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Alveolar bone,[object Object],1,[object Object]
Part I,[object Object],2,[object Object],BONE,[object Object]
Bone Tissue,[object Object],[object Object],Compact (Cortical) bone,[object Object],Spongy (Cancellous) bone,[object Object],Bone tissue,[object Object],is a specialized form of connective tissue and is the main element of the skeletal tissues.,[object Object],is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix in which fibers are embedded.,[object Object],is unlike other connective tissues in that the extracellular matrix becomes calcified.,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tissue,[object Object],3,[object Object]
Functions of Bone,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis,[object Object],Support: provides framework that supports and anchors all soft organs.,[object Object],Protection: skull and vertebrae surround soft tissue of the nervous system, and the rib cage protects vital thoracic organs.,[object Object],Movement: skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to move the body.,[object Object],Storage: fat stored in the interior of the bones. Bone matrix serves as a storehouse for various minerals.,[object Object],Blood Cell Formation: hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones.,[object Object],4,[object Object]
Classification of Bone,[object Object],Bone may be classified in several ways:,[object Object],5,[object Object]
endochondral bone,[object Object],[object Object],intramembranous bone,[object Object],[object Object],6,[object Object]
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of Bone,[object Object],“Oral Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology”,[object Object],60 % Inorganic material,[object Object],is formed from carbonated hydroxyapatite. ,[object Object],25 % Organic material,[object Object],mainly composed of Type I collagen.,[object Object],The organic part is also composed of various growth factors:,[object Object],glycosaminoglycans, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialo protein, osteopontin and Cell Attachment Factor.,[object Object],7,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non-collagenous Proteins of Bone,[object Object],are a heterogeneous group which vary from entrapped serum protein to glycoproteins,[object Object],play a role in mineralization.,[object Object],The main non-collagenous proteins comprise the:,[object Object],Proteoglycans,[object Object],Glycoproteins,[object Object],Bone Gla-containing proteins,[object Object],Serum proteins,[object Object],9,[object Object]
collagen.,[object Object],Contributes towards the important biomechanical properties of tissue in terms of resisting loads and providing necessary resilience that prevents fractures.,[object Object],The dominant collagen in bone is Type I.,[object Object],Intrinsic collagen,[object Object],collagen as secreted by osteoblasts.,[object Object],Extrinsic collagen,[object Object],Collagen formed by adjacent fibroblasts.,[object Object],10,[object Object]
Sharpey’s fibers,[object Object],Sharpey's fibers are the terminal ends of principal fibers (of the periodontal ligament) that insert into the cementum and into the periosteum of the alveolar bone.,[object Object],A study on rats suggests that the three-dimensional structure of Sharpey's fibers intensifies the continuity between the periodontal ligament fiber and the alveolar bone (tooth socket), and acts as a buffer medium against stress.,[object Object],11,[object Object]
Cell types in bone,[object Object],Osteoblasts,[object Object],are mononucleate cells that are responsible for bone formation,[object Object],Osteocytes,[object Object],When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they become osteocytes.,[object Object],Bone-lining cells,[object Object],Are inactive osteoblasts that cover all of the available bone surface and function as a barrier for certain ions,[object Object],Osteoprogenitor cells,[object Object],relatively undifferentiated cells found on or near all of the free surfaces of bone, which, under certain circumstances, undergo division and transform into osteoblasts or coalesce to give rise to osteoclasts.,[object Object],Osteoclasts,[object Object],is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone,[object Object],12,[object Object]
RESORPTION AND FORMATION OF BONE DURING REMODELLING,[object Object],Resorption,[object Object],Reversal,[object Object],Formation,[object Object],Resting,[object Object],13,[object Object]
Ossification,[object Object],Also called Osteogenesis,[object Object],is the natural process of bone formation,[object Object],There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue:,[object Object],Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Bone Ossification,[object Object],The formation of bone in which a cartilage template is gradually replaced by a bone matrix, as in the formation of long bones or in osteoarthritic ossification of synovial cartilage.,[object Object],Intramembranous Bone Ossification,[object Object],the development of bone from tissue or membrane, as in the formation of the skull.,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification,[object Object],14,[object Object]
SuturalBone Growth,[object Object],variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull. ,[object Object],15,[object Object]
Alveolar Bone,[object Object]
ALVEOLAR BONE,[object Object],http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolar-bone#ixzz12ko9kyTQ,[object Object],Also called as alveolar process,[object Object],The specialized bone structure that contains the alveoli or sockets of the teeth and supports the teeth.,[object Object],If the teeth are lost the alveolar process disappears,[object Object],It is composed mainly of two parts:,[object Object],alveolar bone proper,[object Object],Supporting bone,[object Object]
Alveolar Bone,[object Object]
Development of Alveolar Bone,[object Object]
Development of Alveolar Bone,[object Object],Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle,[object Object],The ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down the matrix called osteoid,[object Object],Some osteoblasts become embedded in the matrix and are called  osteocytes,[object Object]
Near the end of the 2nd month of fetal life, mandible and maxilla form a groove that is opened toward the surface of the oral cavity,[object Object],As tooth germs start to develop, bony septa form gradually. The alveolar process starts developing strictly during tooth eruption. ,[object Object]
Gross Morphology of Bone,[object Object],Morphology -is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural ,[object Object]
Alveolar Bone
Alveolar Socket,[object Object],Also called Dental alveolus,[object Object],are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament.,[object Object],Alveolar socket of the second premolar tooth in a bovine maxillary bone.,[object Object]
Interdental Septa,[object Object],“Septa” – in Latin, it means “fence” or “wall”,[object Object],Are plates of bone that separate each individual sockets from one another.,[object Object],Interradicular Septa,[object Object],Are thin plates of bone that separate the roots of multi-rooted teeth,[object Object]
Cribriform Plate,[object Object],also called as  bundle bone,[object Object],Is the compact layer of  bone lining the tooth socket (alveolar socket),[object Object],Reflects the sieve-like appearance produced by numerous Volkmann’s canals passing from the alveolar bone to the PDL (periodontal ligament).,[object Object],Numerous Sharpey’s Fiber pass through it.,[object Object]
Alveolar process,[object Object],is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. ,[object Object],The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament called Lamina dura.,[object Object],Maxilla and Mandible,[object Object],Are the tooth-bearing bones,[object Object]
Lamina Dura,[object Object],this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament.,[object Object],Is the bone lining the alveolus,[object Object],In clinical radiographs, it commonly appears as a dense white line.,[object Object],Lamina Dura,[object Object],Radiographic appearance of alveolar bone proper as ‘Lamina Dura’,[object Object]
Functions of the bone,[object Object]
Functions of Alveolar bone,[object Object],Protection,[object Object],Alveolar bone forms and protects the sockets for the teeth.,[object Object],Attachment,[object Object],It gives the attachment to the periodontal ligament fibers, which are the principle fibers. These fibers which enter the bone are regarded as Sharpey’s fibers.,[object Object],Support,[object Object],It supports the tooth roots on the facial and on the palatal/lingual sides.,[object Object],Shock-absorber,[object Object],It helps absorb the forces placed upon the tooth by disseminating the force to underlying tissues.,[object Object]
Structure of the Alveolar Bone,[object Object],http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?q=cortical+plate+of+alveolar+bone&num=10&um=1&hl=tl&biw=1018&bih=414&tbm=isch&tbnid=WKjYn2hOmQJweM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicine.uiowa.edu%2Fanatomy%2Fdental%2Foralhist%2FOHWIN%2Funit2%2F_ii-01.html&docid=VZHNS3piimFp2M&w=300&h=452&ei=x1WATpi2BoTBiQf3_-W3Dg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=89&vpy=48&dur=483&hovh=100&hovw=64&tx=101&ty=176&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=100&tbnw=64&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t%3A429%2Cr%3A0%2Cs%3A0,[object Object],Cortical Plate,[object Object],Spongiosa / Spongy Bone,[object Object]
a) outer cortical platesb) a central spongiosac) bone lining the alveolus (bundle bone),[object Object]
Cortical Plate,[object Object],Outer bony plate of varying thickness, which is the outside wall of the maxilla and mandible, covered with periosteum,[object Object],Continuous with the lamina cribriformis at the orifice of the alveoli – alveolar crest,[object Object],Consists of haversian systems (osteons) and interstitial lamellae,[object Object],Thicker in the mandible than maxilla,[object Object],Generally greater on the lingual than on the buccal/facial,[object Object]
Alveolar Bone Proper or Lamina,[object Object],An inner, heavily perforated bony lamellae, forming the alveolar wall,[object Object],In radiograph, appears as radioopaque line distinct from the adjacent spongiosa – Lamina Dura,[object Object],Contains osteons like other cortical bone, but is distinguished by the presence of Bundle Bone,[object Object]
Spongiosa,[object Object],Are spongy (or cancellous/trabecullar) bone between the 2 bony plates and between the lamina cribriformis of adjacent teeth or roots,[object Object],Consists of delicate trabeculae, between which are marrow spaces, filled mostly with fatty marrow,[object Object],Regions of maxillary tuberosity and the angle of mandible, erythropoietic …,[object Object]
VascuLAR Supply of ALVEOLAR BONE ,[object Object]
Vascular Supply of Alveolar Process,[object Object],Alveolar process of the maxilla,[object Object],Anterior and posterior alveolar arteries (branch from the maxilla and infraorbital arteries),[object Object],Alveolar process of the mandible,[object Object],Inferior alveolar arteries (internal),[object Object],Periosteal branches of submental and buccal arteries (external),[object Object]
Periodontal disease,[object Object]
PeriodonTal disease,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_disease,[object Object],Periodontal disease is a type of disease that affects one or more of the periodontal tissues:,[object Object],Alveolar bone,[object Object],Periodontal ligament,[object Object],Cementum,[object Object],Gingiva,[object Object],While many different diseases affect the tooth-supporting structures, plaque-induced inflammatory lesions make up the vast majority of periodontal diseases and have traditionally been divided into two categories:,[object Object],gingivitis or,[object Object],periodontitis,[object Object]
Histological Arrangement of Mature Bone,[object Object],Mature bone is composed of:,[object Object],Compact bone,[object Object],Spongy Bone,[object Object],http://www.physioweb.org/skeletal/bone_tissue.html,[object Object],40,[object Object]
41,[object Object]
Compact Bone,[object Object],Also called as Cortical bone,[object Object],As its name implies. . .,[object Object],“cortical” bone forms the cortex or outer shell of most bones.,[object Object],“compact” bone is much denser than cancellous bone. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. ,[object Object],The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.,[object Object],3Distinct Layering of Compact Bone:,[object Object],Circumferential lamella,[object Object],Concentric lamella,[object Object],Interstitial lamella,[object Object],Functions:,[object Object],facilitates to support the whole body,[object Object],protect organs,[object Object],provide levers for movement,[object Object],store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium.,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tissue,[object Object],42,[object Object]
3 Distinct Layering of Compact Bone:,[object Object],Circumferential Lamellae,[object Object],enclose the entire adult bone, forming its outer perimeter,[object Object],Concentric Lamellae,[object Object],make up the bulk of compact bone and form the basic metabolic unit of bone, the osteon,[object Object],Interstitial Lamellae,[object Object],interspersed between adjacent concentric lamellae and fill the spaces between them,[object Object],43,[object Object]
44,[object Object]
Spongy Bone,[object Object],Also called Cancellous bone orTrabecular bone,[object Object],Compared to compact bone, cancellous bone has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff.,[object Object],Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red red bone marrow where hematopoeisis occurs.,[object Object],The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula.,[object Object],45,[object Object]
Alveolar Bone

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Alveolar Bone

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