in the form of a towered wall, symbolizing her role as protectress of cities. She
is holding wheat and poppy heads, a symbol of agriculture. Also, she was believed to bring harmony
and fertility, but her famous attribute is the lion. The lion sitting at her feet, symbolizing her power
over wild animals and in one hand she is holding the rubber and the cornucopia. Now the face is
something different. It belongs to an older Roman woman/matron, but not an idealized goddess.
Women who would let themselves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How a women looks after all those hard years of being a mother, household etc. What I love about
this realistic portrait is a mature woman with saggy cheeks and deep folds around her mouth. The
portrait represents the time of Flavian emperors (A.D. 68–69) therefore the hairstyle of the tight
curls on top of the head is perfect. If I'm not mistaken even men would wear wigs that had tight
curls just like on the portrait. Specially those men who worked in courts or stuff like that. According
to the summary of the Portrait of a Mature Woman "The body type, known as the small
Herculaneum Woman, was commonly used for Roman portraits of women." The piece was created
in Asia

How Did Rome Increase In Etruria And Campania?
One will look at the roman expansion and look at the changing landscapes and changes in local
culture of both Etruria and Campania
A vast road network throughout Etruria and Campania shows that the Roman territories were being
expanded into other regions within Italy this is probably due to the Augustus vision of a more unify
Italy
Romanization was a slow process occurring throughout both Etruria and Campania. Etruria and
Campania both had fertile land that could have greatly helped feed the roman empire and its armies
Great roads were made throughout Etruria and Campania which suggest that the Augustus desire for
a more unified people was slowly becoming reality and with the spread of the roads so it would
seem that roman culture and influence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is though that the roman where in etruria and this evident from an acheological veiw however the
romans took some of the etruria culture and made it one of there own. According to blah they took
the etruria gods and
When the romans arrived in south Etruria it a major impact on settlement patterns and decrease in
once populated areas (107p, Potter). A steady decline of the population in towns aof Narce, Falerri,
Veteres, Corchuzno, Ponte del Ponte, Grotta, Parcolosa, Vignanella and Capena. (107p, Potter). With
the descrease in population came the romans. Archaeological evidence tells that by the 4th century
that a Latin colony was established at Nepi (107p, Potter). With the latin colony establish, a sharp
growth in population at Nepi and its countryside, which lasted till the 1st millennium BC (107p,
Potter).
The Romans had a major impact on wouth Etruria for example the city of Volaterra by the second
century funerary inscriptions where mainly in latin (105p

Servian Wall
Rome was part of a social transformation which began in Greece and spread west to Italy, marking
the formation of the city state (Momigliano, 1990. p. 52). Archaeological evidence in the form of
better fortification and defence, permanent structures, an increased importance of sanctuary sites and
monumental architecture all point to the fact that Rome was part of this transformation and was a
cohesive settlement with community institutions in the seventh and sixth centuries BC (Coulston,
2000, Momigliano, 1990., Torelli, 1990).
Firstly, fortification and defence is highly indicative of any cohesive society. Defensive walls by
their very nature protect those within, and there is archaeological evidence that Rome had these
walls even as late as the 8th century BC. Evidence of a wall has been discovered around the Paletine
Hill, made of banks of earth and tufo chips (Torelli, 1990., p.36). Moreover, there is a common
pattern that walls are rebuilt next to their older incarnations and the famous Servian wall could
follow these lines (ibid). However the 'Servian wall' was likely built much later, after the city was
taken by the Gauls in 390 (Coulston, 2000., p. 132), but it does stand to reason that it would have ...
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The sheer volume of raw material on the wreck was unprecedented. Due to raw material such as
ingots being smelted down to create other objects, the ingots discovered on Uluburun are highly
valuable as an indicator as to the amount and type of raw goods was being transported from one
location to the other in the Mediterranean (ibid). Underwater Archaeology is invaluable in this
respect, as a find of this magnitude is highly unlikely on land. The ship contained 500 copper ingots
from possibly just one mine Cyprus, weighing around 10 tonnes, (Katz, 2008. p. 129) and one tonne
of tin, possibly from Afghanistan (Mee in Shelmerdine, 2008. pp.

The Influence Of The Latium People
At the late periods of the age of Bronze, certain Indo–European persons arrived and lived in Italy.
They were known as the "Latium people" (Cary and Scollard, 1975). Latium originally settled on
the territory within the Alban Hills and was bounded by countries like Etruria, Campania, Samnium
and Sabina. The ones that dwelt within the Rome had common identities with the Roman as one
person. It was an Etruscan that settled within the Romans and influenced she in the area of art and
culture. At this point, the Romans began to influence its neighbors to gain full control over the entire
territory. The Latium went to war as a result of negative influences received by the Roman
government.
At first, it was Rome's quest for absolute control, expansion

Separation Of Power In Today's Government System
Today's government system would not have been what it is, if it wasn't for the Romans and the
Greeks. We have a direct democracy thanks to the Romans and the Greece. This always us citizens,
to vote for our governments and presidents. This also allows us to debate on what this country
needs. They also influenced the modern world to the Separation of Power, which is a principal that
the United States government adopted. This principal allows power to be divided equally so that one
group does not have more power than one another. The three group groups/branches that makes up
our Separation of Power are, Legislative branch, Executive branch, and the Judicial branch. Each
branch holds a different purpose and it serves an example of how early government

How Did Greek Theater Influence Roman Theatre
Rome in 753 B.C was a town dominated by Etruria, North of Rome. In 509 B.C, the Etruscan (from
Etruria) ruler was expelled and Rome became a republic (just as Athens became a democracy). In
the 4th Century B.C., Rome expanded and by 256 B.C., controlled the Italian peninsula, then Sicily,
then several Greek territories. By 240 B.C, Greek Theatre was familiar to Romans, translated into
Latin and brought to Rome. The beginnings of Roman Theatre recorded; the first record of Drama at
the Ludi Roman (Roman Festival or Roman Games). Rome became and empire of Julius Caesar, 27
B.C, Republic from 509–27 B.C., Empire from 27 B.C., –476 A.D. By 345 A.D., there were 175
festivals a year, 101 devoted to the theatre. In 55 B.C., the first stone theatre ... Show more content
Roman theatres were outdoors and this somewhat helped with lighting and even sound. Theatre and
arenas today can be seen across the world having the same structure and design of the Roman
Theatre. The structure was built high and the arena was built to match the height of it and this
prevented the audience from looking beyond the stage so their focus would be to only look at what
is taking place in front of them. It became more like a surrounded overhead area that somewhat
lowered the amount of noise that entered the theatre that would come from the city. The top of the
theatre was left open but a shade would be provided that could be thrown over quickly. The tall
structure somewhat helped with the noise coming from outside but the people inside of the theatre
would still cause a problem with noise because they would not always keep quiet. To help the
situation, it is recorded by historians that costumes and mask were worn on stage by the actors to
show the different persons on stage for those who were watching but could not hear but this method
would have allowed them to see and to still react to it, the different symbols that they represented
were decided on as

Ancient Rome: The Etruscans
The Etruscans, also know as the "Etrusci," named by the Romans, the "Tyrrhenoi," named by the
Greeks, and the "Rasenna," and "Rasna," named by themselves, occupied the Italian peninsula north
of Rome during much of the first millennium BC. Etruria was an urbanized civilization with their
own customs, divinities, and beliefs. In order to gain knowledge about Etruscan history the main
sources included, Roman literature and their impressive tombs. The cities were not well preserved
which brought upon the issue of reconstructing it later. The cities were often found buried beneath
later towns, therefore, the archeologist showed little to no interest in excavating the cities. Their
main focus were the well preserved tombs. These tombs were capable

How Did Latium Influence Roman Civilization
Latium was "ancient area in west–central Italy, originally limited to the territory around the Alban
Hills, but extending by about 500BC south of the Tiber River as far as the promontory of Mount
Circeo. It was bounded on the northwest by Etruria, on the southeast by Campania, on the east by
Samnium, and on the northeast by the territory of the Sabini, Aequi, and Marsi.The modern region
of Lazio extends farther to include the entire coastal plain between the Fiora River in the north and
Garigliano River in the south and is bounded by the Apennines on the east (Encyclopædia
Britannica, 1998).
The Latins and peoples closely related to them are believed to be descended from Indo – European
peoples who arrived in Italy during the late Bronze Age. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As more people were being born,and more people were demanding rights, such as the commoners,
more resources were required. Furthermore, Roman religion and government were much
intertwined. They saw victory as a means of honoring the gods. It is my belief that it is through the
Roman desire to expand their walls and territory, i.e. build an empire, that the Latium peoples and
territories were treated as they were. One should note though, that these people were not always
treated like this. This confederacy soon came to a crumbling end. As Rome's power and strength
grew, so did its politics, its vision, and everything else. The Latin alliance was no longer necessary.
In 340 BC, Romans and Latins went to war, which should be no surprise whatsoever for a power
hungry people. &he Romans defeated the Latins in 338 dissolving the league. By this point, the
Latin cities were given a new political status which either limited or completely eradicated their
political status. They now became people of the Roman Empire. And this change was important
because if the Latin's remained in control of their self–government, they could form a rebellion and
continue to war with Rome. Furthermore, Rome was about control, command, and conquer. It was
only necessary to overtake their allies, limiting their power. Ironically, this reminds me of the pride
of Athens.The relations between Rome and the Latin cities had been different at different

How Did The Etruscans Impact Society
The Etruscans and their Impact on Ancient Rome
The Roman Empire is considered by many to be the greatest civilisation of the ancient world;
indeed, possibly even the greatest civilisation of all time. However, despite all the peoples it
conquered, for much of Rome's early history it lived in the shadow of another culture; the Etruscans.
The Etruscans, who called themselves the Rasenna, occupied a region of North–West Italy called
Etruria, which is known today as Tuscany . Etruria is an exceptionally fertile land as a result of the
high volcanism in the area, and is rich in metals like iron and bronze. Rome is known for
appropriating technology, tactics, and culture from the civilisations they came into contact with, but
there are few civilisations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, many of the infrastructural advances often attributed to the Romans were actually Etruscan
in origin. For example, the Etruscans developed a system of drainage within their cities that was
unmatched by any other culture at the time, and directly led to the creation of the famous Roman
aqueducts . As well, the Etruscans built many roads between their cities that the Romans later used,
and aspects of the Etruscan's road building techniques can be seen in Roman roads. One of the most
well–recognised features of Roman architecture is the arch, but the use of arches was actually a
technique adapted from the Etruscans. Public Etruscan buildings were usually made to look
impressive, and this is something that the Romans carried on, as they used similar bright colours and
high archways to create a stunning effect. The Etruscans tended to build their cities in a grid pattern,
and while Rome itself was laid out in a rather haphazard fashion, many other Roman cities were
built in a more grid–like, Etruscan

How Did Latium Influence Roman Government
Ancient Latium was not a large area. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica (n.d.), it extended
south of the Tiber River to Mount Circeo, and was bordered northwest by Etruria, southeast by
Campania, east by Samnium, and northeast by the region of Sabini, Aequi, and Marsi. In order to
address the importance of Latium towns to the Roman government, let's first review the Roman
domain. Land lost with the eviction of the kings was eventually recouped. Rome made a career out
of conquering nations and adding them to her empire, and in doing so, acquiring additional
knowledge on government and law (Morey, 1901) At one time, Rome was the head of the Latin
alliance, but associations between them had changed over time and she no longer led, but was
unified

Virgil's Aeneid
Aeneid
By Virgil
Written 19 B.C.E
Translated by John Dryden
Analysis
Jazymn Talley
SNHU
Analysis The intention of Virgil 's poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire.
Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer 's Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art,
writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling
them to develop a rich, eclectic culture. The Roman nation 's origins are very pedestrian in
comparison to Virgil 's poem. The Romans were governed by the Etruscan nation between 750 BC
and 250 BC (Time Maps, 2012). The Etruscan governing and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The poem does not mention their Etruscan roots. After the Romans conquered the Greek settlement
in southern Italy, Greek culture was fully assimilated. The Greeks had honed their crafts and
established set standards for creativity. Homer 's poems come from a Bardic tradition in which there
lies a surplus of creativity (Geoffrey S. Krik, 2012). Early Roman traditional storytelling was less
abstract. Many of their stories were of humble farmers or military men rising in power. Overall, the
Roman nation believed they were bound for greatness (Kishlansky, Geary, O 'Brien, 2008). Homer 's
writings, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are tales of two nations in turmoil as their Gods manipulated the
actions of Man (Homer, Translated by Butler, 00–10 & Murry, 00–11). Virgil 's writing is a
continuation of this epic, but its focus is on the surviving Trojan warriors and the founding of Rome.
Virgil wrote this poem in the time of peace among the Roman civilans. Roman peaceful times were
sporadic, but these time were due to competent leaders such as Augustus and Octavtian (Kishlansky,
Geary, O 'Brien, 2008). . "And must the Trojans reign in Italy? So Fate will have it, and Jove adds
his force; Nor can my pow 'r divert their happy course (Virgil, 19 B.C.E). " The Roman people were
able to cultivate their creativity at these restful moments. Virgil combined Roman pragmatism with
Greek

Who were the Roman Gladiators? Essay
Gladiator The gladiators where the pro football players of their time. They fought in arenas for the
people of Rome's entertainment. This research paper will tell you all about the gladiators of Rome,
the names of the gladiators, their classes and who they are. We will also discuss how the gladiators
obtained their freedom. What is the gladiator? The gladiator is a person who was often a slave or
captive of war. (Gladiator). They often fought to the death. Most of the time they fought in an open
arena in public area for everybody to watch the grueling fight. They didn't just fight people.
Sometimes they fought animals. They even had a specific gladiator to fight beasts. But, the main
attraction was man vs. man (What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were four main groups, or classes, of gladiators. There was the heavily armored, the elites, the
lightly armored, and the unusual ones. The heavily armored class is pretty self–explanatory. They
wore thick, or heavy armor, and were usually paired against one of the lightly armored gladiators.
Here is a brief description about the heavily armored gladiators and a little about them. The
Cataphractarius was a heavily armored gladiator that was heavily protected. They originated from
the cavalry from the Persian Empire, Germany, the Samaritans in Russia and Central Asia. They
were covered from head to toe with armor, as well as their horse (types). The Murmillones were
Roman based gladiator that was developed to fight the Retiarii, the net fighter. The main focus of the
armor of this gladiator is the helmet. The helmet had a fish on the crest and supported the name of
the fighter (murmillones). Another type of gladiator is the Scissores. Little is known about the
gladiator besides the weapons. They had two swords and their nick name was "slashers" or
"carvers". These nick names leave brutal images in the brain for the imagination to conjure up
(scissors). The Hoplomachi, or Samnite, was a heavily armored gladiator who displayed a griffin
styled on their helmets. They also had wool quilted leg rapping on their legs as well as a set of shin
guards. They also sported a round shield that was small. To go along with the shield

Wedgwood Medallion
One "must–see" piece at the National Gallery, according to the National Gallery itself, is "The
Fighting Temeraire" by the Romantic artist Joseph Mallord William Turner, painted in 1839. It
depicts a great British gunship, the Temeraire, being led by a steam–powered tugboat into port to be
dismantled and decommissioned, with the Sun setting in the background. The Temeraire fought in
the famous Battle of Trafalger in 1805 under Admiral Nelson. The gunship helped Britain win a
spectacular victory against Napoleon's fleet and reminding Europe of the power of Britain's navy,
the pride of its armed forces (Weldy). The ship is an excellent emblem of its era in British history,
and of British pride and nationalism and imperialism in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first glance, it's nothing more than a simple piece of jasperware bearing the famous abolitionist
image of the bound, kneeling slave surrounded by the inscription "Am I not a man and a brother?"
that was famously reproduced and used by American abolitionists. Designed by a group of Quakers,
this image quickly became a symbol of the abolitionist movement, though an early group that used it
wanted only to abolish the African slave trade and not the peculiar institution itself. The merit of the
African man's supplicating posture in the image has been debated, as some believe it reinforces
cultural perceptions of African people as subservient to their European masters, but as a symbol of
abolitionism, "Am I not a man and a brother?" is unparalleled in its success. We have probably all
already seen the image, but, dating to 1787, this medallion is an original, created a year before
Benjamin Franklin received a package of different items including medallions and snuff boxes
bearing the image (Am I not a man and a brother?). According to Franklin, the image's effectiveness
was "equal to that of the best written Pamphlet, in procuring favour to those oppressed People"
(Dabydeen 2011). Aside from the medallion's cultural significance, its creator, Josiah Wedgwood, is
a key figure in the British Industrial Revolution. After producing pottery at several

What Are The Main Challenges Of Josiah Wedgwood's Pottery...
Ford, Coca Cola, Colgate, we all know these brands, selling goods to millions of customers and
present all around the world. Surprisingly, modern companies were originally small and owned by
individual entrepreneurs according to Gordon Boyce and Simon Ville. The first industrial revolution
which began in England in the mid 18th century was a period of economic growth that deeply
changed the structure and the processes of the old business entities. Josiah Wedgwood and his
pottery business are a symbol of this first revolution. Through this essay we will observe and
analyze the main challenges that Wedgwood and his partners took up.
There were different types of problems that Josiah encountered during his life in order to run his
business. Therefore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, financial institutions were rare in Britain at this time. Therefore, it was very hard to find
an investor in order to buy machines and equipment. Once again, networking practices were crucial
to contact aristocrats who were willing to lend money. Another financial problem is related to the
lack of standards and tools to run a business at this time. As Wedgwood explained during the "vase
madness" period, the financial health of the company was in peril even if they sold a considerable
amount of vases. In fact, he bought a lot of raw materials but in the same time his business partner
didn't collect quite quickly the bills. This situation influenced negatively the liquid assets of
Wedgwood's business. As Wedgwood and Bentley were afraid of making the same mistake in the
future, they created a price book of workmanship and separate fixed and variable costs. These tools
are still used nowadays, the price book could be compared to the profit and loss statement and fixed
and variable costs are one of the most famous theories in management

The Roman Republic
Some policies and institutions of the Roman Republic were useful to help them succeed in
conquering first Italy and then the Mediterranean world. Before of the institution of the republic, the
romans were a monarchy since their beginning and they were basically a pastoral people. Rome
suffer several changes and improvements under the control of the Etruscan kings. The Etruscan were
civilization settled north of Rome in Etruria, and they once had control over almost all the Italic
peninsula. The Etruscans influences in Rome were profound, they transformed Rome from a
pastoral community to a city (91). The Etruscan built the street and roads that help the development
of temples, markets, shops, streets, and houses. They basically brought urbanization to Rome. It is
fairly to say that the Rome republic was a fusion between the elements of the Etruscan civilization
and the Rome elements. The combination of the different political institutions and policies made the
Romans succeed in their conquest territories. The policies that the romans implemented in the
republic years played a crucial role in the conquest of the Latium and the Italic peninsula. The
various policies that the romans established to govern Italy is called the Roman confederation. One
important policy was that Romans made felt the conquered people that they helped to succeed
Rome. Some conquered people, especially the Latins, were allowed full roman citizenship; others
received citizenship without the right to

Latium Individuals: Range Of Craftsmanship And Culture
During the late bronze age, some Indo–European individuals arrived Italy and lived are known as
the Latium individuals (Cary and Scollard, 1975). Latium was initially settling on the region inside
the Alban Hills andwas limited by nations like Etruria, Campania, Samnium and Sabina. The ones
that abided inside the Rome had basic characters with the Roman as one individuals. It was Etruscan
that settled inside the Romans and impacted she in the range of craftsmanship and culture. Now, the
Romans started to impact its neighbors to increase full control over the whole territory.The Latium
went to war accordingly of negative impacts gotten by the Roman government. At to start with, it
was Rome's journey for total control, extension and domain that

Geography Of Rome Research Paper
Geography of Rome
With towering mountains peaking to 2,795 feet and plummeting lowlands amounting to under 300
meters, Rome's diverse geographical landscape has been identified as unique from ancient times all
over the world (Cornell and Matthews 11–12). Originating near the Tiber River, Rome sprouted into
a large empire by expanding its boundaries into the majority of Asia, the Mediterranean Islands, and
northern Africa over the span of history ("Ancient Rome"). With further knowledge of the
geography, specific events, achievements, and downfalls can be identified thoroughly. Therefore, for
the duration of Rome's flourishing civilization, certain geographical features such as the
Mediterranean Sea, the Tiber River, and the Po River provided ... Show more content on
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Despite the Alps and Volcanoes having its upsides, downfalls include that people who are in a closer
proximity to volcanoes are more likely to encounter earthquakes and the Alps bring brutally cold
conditions in the Winter (Encyclopedia of World Geography 1451). ( Info about alps and volcanoes
... An instance the rough terrain of the Alps acted as an intervening obstacle was exhibited in certain
components of the Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome. Hannibal also known as
Carthage's general desired to expand his boundaries and especially didn't want to encounter the
harsh effects of the Alp's landscape in the winter ("Second Punic War: Hannibal's War in Italy"). The
steep, rocky terrain already guaranteed a struggle for Hannibal's army, but with the addition of snow,
it magnified the already unfortunate conditions (Encyclopedia of World Geography 1451).
Therefore, when Hannibal's schedule to embark across the Alps was postponed from all of their
violent encounters, their army decreased significantly ("Second Punic War: Hannibal's War in
Italy"). From the 38,000 men who composed the infantry dwindled down 20,000 men while the
cavalry originally 8,000 men later amounting to 6,000 men ("Second Punic War: Hannibal's War in
Italy").

Are Etruscans Vampires
Are Etruscans Really Vampires? Pop culture and Hollywood has long entertained us for decades
with vampires like Dracula in literature, movies, and television shows. Vampires are normally
portrayed as blood–sucking creatures with fangs that lived in a coffin and only came out at night
since the sun would burn their fair skin. And let us not forget their romantic quest to seduce a human
to satisfy their thirst for human blood. A fascinating characteristic has been their ability to live
forever unless a stake is driven through the heart. Today you may see vampires portrayed as a
beautiful person such as Edward Cullen in New Moon, The Twilight Saga movie where he is trying
to fit into the high school scene by being strong and sensitive, nevertheless, ... Show more content
Scientists have found 2500–year–old charred remains of honeycombs along with other artifacts in
Milan, Italy at the town trade center. The honeycombs were made from a distinct grapevine that
grew by the rivers only to be created by traveling beekeepers. This is a very telling statement that
discredits the idea that the Etruscans were vampires and lived underground. The room had been
destroyed by fire; however, the honeycombs were preserved in their original deposition so that
samples of the melted honey were determined to be of an early–cultivated variation of grapevine.
The samples revealed that the honeybees had been feasting on plants like grapevines and water
lilies, some which were not native to the Etruria region. This would have suggested that the
honeycomb hives and bees were collected via floating down the riverbanks and brought back to the
trade center. When the beehives became full of honey and heavy enough to lower their boats into the
water, they would return home to extract the honey. This knowledge leads us to believe the
Etruscans possessed a particular type of beekeeping known only to them. Again, this suggests that
the Etruscans never spent life underground or never exposed to sunlight (Lorenzi,

The Etruscans Research Paper
Topic: Evaluate the theories concerning the origins of the Etruscan people.
The Etruscans were a powerful and influential civilisation of the ancient world, and are even
credited by some as the founders of Rome. However, despite the large footprint they left on western
society, to this day there is still debate over where the Etruscans actually came from. This question
has been disputed for millennia. The ancient historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, wrote in The
Histories that the Etruscans immigrated from Lydia, in western Turkey after 18 years of famine. The
possibility of the Etruscans being immigrants is often disregarded in favour of the theory of another
ancient historian, Dionysius. Dionysius of Halicarnassus lived approximately 300 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Anthony Tuck, an archaeology professor of the UMass Amherst, says: "The architecture of the
Etruscans, the language of the Etruscans – virtually every aspect of the physical and material
behaviour of the Etruscans – doesn't look anything like that which we see in Lydia.". Like many
people, Tuck does not see enough evidence that points definitively to Lydian origins. Most of the
evidence for Herodotus' case is based in how the information is interpreted. As well as this, the case
seems to be made up of fragments of information that, when correctly assembled, point to the
possibility of Eastern

The 390 Bce Battle At The Allia River
The 390 BCE battle at the Allia River was fought between the city state of Rome and Gauls from
northern Italy. When the Gauls laid siege to the Etruscan city of Clusium, the Romans intervened on
behalf of the latter. The Gauls withdrew but returned to advance on Rome itself. Close to Rome, at
the Allia River, the Roman army met the Gauls in battle but suffered a crushing defeat. PROLOGUE
Between 1000–500 BCE, the gradual expansion of Celtic tribes from central Europe transformed
most of Western Europe into a Celtic world. Enticed by the riches of the Mediterranean lands, tribes
of Celts wandered into the north Italian plain where they became known as Gauls or Gallic tribes.
After 400 BCE the Gauls began to take the lands they desired by force, conquering the mosaic of
cultures that lived in the Po River valley. Gallic Warriors Gallic Warriors In 391, Brennus, chief of
the Senones, led a Gallic army south into Etruria, where he besieged the town of Clusium. Clusium
was part of the Etruscan civilization which flourished to the north of the powerful city–state of
Rome. The Etruscans were politically divided, however, and with no help forthcoming from the
other Etruscan cities, Clusium appealed to Rome for help. Rome then sent the Fabii, the sons of the
influential patrician Fabius Ambustus, as envoys to Clusium. The Fabii asked the Gauls, what gave
them the right to invade Etruscan lands. The Gauls answered "that they carried their right in their
weapons" (Livy, The History

An Essay On Jewellery
Jewellery is usually worn as small decorative items for personal adornment such as rings, brooches,
necklaces, earrings and necklaces. For many centuries metal has been often combined with various
gemstones to make jewellery. Jewellery is usually made from a wide range of materials. Gemstones
and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely
used, and enamelling technique has been applied. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a
status symbol, for its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery has been
made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings. The patterns of wearing jewellery
between the sexes, and by children and older people can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Roman jewellery had a very common aesthetics with the Greek style jewellery. It's quite hard to
differentiate between Roman and Greek jewellery.
The most significant use of metal is gold in most the jewelleries may be because of the access wide
range of raw materials from their extensive resources across the continent and the knowledge of all
civilizations that lived near (Egyptians, Greeks, Celts and other northern European territories that
they've conquered and came into contact), jewellery made during the height of Roman Empire is
today considered to be of very high grade both in art form and manufacturing processes. However,
even with the abundance of various decorative items produced by their neighbours, roman
population preferred to dress simple, and only few pieces of jewellery. They mostly used brooches
to tie up their outfits. During Roman time period carrying rings gave birth to the signet rings.
"Signet Rings" were specially made rings with engraved gems which were used to impress sigil of
wearer's rank or family crest to the wax later those signet rings were used as seals which used to
define which seal came from which family. Designs

The Role Of The Sphinx In Greek Mythology
The Sphinx is Greek mythological monster that has a head of a woman, a body of lion, eagle wings,
and a serpent's tail. The sphinx was derived from Egyptian mythology; the two cultures have greatly
influenced each other with their tight links. It has also appeared in Western Asia, Mediterranean,
Mesopotamia and Etruria cultures. Scholars date the first appearance of the sphinx as far as 2500
BCE. The sphinx has frequently appeared in lots of literature such as The Sphinx mystery, Sphinx
by Edgar Allen Poe and it is popular in ancient art. According to the greek myth the sphinx is the
daughter of Orthrus, a two headed dog, and Chimaera which is a hybrid monster. She was sent by
the gods to torment the town of Thebes. She guarded the entrance to the Greek city and to have
asked a riddle for travelers to allow them to passage. If the travelers answered the riddle wrong the
sphinx would kill them. The most famous riddle she would ask is "Which creature in the morning
goes on four legs in the morning, at mid–day on two, and the evening upon three and the more legs
it has, the weaker it would be?" No one was ever able to get the answer right. Until Oedipus, the
sphinx nemesis, he solved the riddle by answering with the word man. Reason being is that a man–
crawls on all fours as a baby, walks on two as an adult, and eventually needs a cane when he is
much older. The Sphinx again asks Oedipus a second riddle following the first "there are two sisters;
one gives birth to the other, who in turns gives birth to the first; who are they?" Oedipus answers the
riddle with day and night. The sphinx ends up devouring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However the great sphinx of giza is also known as "mother of terror". By the 5th century the sphinx
frequently appeared on vases mostly the encounter with Oedipus. They were employed as a
sculptural on the tombs of men that died in

Comparing The Etruscan Civilization Between C. 1000 And...
1. The Etruscan civilization flourished between c. 1000 and 100 B.C. also known as the Iron Age
(Villanovan) in Etruria or what is now known as modern day Tuscany, Italy. Etruria's southern area
was bordered by the Tiber River and its northern area was bordered by the Arno River in which the
areas were broken up into city states ruled by their own rulers.
2. The Apollo of Veii is a 5ft. 10 in. painted sculpture molded out of terra–cotta. This sculpture was
originally a decoration on the roof of a temple built by the Etruscans. Both the Greek and Etruscan's
style of art was similar, with that being said the particular sculpture is a resemblance of the Greek
Archaic style of art. The curvilinear style along with the flat surface patterns of the folds of the
drape/ clothes he was wearing, the diagonal calf muscles radiating from beneath the knee, the smile,
and the style in which the hair was made (long locks) are the same characteristics of Archaic Greek
art. The difference between the Etruscan and Greek art form lies in the clear and crisp contours,
forms and stylization, of Apollo's body along with the fact that he is depicted as striding (showing
fluid flowing movement). This is also what makes the sculpture of Apollo of Veii realistic because
the sculpture not only shows fluid motion (the position of his legs and his stretched out arms) but
also the expression that is on Apollo's face.
3. Women are portrayed more equal to men, and have a place in Etruscan society unlike

How Did Greek Imperialism Contribute To The Rise Of Urbanism
Lauren Gebhardt
Professor Paga
Urbanism of the Ancient World
April 11, 2016
Rome's Inspiration The phrase "Rome wasn't built in a day" is commonly used to describe things
that take time and patience. The phrase is very true, Rome was not built in a day and it did not rise
out of nothing. The rise of Rome was impacted greatly by Etruscan urbanism, Greek colonization,
and Hellenistic imperialism. These external influences gave rise to the Republic by impacting the
growth and formation of the city, both architecturally and civically, and contributing to the eventual
success of the urbs. According to myth, Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus and
Remus. The twins were the grandsons of King Numitor of Alba Longa, who was overthrown. The
new king, King Amulius, was worried that male heirs of the old king would come back and take the
crown from him, so he forced the twins' mother to become a Vestal Virgin. The mother became
pregnant and as a punishment for breaking her vows, was locked away. The two boys were put in a
basket and set adrift in the Tiber River. A she–wolf, or lupa, found, rescued, nursed, and raised the
boys until a shepherd and his wife adopted them. When Romulus and Remus grew up, they came
across King Amulius, who thought them dead and failed to recognize them. A group of King
Amulius' shepherds captured Remus and in the process of saving his brother, Romulus killed the
king (Garcia). Rather than taking the crown for themselves, Remus and Romulus

Describe The Roman Fasces And Explain What It Symbolized
1. Describe the Roman fasces, and explain what it symbolized
The Romans felt that it was their destiny to unify many peoples, scourge transgressors and pose
them. They wanted to rule the world. Greek and Etruria heavily influenced Rome. The insignia of
the Etruscans was one of the most critical contributions that got passed on to Rome. Fasces was the
insignia and it helped mold the Roman mentality. The Roman fasces was an ax surrounded by a
bundle of birch rods, tied together with a red leather strap. These had great symbolism of their
ruling, because the ax in the middle of the birch rods symbolized the state power and authority. They
had the power to scourge and execute any Roman citizen that was to disobey or commit any serious
crime. It served as a reminder to all, that a magistrate not only possessed the ... Show more content
Another symbolism was that of the birch rods– fragile alone, but together formed something strong.
This was the same as single Roman– weak alone, but bound together by the cords of blood,
invincible. The fasces represented the strength through unity. Therefore, the Roman government
made it the official insignia. Soldiers used fasces many times to show their power and authority.
When they were going to a public ceremony in front of the magistrate, they would always carry 24
fasces.
2. Explain fascism and tell how it brought the Roman Republic down
The family was a picture of the state– the father was the head and everyone else obeyed him.
Religion and government worked as one to please the gods and run things. They were united–
fascism. Fascism is the belief that there is no transcending god and all there is, is a material
universe. With a completely material worldview, hardly anyone is important. Power determines a
person's value and only those with physical, mental, or spiritual power would rule. An

Essay on The Etruscan Religion
The origin of the Etruscans is a mystery, still unsolved by modern man. Ancient peoples held an
almost unanimous opinion on the subject, based on the account of the first great Greek historian,
Herodotus, who wrote in about 800 B. C. as follows:
In the reign of Atys, son of Manes, a great famine is said to have occurred in the whole of Lydia. For
some time, the Lydians persisted in carrying on their usual life; then as the famine did not abate,
they sought remedies and some thought of one thing and some thought of another. It is said that is
was then that the game of dice, the game of knuckles, games of ball and other games were invented
but not the game of draughts, the invention of which the Lydians do not claim. And this is how ...
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The name Etruscan comes from the Romans, who called them Tusci or Etrusci, the Greeks called
them Tyrrhenoi, and they called themselves Rasena. A Lydian or Oriental origin is probable because
there is a locality in Lydia which is called Tyrra, which would help to explain the Greek name,
Tyrrhenoi.
At any rate, it is believed that during the Iron Age in the first millennium B. C. groups of people of
the so–called "Villanovan" culture settled on various hilltops, which provided ideal defensive
locations. Following the Villanovans came the Etruscans who invaded by ship and set up their first
towns on the coast. They were exceptional metal–workers and were evidently attracted to this
section of Italy by the vast supplies of copper near Populonia and Piombino and by the iron ore on
the island of Elba. The date is estimated at 750 B. C.
The Etruscan language is another mystery, still unsolved by modern man. A reason for this is a lack
of sources. Although about ten thousand inscriptions have been found, about nine thousand are
funerary and contain only the name of the deceased, his parentage and the age at which he died.
There are only about ten texts which consist of more than one line; there are only two that consist of
more than one hundred words. One is an engraved tile discovered at Capua, containing about three
hundred words, the other is the Cippus Perusianus, containing about one hundred twenty words. A
manuscript was also found.

Rome: The Rise And Conquest Of The Roman Empire
During the rise and conquest of the Roman Empire, Rome began to span the territory of its reign to
the shores of the Italian peninsula. The territory now included lands not only in Latium, but also in
Etruria toward the north, and in the Volscian country toward the south. The area of the territory was
not large in Rome, as formidable and dangerous neighbors, Etruscans on the north and Samnites on
the south blockaded their advancement.
the Latium towns, which dealt in Rome, had an identity within Rome as one of the people. As Rome
grew in numbers and began to overpower its neighbors, the Latins received the short end from the
spoils of war, as Rome was at the head of the Latin confederacy. A treaty of equal alliance was
formed by Sp. Cassius,

Caesar Augustus : One Of The Most Successful Roman Emperors
Historians agree that Caesar Augustus was one of the most successful Roman emperors. Born in 63
B.C., he reigned as emperor for 45 years, until his death in A.D. 14. (Roman empire,2017). He was
the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar and used the popularity of his great uncle's name
to rally the army behind him. (First roman emperor, 2017). Caesar Augustus brought peace and
prosperity to the Roman Empire. Its many provinces were governed with a heavy hand, yet with
some local autonomy. Having fought his way into power, Augustus used religion as a tool to protect
his position and promote his political agenda. Augustus had irrevocably changed the roman political
system and created a dynasty. He revived Roman religion and traditional values, brought peace to
the empire after years of civil war and changed the ways that Romans regarded their rulers.
Augustus corroborated his power by stating; For this service of mine I was named Augustus by
decree of the senate, and the door–post of my house were publicly wreathed with bay leaves and a
civic crown was fixed over my door and a golden shield was set in the curia Julia, which, as attested
by the inscription thereon, was given me by the senate and the people of Rome because of my
courage, clemency, justice and piety. (The Augustan age, 2010). This essay, shall evaluate,
corroborate and bias some sources hence also provide primary and secondary sources on how
effective Augustus' change of rule benefited the Romans and what he did to rule with success.
By the time, Augustus had attained his full powers, the nature of the senate was quite different from
what it had been before the civil war. The main difference was in its composition. First, many of the
old families had been eliminated in Augustus 'proscriptions and some had died out. Some were now
financially dependent on the princeps and as such were no longer independent. Second, Augustus
had followed the precedent of established by Julius Caesar in making his supporters members of the
senatorial class. Many of these were new men, whose families were not the old, established ones
who had founded the republic. They came from parts of Italy such as Etruria and Umbria. In
addition to these, Augustus elevated

How Did Geography Influence The Early Development Of Rome

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How Did Geography Influence The Early Development Of Rome