Soil Sampling Techniques and Soil Health Management
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This presentation explains about the soil sampling techniques and and all about soil health management.
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Soil Sampling Techniques and Soil Health Management
- 1. SOIL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT
- 2. WHYTOGOFORSOIL SAMPLING? provides an estimate of the capacity of the soil to supply adequate nutrients results are compared to standard response data to estimate the need to supply additional nutrients to develop a representative estimate of the average nutrient needs for a field - determination of the best single rate
- 3. WHATDOESSOIL SAMPLINGIMPLY? taking soil samples laboratory analysis of samples interpretation of the results by the issuance of fertilizer recommendation
- 4. WHATARETHEAIMS OFSOILSAMPLING? calculate the availability of nutrients to know the soil physical and chemical properties estimate the correct dose of chemical fertilizers and reclamation
- 5. Collect the soil sample during fallow period. Sampling at several locations in a zig-zag pattern ensures homogeneity. Avoid sampling in dead furrows, wet spots, areas near main bund, trees, manure heaps and irrigation channels. Shallow rooted crops- upto 15 cm depth. Deep rooted crops-upto 30 cm depth. Tree crops- collect profile samples. WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU GO FOR IT?
- 6. WHY TO GO FOR SOIL SAMPLING FOR MULBERRY CROP? deep rooted perennial plant - 4 to 6 crops can be harvested higher yield depletes the nutrients Therefore, mulberry garden soil has to be tested before taking up of the mulberry plantation and for every two years once • A
- 10. Mix the samples thoroughly and reduce Transfer and label Divide the field into different homogenous units Remove the surface litter at the sampling spot Drive the auger to required depth Collect at least 10 to 15 samples from each sampling unit If auger is not available, make a ‘V’ shaped spade cut Remove thick slices from top to bottom of exposed face of the ‘V’ shaped cut
- 12. Collection of soil samples from a profile Clean one face of the exposed profile carefully with a spade and note the depth of each horizon Prick the surface with a knife or edge of the spade to show up structure, colour and compactness Collect samples from the bottom most horizon first Mix the sample - transfer to a polythene or cloth bag - label it
- 13. Processing and storage Assign sample no - enter it in the register Dry the sample - break the large lumps - clods Sieve the soil material through 2 mm sieve Collect the material - store with proper label Brass sieves should be avoided
- 15. Points to be considered
- 16. Procedure for mulberry soil sampling Weed, grass and debris from the identified spot is removed Dig a V shaped pit of size 1x1x1 cubic ft Soil from the side of the pits is scraped out Collect samples from 5 to 6 places and pool Reduces to 500 – 700 g by quartering – air dry and label
- 18. Soil -a critical resource—the way in which it is managed- improves or degrades the quality Healthy soil - plant growth via nutrient cycling-biological control of plant pests- regulation of water and air supply
- 19. SOILHEALTH MANAGEMENTPRACTICES Reduce Inversion Tillage and Soil Traffic Increase Organic Matter Inputs Use Cover Crops Reduce Pesticide Use and Provide Habitat for Beneficial Organisms Rotate Crops Manage Nutrients
- 20. Increases O2 - increases microbial activity – decomposition of OM Disrupts soil aggregates – exposes physically covered OM particles Excessive wheel and foot traffic - compact surface soil – reduces impeding root growth Perennial forage crop in rotation with annual crops- reduces tillage intensity Reduce Inversion Tillage and Soil Traffic
- 21. Healthy crops - valuable source of OM Cover crops- animal and green manure- compost Increase Organic Matter Inputs
- 22. Use Cover Crops Reduces the risk of erosion Taproot cover crops- creates macropores- reduces compaction Fibrous root cover crops- promotes aggregation- soil stability Biomass produced by cover crops- Increases OM Retains nitrate and other nutrients susceptible to leaching
- 23. Reduce Pesticide Use and Provide Habitat for Beneficial Organisms Beneficial insects- harmed by insecticides Farmscaping- ecological approach- increases presence of beneficial orgnsms Filter strip- prevents runoff and erosion Adds OM- healthy soils
- 24. RotateCrops Manages weeds Breaks up soil borne pest and disease lifecycles
- 25. Manage Nutrients Overfertilizing- increases pest population Increased soluble N- decreases pest resistance Adequate Ca levels- earthworms growth- soil aggregation
- 27. National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility Soil test based recommendati ons to farmers Green manuring INM Soil amendment s for reclamationUse of micronutrien- ts Training and Demonstration – STL knowledge upgradation Fertilizer quality control Financial assistance for setting up STLs
- 28. Nutrient Based Subsidy Policy fixed amount of subsidy-on annual basis- on each grade P&K fertilizers P&K fertilizers are made available-in adequate quantities. More grades – wider choices for farmers
- 29. Soil Health Management Programme under NMSA Assists State govts Seting up mobile/ static STLs Strengtheni ng mobile/ static STLs Training and Demonstrati ons on balanced use of fertilizers
- 30. Soil Health Card Scheme Assists state gvts- issue SHCs to farmers Nutrient status along with recommend ations Assessed regularly- cycle of 3 yrs
- 31. Thanking You !!!
Editor's Notes
- to to the plants, . to know the fertility of the soil helps in reclamation of the soil to to be applied to the soil.
- In the standing crop, collect samples between rows. Sampling at several locations in a zig-zag pattern ensures homogeneity. Fields, which are similar in appearance, production and past-management practices, can be grouped into a single sampling unit. Collect separate samples from fields that differ in colour, slope, drainage, past management practices like liming, gypsum application, fertilization, cropping system etc. Avoid sampling in dead furrows, wet spots, areas near main bund, trees, manure heaps and irrigation channels. For shallow rooted crops, collect samples up to 15 cm depth. For deep rooted crops, collect samples up to 30 cm depth. For tree crops, collect profile samples. Always collect the soil sample in presence of the farm owner who knows the farm better
- Mulberry is a deep rooted perennial plant from which 4-6 crops can be harvested depending on the climate and cultural practices. Higher yield of the mulberry leaf naturally depletes the nutrients of the soil proportionally to the greater extent. Therefore, soil of the mulberry garden has to be tested before taking up of the mulberry plantation and for every two years once, to make corrective measures in the cultural practices.
- 1. (screw or tube or post hole type) 2. Khurpi 3. 4. 5.
- Mix the samples thoroughly and remove foreign materials like roots, stones, pebbles and gravels. Reduce the bulk to about half to one kilogram by quartering or compartmentalization. Quartering is done by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample into four equal parts. The two opposite quarters are discarded and the remaining two quarters are remixed and the process repeated until the desired sample size is obtained. Compartmentalization is done by uniformly spreading the soil over a clean hard surface and dividing into smaller compartments by drawing lines along and across the length and breadth. From each compartment a pinch of soil is collected. This process is repeated till the desired quantity of sample is obtained. Collect the sample in a clean cloth or polythene bag. Label the bag with information like name of the farmer, location of the farm, survey number, previous crop grown, present crop, crop to be grown in the next season, date of collection, name of the sampler etc.
- In the identified spot for soil sample collection, weed, grass, and debris should be removed. Generally for the purpose of soil testing and for recommendation of the fertilizers, the sample of spoil from one foot depth required. In the identified place, a pit of V shape of about one foot deep has to be dug. From the sides of the pit about 1 inch soil has to be scraped and collected. Likewise from each pit about 250-500 g of soil sample has to be collected. If the land is hard, 1x1x1 ft cubic pit has to be dug. The soil from the sides of the pit has to be sraped out and collected. Likewise the soil sample has to be collected from 5-6 places. Spade or mumty can be used to scrape the soil sample. The soil sample from various pits and spread on a cloth or plastic sheet and mixed well. Pebbles, debris, litter etc are discarded. The fine soil is spread in the shape of a disc and divided into four equal parts. Soil of one set of opposite quarters is discarded, The remaining two parts are mixed well and process repeated for 2-3 times Finally the sample is reduced to 500-700 g. Air dry the sample under shade and collect in clean cloth bag of polythene bag with proper label.
- Reduce Inversion Tillage and Soil Traffic Increase Organic Matter Inputs Use Cover Crops Reduce Pesticide Use and Provide Habitat for Beneficial Organisms Rotate Crops Manage Nutrients
- Tillage increases oxygen in the soil, stimulating microbial activity, and results in the decomposition of organic matter. Tillage also disrupts soil aggregates, exposing particles of organic matter that had been physically protected within aggregates to microbial consumption. Excessive wheel and foot traffic can compact the surface soil, reducing macroporosity and impeding root growth. Integrating several years of a perennial forage crop into a rotation with annual crops that require tillage is one way to reduce tillage intensity over time.
- Incorporation of cover crops or perennial crops and judicious additions of animal and green manure and compost can also be used to increase or maintain soil organic matter.
- Cover crop keep the soil covered during the winter and other periods of time when crops are not growing, reducing the risk of erosion. Cover crops with taproots can create macropores and alleviate compaction. Fibrous-rooted cover crops can promote aggregation and stabilize the soil.
- Beneficial insects that contribute to biological control or pest organisms can be harmed by the application of broadspectrum insecticides. Farmscaping is a whole-farm, ecological approach to increase and manage biodiversity with the goal of increasing the presence of beneficial organisms. Farmscaping can also be used as a filter strip to prevent water runoff and soil erosion. Plants used in farmscapes contribute to healthy soil by adding organic matter, the base of the soil food web.
- Assist in managing weeds Helps to break up soil borne pest and disease life cycles
- Using diverse nutrient sources can help maintain soil health. Maintaining a soil pH appropriate for the crop to be grown will improve nutrient availability and reduce toxicity. Overfertilizing crops can increase pest problems. Increasing soluble nitrogen levels in plants can decrease their resistance to pests, resulting in higher pest density and crop damage. Maintaining adequate calcium levels will help earthworms thrive and improve soil aggregation.
- Period: from 01/01/2000 to 01/01/2012 i. To facilitate and promote Integrated Nutrient Management through judicious use of chemical fertilizers, including secondary and micro nutrients, in conjunction with organic manures and bio fertilizers, for improving soil health and its productivity. ii. To strengthen soil testing facilities and provide soil test based recommendations to farmers for improving soil fertility and economic return to farmers. iii. To improve soil health through green manuring. iv. To facilitate and promote use of soil amendments for reclamation of acidic or alkaline soils for improving their fertility and crop productivity. v. To promote use of micro nutrients for improving efficiency of fertilizer use. vi. To upgrade the skill and knowledge of STL or extension staff and farmers and their capacity building through training and demonstration including demonstration on farmers fields regarding benefits of balanced use of fertilizers. vii. To ensure quality control of fertilizers through strengthening of fertilizer quality control facility including training to enforcement officers of State Governments for effective implementation of Fertilizer Control Order. viii. To provide financial assistance for upgrading and setting up of STLs or Fertilizer Testing Laboratories and various activities for promoting balanced use of fertilizers. The training programme to be organized for farmers on Balanced Use of Fertilizers will be a two day programme. State Governments and agencies associated with it or ICAR or SAUs or Fertilizer Industry are responsible for this training programmes.
- The Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Policy is being implemented w.e.f. 1.4.2010 by the Department of Fertilizers and under the said policy, a fixed amount of subsidy decided on annual basis, is provided on each grade of subsidized Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers depending on its Nutrient Content. At present 22 grades of P&K fertilizers are covered under the NBS policy. The benefits accruing to the farmers are as under: i. The P&K fertilizers are made available to farmers in adequate quantities. ii. More grades of P&K fertilizers have brought under the purview of the NBS Scheme giving the farmers wider choice to use complex fertilizer grades. To improve fertility of soil and promote sustainable agriculture in the county, the Government is implementing the following schemes/projects:
- Soil Health Management (SHM) programme under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) assists State Governments in following components: i. Setting up of static/mobile soil testing laboratories (STLs). ii. Strengthening of static/mobile STLs. iii. Training and demonstrations on balanced use of fertilizers.
- In current year, Soil Health Card Scheme has been introduced to assist State Governments to issue soil health cards to all farmers in the country. Soil health card will provide information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility. Soil Health status will be assessed regularly in a cycle of 3 years so that nutrient deficiencies are identified and amendments applied. Under SHM Programme, during the current year, 9 new static Soil Testing Laboratories (STLs), 56 new mobile STLs, strengthening of 2 STLs have been sanctioned to States, apart from 354 training and 420 demonstrations. Under ‘Soil Health Card’ scheme, a sum of Rs. 23.59 crore has been released to States towards soil sampling, training, awareness creation.