Tiktaalik Research Reveals Fish to Land Transition

Tiktaalik Research Paper
The picture of the cover of the magazine features Tiktaalik, a creature that is intermediate between
fish and primitive land–living animals. Tiktaalik has fish–like characteristics with scales on its back
as well as fins with fin webbing. However, it also has a flat head and a neck similar to early land–
living animals. Inside the fin, one can also see bones that correlate with the parts of the wrist,
forearm, and upper arm. All of this is inside a fin with webbing. Shubin once dissected a cadaver,
but was never emotionally attached to it until he dissected the hand. It was when he unwrapped the
hand did he come to the realization that this hand once belonged to a living person who used it to
move and touch. Later on in his career, Shubin discovered Tiktaalik which revealed the early stages
of the parts of our hand evolving: the finger area, palm, and wrist. Shubin expressed that seeing the
wrist of a fish was just as worthwhile as unwrapping the fingers of the cadaver because during both
times, he uncovered a deep relationship between his humanity and another being. Sonic hedgehog is
a gene named by fly geneticists Tabin, McMahon, and Ingham. The name was given to the chicken
version of hedgehog because the flies with a mutation in the gene possessed bristles and this
reminded them of a hedgehog. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In humans, the first arch forms the upper and lower jaws, the malleus and incus, and all the vessels
and muscles that supply them. The second arch forms the stapes, a tiny throat bone, and the majority
of the muscle that control facial expression. The third arch forms the nerves, muscles, and bones
located deeper in the throat that is used for swallowing. Lastly, the fourth arch forms the larynx and
the surrounding muscles and vessels that help it function
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Neural Crest Cells Essay
Neural crest cells are transient vertebral cell types, which form at the boundary between the neural
plate and surface ectoderm. They are multipotent and able to migrate and differentiate into
numerous derivatives resulting in them being referred to as the 'fourth germ layer'. It is thought that
the evolution of vertebrates is due to large–scale genome duplications which occurred early in the
vertebrate lineage. Research suggests that there were two rounds of genome duplication during early
vertebrate evolution. However, there is an alternative research model which suggests that in stem
vertebrates there was a single round of duplication, followed by lineage–specific segmental
duplications in cyclostomes and jawed vertebrates. Despite ... Show more content on
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There is also evidence to suggest that the fate of neural crest cells depends upon their migratory path
in the trunk which is dictated by somites. Cells which migrate early move ventrally and pass through
the anterior half sclerotome, form the sensory ganglia. Cells which are more dorsal within the
anterior sclerotome form the sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia, partly due to
signals which come from the neural tube. Alternatively, the neural crest cells which migrate late
travel laterally between the somite and the ectoderm, forming melanocytes in amniotes. It is thought
that the increased complexity in vertebrate neuroanatomy may stem from interactions between
neural crest cells and other cell types. An example of this is the essential role of neural crest cells in
the expansion of the head and formation of a 'true neck'. Neural crest cells are thought to be crucial
in multiple stages of cranial mesoderm development and secrete signals which depress myogenesis,
consequently allowing the formation of cranial myofibres. Research has suggested that these distinct
myogenic regulatory sub–networks arose in early vertebrates. The formation of a 'true neck' is a
result of the pectoral girdle losing its attachment to the skull, and allowed tetrapods to colonise land
as they could now move their head independent of limbs. Despite

Boa Constrictor Research Paper
The boa constrictor is one of the most well–known species of exotic snake, and is a staple of zoos
and reptile exhibitions. This essay will discuss the physical characteristics, the habitat, and the
behaviour of the Boa Constrictor. The Boa constrictor is one of the largest types of snake, although
there are larger types, such as the Burmese python. Boas can vary in length from 3 feet to 13 feet,
although there are exceptions where they have grown longer. The maximum length depends on the
availability of prey and other environmental factors. Females are generally longer and thicker than
male boa constrictors. Typical lengths for males is between 6 and 8 feet, while females are usually
between 7 feet and 10 feet. Boas can weigh up to 60 pounds, but the typical weight is between 20
and 35 pounds. Although females heavier and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can thrive in fairly diverse environmental conditions, it lives in arid climates and tropical
rainforests. The ideal environment for boas, however is in rainforests, because of their high humidity
and temperature. Rainforests are also preferable because of additional prey and cover. Boa
constrictors are very good swimmers and often live near streams or rivers. Often they will live in
abandoned holes belonging to small mammals, so they can hide better. Many boa constrictors are
kept as pets in captivity, and are often seen in zoos. Often boas kept in captivity become very docile.
In the 1970's around 113,000 boas were taken from the wild as pets, putting a large strain on the boa
constrictor population. Nowadays, however most domestic boa constrictors are bred in captivity.
Boas live between 20 and 30 years, so many people underestimate the commitment needed to keep
one. Boas are extremely important in their local ecosystems, keeping opossum and rodent
populations down. When the populations get out of control they can spread diseases to

Progressive And Progressive Turtles: The Impact Of...
INTRODUCTION
Evolution is a process of living things change slowly in a very long time, so it evolved into a new
species more complete body structure. According to the theory of evolution, living now in contrast
to living in the past. The ancestors of creatures alive today may experience changes in form and
structure. In addition, may experience changes in both the structure and genetics in a very long time,
so the shape was totally different from the original and finally generate different types of species
present. So the plants and animals living there now was not the first time here on earth, but it comes
from living in the past.
There evolutions have two types, which are the progressive and regressive evolution. Progressive
evolution means ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CONCLUSION
Turtles are one of the forms of life that are very suitable for assessed the evidence for evolution, this
is not caused by the skin very easily taken care of but because there are many turtle fossil record.
Simply there is no evidence to support that the turtle evolution of the ancestors even though it has
been more than a century of fossil exploration area and identifies thousands of fossils.
Turtles are reptiles that are very different from others because of its uniqueness that can be
practically useless as a guide to distinguish between potential ancestors, and the origin of the turtle
remains one of the unanswered questions of evolutionary biology. There were possibilities that the
options for the turtles were almost the entire range of turtle reptile, living and extinct.
The original turtle has long been, and continues to be, a major evolutionary enigma. The oldest turtle
clearly identified the turtle. Since turtles appear suddenly in the fossil record, the latest data is not
changed with the creation of the event is followed by diversification and

Descriptive Essay About Animals
Growing up, nothing has been more interesting to me than the animal world. Animals vary in size
and shape, they adapt to specific environments, and they all have unique relationships with one
another. These things fascinate me. I can't determine when this obsession grew in me but I can
remember my four year old self, drawing every animal I can think of, from moose to flamingos. I
would watch nature documentaries whenever I could find them on while flipping through the
channels on the television. Frogs were most likely the first animal I went hands on with. My
grandma, who lives up north, lives right off a lake and has a pond on her property. In this pond were
countless frogs of different variety. The most common were bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), but
occasionally there were green frogs (Rana clamitans) too. As I got older, I discovered where and
how I could get my hands on other animals. Probably within one hundred feet of me while at the
pond was another amphibian. Under logs at the edge of the woods were salamanders trying to stay
cool under the damp wood. I would look under all these longs until I finally came upon one and then
I would run to my dad or grandma to show them my discovery. Their praise helped push my drive to
find more critters. Up north I had a friend by the name of Garrett. Garrett was a bit wild. He would
grab fully grown snakes and show them to me. When I was little I would look up to him because he
seemed so brave and smart when it came to catching

Green Sea Turtles
Turtles have puzzled evolutionary biologist immensely. Their morphology isn't similar to any other
living species, specifically their shell is quite perplexing as the shell makeup is unique to other
armored tetrapods, like rhinos and armadillos. In fact, the dorsal part of the shell is transformed into
ribs and vertebrae and their shoulder blades have inside–out topology against the rip cage. This is
unique in comparison to other armored tetrapods because they tend to have independent vertebrae
and rib cage to their armor and have regular topology of the shoulder blades. In addition, turtles lack
a temporal fenestra which classes them in the anapsid group. This is abnormal, because generally
turtles are labeled as reptiles and generally reptiles have two fenestra which classes them into the
diapsid group. These characteristics are part of the reason as to why a phylogenetic tree is
complicated to create. This primary paper ultimately sets out to determine where the turtle,
specifically the extant species the green sea turtle and the Chinese ... Show more content on
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The fragments of the turtle's genes in the database needed to be assembled independently of one
another; thus, HiSeq 2000 was used to shotgun sequence and the sequences were assembled with
SOAPdenovo assembler. The resulting genomic size of each turtle species was ~ 2.2 Gb with N50
lengths of scaffolds smaller than 3.3 Mb. Based on the analysis of the genetic database study, and
looking at orthologous sets of 1,113 single–copy coding genes, there was and immense amount of
evidence that turtles are likely to be a sister clade of crocodiles and birds. This likely means that the
secondary fenestra reptiles have was lost in turtles have the two sister groups diverged from a
common ancestor 257.4 million years ago. (likely the

Essay about chordates and vertebrates lab
Chordates and Vertebrates Lab
Introduction/Background:
In this lab students are learning all about chordates and vertebrates and will be viewing examples of
them as well. The examples to be viewed in the lab are Tunicates, Lancelets, Lampreys, Rays, a
Dogfish shark, a Perch, Catfish, Eels, Toads, Frogs, Lizards, Snakes, Roadrunner (foot), Barn owl
(wing), Cotton tail rabbit , and an Opossum. The different types of chordates/vertebrates discussed
in this lab are the urochordata, cephalochordate, craniates, gnathostomes, chondrichthyes,
actinopterygii, tetrapods, amphibian, amniote, reptilian and aves, and mammals. Students are going
to learn how to differentiate the different organisms and the characteristics that make them unique!
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although both species are cold blooded, they are very different in appearance and physical makeup.
Reptiles are covered in distinctive scales, and some may even have a rough texture. Amphibians, on
the other hand, typically have smooth moist skin. Reptiles also have more diverse body types than
amphibians. They may or may not have limbs, and can range in size from very small to substantially
larger and heavier than humans. Most adult amphibians have four limbs, and while their size varies,
very few grow larger than a man's arm. The role of water is also an important distinguishing
characteristic. Though many reptiles live in the vicinity of water, this is not essential for them to stay
alive and some lizards and snakes are ideally suited to dry areas. By contrast, many amphibians
must remain moist in order to breathe, although they do have lungs, they also take in oxygen
through their skin. This thin skin means that they lost moisture easily as well, and some will even
die if their skin dries completely. Life cycles are different in that when reptile eggs hatch, the young
look like miniature adults. An amphibian initially emerges from an egg in the form of an aquatic
larva, like a tadpole that breathes through gills until they mature and develop lungs so they may
survive without being completely submerged.
3. Aves
a. Roadrunner
b. Barn Owl
4. Mammalia
a. Cottontail rabbit
b. Opossum

c. Which of

Essay on The Evolution of Reptiles
There are four main groups of reptiles, known as Crocodilians, Squamates, Tuataras, and Turtles.
Crocodilians consists of large reptiles which includes alligators, crocodiles, gharials, and caimans.
Squamates are lizards, snakes, and worm–lizards. A worm–lizard is a subterranean burrowing reptile
that resembles an earthworm, a legless lizard. Tuataras are a group of reptiles that are lizard–like in
appearance but are different from squamates because their skull isn't jointed. Turtles are the most
ancient reptiles alive today. They have changed very little since they first showed up 220 million
years ago. The first turtle appeared 220 million years ago.(Laura Klappenbach)
Though it is not a reptile, Gephyrostegus bohemicus is where the ... Show more content on
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Amphibians skin is moist and they do not consist of scales. The skin of an amphibian is also
permeable. Permeable means that gases can pass through their skin. A reptiles' scales provide them
with a protective layer of skin that is tough and dry. The scales help to minimize the loss of body
moisture, the reptilian scales consists of a protein called keratin. The scale structure of a reptile are
not individual like those of a fish, but are a continuous sheet of epidermal tissue. Hard–shelled eggs
provide a protective environment in which the embryo can develop and enables reptiles to lay their
eggs in dry environments. On the other hand, amphibians must lay their eggs in or near water. The
reptilian skeleton differs from other vertebrates in many ways. For example, reptiles have many
bones in their lower jaw to enable them a greater bite mobility, but mammals only have one bone in
their lower jaw called the mandible. Mammals ears consist of three bones(the malleus, incus, and
stapes) while reptiles have just one bone(stapes). Reptiles also have only one occipital condyle(a
protrusion on the skull that forms a joint that enables movement of the head) mammals on the other
hand consist of two occipital condyles (Laura Klappenbach 2014).
Scientists say reptiles evolved from amphibians 340 million years ago. The first reptile was an insect
eater. Reptiles were more adaptable and able to

Carboniferous Research Paper
The carboniferous period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago, during the Paleozoic era.
The name "carboniferous" came from the large amounts of carbon–bearing coal that was formed
during the period. Several major biological, geological, and climatic events occurred at this time.
The amniote egg allowed further exploitation for certain tetrapods. It enabled ancestors of birds,
mammals, and reptiles to lay their eggs on land without fear of being dehydrated. The carboniferous
period was divided into two major subdivisions, the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian. The
Mississippian was the early half and the Pennsylvanian being the last half. Climatically there was a
trend towards mild temperatures The beginning of the carboniferous generall had more tropical and
humid climates than exists today. The plant fossils form the carboniferous period resemble that they
lived in tropical and mildly temperature areas today. This climate may have been a result of the large
expanse of ocean that covered the surface of the globe, except a localized section. The early part of
the period was warm but the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Life of the carboniferous period was sizable and luxuriant. It included ferns, fernlike trees, giant
horsetails, club mosses, or lycopods, seed ferns, and cardaites. Plants in the Mississippian were
creating lots of oxygen in earths atmosphere. Plants started to develop bark during this time. Land
animals included primitive amphibians, reptiles, spiders, millipedes, land snails, scorpions,
enormous dragon flies, and more than 800 different types of cockroaches. The inland waters
included fishes, clams, and many crustaceans. The Mississippian animals had tetrapods, many grow
in the high humidity and oxygen. Sea life animals included sharks and corals which were

Sea Level Rises In America Research Paper
The small island country of Maldives is being affected by sea level rises due to climate change.
Being half a meter from sea level makes the Maldives a vulnerable country to climate change
(Gwynne). They are low–lying countries who are slowly being affected by rising sea–levels.
(Jaschik). Too much water coming into the shore at once is bringing the Maldives underwater. If the
sea level rises to 1 m then there will be 79% less chance of getting groundwater (Iftikhar). Odd
rainfall patterns are causing some dryness and shortage for the people. There has also been some
recent contamination that makes the water more difficult to drink. In the article "Small States..." it
claims "climate change is ultimately a matter of life and death" (Jaschik). When sea levels rises to
the point of taking over, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Mörner, a sea–level specialist, went to the Maldives to find any sea level trends and that they
would go up and down (Murphy). With a varying trend, that meant there was no actual sea rise
evidence. He also noted that Maldivian government got mad at him when he claimed on television
that there was no sea level rise. Dr. Mörner found out that since they were receiving money from
U.S because of CO2 omisson they didn't want to lose that connection. The Maldives is only 1 meter
above sea level and is named the flattest country in the world (Union). It's obvious that a country so
flat and little topography will go through a series of floods and harsh storms. In 2004, a tsunami hit
the Indian ocean causing destruction to the Maldives structures (Union).The tsunami had nothing to
do with climate change and all it did was show how helpless the Maldives is since it mostly made up
of coral sands. The opposing viewpoint offers a different perspective to the "problem". Could the
rising sea levels be a coincidence or is it " a warning sign from mother nature"?

Using Fossil Records to Compare Evolution and Creationism
Fossil Records:
Evolution vs. Creation Defined in Biology, evolution is as a change in allele frequencies of a
population. To more simply express, a change in the genetic coding (DNA) of a group of organisms.
These changes can be as simple as eye or hair color, and as complex has the development of limb
and finger bones as seen in evolution of fish to land–roaming tetrapods (Tiktaalik roseae). A strong
factor supporting evolution is the history of life as documented by fossils, known as the fossil
record. The fossil record reveals a timeline of evolution through the course of Earth's history. The
fossil record contains evidence that species have been evolving since the beginning of time and
reveals great leaps from evident ancestor to descendent with no intermediaries, much a continuity of
incremental form. The fossil record not only helps to better explain evolution, but also provides
physical proof that evolution occurs. The fossil record showcases the outcome of natural selection
and includes well documented examples of the transition of one species to another, revealing the
origins of the new physical features that resulted. Because of the fossil record, fossils containing
characteristics of two different organisms, known as transitional fossils, have been identified. These
transitional fossils provide direct evidence about the course of evolutionary change throughout
Earth's history. A prime example of this is the Tiktaalik roseae which lived 375 million years ago

Mr. Mueller's Assessment Summary
Mr. Mueller's assessment summary On 4 June 2018 at around 2pm, I visited Mr. Mueller at his
home located on Fort Drum, NY. Mr. Mueller is awake, alert, and oriented to person and location.
When evaluating his hearing, Mr. Mueller is able to repeat whispered words appropriately.
Evaluation of breathing pattern while watching his nostrils reveals unlabored breathing with no
nasal flaring. Lymph nodes post–auricular, submandibular, and supraclavicular are not swollen and
Mr. Mueller does not report pain during palpation of lymph nodes. Assessment of eyes reveals
bilateral quick reacting pupils to light. Extraocular movement test is normal; Mr. Mueller is able to
follow the pen with his gaze. Lung sounds are clear bilateral, breathing pattern

What Is Fossil Evidence?
Fossil Evidence
Fossil evidence is a great way to analyse the effects of evolution. The first statement posed by
somebody when a person trying to prove a point is: prove it. Fossil evidence does just that by
providing proof in the forms of preserved life–forms which previously inhabited the earth. The
stratigraphic column is a layering of sedimentary rocks which contain fossils in them (McMullen et
al., 2014). The erosion of these rocks carves through this layering to provide a timeline of fossils.
The theory of superposition goes hand in hand with the geological column, this is seen in Bighorn
Basin in Wyoming, U.S.A., where the more anatomically complex and younger fossils, such as
tetrapods and vertebrates, appear at the top of the geological ... Show more content on
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The unzipping of the internal "instructions" which code for body function was discovered and the
marvellous molecule of DNA and the genetic code was discovered for the first time in the 1900's
(Pray, 2008). Genetic sequencing is the method by which the building blocks of DNA, nucleotide
base pairs, are ordered to create a gene instruction (Olsvik et al. 1993). These gene sequences can be
used in comparison between different species to link any common genetic traits (Hedges & Kumar,
2002). In Hedges and Kumar article about vertebrate genomes it was found that Homo sapiens,
Human beings, had a similar genome size compared to Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee. It
was also found that because these animals were phylogenetically similar, there genomes were
roughly the same size, but when compared to the genome sizes for more simpler anatomic animals
such as Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl or chicken, or the Tetraodon nigrovirdis, spotted green
pufferfish, there was a huge difference in genomic sizes with the chicken and pufferfish having
substantially smaller genomic size (Hedges & Kumar, 2002). This again shows the evolution of
genome size evolution in combination with the evolution of more complex anatomical structures.
Molecular biology can be used in other ways such as tracking and comparing differences and
similarities in protein structures in microstructures such as vessels or bone fragments. An example

Antomy of Fish and Amphibians Essay
Anatomy A way to identify a fish is by their body structure, they have fins and a backbone. The
anatomical adaptation of fins helps them survive and makes them and marine animal unique in that
they use them to maintain their position, move, steer, and stop. Most fish have scales and breathe
though gills. Most fish also have a mucus layer that helps them prevent infections. With in what we
consider "fish," there are many that don't very much look like they are earth creatures. The strangest
fish species are found in deep ocean waters, such as the Pacific Barreleye, which is distinctive in
that, its head is a fluid–filled transparent shield. Among other strange looking fish there are the
Sheepshead and the Parrotfish
Amphibian's body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An anatomical advantage of the reptile class is that their limbs have shifted to the bottom, compared
to amphibians, which are on their sides. The Texas Horned Lizard can shoot blood out of its eyes; it
certainly is one of the most interesting animals in the reptile class.
Birds differ from the previous three classes in their physical appearance, even though their
evolutionary line originates directly from the reptiles. From the out side they all look relatively
similar, they all have wings and feathers, their feet are similar, they all have hollow bones and
special respiratory and metabolic systems, and they have beaks. Even though they might seem little,
variations in their wings, feathers, feet, and beaks are what make each species of birds unique. Birds
feet are classified by how their toes' positions and what purpose they serve, from just looking at the
birds feet it is possible to identify what kind of bird they are. For example, a duck's foot structure is
an anatomical advantage since it allows them to swim better. The most strange looking and
interesting bird species are Vulturine Guinea Fowl; Anhinga; Hood Mockingbird and Vampire
Finch, which both feed on blood; African Crown Eagle, which feeds on monkeys; and finally the
Great Grey Shrike, which impales its prey. Mammals are completely different from

Dipnoi Essay
DIPNOI
Dipnoi are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, order
Dipteriformes, families Ceratodontidae and Lepidosirenidae.The Dipnoi or the lung fishes are the
unique group of bony fishes. Dipnoi owes its name to the presence of two nostrils. The dipnoi are a
group of sarcopterygiian fish and are commonly known as the lung fishes. Their lung is a modified
swim bladder, which in most fish is used for buoyancy in swimming, but in the lungfish also absorbs
oxygen and removes wastes. Dipnoi is an interesting group of fishes showing affinities with teleosts
and amphibians.They evolved during middle Devonian and flourished in Permian and Triassic
periods. The earliest known fossil lung fish is Dipterus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11.2) like and brown in colour having ability of camouflage, and is covered by overlapping cycloid
scales. *Mouth is located on the ventral side of the head. *Nostrils are present on the ventral side of
the snout. *Internal nostrils open into the mouth. *Acutely lobate aired fins without fin rays. *The
dorsal, ventral and anal fins fused into a single fin. *Fins are archipterygial type. *Tail is
diphycercal. *Lateral line sensory system is well developed. *Large dental plates are firmly fused to
the jaw

See You Later Alligator, In A While Crocodile
Taylor Cormier Paqutte English 5097 8W1 "See You Later Alligator, In a While Crocodile" Now it's
perfectly understandable to confuse gators and crocs (the animals, not the shoes). They have a
Staggering amount of similarities, it's very easy to give into the urges to reference the two
interchangeably. They both are very large reptiles, hailing from the order Crocodylia, easily weigh A
ton, and dawn the traditional dry scaly skin. They even tend to have a very similar dark greenish–
brown color. While they are semi aquatic, like all reptiles they are cold blooded, so the both live in
very warm, wet climates, such as swamps and lagoons in order to thrive. Both alligators and
crocodiles are sexually dimorphic, resulting in the male being larger

Identificities And Characteristics Of Sphenodon
Internal organs
*The heart is reptilian type but the three main arches arise from a short common trunk. *The arterial
and venous system shows similarity with urodela *Brain is well developed. Cerebellum is poorly
developed. *The lungs have a single chamber and lack bronchi *Jacobson's organ is present in a
rather primitive form.
*A urinary bladder is present. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*Sternum is present in Sphenodon but absent in chelonia *Unpaired vomer *Teeth are present in
Sphenodon but absent in the chelonians *Cloacal aperture is transverse in Sphenodon while
longitudinal in chelonians *Copulatory organ is absent in Sphenodon but present in Chelonians
*Opening of oviduct on dorsal side in Sphenodon while ventral in

Explain The External Structure Of A Frog
Two of the frog's main external structures are its nose/nostrils and its eyes. Two of its internal
structures are its tongue and lungs. The eyes are relatively small, they are about the size of a
blueberry. They are a dark shade of blue, along with being squishy and moist. The eyes have a clear
and retractable membrane called the nictitating membrane. This allows the frog to see under water.
The eyes are retractable themselves, which helps the frog swallow food whole and push it down.
The nostrils are small, black holes located on the top of the frogs head. They allow the frog to
breathe when it is barely surfaced. The nostrils can open and close. They are closed during
hibernation. The frog's lungs are a brownish red color and they are about ... Show more content on
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Three of these adaptations are its skin and its hind legs. Its skin allows it to breathe on land as well
as in water, also, it helps the frog camouflage from its surroundings. Its hind legs are very powerful
and the feet are webbed. The frog's skin is very moist and thin allowing oxygen to diffuse through it.
Oxygen can pass through via both water and air. The skin is filled with millions of tiny capillaries
which transfer the diffused oxygen into the bloodstream. The skin is what helps the frog breathe
when it hibernates. Its skin also has the ability to change color and blend into its surroundings. Tiny
pigments in the cells can change to all shades of green and brown disguising the frog from
predators. The frog can also hide under water because of the locations of its eyes, ears, and nose.
The skin is a major adaptation for the frog. The strong hind legs of the frog allow it to jump and
swim at high speeds. Frogs are widely known for their hopping abilities. The two feet of the frog are
webbed, allowing it to get more resistance pushing into the water when it extends its legs. The
webbing is in between its toes so that it can close and open it when needed. The frog has many
bodily systems that work together, two of them are the respiratory and circulatory systems. The
respiratory system obtains oxygen and disposes of excess carbon dioxide and water. The respiratory
system then adds the oxygen to the blood which

Salamanders And Geckos Similarities
Slimy Salamanders or gentle Geckos? Well, in this essay you can learn about both! If you've ever
heard the word Salamander or Gecko, they may sound very similar, but they couldn't be more
different. For example, Salamanders and Geckos have different and some similar habitats, diets, and
colors. Here's a helpful fact, Salamanders are poisonous and bite! Geckos, on the other hand, only
bite when they are distressed, and they don't even pierce skin. First of all, Salamanders and Geckos
are completely different types of animals. Geckos are reptiles, and Salamanders are amphibians. So,
as you may know, they live in different habitats. Geckos, to begin with, can live in a variety of
habitats. For example, geckos can live on a mountain slope, a forest ground, or underneath the sand
in a desert. However, the most common habitat of a gecko is the wet rainforests. Salamanders,
however, choose to thrive in very similar habitats. They prefer moist or arid habitats, in the northern
hemisphere. For example, a Salamander could live in a rainforest, a marsh, or a swamp. All things
considered, there are 2000 species of geckos, so there is more variety of habitat. In contrast, there
are only 500 species of Salamanders. Furthermore, the diet of both animals are very different. To
begin with, Salamanders are carnivores. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geckos live in a variety of habitats, while Salamanders choose to thrive in "swampy" areas. In
addition, Geckos are carnivores and herbivores, and Salamanders are only carnivores. Finally,
Geckos are mostly vibrant/tropical colors, Salamander are more dark or murky colors. However,
Geckos and Salamanders both have hidden talents. Geckos clean their eyes with their tounge.
Equally as amazing, Salamanders have tongues up to 10x their body! As you can see, Salamanders
and Geckos have different habitats, diets, and colors. However, they still have some (little) traits in

Tetrapods: From Water To Land Essay
Abstract:
The early tetrapods were the first vertebrates to actually walk the solid earth. They began their
conquest of land in the Paleozoic era around 360 million years ago. The question many
paleontologists have been asking for a long period of time is whether the anatomy for locomotion on
land was developed in water for swimming purposes, or if it was adapted after the creatures became
terrestrial. Recent findings of fossils indicate that the transformations of the aquatic creatures
happened underwater in order to help them survive in the changing world. When looking for
answers, they had to examine forearm, hip, wrist, finger, and other bones, as well as the lungs or
gills of the early tetrapod fossils. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Summary:
. In 1940 Alfred Romer of Harvard offered a powerful scenario about the process of evolution of the
fish into amphibians. He argued that the freshwater pools that the early tetrapods lived in were
suffering seasonal droughts. He compared these early creatures to lungfish. Because of the draughts
tetrapods evolved lungs and were able to breathe air when necessary. This happened over a long
period of time. The lungs came to the rescue when the oxygen became scarce in water or when the
ponds dried out. Romer also suggested that instead of digging burrows with their teeth, such as
lungfish do in similar situations, tetrapods used their fins to struggle over the harsh land to the
nearest pond. By the process of natural selection, fish with weak fins died along the way, but fish
with strong ones lived to reproduce and pass on their genotype to their offspring. Gradually fins
turned into limbs, which are much better for overland travel. At the same time, many other parts of
the body, such as eyes, ears, and skin, changed to better cope with this new environment (Gardiner,
1998, p.659).
Romer&#8217;s theory was very controversial because there were a lot facts and findings that
did not support it. The anatomy of the tetrapods teaches us a lot about their lifestyle. We notice that
the radius and the ulna of the bones of the forearm are of different lengths.

Compare And Contrast Alligator And Komodo Dragon
Komodo Dragon and Alligator Snap,Chop,Gulp.Those sounds seem familiar.People sometimes get
confused on what they are seeing.Those two magnificent reptiles an alligator and komodo
dragon.These reptiles have similar and differences on their characteristics,diets,and habitats. An
alligator and a komodo dragon may look the same,but they are not.An alligator has a bid mouth,
while a komodo has a small mouth.A komodo smells with there tongue and an alligator smells with
nose.These reptiles have long tials,sharp teeth,and are quick.All though alligators may be mistaken
by komodos an alligator has spikes on there backs.So when you come across one don't get confused.
These reptiles have diets too.They eat animals like deer,birds,mammals,other

Ordovician Life
For a long period, up till now, I loved the early life of earth. Kimberella, Dickinsonia, and, later in
time, Hylonomus were some of the creatures I studied. To find out, I went online to look around.
The first question I looked at, to me at least, was the diversity of life in the early periods of life,
specifically the Ordovician. To find out the answer, we must go back in time, at the beginning of the
Ordovician in fact, to find out the answer. I started my research on this topic by surfing the internet
and looking at various websites until I found the perfect one. I finally found an entire article on how
the Ordovician period's life branched out. Next, I wanted to find out information on the missing link
between fish and early amphibians. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this period there were volcanoes dotting the landscape of early Earth. Seems inhospitable
right? You are correct in a way, but there is life here, microscopic life, but life nonetheless. Deep in
the ocean, in the crushing depths, there are black smokers, early versions of them, wafting out large
amounts of heat and food. This is where early life began, absorbing nutrients from the water.
("Proterozoic: Eukaryotes and the First Multicellular Life Forms." Proterozoic: Eukaryotes and the
First Multicellular Life Forms. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar.

Tetrapod Evolution
In order to understand the evolution of terrestrial life from aquatic life, we must first understand the
origin of tetrapods. By definition, the word tetrapod translates to four feet, and includes all species
that have four feet. However, some species without four feet are classified as tetrapods as well
because they all descended from a common ancestor, linking together the evolution of the
physiology in amphibians, reptiles and mammals. For example, the snake is a tetrapod even though
it has no limbs. Tetrapods themselves evolved from an aquatic, finned organism that differs from the
ray–finned fishes who make up the root of this evogram. These fish are identified by their fin rays
that branch from the base of the fin. Lobe finned fish

The Extinction Of Animals During The Devonian Period
During the Devonian period, most of the oceans were filled with stromatoporoids, brachiopods and
corals. The Devonian period gave rises to some of the first tetrapods, amphibians, sharks, insects
and boney fish. The first real land plants were also formed, giving rise to the first forest. The first
plants were only about a foot tall and had no roots or leaves. By the late Devonian, plants had
formed roots and leaves. The late Devonian Extinction was about 359 million years ago, and about
20 percent of all animal families and about 70 percent of all animal species were killed. Marine
species and freshwater species such as ammonites, conodonts, benthic foraminifera suffered the
most extinction, whereas terrestrial species were hardly affected.

Mammoths In Research Paper
The most rare method to find fossils is to find original skeleton material. some insects have been
found in amber. The amber gives some scientists the chance to examine the skin, hair, and organs of
prehistoric beings. The rarest form of fossilization is the preservation of original skeletal material
and even soft tissue. For example, some insects have been preserved perfectly in amber, which is
ancient tree sap. In addition, several mammoths and even a Neanderthal hunter have been
discovered frozen in glaciers. The rarest form of fossilization is the preservation of original skeletal
material and even soft tissue. For example, some insects have been preserved perfectly in amber,
which is ancient tree sap. In addition, several mammoths and

Questions Quiz Questions On Dipnoi
1. What are Dipnoi? – The Dipnoi are a group of sarcopterygiian fish, are are commonly known as
the lungfish. 2. Name two fossils of Dipnoi. – Dipterus and Ceratodus 3. When Dipnoi appeared? –
Mid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. In which of the following the heart is less specialized having no partitions and absence of spiral
valves from conus? a) Protopterus b) Lepidosiren c) Neoceratodus d) None 6. A single lung is
present in: a)

Questions On Ostracoderm
1) Ostracoderm. What are their characteristics? Did they all look the same? Do they possess the
chordate characteristics? Vertebrate characteristics?
Ostracoderm was regarded as the primitive and oldest chordates according to (Gregory 1995).They
possessed small fins i.e. medial fins but they lacked lateral fins. Their mouths were always open.
Their body size is small with non beyond 15 cm long.
They move food with help of ciliated motion and their muscular gill pouch assist them in creating
suction to pull small slow moving prey.
All Ostracoderm have similar characteristic and depicts vertebrate characteristics.
2) What did conodonts look like? What characteristics did they share with Chordates? with other
early fishes? What are they named ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the upper and lower halves are almost equal.
8) What does the coelacanth look like? Using external morphology 1) how can you tell that it is a
bony fish? 2) how can you tell it is a Sarcopterygian? 3) How is their anatomy and physiology differ
from other lobed finned fish? 4) Where do they live? You will need to use the power point to answer
this or the computer displays in the Hall of Vert Life. Coelacanth was supposed to have extinct but
in reality it still exist. Unlike any other fish they have fins round and fleshy. Their scales are very
hard like a bone and a tail unlike any existing fish. They also possessed four fleshy fins which
extend outwards like limbs and arrange in alternating pattern. The movement of their paired fins is
like the movement of forelegs and hind legs of tetrapod moving on land. Coelacanth also has
intracranial joint and hinge in the skull which enables them to open their mouth very wide for
consumption of very big prey. Coelacanths have a notochord which is filled with oil with a hollow
tube with pressure which serves as a

The Similarities Between Earthworm And Crayfish
In my comparative anatomy class I was able to distinguish the difference and the similarities
between a earthworm, crayfish, and a chordate. The earthworm and the crayfish are both divided
into parts. The earthworm is divided internally and externally into defined segments. These
segments may also be divided as well. The crayfish is divided into two main parts. One of the parts
that they are divided into is called the cephalothorax which consists of the head region and the
thoracic region. The second part is called the abdomen. The abdomen consists of six clearly divided
segments. The chordate is not divided into parts. They all belong to the animal kingdom. The
crayfish differs from the earthworm and the chordate because it has a hard exoskeleton that covers
its body. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They all have different ways of how they taste their food. The crayfish taste its food by two ways
which is antennules and the long antennae. The only difference between the two is that the
antennules helps with balance, touch, and taste, and the long antennae are organs for touch, taste,
and smell. The chrodate taste its food by the pharynx. They are able to do this because the pharynx
is consisted of 100 pharyngeal slits that are called "gill slits". These gill slits are what is used to
strain food particles out of the water. The earthworm obtains its food by extending its body from
surfaces and opening a small tunnel which it makes by "eating" its way through the soil. So
basically this is saying that earthworms eat

Surēbumausu Research Paper
In an great forest untouched by mankind, there lived a great creature called NekoRūrā, she had a
black hue with strange patterns about her limbs. She had large ears and spikes on her face. She had
two giant horns that fueled her power. But most of all, she had servants. These small servants
worked endlessly. With their small and round ears and serpent–like tails, they would do almost
impossible feats to not be a snack for the giant creature. These small creatures, called Surēbumausu,
are also the food for NekoRūrā. A giant Surēbumausu dubbed Kingumausu by NekoRūrā, was the
cruel leader of the small creatures. Having his kingdom work for just to have an mere spark of
power whenever the beast roared. The roars only happened when the beast was perfectly pampered.
The small spark of power kept Kingumausu the leader of the Surēbumausu. NekoRūrā was pleased
that she had control of a whole empire, including the king! ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
But two clever protesters hid. Their names were Rambé and Ambé. They ran away out of sight, not
even their supporters knew. The reason? They found a lost book full of curses and hexes. They
found out the whole middle of the forest was cursed, by who you might ask, NekoRūrā. She wanted
power, so she cursed herself. It then spread to the animals, then the forest itself. You might ask also,
how did they find out? Before they went out they grabbed a special gem that can tell the story of the
hexers by the directions of the curse. The gem just needed to be placed on

Platypuses Research Paper
The platypuses' body parts are all very special and have many interesting roles to play. Their tail is
not only used for guiding them while they swim, but it is also used for another interesting part. Their
tail is used to store up fats for hard times when there is no food, this time usually occurs when they
are nesting. Platypuses of both genders store up fats in their tails. Their claws are also very helpful
in their everyday lives. They are able to pull back and retract the webbing on their feet! They do this
to denude their claws so that they could rush and run on land, and so they could mine into the
ground. This is beneficial to the platypus because they excavate dirt near any flowing source of
water. Although they do sleep in burrows, they are also reported to be seen sleeping in hollow logs
and under branches (Becker). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is harnessed with senses and is required for the platypus to survive. The platypuses' bill eats solely
underwater and only underwater. They find their food by rummaging for food under water using
their bill to attack their prey. They are bottom–eaters, which means that their diet consists of insects
and insect larvae, worms, and shellfish. They seize their prey by shoveling the mud and gravel with
their bill. When their food arrives in their mouth, they cache it in cheek pouches until they reach the
surface of the lake or river they are located at (Becker). The platypus lack teeth, so the gravel they
shoveled up helps them chew their food (Smith). It can take twelve hours for the platypus to look for
food. However, they can stay submerged underwater for only thirty to one hundred–forty seconds
(Bradford). While they look for food, they close their eyes due to the mud they dive down into. They
use their strong sense of smell and electro–receptors to find their prey

Why Fossils Are Used As Evidence For Evolution Essay
Part A:
Question 1. Explain why fossils are used as evidence for evolution?
Fossils provide a unique view into the history of life by showing the forms and features of life in the
past. Fossils tell us how species have changed across long periods of the Earth's history. For
instance, in 1998, scientists found a fossil showing an animal at the transition from sea creature to
land creature. This tetrapod had a hand–like fin, confirming a prediction of evolutionary biology.
Though the fossil record does not include every plant and animal that ever lived, it provides
substantial evidence for the common descent of life via evolution. The fossil record is a remarkable
gift for the study of nature. That is why most of the evidence for evolution comes from the fossil
record. Fossils show how much, or how little, organisms have changed over time. One of the
problems with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fossils let us know how species have changed crosswise over long stretches of the Earth's history.
For example, in 1998, researchers discovered a fossil demonstrating a creature at the move from
ocean animal to land animal. This tetrapod had a hand–like balance, affirming a forecast of
transformative science. In spite of the fact that the fossil record does exclude each plant and creature
that ever lived, it gives considerable proof to the normal plunge of life by means of advancement.
The fossil record is a noteworthy present for the investigation of nature. That is the reason the
greater part of the proof for advancement originates from the fossil record. Fossils demonstrate how
much, or how little, living beings have changed after some time. One of the issues with the fossil
record is that it contains holes. Not all life forms fossilize well, and there will be numerous fossils
that have been wrecked by the developments of the Earth, or just not yet been

The Kappa
One very interesting man–eating cryptid is the Kappa. This creature can be found in bodies of water
all around Japan (mysteriousuniverse.org). Considered a water imp by folklore, the Kappa is around
the same size as a small child and also has a shell on its back. They also have a beak of some sorts
and webbed feet and hands. The identifying feature of a Kappa however is the indentation in the top
of its head. Considered a bowl in lore, it contains the liquid that gives the Kappa its strength.
However harmless the Kappa may sound, it is actually quite dangerous. This creature is known to
kill humans as well as molest women. The way that a Kappa kills someone is by pulling them deep
into the water and then sucking all of the blood out of them. Another way that they kill their victims
is by sucking out the victim's innards through the anus. In general, Kappas are very dangerous to be
around and find humans to be a tasty snack. Many believe that Kappas do exist and that they are out
there and are behind the unexplained disappearances of many Japanese citizens. In 1818, proof of
the Kappa came into exist after one was killed and the remains were mummified (dailymail.co.uk).
The arm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One person who killed another member of their tribe was Joseph Fiddle. He was the chief of his
Ojibwa tribe and killed a woman before she turned into a Wendigo in order to protect the rest of the
tribe. This was not the first tribe member that he had killed however. Another account of a Wendigo
encounter was in 2013 when a group of teenagers recorded one on tape. This video was published to
youtube and received much attention due to the fact that the boys had encountered a man–eating
beast. In general, Wendigoag pose a great threat to many Native American tribes as well as anyone
else living near dense, wooded areas in North

Polytetrafluoroethylene Research Paper
Jason Chemistry Assessment PTFE history Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) (Teflon). The
polytetrafluoroethylene was discovered by DuPont's Roy Plunkett in 1938. When he tried to make a
new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, tetrafluoroethylene was polymerized in a high–pressure storage
vessel (the inner wall of the vessel became a catalyst for polymerization). Since Plunkett was
measuring the amount of gas used by weighing the bottle, he became curious as to the source of the
weight, and finally resorted to sawing the bottle apart. He found the bottle's interior coated with a
waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Analysis showed that it was polymerized
perfluoroethylene, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trick is that polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone surfaces are not bonded together by chemical
binders.Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals (ZnONC) The general aspect of water chestnuts or quadrupeds
allows polytetrafluoroethylene and silicon surfaces to be "nailed" together, without any chemical
driving bonds forming strong mechanical bonds. A water chestnut is an ancient weapon of
destruction, including four spines so gathered together, when thrown on the ground. Under certain
growth conditions, the ZnONC takes the form of a water chestnut with four arms each having a
hexagonal cross section and a tetrahedral core.According to Xin Jin, a graduate student currently
working on her Ph.D. thesis, "it's like stapling two non–sticky materials from the inside with the
crystals. When they are heated up, the nano tetrapods in between the polymer layers pierce the
materials, sink into them, and get anchored." Her colleague and supervisor, Dr. Yogendra Kumar
Mishra, explains the adhesive principle: "If you try to pull out a tetrapod on one arm from a polymer
layer, the shape of the tetrapod will simply cause three arms to dig in deeper and to hold on even

Yangtze Finless Porpoise Research Paper
Description Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis otherwise known as the Yangtze finless
porpoise is one of the three recognised subspecies of the finless porpoise and is the only subspecies
that resides in freshwater. Found up to 1,600 kilometres from the sea in the Yangtze River, this
particular subspecies is the only porpoise species that lacks a true dorsal fin. Instead, it is replaced
by a low ridge with small bumps running down the middle of the back that is covered with thick
skin. The Yangtze finless porpoise can grow up to as much as 2.27m in length and weigh up to 72kg.
With only fifteen to twenty one teeth in each jaw, they have a considerably less amount of teeth
compared to other porpoises. The flippers of the porpoise are like other finless porpoises and can
reach up to 20% of the total body length. Yangtze finless porpoises typically have a light grey colour
of skin and have darker patches of skin as they age, however, some may have lighter patches or
darker patches of skin than others. Past and present distribution ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 2006, a survey using line–transect methods has indicated the porpoise population within the
Yangtze main stem was approximately 1000–1200. Survey results from late 2012 suggest that the
population of Yangtze Finless Porpoises in Yangtze main channel has almost been halved since the
previous survey in 2006. The survey in 2012 has shown that they were only 500 Yangtze finless
porpoises left in the main stem compared to the 1000–1200 six years

Viviparity In Squamates
Matrotrophy is the alternative reproductive method to laying shelled eggs in reptiles. With this
maternal strategy, females can supply their unborn offspring nutrients from their own bodies via a
placenta for their entire gestation period rather than relying on egg nutrient stores and external
incubation (Itonaga et al. 2012). Squamates are known to contain several species that give birth to
live young, contrary to the usual shelled–egg method of most other reptilian taxa such as the
Crocodilians and Tuataras. Matrotrophy in Squamates likely has many origins and probably did not
evolve as a result of one environmental element alone (Albergotti and Guillette 2011). The amount
of maternal provisioning is vastly different between viviparous and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is evidence for and against many arguments, and few are overwhelmingly significant. Among
some of the strongest evidence is that viviparity allows much greater control of many variables for
female Squamates, pertaining to offspring phenotype (Itonaga et al. 2012), and offspring phenotype
can differ greatly within species as a response to current environmental conditions (Shine 1995).
Viviparity is generally no more beneficial than oviparity, as pointed out in Albergotti and Guillette
(2011). Viviparity likely evolved from oviparity, not the other way around, due to the loss of
anatomical structure and function. Even among viviparous reptiles, there are differences in the types
of placental structures formed and the amount of influence that some common reproductive
structures and hormones have on gestation (Albergotti and Guillette 2011). Viviparous reptiles may
provide models for further study into the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. As is true for all
other organisms, having a greater wealth of knowledge can ultimately help us conserve them in their
natural

Classification Construct : The Second Lineage Of...
The Synapsid clade (classification construct), are known as the second lineage of terrestrial
vertebrates (amniote tetrapods), that originated at the end of the Paleozoic era (Pough, Janis, and
Heiser 448). According to Pough, Janis, and Heiser, "Synapsids include mammals and their extinct
pre–decessors, commonly called "mammal–like reptiles", (can also be referred to as "non–
mammalian")". The key distinction in distinguishing synapsids from other amniotes is their synapsid
skull; the synapsid skull is a skull with the presence of a lower temporal (synapsid) fenestra, plus a
few other skull features (Fig. 1) (Pough, Janis, and Heiser 448).
Fig. 1– Diagram of the Synapsid Skull. The diagram depicts a generalized image of the Synapsid
skull. The key in differentiating the Synapsid skull from other skulls is that temporal fenestra, which
is located behind the orbit. Dilkes DW & RR Reisz (1996), First record of a basal syanapsid
("mammal–like reptile") in Gondwana. Proc. Royal. Soc. Lond. B 263: 1165–1170. Aerosaurus,
Elliotsmithia, SYNAPSIDA, Varanops, Varanopseidae. <
http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/synapsida/synapsida.html>
When defining Synapsid, this term is often misused to only refer to the only extinct non–mammalian
forms, when in actuality this group includes all the amniotes that descended from a common
ancestor who had a synapsid type of temporal fenestration (Pough, Janis and Heiser, 448). A term
when defining the Synapsid lineage is "mammal–like reptile" this term

Poison Dart Frog Research Paper
Nowhere near a plethora of evolution has adorned the history of the poison dart frog, yet the
evolutionary history will fascinate one. The toxic amphibians are beautifully constructed creatures,
their magnificent colors, the highly poisonous oil on their skin, and their hasty, yet graceful,
movements. But where did it all begin? It began with the ancestor of the poison dart frog, the
primitive frogamander. In the beginning, poison dart frogs were not as colorful as they are today;
rather dull and lifeless in terms of color. The earliest true frogs, a category that poison dart frogs fall
under, were linked to a species called the frogamander, which was found in a fossil in 1995. It had
dull colors, and needed to evolve quick if it wanted

Mastodonsaurus
Mastodonsaurus is the genus that derived from the middle Triassic period and is classified as
Temnospondyl amphibian. Temnospondyli is often referred to as the primitive amphibians which
were prosperous during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods . This diverse group order
was composed of a small to giant tetrapods. They go by several synonyms including
Batrachosaurus,‭‬
Labyrinthodon,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus acuminatus,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus conicus,‭
‬
Mastodonsaurus maximus‭‬
,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus tantus, and Salamandroides.‭Their classification is
listed as Chordata,‭‬
Amphibia,‭‬
Temnospondyli,‭‬
Stereospondyli,‭‬
Capitosauria,‭‬
Mastodonsauridae. The
Triassic group of temnospondyl is called Capitosauria, specifically characterized by their ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, Schoch also discusses how the history of reconstructing the Mastodonsaurus giganteus
has been interesting suggested to be a huge amphibian. To which he stated, "therefore reconstruction
of the whole animal remained a subject of popular treatment to a large extent" (93). Furthermore,
other reconstructions of capitosaurs were based largely on the fundamental knowledge of tetrapods.
And in fact, the trunk of Mastodonsaurus giganteus is almost twice as large as the skull roof (151).
Schoch concludes stating, "the general appearance of Mastodonsaurus giganteus comes very close to
that of other large capitosaurs and related genera" (152). While, a large number of species have been
attributed to the genus over the years, Schoch's reexamination of the genus by proposes only three of
the species were determined to be valid. The type species M. jaegeri, the best known species
M.giganteus both from Europe, and M. torvus from

How Do Ostriches Use Vestigial Features Of Evolution?
Evolution can be supported using Vestigial Features. Vestigial Features are remnants of organs or
structures that had function in an early ancestor. Organisms have structures that seem to lack any
useful function. Like snakes, they have tiny pelvic bones and stumplike limbs even though they cant
even walk. They have these functions because of Vestigial Features. They bring down parts of there
ancestor and puts it into there body for them to use. Like Snakes, ostriches are another example of
Vestigial Features. Ostriches have wings, but they dont use them to fly like othere birds. They use
them to keep balance. Through the past, thier bodies and long legs have been enough to avoid
predators. So if ostriches haved survived by running and kicking

Tiktaalik Research Reveals Fish to Land Transition

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