Disadvantages Of Intelligence Led Policing (ILP

Disadvantages Of Intelligence Led Policing
In preparation for my debate on the topics of intelligence–led policing and Compstat policing, I have
discovered the many advantages and disadvantages of using intelligence–led policing and Compstat
policing. According to Carter & Carter (2009), intelligence–led policing is the collection of and
analysis of data relating to crime, used by law enforcement in "developing tactical responses to
threats and/or strategic planning related to emerging changing threats" (p. 317). When applied
correctly, intelligence–led policing is a tool used for information sharing in identifying threats and
developing responses to prevent those threats from reaching fruition (Carter, 2011). One of the
advantages of using intelligence–led policing is its incorporation of data analysts. The role of the
data analyst in the context of intelligence–led policing allows them to take specially trained analysts
to take raw data from information found in reports and translate it into useful information for the
officers, allowing the police to deploy resources more effectively and efficiently (Griffiths, 2016).
Another advantage is its application through preventative and predictive policing (proactive
policing), in which law enforcement take data and identify crucial variables such as terrorism or the
emergence of criminal organizations, in hopes of stopping the problem at its roots (Carter, 2011).
Terrorism is especially important and emphasized after the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade
Centers in
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The Predictive Policing Of Police Department
Introduction
The predictive policing apply to any policing plan, that it is developed and used for an advanced
analysis to inform forward–thinking crime prevention. The police department will use a program
called COMPSTAT, where the data is run through a process and then it can form a map to show to
the police where the crime can occur before it took place in the areas. The police department can
devote more time in the areas at risk of a crime.
In this paper will compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize
police department performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. It will explain
how COMPSTAT, as an information technology system (IS), implements the four basic (IS)
functions. In addition, it will establish how information system have approved police department
implements tools such as COMPSTAT to act on two crime faster. To conclude, it will effect on the
strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, and threats analysis on behalf of the police department that
aims to implement predictive policing.
1. Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police
departments' performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets.
In order to efficiently compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to
optimize police departments' performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets.
There are five components of predictive policing

Predictive Policing Essay
Predictive Policing
Kenneth Klutse
STRAYER UNIVERSITY
Information System
CIS/500
Dr. James A McCray
April 14, 2012
1. Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police
departments' performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. 2. Describe how
COMPSTAT, as an information system (IS), implements the four (4) basic IS functions: 1. Input 2.
Processing 3. Output 4. Feedback 3. Determine how information systems have allowed police
departments that implement tools such as COMPSTAT to respond to crime faster. 4. Apply the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis (SWOT analysis) on behalf of police ...
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Historically, technological innovation has served as the substance for intense changes in the
organization of police work and has presented both opportunities and challenges to police and other
criminal justice practitioners, according to Janet Chan, a social scientist who has studied how
information technology affects the way police do their jobs.1 Noting that .information is the stock–
in– trade of policing,. Chan has identified three general imperatives driving law enforcement's
evening investment in information technology. Using information technology in policing has add
that more efficiency to the police department. Comparing the old–fashioned way of patrolling the
streets to combat crime to then use them of using technology to predict the crime area and patrolling
in advance deters crimes from happening. There are many advantages associated with using
information technology in policing. Comparative analysis shows that using information technology
(IT) to combat crime has save lot of resources and time in the police department. There are a number
of other advantages that can be associated with the use of information technology in the police
department.
For instance they use of Automated Field Reporting System by the police department has eradicated
the use of hand writing of reports at the field by the Police Officers. Officers completed handwritten
incident reports in the field and

Effective Reduction Of Crime And Quality Of Life Abatement
COMPSTAT was created by the New York Police Department in 1994 and is known having a
significant impact on the reduction of major crimes in New York City. COMPSTAT is globally
acknowledged and has become a successful tool for integrating precise crime intelligence analysis
methods and streamlining law enforcement management processes. COMPSTAT can be described
as a series of process used for the collection and analysis of criminal intelligence data which in turn
assists commanders in developing effective strategies and tactics to combat crime.
The effective reduction of crime and quality of life abatement is of prime importance in the
COMPSTAT model is and is one of the four core principles in the COMPSTAT paradigm. This essay
will examine the impact that the implementation of COMPSTAT has had. In doing so it will
determine what changes in strategy, structure and operations have taken place as a result of the
implementation process.
The COMPSTAT process and Data–Driven Problem Identification and Assessment
COMPSTAT is regularly described as a management accountability process that is a multi–layered
and dynamic approach to crime reduction, personnel and resource management. The COMPSTAT
process of Data–Driven Problem Identification and Assessment, (now referred to as DDPIA),
utilizes geographical Information Systems (geo–coding), and advanced software to mine, track and
analyze data concerning criminal activity, such as Part I and Part II UCR crimes. The process can

Leadership In The NYPD
Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a
common goal, according to Northouse P. (2016). He defines leadership as a process means that it is
not a trait or characteristic that resides in the leader, but rather a transactional event that occurs
between the leader and the followers. I always felt that leaders have a certain demeanor in the way
they manage personnels.. This paper will analyze the NYPD's performance measurement system,
also known as Compstat and strategies against cyber terrorism.
The purpose of the NYPD is to improve the "quality of life" in New York City. It is done by fighting
crime through the prevention of criminals in the city. The actions of the NYPD can be tracked by
Compstat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2006). Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. Second Edition.
Sharpe Berman E. (1996). The American Review of Public Administration vol. 26 no. 1 71–91
Buntin J. (1999). The NYPD Takes on Crime in New York City the Chief of Narcotics. Kennedy
School of government C16–99–1530.0 Eterno J. (2012) Policing by the Numbers. New York Times
retrieved on October 26th 2016 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/opinion/the–nypds–obsession–
with–numbers.html?_r=0 Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and Practice (7th ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE

Policing Worldwide Essay
Policing Worldwide
The world of policing is one of constant change. As far back as the early days of Peelian police
philosophy the missions and goals of police departments have constantly been altered. In our diverse
communities and cites worldwide we see police departments engaged in very different forms of
policing. Even across the many jurisdictions that operate within our nation we see departments that
run at the very opposite ends of the policing spectrum, with some acing in extreme public service
roles and others involved in aggressive crime fighting ideologies. These different approaches are all
based of what the police identifies as the needs of the community. As constant research is conducted
in the field of policing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A more in depth view of community policing can show how it attempts to fulfill its proactive
philosophy. First, Community policing aims to broaden the function of the police. According to
Gaines and Kappeler (2003), the police must move away from their traditional role as crime
fighters. They should incorporate a much broader role that uses fear reduction and order
maintenance. Gaines and Kappeler (2003) identify prior research that has shown that crime as a
product of social conditions. These social conditions can be manipulated and changed by the quality
of life and social conditions in an area. So in affect, the police cannot actually fight crime, they can
really only fight the conditions that cause crime by maintaining order, and therefore "bettering" the
social conditions in a community. As for the concept of fear reduction, Gaines and Kappeler (2003)
point out the fact that fear has a far worse effect on a community than does a crime rate. The fear of
crime causes people to stay in their homes, takes away commerce in an area, and causes
psychological affects on people. Gaines and Kappeler further their finding here by identifying a little
known fact–more often than not, people's fear of crime is not related to the crime rate in their area.
Many programs that promote fear reduction also lead to the second step of community

Example Of POP Report
A continuation of the POP program can be seen in the idea of hot spots. A hot spot in itself, is an
area that "consumed a disproportionate amount of police time and effort." (112) The idea of hot
spots soon progressed to the idea of hot spot policing. Which is based on "the assumption that if the
police direct focused, intensive efforts at the areas with high concentration of crime and calls for
service they can reduce crime and disorder." All while using the problem oriented policing model of
SARA. Such as the experiment that Lowell, Massachusetts conducted. As a result of thirty percent
of their crime came from hot spots around the city, they needed to come up with a plan to reduce
those numbers. "In addition to traditional police enforcement

Different Types Of Policing Used Today
Different Types of Policing Used Today
Policing has definably evolved over the last thousand years. Not only to progress crime fighting
methods, but also show our community and greater service. The old way of policing which was
primarily based on random patrol, hoping for the chance to accidently walk up on a crime in
progress, police agency started focusing on social problem, and even more effective, statistics.
Community policing has been enhanced through a management accountably process called
(CompStat).
(COP) meaning community oriented policing focusing on the community as a whole and leaving no
crime big or small unattended. This lead to the (ZTP) Zero tolerance policy. This policy focuses the
police's attention to the less ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here are the four core strategies that the policing agencies try to stand by to effectively use
CompStat.
Accurate and timely intelligence and statistical crime information based on geographical settings
and or areas.
Rapid Deployment of resources, particularly combining the immediate presence of uniform patrol
working concert with directed undercover operations.
Effective tactics and Strategies of enforcement that focus on visible street crime or "quality of Life"
crimes.
Relentless follow up and assessment, placing the responsibility completely on the police officer in
charge.
CompStat is problem oriented and prevents crime, and focus on problem rather than reminiscing on
past incidents.
Another four step program that I read that they actually used in a city very close to home is (SARA).
A program used in Newport New VA. (SARA) is an Acronym actually meaning
Scanning– instead of relying on broad, law related incidents, the officer are encouraged to look at
the crime possibly being related to another crime in the area. Thinking outside to box can effectively
connect links to crimes that were overlooked in the past.
Analysis– officers working the well–defined problem seek Intel on the crimes from public and
private sources. Not using the Intel that you would find in the system but the officer actually seeking
out a more community

Analysis Of Crime Control Strategies Used By Law...
Analysis of Crime Control Strategies used by law enforcement officers in the U.S. Crime control has
been a major concern of both law enforcement agencies and society in general for many years.
Recent statistics show that in 2013, a total of 1, 163,146 violent crimes occurred in the U.S.,
however, this was a decrease of 4.4% from the previous year (FBI, Uniform Crime Report, 2013).
Although statistics show that overall crime has declined since the 1990s (FBI Uniform Crime
Report, 2010), controlling crime and decreasing the public's fear of crime is still a significant
problem in our country. Visher and Weisburd (2012) report that the public's perception of violent
crime is high, and law enforcement agencies have developed programs in an effort to reduce this
fear. It is important to examine the different types of crime control strategies that are being used in
the U.S. today. In this paper, I will describe and explain the major strategies that are currently being
used by law enforcement agencies. I will also discuss the research that has been done regarding the
usefulness of such strategies, and provide my opinion as to which strategies are the most effective in
controlling crime. Some of the most common strategies that are being used by law enforcement
agencies to control crime include: Community Policing, Problem Oriented Policing, the Broken
Window Approach, the Hot–spots Approach, and Compstat. Before examining these different
approaches, it is

Depicting the Various Traits and Characteristics of...
Depicting the Various Traits and Characteristics of Leadership in Literature
When discussing any triumphant or flourishing organization or institution, the main attribute which
will always surface when examining the true fabric of what allows a particular organization or
institution to excel, will always be leadership. Leadership is portrayed at its pinnacle in William
Bratton's Turnaround, Rudolph Giuliani's book Leadership, Oren Harari's book The Leadership
Secrets of Colin Powell, and David Lipsky's book Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point.
In each of these works, the author does an exceptional job of depicting the various traits and
characteristics necessary for being a powerful and effective leader. ... Show more content on
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Bratton realized the task at hand and that it would not be easy. He knew he was given the number
one police job in the country as the commissioner of the NYPD, and he was ready. He knew that
nothing would be possible without the support of his police officers. Morale was one of the big
reasons that the NYPD was so run down upon Bratton's arrival. He set out to the 103rd precinct in
Queens to let them know that things are about to change. Bratton carefully selected this precinct as
the one he would utilize in making his initial presence felt. Morale was exceptionally low in this
precinct due to the murder of Officer Ed Byrne. In February of 1988 Officer Byrne was sitting in his
patrol car guarding the home of a man who had informed on a drug dealer when he was shot to
death by drug dealers. That was a vicious indicator of the life and times of police officers during that
era, and Bratton knew it. As Bratton's first "official act" as police commissioner, he stood in front of
the 103 and began: "I said when I took this job that we would take this city back for the good people
that live here, neighborhood by neighborhood, block by block, house by house. But I'm going to
need your help in doing that. I'm going to need all of you in the game. I want my cops to be cops. I
want them to be assertive. I don't want them walking by or looking the other way when they see
something. No matter what the old rules were, I expect you to see something and take proper police

Problem Oriented Policing Paper
Problem oriented policing is geared toward solving problems. The first step in problem oriented
policing is the identification and selection of a problem. One method of identifying, analyzing and
selecting a problem is known as SARA. The acronym SARA stands for scanning, analysis, response,
and assessment (Cronkhite, 2013). The Center for Problem Oriented Policing has several problem–
specific guides for different problems that police and a community may face. The guides cover a
variety of subjects ranging from burglary to gas drive offs. Each guide discusses the problem and
factors involved and offers suggestions derived from police report and research of the problem
(Center for Problem–Oriented Policing, n.d.).
The guide that was examined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CompStat allows police agencies to examine individual neighborhoods, or police precincts, and
determine what problems need to be solved. CompStat involves the public by seeing them as the
stakeholders (Cronkhite, 2013). The stakeholders, or public, are then involved in determining what
the problems are in their area. CompStat then holds the commanding officer accountable for what is
occurring in the areas under his command. CompStat also helps decentralize police command by
empowering precinct commanders the freedom to solve the problems. This leads to new ideas and
innovations that was not possible when decisions were made by a centralized command structure.
Park and Barthe (2015) see CompStat as part of the SARA process being an integral part of
identifying problems. CompStat has made police aware that statistics do have a place in policing and
used correctly can lead to a reduction in crime and client satisfaction. Police officers in departments
using concepts of problem oriented policing were found to be able to solve problems in their area by
giving them the freedom to analyze problems and develop solutions (Park & Bathe,

Predictive Policing Essay
Predictive Policing
Dr. Janet Durgin
Information Systems for Decision Making
October 20, 2013
Introduction Predictive policing refers to any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses and
advanced analysis to inform forward–thinking crime prevention. predictive policing is done through
software called PredPol. It takes crime data, runs it through an algorithm, and then generates these
maps. The maps tell police where crimes might happen –– before they take place.
Police can spend extra time in the areas at risk for crime, the thinking goes, and prevent those crimes
from ever occurring. This paper will Compare and contrast the application of information
technology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The methods are transferable, compatible, and replicable in any organization or environment. In a
police organization, CompStat functions as a crime control process manifested in recurring
meetings, usually weekly, during which the agency's performance indicators are reviewed critically
for opportunities for improvement. This organizational management philosophy, concept and tool
combines a classic problem–solving model with accountability at all levels of organization. At the
core of the process is an examination and review of an organization's status as revealed by
quantifiable statistical indicators. In a police environment, this means analyzing numbers and
locations of crimes and arrests as well as suspects, victims, days and times of criminal activity, and
so forth, to identify crime patterns, clusters, suspects, and hot spots. Strategies are then formulated
to counter increasing incidences of crime. The CompStat process encourages creativity in creating
strategies, allocating resources, and deploying police personnel while holding managers and
employees accountable for confronting the problems of crime proactively. The CompStat process
can be described as a two–pronged examination of police operations. first prong looks outwardly at
crime and its effects in the community, while the second examines the organization internally to
identify best practices in managing such police personnel and risk

The Use Of Technology And Officer Education
During the early days of American law enforcement, there were very few guidelines, or policies in
place that governed the police forces (Bohm, 2010). It was not uncommon for police officers to pay
for their appointments through political connections, which led to the widespread corruption that
was common during this time frame. It was not until the early 1900s that the movement began to
reform police departments, and to try and put an end to this corruption. One of these movements
was led by August Vollmer. August Vollmer was appointed to the position of Chief of Police in
Berkeley, California in 1909, a position he would hold until 1932 (Bohm, 2010). Vollmer was a
progressive thinker who saw the need for reform in the police ... Show more content on
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This was based on data such as calls for service, response times, and crime rates in a given area
(Bohm, 2010). It is this last area of reform where we can see the relationship between Vollmer's
ideas, and the creation of Community Oriented Policing and Compstat. In Vollmer's view, he saw
the need to move policing from a community service oriented job, to a crime fighting, crime
reduction job focus (Bohm, 2010). The advent of Community Oriented Policing is changing the
attitudes of police administrators, and is causing them to revert back, or adopt, a service oriented
method of policing. During the last century, police reformers, such as Vollmer, moved policing in
the direction of crime fighting, not just providing services to the community. In this way,
Community Oriented Policing rejects the ideas of Vollmer, and other reformers, who created the
professional model of policing which was common place (Walker, 2012). The community oriented
model of policing puts the focus by on providing services to the community, not just responding to
calls and chasing criminals (Bohm, 2010). By forming partnerships with the community which they
serve, the police are providing services other than just crime fighting. While crime may be an issue
to some in the community, it may not be the most important issue to the majority. By working with
the public to solve these other issues, the police are providing services to the community,

Professional Policing Essay
Professional policing is a theory that advances authoritative methodologies, which bolster the
orderly utilization of associations and critical thinking strategies, to proactively address the quick
conditions that offer ascent to open wellbeing issues, for example, crime, social issue, and dread of
wrongdoing. On like Bohm and Haley, 2014 (pg 243) reflects on this aspect professional police
agents focus on a narrow goal of reactive crime control, in which the police isolate themselves from
the community as the experts on crime fighting. Using a different goal (improving community
quality of life issues), agents of COP rely on close involvement with the community to proactively
address issues of community concern. However, the professionalism movement as it may be was to
turn policing into a profession, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compstat according to (Bohm and Haley, 2014) was initiated in 1994 by then New York City
Commissioner William Bratton to address the high crime rate in New York City. Compstat goals
center on reducing crime, enhancing arrest and community involvement. These trends has helped all
law enforcement agents in their everyday work in combating crimes, and which at the same time
makes each Police Officers be responsible and accountable for their roles as far as their profession is
concern.
The CompStat Process according to the (policechiefmagazine.org) involves four Principles for
Managing Crime Reduction. These include:
Accurate and timely intelligence: Know what is happening and as near constant as could reasonably
be expected and along these lines displayed in different organizations in printed copy and
electronically at CompStat gatherings; groups incorporate diagrams, charts, maps, summon profiles,
and wrongdoing depiction reports. The examination of this data by summons and staff officers then
triggers activity on distinguished

Juvenile Delinquency : A Serious Concern For Many Law...
Youth gang members are a serious concern for many law enforcement agencies. Gangs can be
defined as a group of individuals who meet on a routinely basis, whom have an identifiable and
organized leadership, whom claim control of specific territories, and whom are often involved in
violence or other illegal activities (Miller, 1975). Juveniles are the perfect targets to be recruited by
gangs according to the National Gang Intelligence Center (2011). This is due to a variety of factors,
many of which include the youths' vulnerability and susceptibility to being recruited, their
aggressiveness, and the less severe sentences juveniles are likely to face if caught. Understanding
youth gang involvement is especially important in the field of juvenile delinquency because a
significant percentage of serious juvenile delinquency is committed by gang members. On average,
approximately 48% of violent crimes in most jurisdictions were committed by gang members, and
some jurisdictions saw gangs being responsible for as much as 90% of violent crimes (National
Gang Intelligence Center, 2011). Besides increasing the likelihood of delinquency, youth gang
membership also increases the likelihood of victimization for juveniles (Franzese, Covey, &
Menard, 2016). New male members are traditionally "jumped in," and females have been victims of
rape in order to be accepted. Franzese and colleagues. (2016) suggest, however, that many gangs
have adopted more informal methods to introduce

COMPSTAT Essay
policing operates, COMPSTAT is able to be molded to the needs of the department that is using it.
Due to how the data that is collected is used. "The data are analyzed at regular command level
meetings where commanders are held responsible for developing appropriate responses to the
problems in their areas." (113) As a result of all of this work, the results of COMPSTAT was able to
give some positive outcomes. For Fort Worth, Texas, as an example, the results they had were
mixed. Such as COMPSTAT playing a "significant role in reducing property crimes and total index
crime rates" but on the other hand it did not "significantly reduce violent crime rates." (114) Even
with some of the crime rates going down, the working environment for some agencies did not
improve along with the crime drops. "The post–1995 respondents reported "higher levels of
managerial pressure" to get the crime rate down, increase arrests and summons, and reduce citizen
complaints." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tactics themselves evolve to meet the needs of the crime in a given area or new tactics are
brought forth to improve upon what was there before. As with all crime, it is an ever changing
environment. And sometimes the ideas and tactics that are attempted do not always work or only
work a limited amount. Most tactics try and deter crime rather than reduce it outright. Such as with
police patrol and CCTV systems. While tactics such as crackdowns and stop–and–frisk try and deter
crime by being more hands on with the public. Which does not always improve the situation by
either moving the crime to a different area or reducing the legitimacy the public had in the criminal
justice system. To combat these issues problem–oriented policing as well as the COMPSTAT system
were designed to lower the crime rate while improving public relations. Even though these tactics
may not always give the desired results, they all start with the goal of reducing or preventing

Compstat: The Four Levels Of Policing
I chose to briefly speak about Compstat, what it is, how it works, and the benefits policing gets from
it. Compstat is an another word for "Computer Statistics" or in other locations they know it as
"Compare Statistics". This program is actually a NYPD program that all around the world it has
been imitated, but they all have different classifications. Compstat has four important sections:
Accurate and timely intelligence, Effective tactics, Rapid deployment, and Relentless follow–up and
assessment. A rationale idea for the intelligence aspect is that, " Information describing how and
where crimes are committed, as well as who criminals are, must be available to all levels of policing
(Worrall, Schmalleger). "Tactics are used to respond based

COMPSTAT and the Newark Police Department Essay
The COMPSTAT ( Compare–Statistics) system was developed by the New York Police Department
in 1994 and is credited with having a significant impact on the reduction of major crimes in New
York city. COMPSTAT is internationally recognized as having become an extremely successful tool,
incorporating accurate crime intelligence analysis methods and streamlining law enforcement
management processes, including the seeding of power to local district commanders. In broad
strokes, COMPSTAT can be described as a series of process used for the collection and analysis of
criminal intelligence data which in turn assists commanders in developing effective strategies and
tactics to combat crime.
The effective reduction of crime and quality of life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DDPIA is a integral part of that process that involves the gathering and analysis of timely and
accurate criminal intelligence information, crime statistics and other data such as emergency
incident and management information, traffic data, and individual anecdotal information such as
routine police reports. Criminal statistical information is crucial to COMPSTAT to enable analysts to
structure information in ways that can assist managerial decision making processes. Through the
compilation of a wide range of data sources it is possible to search for and determine larger patterns
and trends, which in turn allows commanders to make strategic decisions about resources,
manpower, operations, plain clothes operations and beat policing activities.
What changes in strategy have taken place as a result of the implementation process?
The COMPSTAT process has not changed the fundamental approach to policing at the grass roots
level. Traditional law enforcement tactics, which have long been a staple in police activities across
the board, still remain the preferred method for dealing with crime on the street. However, it is
important to note that the DDPIA process

William Bratton and the Nypd
yale case 07–015 rev. february 12, 2008
William Bratton and the NYPD
Crime Control through Middle Management Reform
Andrea R. Nagy1 Joel Podolny2
William Bratton, commissioner of the New York Police Department from 1994 to 1996, presided
over a dramatic decline in the city's crime rate. Hired by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani as part of a new
crime fighting initiative, Bratton embraced the "broken windows" theory that had made him so
successful as chief of the city's transit police. According to this theory, when a community ignores
small offenses such as a broken window on a parked car, larger offenses such as burglary, robbery,
and assault inevitably follow. Conversely, serious crime can be prevented if a community polices the
little ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, between 1890 and 1930, the management of the police force was centralized. Virtually every
decision had to go to the top for approval, with the goal of limiting the low–level officer's exposure
to temptation. To reinforce the hierarchy, specialized units were created to deal with such problems
as drugs, youth, guns, and gangs. As Bratton described it, [The department] was divided into little
fiefdoms, and some bureau chiefs didn't even talk to each other.... Each bureau was like a silo:
Information entered at the bottom and had to be delivered up the chain of command from one level
to another until it reached the chief's office.
4
But centralization did not solve the problem of corruption, and it added the problem of inefficiency,
because the bureaucracy was not capable of responding to the individual needs of different
neighborhoods. "The reflexive solution to every police problem was more centralization and
stronger controls," according to criminologist George Kelling. But as the years went on,
centralization became an end in itself, and even chiefs who wanted to make changes could not, for
fear that they would be labeled soft on corruption.
5
Then, between 1930 and 1970, a second reform movement applied a scientific management model
to the NYPD. The goal was to reduce policing to standard rules and routines. In essence, patrol
officers became factory workers who performed simple,

Improving Police Community Relations Between Police And...
Improving police–community relations allows officers to do their job more effectively, it can also
help officers have a better morale and find their jobs safer and easier. If a level of trust is established
between police and the community they serve, members of the community will be more willing to
offer their help to solve crimes, and give out information about possible suspects. It is extremely
important for the police to have an open line communication to the community if they want to
increase the community's level of satisfaction. Improving police–community relations will not only
benefit the police department, it will also help community members. If the residents of a respective
area trust their police officers they will be able to have less fear and feel safer around their
neighborhood. It will also help because if the police and the community work together crimes will
be resolved quicker which will lead to criminals being apprehended, crime levels being lower and
the community being safer.
There are many things that distinguish community policing from traditional policing. For example,
in traditional policing the focus and most important goal is to apprehend criminals and bring them to
justice. However, community policing focuses on ways the police department and the community
could get together to prevent crime and become a team. One of the major differences is that in
community policing there is a pact of shared responsibility, in which both community residents

The Stop And Frisk Policy
The stop and frisk policy came about many years ago. The stop and frisk is used for protection for
the officer or officers. An officer can stop a suspect and frisk him/her for weapons, contraband or
any other items if the officer feels any other suspicion. A Stop and Frisk do not require a warrant.
This practice is very common now days, but similar procedures to stop and frisk policy started in the
1980s. According to Clark (2015), the earliest origins of stop and frisk were used in 1994 by Street
Crime Unit to prevent the carrying of illegal guns in well–known hot spots and areas with high
crime rates. The crime rates decreased over time, but it caused another issue in the communities. In
the 2000s, the number of those "Stopped and Frisked" increased drastically due to the law
enforcement agencies and departments in New York City forced to meet their COMPSTAT numbers
for the given time. COMPSTAT is a system used by the NYPD that collects data about local crimes
and the measurements to take control of the issues. Weekly meetings are coordinated to discuss the
findings. Clark (2015) stated that, a survey conducted showed that it was more pressure and stress
on officers to conduct stops after COMPSTAT became active. The stop and frisk procedure is known
to be more used toward those of the African American, Latino and minority races rather than those
of the Caucasian race. A person is protected from unreasonable search and seizures under the Fourth
Amendment. Many contested

Compstat
Using Information and Information Technology in Policing
Information Technology (IT) is the technology side of an information system. In order for police
departments to be able to manage their resources in combating crime in their areas they will have to
adapt to new technologies. One of these technologies is CompStat which stands for comparative
statistics. CompStat made its first appearance in 1994 in New York City. Since then many police
departments have implemented the CompStat system.
Once a police officer makes an arrest they have to fill out a report. This report must be as accurate as
possible because the information that is obtained from this report will be entered into the CompStat
system. The CompStat system has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four basic principles that allow them to respond to crime faster. These principles are
timely an accurate intelligence, along with effective tactics, rapid deployment, relentless follow–up
and assessment. These four basic principles have to happen on a continuous basis in order for the
whole system to be effective. This is why management must play a key role in the use, and
implementation of CompStat. This is one of the main differences between private enterprise and the
public sector is the bottom line of positive returns. If a business implements an unsuccessful strategy
or provides an unacceptable level of customer service, it is not long before it becomes a failed
business. Much like a business, the bottom line with CompStat is results. (Shawnee P.D. 2012)
CompStat has much strength in preventive policing. Some of these strengths are being able to
predict where and when crimes will be committed, and as a result of this it allows police department
to allocate the proper resources to deal with the crime. This is very important because it saves time
and money on these resources, and allows for more effective policing. These strengths help the
police departments in other ways as well. Police departments have to operate inside of a budget, and
this has an effect on manpower, operations, and resources. CompStat will help them with their
bottom line

Cis 500 Week 2 Assignment 1
Predictive Policing
Information Systems for Decision Making
October 21, 2012
In 1994, the New York City Police Department adopted a law enforcement crime fighting strategy
known as COMPSTAT (COMPuter STATistics). COMPSTAT uses Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) to map the locations of where crimes occur, identify " hotspots", and map problem areas.
COMPSTAT has amassed a wealth of historical crime data. Mathematicians have designed and
developed algorithms that run against the historical data to predict future crimes for police
departments. This is known as predictive policing. Predictive policing has led to a drop in
burglaries, automobile thefts, and other crimes in some cities.
From the 1800's until about the 1980's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many would say, the greatest advantage of this system is that police presence is continuously felt
and criminals tend to think twice before acting, as response time will be immediate. With the
existence of this presence community relationships have shown to grow stronger and the citizens
feel safer and more compelled to share information about criminal activity, which can help solidify
information that is inputted into the system.
Since many police agencies intend to implement predictive–policing in their departments they
should know the advantages and disadvantages of it. The most popular advantage is the reduction in
cost to the agency, this is popular presently because there are so many cuts happening due to the
economy this helps out a lot. The budgets of many police agencies are getting smaller and smaller
year–by–year, so by being able to pinpoint the exact location of crimes and to put your offices in the
"hotspots" can potentially be a big money saver for the force. Another advantage is the software is
very user friendly and easy to use, the amount of training for the officers would not be as much as
with other software's have proven to be and it is also less expensive for larger agencies. However,
like everything there are also some disadvantages. The biggest one is the software is not compatible
with other software's that are currently used by most agencies, which will

Police Law Enforcement Protection And Citizen 's Civil...
In 1991, nearly 10% of all United States' murders occurred in New York City (La Vorgna, 2012).
The United States' civil liberties grant citizen's rights and freedoms as determined by the
Constitution and Bill of Rights. Every citizen has the right to walk their streets without being
racially targeted by police. They also have the right to roam these streets without being mugged or
killed. Both are civil liberties. Amidst times of racial and ethnic animosity, this country faces a
problem between law enforcement protection and citizen's civil liberties. Stop–and–frisk is a
policing tactic where officers stop, question, and frisk a civilian based on reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity. Many argue the New York Police Department's (NYPD) use of stop–and–frisk is
an obvious violation of the Constitution and is based on racial discrimination. The Supreme Court of
the United States (SCOTUS) has heard many controversial cases dealing with this exact problem.
Cases such as Terry v. Ohio and Federal Judge Shira Scheindlin's partial ruling of Floyd v. City of
New York have greatly impacted both law–enforcement tactics and the meanings of certain civil
liberties. An analysis of the United States' judicial history and the biased decisions of Judge
Scheindlin shows the NYPD's use of stop–and–frisk tactic is not only constitutionally reasonable,
but a non–discriminatory way of reducing crime. During 1968, Terry v. Ohio established the legal
precedence for stop–and–frisk. The fourth

William Bratton's Tipping Point Leadership
The article in www.governing.com discusses the nomination of William J. Bratton, as public official
of the year 2007. It goes to summarize why he was nominated by describing some of his
accomplishments to date in this 2007 article. Mr. Bratton has had a natural sense of leadership and
bravery ever since his younger days as a Police Officer. In 1975, just when he was a rookie sergeant
with the Police Department in Boston, he responded to a call that would make even the most
seasoned officer nervous, bank holdup; shots fired; possible hostage situation. When William
Bratton, arrived at the scene, he came face to face with the bank robbery himself, a 6'2" man
dragging a woman in a business suit across a bridge with his gun drawn. Right away he ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bratton has made a name for himself within his 43 years in law enforcement, like being credited for
the end of war on crime. Once appointed and in office, Bratton will have a tough job ahead of him
although he is not new to any of those hurdles. In recent times, the Stop and Frisk law is a main
issue that Bill Bratton will have to address, since in the summer of 2013 a federal judge ruled "that
the NYPD sometimes carried out its stops unconstitutionally by unfairly targeting minorities".
Bratton has then stated that he does support the stop and frisk but only when it does appropriately.
Di Blasio anticipates to use Bratton for his tough leadership skills and expertise on bringing police
and community back together. The Los Angeles Times declared when Bratton left after seven years
on the job. "Its work is appreciated by residents across racial lines. Its record, though not perfect, is
far less inflammatory and far more

The Crime Fighter Summary
I have read the book the Crime Fighter by Jack Maple. I highly suggest this book to anyone with an
interest of CompStat and how it first came around or just for fun reading. In my paper I have
carefully researched each individual topic as I read the book to look for more information on each
part. This includes CompStat, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) which is not used but we use National
Incident–Based Reporting System (NIBRS), Warrants, Sting Operations, and Foot Patrol. Each one
of these with the exception of foot patrols and police officers in schools were in the book when I
read The Crime Fighter.
Introduction: I recently read the book the Crime Fighter. Before I read the book I researched Jack
Maple to see who he was. While researching

Community Policing At The Cops
Even though most departments have some community policing in their mission statement
community partnership(arguably the most important part) is the least used in many
departments(Maguire, Katz, 2002). Many departments inflate their involvement in community
policing especially since the COPS(community oriented policing services) give federal grants to
departments who use this. Actually billions have been spent on community policing and millions on
researching it but no definitive evidence of its success on crime has been made by the early 21st
century(Weisburd and Eck 2004). It can be very difficult to truly understand how certain cities really
implement community policing since it really comes down to each individual police officer service.
If the actual police officer on an individual level don 't internalize community policing than it doesn
't matter how much training and programs the department has they aren 't truly implementing it on
the ground without the helpe of each officer, this includes managers, policies of the department,
chiefs, and supervisors. The different members of the hierarchy must reinforce community policing
training into the culture for full implementation of community policing. Critique There are many
critics of community policing which Mathew(1992) disagrees that there is any causal relations
between disorder and crime. New Yorks style of community policing had to do with order
maintenance which was strongly criticized by Harcourt (1998) and

The Birth Of Compost: A Case Study
In his new position, Maple introduced his new computerized Charts of the Future. For the first time,
precinct commanders were held accountable for crimes in their area (Dussault, 1999). And for the
first time that anyone could remember, crime in New York City began to decline. But, this was also
the birth of COMPSTAT. COMPSTAT (or COMSTAT, it goes by both names) is a process by which
crime statistics are collected, computerized, mapped and disseminated quickly. Officers are held
responsible for the crime in their areas, and all crimes, including the "quality of life" infractions like
loitering or public intoxication, are pursued aggressively. The program not only led to dramatic
crime reductions in New York City, but became the talk of squad

Evaluation Of The Nypd 's Performance Measurement System...
Performance measurement is a crucial method to understand the progress of an organization.
Regardless of an organization 's magnitude performance measurement has a way to measure its own
efficiency. It is also known for its regular measurement of results of evaluations, checking its
outcome and evaluating the service or program itself. This method is ideal for any organization
which is seeking to create transparency, show its efficiency and in New York City; New York City
Police Department (NYPD) is one of them. This paper will analyze the NYPD's performance
measurement system also known as compstat. This paper will show how this performance known as
comptat collects data, its area of interest, and frequency of data collection etc.
The purpose of the NYPD is to improve the "quality of life" in New York City. It is done by fighting
crime through the prevention of criminals in the city. But if the action of NYPD is being effective or
not is only possible to understand through the Compstat since it is a performance measurement
which is the computerized statistics. It also provides methods to acquire solutions when the crime
goes higher and lets NYPD know what approach is working in the best of the New Yorkers.
Moreover this performance measurement amplified the use of statistics and crime indicators as
measure and begins the notion of community policing and problem–solving. Stated by Katel (2008),
according to Bratton, "Police began gathering daily and hourly data on newly

Crime Specific Strategy: Data Analysis
The meaning of crime specific strategy is to address specific criminal activities in at a specific time
and place of occurrence. Crime specific strategy is data based policing which normally involves
aggressive patrol measures to displace crime or reduce crime (Hoover, 2014). In today's criminal
environment it is as important as ever to be proactive in the attempts to stop the criminal element.
The tool of Compstat has given most police departments is the chance to be proactively react to
crime trends in their cities (Bond & Braga, 2015). Compstat is a data analysis of criminal offense
within a given area. These offenses can be observed almost in real time as reports are submitted.
Commanding officers can then react to this information in many

Essay about Crime and Police Department
Predictive Policing
A study shows, crime rates in New York City in the years between 1990 through 1998, crimes such
as murder has decline by over 70%, theft by over 60 %, and violent acts by over 50%. These
reductions were the largest ever recorded in the history of crime in New York City.
There were three ideas develop by individuals who were part of the study to implement a strategy
that reduces crimes (2001).
First idea was to have a problem solving technique. This advance proposition was a theory by
Professor Herman Goldstein. He strongly believed, police officials have had disconnect between
incidents versus problems. Professor Goldstein wanted to reverse that theory and detect an incident
that can turn into a problem. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compstat, a timely computerizes crime statistical information with pin mapping abilities, has
impacted the force in police departments to slow or reduce crimes. This technology enables police
departments to see crimes as it happens and provides crime fighting strategies. This reduces crimes,
the fear of crime and it reduces disorder.
Compstat incorporates crime mapping systems as ArcGIS, Microsoft MapPoint or Google Maps.
Compstat can provide weekly updates of crime statistics for major felonies. This data is use to direct
crime strategy sessions. Police official, narcotic commanders, prison commanders, and detective's
staff may lack the training to take advantage of Compstat data when making decisions on how to
resolve these crimes. Compstat will help official make better and wiser judgment with opinions. The
team views the crime from all different angles.
Law enforcements that patrol the streets will react to the nearest encounter, given information by
those who are monitoring crimes through Compstat technology. Patrol officers will be the first
responders. This is how they catch criminals in the act, intervene, and take appropriate action and
full control of the situation (2001).
There were also challenges associated with the process Compstat provided. Accurate data and
reliable data are two components in which crime analysts were able to spot errors. On

Police Commstat Research Paper
Comp–stat is tool that the police use in order to keep track of crime. Comstat is a very important
tool used by the NYPD and other law enforcement agencies across the United States. The use of
comp stat is usually helpful in sharing information, improvement of effectiveness and as well as
police accountability. The results of this model is mainly based on its four components rapid
resource deployment, relentless follow–up, time and accurate information or rather intelligence. A
while known characteristic of this management model is its regular meetings where different
officers get together with departmental executives analyze as well discuss crime problems together
with strategies that are employed in addressing those problems. Commanders from

NOPD Organizational Behavior
The NOPD is a bureaucratic, quasi–military organization. The Department is complex, performing
many tasks to carry out its mission. These tasks are handled by different divisions in the NOPD. The
Department has a division of labor among its employees. The NOPD has a rank structure with duties
delegated from top to bottom. The Department has a chain of command and information flows
according to it. The NOPD has written rules and regulations. Anyone interested in joining the
Department can choose from several career paths. Officers wear uniforms, have military–style
designations, and are legally authorized to carry weapons, use force, and deprive individuals of their
liberty. These characteristics complicate police work.
The DOJ's investigation and findings report found systemic deficiencies that caused or contributed
to the NOPD's patterns and practices of unconstitutional conduct, including field supervision.
The Justice Department found that the NOPD had deficient field supervision policies. For example,
policy allowed for too large a span of control that prevented adequate supervision. In management, a
span of control of no more than 1:10 is generally accepted and 1:5 is recommended. However, an
NOPD sergeant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, there were failures in first–line supervision. There was a pattern of flawed arrest and
use of force reports that had been approved by supervisors. Sometimes arrest reports appeared to
have not been reviewed at all and use of force reports to have been written by the officers involved
instead of supervisors. Some reports were signed days after the incidents or not at all. Supervisors
did not always respond to the scene of a use of force incident or conduct investigations of uses of
force. Daily Activity Reports were not accurately or consistently filled out and counseling and
corrective action did not occur. Some supervisors did not ensure that officers stayed

Law Enforcement in the City of Harburg: An Analysis of the...
Enforcement Organizational Reform Introduction The city of Harburg has the total population of
160,000 with thriving agriculture service sector. Analysis of the police management system in the
city reveals that the law enforcement agents in the city do not possess modern management skills
which could assist them to manage the crimes rates and the issue is making them to face series of
operational and organizational challenges. Fundamental objective of this paper is to assess critically
the current shortcomings of the Harburg city law enforcement organization. The paper provides
structured alternatives to the problem to make the police service effective, efficient and proactive
law enforcement organization. Problem Analysis Inability of police force to curb the crime rates in
Harburg has been identified as the major operation and organizational challenges facing the police
organization in the city. Overview of the city crime rate reveals that the crime statistics is 5% higher
than the national average. Over the years, there is constant increase in theft under $5000, which is
15% higher than the national average. Moreover, the city officials lack the management skills to
implement efficient modern management concept to run the city administration. (UniversitÃ© de
Cornell, 2009). For example, management does not possess the required skills to develop a strategic
direction for the mission statement. Typically, there is constant increase in the crime rate because

Essay on Predictive Policing
Information technology has advanced in multiple ways in society, where organizations has
implement the structure into their work environment. Industries have outsource their manufacturing
to other places in the world and rely on telecommunication to keep the marketing. The geographic
distribution has changed significantly by reducing the distance it takes to complete an operation, due
to information technology. These are just a couple of examples of how this advanced technology has
reshape our society and continuing. The New York Police Department has structured some
information technology applications to help optimize their firm performance in reducing crime
versus patrols in the street. Some of the implications involved in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the State of New York, fusion center is a perfect example of information technology optimizing
their performance in reducing crime within their police departments. The New York/New Jersey
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Center serves as an information hub for law enforcement.
According to (Johnson, 2008), the mass of intelligence data in the central location has proved to be a
key factor in identifying individuals and organizations that are facilitating or carrying out terrorist
activity in New York City.
On the other hand, random patrols of the streets is the older method in preventing crime in
geographical locations. The random patrol of the streets was set for pre–determined pattern of crime
in design locations. After repeated research of this method alone, it has been address the method
demonstrates how deployment models have been repeatedly use to access the quality of district
designs, without the suggested method of optimally determining those designs. According to (Karen,
2007), there were more issues that occur when given combinatorial complexity of deployment
solution procedure; when information technology were not involved. Dating back 15 years before
2004, less optimal determination of patrol areas were directed when police make calls for design
patrol areas, in maximal coverage and backup when crime occurred (Karen, 2007).
Computer Statistics (COMPSTAT), change the attitude

Crime Is An Issue Of Crime
Crime is an issue that must be controlled effectively with planning and in a timely manner for goals
to be accomplished. There are many plans, procedures, or policies that control crime, but law
enforcement must understand that it may never end. Addressing crime in a timely manner can alter
the aftermath for future occurrences. According to Briggs (2008) the key mystery for these
outrageous crimes in Memphis that occurs frequently are linked to the way people live and the
misguided housing policy that are implemented in the city (Briggs, 2008). There many low– income
families who live in neighborhoods outside the traditional ghetto which is increasing the poverty
areas that is responsible for the uptick in crime in Memphis (Briggs, 2008). Memphis has faced
many crime problems over the last three years such as homicides, assaults, and burglars, these issues
have escalated out of control for law enforcement officials to manage. The homicides, assaults, and
burglaries along with other violent crimes in the neighborhood creates instability in Memphis leaves
the rate of crime to increase more frequently. Memphis is crowded with displaced families, gang
members and violence that has taken over the streets. These crimes have asserted a long history of
violence since the early 1990's of levels of crimes within the city. "In the 1990's at least 17 percent
of the poor in the nation's 100 largest metropolitan areas live in very high poverty census tracts
where at least 40 percent

August Vollmer Community Policing
August Vollmer and his accomplices recommended training and education as two of the main
components in professionalism in policing (Bohm & Haley, 2014). When Vollmer advocated for
training he begun to hire more qualified and educated people that were able to perform the job more
effectively. In the past, there were no requirements for individuals to start the job so the candidates
weren't fitting the job. Vollmer also wanted the politics and policing separated (Bohm & Haley,
2014). His reform was used to "to eliminate political influences, gain control of officers, and
establish crime–fighting priorities" (Bohm & Haley, 2014, Pg. 147). Vollmer's reform had a great
impact on the department and made great changes such as: limiting the police functions to law
enforcement related functions only, enforced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Community Policing took a different perspective on crime than August Vollmer. It shows that even
though police officers are trained and respond to crimes on time, it doesn't effect the crime rates. In
the past foot–patrol was in place but it quickly failed due to poor management and not enough funds
for the program (Bohm & Haley, 2014, Pg. 147). Community Policing was an idea to form a bond
between the police and the citizens. If the police paid more attention to the minor problems in

External Mechanisms Of Accountaability
Describe at least two internal and two external mechanisms of accountability:
Internal Mechanism of accountability; " COMPSTAT, Which stands for computer driven statistics
has been has been describe as goal oriented strategic management process that uses computer
technology, operational strategy and managerial accountability to structure the manner in which a
police department provides crime–central service." (ACCOUNTABILITY police). Those in
leadership positions are held accountable for addressing problems within their area of geographic
responsibility. COMPSTAT is meant to promote accountability through the focused used data in
police staff meeting. Commander during the COMPSTAT meeting must justify their decision and
are held accountable for solving the problems that is affecting the areas under their command. In
each district crime is broken down and analyzed by type of crime to identify the place of occurrence
data can tell the time of day, day of week, and week of the year the crime occurred. Information is
displayed on maps about current crimes activities and the previous month's. "COMPSTAT is one of
the most important innovation in police accountability." (Walker–Katz page, 464). Supervision,
accountability is the key to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Police chiefs are held accountable for any problems within their department. Service contract was
develop to hold police accountable for any misconduct in the department. Accountability and the
police behavior being closely viewed by the civilian review boards and by the courts will continue
to act as a venue for debating and establishing standards for the police departments. "The judicial
branch is an important but indirect part of the political process. Courts at all levels of government
play some role in holding the police accountable." (Walker–Katz; page

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