industrial traing report on 220 kv sub station majhola Moradabad With the help of this you will better understating about the power stations , its distribution and how are they working with its higher efficiency.

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An
Industrial Training Report
on
220 KV Sub-Station
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
For the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
Akshit Jain (TEN2103001)
B. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)
Under Guidance of
External Supervisor Name:
Mr. Nihal Singh
Designation: Junior Engineer
Internal Supervisor Name:
Dr. Diwaker Pathak
Designation: Assistant Professor
Department Name,
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
Teerthanker Mahaveer University,
Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh (India) - 244001

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STUDENT DECLARATION
I Akshit Jain (TEN2103001) a student of B. Tech. (Electrical Engineering), V Semester
studying at Faculty of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (UP), hereby
declare that the Training Report on “220 KV Sub-Station” submitted in partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering), is the original work conducted by me. The
information and data given in the report are authentic to the best of my knowledge. This Training
Report is not being submitted to any other University for an award of any other Degree, Diploma,
or Fellowship.
Date:
Signature
(Akshit Jain)
Enrolment no. TEN2103001

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful and greatly acknowledge the numerous personalities involved in lending their help to
make my training “220 KV Sub-Station” a successful one.
First of all, I want to express my gratitude mainly to my supervisor Mr. Nihal Singh Junior
Engineer, 220 KV Sub-Station Moradabad who helped me from the very beginning of my training
“220 KV Sub- Station”. I was fully supported throughout the training duration with all the required
data and related details to prepare this report.
I also take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to our honorable Principal “Prof.
(Dr.) Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi (Principal, FOE) TMU, for providing an excellent academic
climate in the college that made this endeavor possible.
I give my wholehearted admiration and a deep sense of gratitude to “Dr. Subendra Pratap
Singh”, HOD, “Electrical Engineering”, TMU for his inspiration, valuable guidance,
encouragement, suggestion, and overall help throughout.
I express my sincere thanks to my Guide “Dr. Diwaker Pathak”, “Assistant Professor”
“electrical engineering”, TMU, for his keen interest and invaluable help throughout the project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Project Coordinator “Dr. Diwaker Pathak”,
“Assistant Professor”, “Assistant Professor”, TMU, for his kind support and encouragement
throughout this course of work.
Finally, I express my gratitude to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of “Electrical
Engineering” TMU for their timely support and suggestions.
Date:
Signature
(Akshit Jain)
Enrollment no.: TEN2103001

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UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION
LIMITED
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) is the company responsible for electricity
transmission and distribution within the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Its chairman is Dr Ashish
Kumar Goel Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) procures power from; state
government-owned power generators, central government-owned power generators, and
Independent Power Producers through power purchase agreements for the lowest per unit cost of
electricity.
The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000, is the result
of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal pointof the Power
Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission, distribution
and supply of electricity.
UPPCL will be a professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost-efficientelectricity to
every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
The causes of such a poor financial condition of UPPCL include:
 Higher line losses due to aging over-stressed infrastructure
 Pilferage of power at large scale
 Inferior quality of transformers and other equipment
 Selling power much below its purchasing cost.
These can be overcome by a forward-looking, reliable, safe, and trustworthy organization,
sensitive to our customers' interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, and provides an
uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation.

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ABSTRACT
The report gives an overview of the 220kv power substation. It includes electricity transmission
and distribution processes at UPPCL, Majhola substation. Its substation is an assembly of
apparatus that is installed to control the transmission and distribution of electricpower, its two main
divisions are outdoor and indoor substations. Different equipment used in substations, Bus-bar,
surge arrestors, Isolators, Earth switches, Current Transformers, etc. A transformer that is being
used here is a core and shell-type transformer for stepping up and down purposes. Different
Instrument transformers, voltage, Current, and CV transformers are also being used. Finally, the
CVT rating gives a total output overview.
The Majhola Substation in Moradabad is a vital component of the regional electrical
infrastructure. This report offers a comprehensive overview of the substation, detailing its
structure, essential equipment, and operational functions. It places significant emphasis on the
control and relay rooms, underscoring the pivotal role of protective relaying systems in upholding
the electrical grid's safety and reliability.
The report underscores the importance of circuit breakers and elucidates their operational
principles, with a specific focus on various types such as oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum circuit
breakers. It delves into the intricate details of how these circuit breakers serve as safeguards,
protecting the electrical circuits from faults and overloads. Moreover, the report delves into the
utilization of batteries in the substation, specifically nickel-cadmium batteries, highlighting their
critical role in providing emergency power support. These batteries facilitate essential functions,
including switchgear operation, control and indication, emergency lighting, and relay and
interlocking equipment. Insulators are also a key focus of the report, as they are instrumental in
preventing unwanted electrical currents. Various insulator types, including porcelain and glass
insulators, are examined, along witha discussion of their pros and cons. The report additionally
provides insights into insulatingmaterials and their fundamental properties.
Lastly, the report enumerates the various types of insulators used in power transmission and
distribution systems, ranging from pin and suspension insulators to strain, shackle, and stay
insulators. These insulators bear significant responsibility for preserving the integrity and safety of
electrical lines.
In conclusion, this report serves as an invaluable resource for gaining insights into the
infrastructure and equipment at the Majhola Substation in Moradabad, shedding light on their
indispensable role in upholding the electrical grid's reliability within the region

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Tables Of Contents
CH. NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 08
2. ABOUT SUBSTATION 11
3. SELECTION OF SITE 12
4. EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION 13
5. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 14
6. TRANSFORMER 17
7. INSULATOR 21
8. CIRCIUT BREAKER &ISOLATOR 24
9. CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM 26
10. CONCLUSION 27
11. REFERENCES 28
LIST OF FIGURES:
Fig. No. 01 Single Line Diagram of 220 KV Sub-Station 15
Fig. No. 02 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer Sub-Station 17
Fig. No. 03 132/33 KV 40 MVA Transformer at Sub-Station 18
Fig. No. 04 Instrument Transformer at Sub-Station 19
Fig. No. 05 Core Type and Shell Type Transformer 20

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The Majhola 220 kV Substation in Moradabad, India, is a vital part of the regional electricalpower
infrastructure. This substation plays a central role in the reliable generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity across the Moradabad region and neighboring areas. With its capacity to
handle 220 kilovolts of electrical power, the Majhola Substation is a key hub in the broader
electricity grid, serving as a critical link between power generation sources and end consumers.
This substation is strategically located in Majhola, a region within Moradabad, to optimize the
distribution of electricity to the surrounding areas. Its primary function is to transform electrical
characteristics, particularly voltage levels, as electricity generated at power stations is often
produced at a lower voltage. At the Majhola Substation, this voltage is stepped up to 220 kV,
which is suitable for efficient long-distance transmission. This step- up process minimizes energy
losses during the transmission of electricity across the region,contributing to a more sustainable
and cost-effective power supply.
The Majhola 220 kV Substation is equipped with an array of advanced equipment and technology,
including high-capacity transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and switchgear. These
components are essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of the power supply. The substation
also has modern control and monitoring systems that allow for real-time oversight of equipment
status and electrical parameters, enabling quick response to any issues that may arise. This
advanced technology enhances the efficiency and dependability of the electrical grid in the
Moradabad area.
Furthermore, the Majhola Substation plays a crucial role in voltage regulation, ensuring that the
electricity supplied meets the specific needs of both industrial and residential consumers. It serves
as a major distribution point, delivering power to various branches of the local and regional
distribution networks, guaranteeing that electricity is evenly suppliedto different areas. Stepping
down the voltage to utilization levels near consumer localities ensures the safe and practical use of
electricity by homes and businesses.
The substation is also vital for power quality maintenance, controlling factors like frequencyand
power factor to ensure that the electrical supply aligns with specific consumer requirements. This
adaptability is essential in facilitating the operation of various types of equipment, including
industrial machinery and electronic devices, while minimizing the risk of power outages and
equipment damage.
Safety and security are paramount within the Majhola 220 kV Substation. Due to the presence of
high-voltage equipment and potential electrical hazards, access to the facility is

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typically restricted to authorized personnel. Strict safety protocols are enforced to safeguard the
well-being of employees and the public.
A 220 kV (kilovolt) substation is a critical component of an electrical power distribution system,
serving as a linchpin in the transmission and distribution of electricity. These substations are
strategically placed within the power grid to manage the transformation of various electrical
characteristics, with voltage being the primary focus. Their crucial role is to ensure the safe and
efficient transmission of electrical power across vast distances, ultimately delivering it to homes,
businesses, and industries.
Voltage Level and Efficiency: Operating at a voltage level of 220,000 volts, a 220 kV substation
is designed to efficiently transmit electricity over long distances. The high voltage reduces energy
losses during transportation, allowing for the transportation of substantial amounts of electrical
power. This characteristic is crucial in delivering electricity from power generation stations to
distant regions.
Purpose and Voltage Transformation: The primary purpose of a 220 kV substation is voltage
regulation, involving both step-up and step-down functions. When power is generated at lower
voltage levels, such as 11 kV or 6.6 kV, these substations step up the voltage to 220 kV for
efficient long-distance transmission, minimizing energy losses duringthe journey. Conversely, they
step down high-voltage electricity from power generation sources to levels suitable for further
distribution.
Key Components: A typical 220 kV substation is equipped with a range of criticalcomponents,
including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, switchgear, and advanced control equipment.
Transformers are indispensable for voltage transformation, while circuit breakers and isolators
ensure the protection of the substation and the broader power grid from overloads and faults.
Role in Transmission and Distribution: 220 kV substations play a pivotal role within a network
of substations, working in tandem to facilitate the transmission of electricity from power
generation sources, including power plants and renewable energy facilities, to regional and local
distribution systems. Their presence is vital in maintaining a reliable power supply to homes,
businesses, and industries.
Emphasis on Safety and Reliability: Safety is of paramount importance in a 220 kV substation. It
is essential to protect substation personnel and the general public fromelectrical hazards. Various
safety measures and equipment, including insulators, protective barriers, and warning signs, are
employed to ensure the safety of those in and around the substation. Reliability is also a key
consideration since any downtime can lead to significant disruptions in the electrical supply,
affecting consumers and industries alike.

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Control and Monitoring Systems: Modern 220 kV substations are equipped with
advanced control and monitoring systems. These systems allow operators to remotely
supervise the status of equipment, detect and respond to faults, and make necessary
adjustments to ensure a stable power supply. This technology enhances the efficiency and
reliability of the substation and the broader electrical grid.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a 220 kV substation is a linchpin in the electrical power
distribution system. Its ability to transform voltage, protect against faults, and maintain the
integrity of the electrical grid ensures a consistent and efficient supply of electricity. These
substations bridge the gap between power generation and consumption, contributing to the
safe and robust delivery of electrical energy to communities and industries. With their
pivotal role in the transmission and distribution of electricity, 220 kV substations are
essential for the modern power infrastructure.

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CHAPTER-2
ABOUT THE SUBSTATION
1. Substation Defined: A substation serves as the essential assembly of equipment dedicated to
tailoring specific attributes of an electric power supply, such as voltage, frequency, or power
factor.
2. Substations in the Power Network: Substations are pivotal components within the electric
power ecosystem, integral to the generation, transmission, and distribution processes. Their
primary role involves voltage transformation, whether stepping up or down, as electricity
progresses from generation sources to end consumers. They're typically unstaffed facilities,
relying on remote monitoring through SCADA systems. The concept of substations emerged as
power stations evolved in size, with smaller entities shifting from standalone generation to being
supplied by central plants. Initially linked to a single power station, these early substations
functioned as extensions of their parent facilities
3. Diverse Substation Types: Substations come in various types, categorized based on voltage class,
their role in the power system, insulation techniques, and structural design. These categories often
intersect to meet specific requirements. The primary substation typesencompass:
• Transmission Substations: Connecting multiple transmission lines, these substations
incorporate high-voltage switches, transformers for voltage adjustment, and equipment for
controlling power flow between adjacent systems.
• Distribution Substations: Designed to deliver power to consumers, distribution substations
vary in size and complexity, ranging from simple setups with circuit breakers to more
intricate installations featuring multiple voltage levels and extensiveprotection systems.
• Collector Substations: Commonly linked to renewable energy sources, these substations
collect power from various generators, like wind turbines or solar panels,preparing it for
further transmission.
• Converter Substations: Specialized in converting AC to DC or vice versa, they find
application in areas like high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission.
This streamlined presentation offers a concise and effective understanding of substations, their
significance in the power network, and the diverse roles they play.
The Majhola, Moradabad 220 kV substation serves as a testament to the fusion of technological
advancement and energy excellence. It safeguards equipment, personnel, andthe entire electrical
grid, ensuring uninterrupted power supply. As a nodal point for the connection between the three
fundamental wings of the electrical system—generation, transmission, and distribution—this
substation embodies a seamless and well-coordinated approach to power management.

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CHAPTER-3
SELECTION OF SITE
The main points to be considered while selecting the site for the Grid Sub-
Station are as follows:
Site Selection Proximity: Selecting the optimal location for a substation is a meticulous
process, hinging on several critical factors. Foremost, the chosen site should be near the load
center, a decision driven by the aim to minimize transmission losses and ensure the efficient
distribution of electricity. Equally essential is accessibility; the site should be easilyreached via road
or rail to facilitate the transport of heavy equipment and materials necessary for substation
construction and ongoing maintenance.
Land Attributes and Surroundings: The physical attributes of the land also bear immense
significance. Ideally, the land should be relatively level, thereby reducing development costs and
simplifying construction efforts. Access to a nearby water source is imperative, serving multiple
purposes from supporting civil works to providing drinking water and earthing solutions.
Furthermore, while the benefits of proximity to a town or city for logistical reasons are evident, the
chosen site must remain clear of public areas, aerodromes,and military or police installations to
uphold safety and security standards.
Adequate Land Size and Future Planning: The expanse of the land is another pivotal
consideration. It must not only house the substation equipment and structures but also encompass
space for staff quarters and material storage, including yards and sheds. Adequate room for
potential future expansion is a vital aspect, ensuring that the substation can adapt to evolving needs
and technologies.
Regulatory Adherence and Preference: Stringent compliance with regulations is crucial,
especially concerning setback distances from major roadways such as National Highways and State
Highways. Such adherence is vital for safety and legal requirements. Furthermore,there's often a
preference for government-owned land over private property. This preferenceis driven by various
considerations, including land ownership stability and regulatorycompliance.
Environmental Factors and Operational Efficiency: Beyond the aforementioned
factors,the chosen site should be free from issues such as waterlogging and obstructions. These
characteristics are essential to enable the safe and unimpeded approach and termination of high-
voltage overhead transmission lines, ensuring the operational efficiency and reliability of the
substation and the broader electrical grid.

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CHAPTER-4
EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION
Bus-Bar: These are used to connect multiple lines at the same voltage level. They are typically
made of copper or aluminum and maintain a constant voltage
.
Insulators: Insulators support conductors or bus-bars, preventing current from flowing to the
support structure. They are typically made of porcelain.
Isolating Switches: These knife switches are used to disconnect parts of the system for
maintenance when the connected line carries no load.
Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers can open or close a circuit under both normal and fault
conditions, protecting other equipment.
Protective Relays: These devices constantly monitor electrical parameters such as voltage,
current, frequency, and phase angle to detect faults and initiate circuit breaker operation.
Current Transformers (CT): These step-down high currents for measurement
and protection purposes.
Potential Transformers (PT): These step-down high voltages for measurement
and relay protection.
Metering and Indicating Instruments: These devices like ammeters, voltmeters, and energy
meters measure various electrical parameters.
Miscellaneous Equipment: This category may include fuses, carrier-current equipment, and
substation auxiliary supplies.
Transformers: Transformers convert electrical energy from one voltage to another, and in this
case, for high-voltage operations.
Lightning Arresters: These are used to divert voltage surges from lightning or switchingto the
ground.
Line Isolator: Line isolators are used to disconnect transmission lines from the substationwhen
needed.
Wave Trap: Wave traps are instruments used to manage and control unwanted waves thatcould be
potentially harmful to substation equipment.

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CHAPTER-5
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is a visual representation that captures the
entirety of the electrical system, detailing the connection of electrical equipment in a systematic
sequence from the point of power entry to the conclusion of the project scope. As power feeders
enter the station, they traverse through various essential components, each serving a specific
purpose. The components included in the single-line diagram are as follows:
1. Lightening Arrestors: These are strategically placed in the system to protect against
voltage surges caused by lightning strikes, preventing damage to the electrical
equipment.
2. CVT (Capacitor Voltage Transformer): CVTs are used to accurately measure and
transmit voltage levels for monitoring and control purposes within the system.
3. Wave Trap: A wave trap filters out high-frequency communication signals from the power
system, allowing only power frequencies to pass through, ensuring the integrity of power
transmission.
4. Isolators with Earth Switch: Isolators serve to disconnect specific portions of the
electrical system for maintenance or repair, and the earth switch is used to safely groundthe
disconnected section.
5. Circuit Breaker: Circuit breakers are essential for interrupting or isolating electrical circuits
in case of faults or overloads, ensuring the safety and reliability of the system.
6. BUS: The bus serves as a central electrical junction point, facilitating the distribution and
transfer of electrical power to various sections of the system.
7. Potential Transformer with a Bus Isolator: Potential transformers are employed for
measuring voltage, and the bus isolator is used for disconnecting the potential transformer
when necessary.
8. Isolator: Similar to the isolators mentioned earlier, this isolator provides a means to
disconnect specific components for maintenance or safety reasons.

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9. Current Transformer: Current transformers are responsible for accurately measuring
electric current for monitoring and control within the system.
10.A Capacitor Bank Attached to the Bus: Capacitor banks are utilized for power factor
correction, enhancing the efficiency of the electrical system.
The Single Line Diagram presents a comprehensive view of the electrical system's configuration, including
the interconnection of these components. It serves as a valuable tool for understanding the system's layout
and operation, aiding in maintenance, troubleshooting, and ensuring the system's reliability and safety.
The line diagram of the substation:
Fig no. 01: Single Line Diagram of 220 KV Substation Majhola
The 220kV/132kV substation boasts the capacity to step down the voltage from
220kV to 132kV, with four incoming feeders facilitating this transition. These
input feeders are:
• CB-887/787
• CB-886/786
• CB-888/788
All three of these feeders supply power to the substation at 220kV.

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Within the substation, seven outgoing feeders distribute power at 132kV.
Theseoutgoing feeders are:
• CB-887/787
• CB-886/786
• CB-888/788
Furthermore, the 132kV/33kV section of the substation operates with ten
outgoingfeeders, which are:
• CB-70
• CB-71
• CB-72
• CB-73
• CB-74
• CB-76
• CB-77
• CB-78
• CB-79

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CHAPTER-6
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at the same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage
into low voltage at the same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is called a step-up transformer
but in the case of another is known as a step-down transformer.
Fig no.02: 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer at Majhola Sub-Station
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:
1. Power Transformer
2. Instrument Transformer
3. Auto Transformer

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Further, Transformerclassifiedinto two types:
 Based on working
 Based on structure
 POWER TRANSFORMER:
Fig no. 03: 132/33 KV 40 MVA Transformer at Majhola Sub-Station

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 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
Fig no. 04: Instrument Transformer at Majhola Sub-Station
 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

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 POWER TRANSFORMER:
o Single-phase transformer
o Three-phase transformer
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
o Current transformer
o Potential transformer
 AUTO TRANSFORMER:
o Single-phase transformer
o Three-phase transformer
 Based on working:
o Step down: convert HIGH VOLTAGE into LOW VOLTAGE
o Step up: convert LOW VOLTAGE into HIGH VOLTAGE
Based on structure:
o Core Type
o Shell Type
Fig No. 05 Core Type and Shell Type Transformer

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CHAPTER-7
INSULATORS
Electrical Insulators
An electrical insulator is a material that restricts the flow of electric current due to its high
resistivity, making it challenging for internal electric charges to move freely. While a perfect
insulator doesn't exist, these materials serve as a barrier against electric current flow. However,
under extreme conditions, insulators can become conductive, a phenomenon known as breakdown
voltage.
Properties of Insulating Materials
For effective use, insulating materials must possess specific characteristics:
 Mechanical strength to support conductors' weight and tension.
 High dielectric strength to withstand voltage stresses in high-voltage systems.
 High insulation resistance to prevent leakage current.
 Freedom from unwanted impurities.
 Non-porosity.
 Absence of surface openings to prevent moisture or gases from entering.
 Minimal susceptibility to temperature-induced changes.
Types of Insulating Materials: -
Two primary types of insulating materials are commonly used:
i) Porcelain Insulator: Made from aluminum silicate, porcelain is widely used
foroverhead insulators. The porcelain surface must be well-glazed to repel water.
ii) Glass Insulator: Glass insulators have gained popularity and are utilized in
transmission and distribution systems. Annealed tough glass is used for insulation.Glass
has advantages such as high dielectric strength, low resistivity, low thermal expansion,
high tensile strength, and transparency for detecting impurities.

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Types of Insulators
Insulators come in various types to suit specific applications:
1. Pin Type Insulator: Used up to 33 KV in one part, two parts, or three parts, these
insulators increase the leakage path by lengthening the surface area.
2. Suspension Type Insulator: Suitable for voltages beyond 33 KV, suspension
insulators are composed of multiple insulators connected in series to form a string.
3. Strain Type Insulator: Designed to sustain heavy tensile loads, strain insulators are
used in dead-end situations or sharp corners.
4. Shackle Type Insulator: Typically used in low voltage distribution networks, these
insulators can be positioned horizontally or vertically.
5. Stay Type Insulator: Utilized to insulate stays in low voltage lines, these insulatorsare
designed to prevent the guy-wire from falling to the ground in case of breakage.
In a 220 kV substation, insulators play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of
the electrical system. These insulators are essential components that are strategically placed to
prevent unwanted electrical leakage and maintain the integrity of thepower supply. Given the high
voltage levels involved, insulators must possess specific characteristics to effectively handle the
electrical stresses.
Insulators in a 220 kV substation must exhibit high dielectric strength to withstand the substantial
voltage stresses present in high-voltage systems. They also need to have excellent insulation
resistance to prevent leakage currents that could compromise the safety and efficiency of the
substation. These insulators should be mechanically robust to support the weight and tension of
conductors at this voltage level. Additionally, they must be resistant to the effects of moisture and
other environmental factors to ensure long-term reliability. In a 220 kV substation, the insulators
serve as a critical link in the chain, protecting the equipment and the electrical grid while enabling
the efficient transmission and distribution of electrical power.
Insulators are vital components in a 220 kV substation located in Majhola, Moradabad. The
function of insulators in such a high-voltage environment cannot be overstated. These insulators
must possess exceptional dielectric strength to endure the formidable voltage stresses inherent in
high-voltage systems. The role they play is indispensable in preventing unwanted electrical
leakage and ensuring the safety and operational efficiency of the entire substation.
In conclusion, the insulators within the 220 kV substation in Majhola, Moradabad, are an
indispensable component of the electrical infrastructure. Their ability to withstand high

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voltage, maintain insulation resistance, exhibit mechanical resilience, and endure harsh
environmental conditions ensures the continuous, safe, and efficient flow of electrical power.
These insulators play a silent yet essential role in upholding the reliability and quality of the
electrical supply for the local community and industries. The insulators in this substation serve as a
linchpin in maintaining safety and operational efficiency. Their role in isolating conductive
elements from the ground and preventing electrical leakage is pivotal. By doingso, they safeguard
the substation equipment, personnel, and the broader electrical grid from potential hazards. This
enables the substation to fulfill its primary objective of efficiently transmitting and distributing
electrical power to consumers

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CHAPTER-8
CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR
Circuit Breakers:
A circuit breaker stands as an essential electrical device designed to safeguard circuits fromdamage
caused by overcurrent, overload, or short circuits. Its core function is to interrupt the flow of
current when protective relays detect a fault.
Working Principle of Circuit Breaker:
 In its normal state, circuit breakers have fixed and moving contacts that are connected
through mechanical pressure.
 They store potential energy within their operating mechanisms, which is released upon
receiving a switching signal.
 Potential energy can be stored using various methods, such as deforming metal springs,
compressed air, or hydraulic pressure.
Types of Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers can be categorized based on the medium usedfor
arc quenching:
1. Oil Circuit Breaker: These breakers employ oil to dissipate heat and extinguish arcs.The
generated gas from heat decomposition cools and insulates the circuit.
2. Air Blast Circuit Breaker: Known for its speed, these breakers are suitable for repeated
operations, auto-reclosure, and applications like railways and arc furnaces.
3. SF6 Circuit Breaker: These circuit breakers use SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) gas as thearc
quenching medium. They are effective for high power and voltage applications, capable of
interrupting currents of up to 60 kA.
4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker: Vacuum circuit breakers are used for medium and high
voltage circuits to safeguard against electrical issues. They are renowned for their safety and
effectiveness.
Isolators
Isolators are utilized to disconnect a portion of an electrical system for maintenance orrepairs,
ensuring complete de-energization of the circuit.
Operation of Electrical Isolator
 An electrical isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch.

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 Isolators should only be operated when no current flows through the circuit, and live
circuits should not be opened or closed using isolators.
 To prevent arcing, isolators should be closed before circuit breakers are operated.
Electrical insulators play a critical role in the safe and efficient operation of electrical substations, especially
in high-voltage environments like the 220 kV substation in Majhola, Moradabad. These insulators are
designed to prevent the unwanted flow of electricity, ensuring that power is efficiently transmitted from one
part of the substation to another. In a substation, insulators are typically used to support high-voltage
conductors and maintain a safe distance between these conductors and grounded structures or equipment. The
insulators in the Majhola substation are selected and designed to withstand the high electrical stresses and
environmental conditions specific to the region, including factors like pollution, temperature variations, and
humidity.
Proper insulator selection is critical for the safety and reliability of the substation. Insulators are typically
made from materials like porcelain, glass, or composite materials, and their design and dimensions are chosen
based on the voltage levels and specific operating conditions of the substation. In a 220 kV substation like the
one in Majhola, insulators must be carefully engineered to withstand the high voltage and any transient
voltage spikes that may occur in the system. These insulators must also resist environmental factors such as
pollution, which can cause surface contamination and reduce their insulating properties. Regular maintenance
and cleaning of insulators are essential to ensure they continue to perform effectively.
In addition to insulators, substations also utilize insulating gas or oil in high-voltage equipment like
transformers and circuit breakers. These insulating mediums are crucial for preventing electrical breakdown
and ensuring the integrity of the substation's equipment. Overall, insulators and insulating materials in the
Majhola 220 kV substation are fundamental to maintaining the reliability and safety of the electrical grid in
the region, facilitating the efficient distribution of power to consumers and industries while preventing
electrical faults and accidents.
The 220 kV substation in Majhola, Moradabad, serves as a critical hub in the regional electrical grid,
facilitating the transmission and distribution of electricity to meet the demands of the local community and
surrounding areas. This substation is equipped with advanced monitoring and control systems, including
relays, switches, and protective devices, to ensure the stable operation of the grid. The substation also plays a
pivotal role in voltage transformation, stepping down the high-voltage electricity from power plants and
transmission lines to a level suitable for local distribution, thus enhancing the efficiency of the power supply.
Regular maintenance and vigilant supervision of the 220 kV substation are imperative to guarantee the
continued reliability of the electrical network, ensuring that residents and businesses in Majhola and its
vicinity have access to a consistent and uninterrupted power supply.

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CHAPTER-9
CONTROL & RELAY ROOM
The control and relay room in a substation serves several crucial functions:
1. Control Panels: These panels display important information such as incoming and
outgoing power, frequency, time, and the status of various lines and protective instruments.
2. Data Acquisition System (DAS): The DAS accumulates data from various sources for
monitoring and control.
3. Numerical Relays: The relay room houses numerical relays, typically from Siemens or
ABB. These relays play a key role in protecting the electrical system.
4. Protection System Speed: The protection system is highly responsive, capable of
detecting faults within 30 milliseconds, and allowing circuit breakers to operate in as little as 80
milliseconds. For 400KV circuit breakers, one-time auto-reclosure is permitted to automatically
clear faults.
Battery Room:
 The substation control panels and relays require a 110V DC power supply.
 This DC supply is provided by a battery bank kept in a separate room known as thebattery
room.
 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries are used in the substation for their advantages,
including low maintenance and a longer lifespan (15-20 years).
 Each cell in the battery bank is 2V with a capacity of 300 Ah.
Protective Relaying: Protective relays are essential for safeguarding the electrical system. They
detect faulty lines or equipment and trigger circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective
components, minimizing damage and maintaining service continuity.
Types of Relays:
i. Over Current Relay: Responds to current magnitude above a specified value. Types
include plunger, rotating disc, static, and microprocessor relays. Microprocessor relays offer
various curve characteristics and customizable settings.
ii. Distance Relay: Measures impedance and operates based on impedance values. It functions
instantaneously for low impedance and incorporates time delay for certain conditions. It is
inherently directional, and the reach of the relay is determined by the diameter of the impedance
characteristic circle.

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CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
The Crucial Role of the 220 kV Substation in Majhola, Moradabad
The 220 kV substation in Majhola, Moradabad, stands as a vital hub in the region's electricalpower
infrastructure. It serves as a linchpin for the efficient transmission and distributionof electrical
power, facilitating the energy needs of the local community and industries. This substation's
significance is further underlined by its critical role in ensuring the reliable and uninterrupted
supply of electricity.
The insulators within this substation, designed to withstand high voltage stresses, offer a powerful
testament to the dedication to safety and efficiency in power distribution. Their capacity to
maintain high dielectric strength and insulation resistance, alongside their mechanical resilience
and environmental durability, underscores the meticulous engineering that goes into every aspect
of the substation's design.
In Majhola, Moradabad, the 220 kV substation's operations are a testament to the commitment to
providing safe, reliable, and high-quality electrical power to the communityit serves. Its role in
protecting equipment, personnel, and the electrical grid is indispensable, ensuring uninterrupted
power supply. As technology and energy demand continue to evolve, this substation remains
poised to adapt and meet the region's energy needs while exemplifying the best practices in
electrical infrastructure management. In essence, the 220 kV substation in Majhola, Moradabad,
symbolizes the unwavering dedication to electrical power excellence and the region's progress.
This report underscores the pivotal role of electricity in our daily lives, shedding light on the
intricacies of its transmission process and the essential components within a substation system. It's
evident that the three fundamental aspects of the electrical system - generation, transmission, and
distribution - are intricately interconnected, working in harmony toprovide us with a reliable power
supply. In light of this, it becomes apparent that for effective transmission and distribution, a
substation must ensure a steady state and transientstability, effective voltage control, prevention of
loss of synchronism, reliable power supplyat various network points, and continuous enhancements
in fault analysis. These elements collectively contribute to the seamless and dependable delivery of
electricity, further emphasizing its indispensable role in our modern lives.

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