2. OTHER RESEARCH DESIGNS
EVALUATIVE STUDIES
META-ANALYSIS
EX-POST FACTO DESIGN
SECONDARY ANALYSIS
METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
3. EVALUATIVE STUDIES
GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CURRENT ERA OF EVIDENCE BASED
PRACTICE.
PATIENT CENTERED CARE AND CONSUMER AWARENESS
ALSO INFLUENCE THE IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATIVE STUDIES
OVER OTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH.
Its focus on a particular practice, policy or event.
4. META ANALYSIS
META ANALYSIS IS A STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
WHICH INVOLES TAKING THE FINDING FROM
SEVERAL STUDIES ON THE SAME SUBJECT OR
TOPIC AND ANALYSIS THEM USING
STANDARDIZED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES .
5. META SYNTHESIS
Is used to integrate the finding of qualitative studies.
It is a non statistical techniques used to integrate
evaluate and interpret the findings.
Meta-synthesis helps to detect and depict a common
them from a pool of studies.
Meta synthesis is preferred for phenomenology
grounded theory and ethnography.
6. SECONDARY ANALYSIS
The existing data has become rapidly popular in
health sciences.
Secondary analysis is a useful research strategy
which makes use of pre-existing finding to test new
research question or hypothesis.
Prepare a fresh proposal with different research
questions and hypothesis.
Re examine the exiting research project to serve
new and important purpose.
7. METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
It does not follow all steps of research process.
This research method focus on development of a
valid and reliable instrument to measure a construct
under the study.
Steps:
Selection and definition of construct or behavior
under study.
Formulation of items for instrument development
Writing instruction for users and respondents
Testing the validity and reliability of the instrument.
8. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
FOCUSES ON INTERPRETATION OF
PHENOMENA IN THEIR NATURAL SETTING TO
MAKE SENSE IN TERMS OF THE MEANINGS
PEOPLE BRING TO THESE SETTINGS
9. VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE RESERCH
CREDIBILITY[INTERNAL VALIDITY]
Refers how extensively research methods raise the
confidence in the trust of data and in the researcher’s
interpretation in the finding.
10. It can be sought by using following measure
Prolonged engagement in the field of setting
Triangulation
Investigator triangulation
Theory triangulation
Method triangulation
Persistent observation
Negative case analysis
11. DEPENDABILITY
Finding of a study need to be consistent and correct
to be dependable so that anyone reading the study
will be able to evaluate the self sufficiency of the
analysis and results from the research process
12. TRANSFERABILITY
Application of findings of one qualitative study to
similar other population in different situation.
Confirmability
To measures used to attain objectivity in qualitative
research.
13. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Ethnography
2. Phenomenology
3. Grounded theory
4. Historical research
5. Case study
6. Action research
14. ETHNOGRAPHY
Means study and description of a culture of a particular
group of people.
It involves collection and analysis of data about culture
or social groups.
Role of Researcher
Is the primary data collection tool
Enters the world for an extended period of time, asking questions,
observing, participating, & collecting whatever data are available
Observe behavior but go beyond it to inquire about the meaning of
it
15. TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
1. Macro-Ethnography:- Ethnography researcher
can study broadly defined culture in what is
sometimes referred to as a macro- ethnography.
E.g.- The British, The English etc..
2. Micro-ethnography:- Alternatively it may focus on
more narrowly defined ones referred to as micro-
ethnography. E.g.- nursing practice in intensive
care units.
16. Strengths:
Only research approach facilitate the study of culture and behavior
of a group or community.
Rich understanding of social action
Study of human behavior in natural setting
Limitations
Consumes long period of time
Getting ethical approval is an complicating job
Challenging task to record the multifaceted nature of social action
that occurs within a clinical or ward
17. PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology is s 20th century philosophical
movement dedicated to describing the structure of
experience as they present themselves to
consciousness ,without resources to theory ,deduction,
or assumptions from other discipline such as the natural
sciences.
Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a
concept or a phenomenon for several individuals.
18. ROLE OF RESEARCHER
Is the instrument for data collection
Establishes good rapport with participants
Explicates beliefs through bracketing
The meaning of the lived experience is interpreted
from the participants’ stories
19. STEPS OF PHENOMENOLOGY STUDIES
Study of phenomena of interest
Writing research question
Data collection
The phenomenological data analysis
Report writing
20. Strength :
Valuable tool to understand the meaning of life
experience of people involved in research
It helps to develop the new theories
Collect real life experience of people
Limitation :
Data collection and analysis is a laborious task
It need more time and money
Researcher to develop different skills to conduct the
interview
Data analysis and interpretation need special skill and a
challenging one.