Argumentative Essay On Urban Education

Argumentative Essay On Urban Education
Minds are going to waste in our urban environments – minds that could be reinventing the world
but, for some reason, are only keeping themselves out of the culture that needs them. Why are so
few kids graduating from our urban schools college–bound? Why are the few who go to college so
ill–prepared when they arrive? We live in a nation where education is a prominent force of
succeeding in life. Children learn critical and analytical skills for twelve years in preparation to
graduate high school and prospectively go on to receive a college degree. Being educated is an
integral part of success in our society. School helps children learn social norms and how to be
successful, productive members of society.
Are they truly getting the best education for them to be successful college students and have a
career? Or it is their education determinant of failure and going into the system? Many of my
minority students are not getting the proper education that they need to succeed. Urban students
experience the lack of structure throughout their daily routine and do not understand the deficits in
their education system. Urban students face many challenges: many come from neighborhoods or
communities where alcohol, drug, sex, continuous violence, and poverty are rampant. The issues in
communities of color are exacerbated when those with the most resources leave the community.
"The highest costs of the white flight are born by the children left in segregated, almost entirely
poor
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The Pros And Cons Of Segregation
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back Civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., defined segregation
in 1963 as "a system which forever stares the segregated in the face, saying 'you are less than. You
are not equal to.'" This statement was made decades after the 14th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution declared that everyone was equal and nobody could be denied their privileges of life,
liberty, or property. Segregation went against everything that the 14th Amendment stood for. For
many years, African American students were kept apart from white students. They were forced to go
to the lesser schools – dilapidated schools without new books, cafeterias, gyms, and many more
basic necessities. This was up until the ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education was announced in
1954. It stated that separate but equal was no longer constitutional, and the public schools must
integrate. During the decades to follow, many individuals stood up against segregation, dedicating
their lives towards integrated and equal schools. Efforts to integrate schools began in the South, but
slowly moved towards the North until, in 1974, courts demanded that Boston's Public Schools
integrate. Today, while there are no laws preventing students from attending any school they want
to, and despite all of the efforts that have been made in the past 60 years, public schools are still
widely segregated. By looking at the integration of Boston schools in 1974 and comparing it to the
state of Boston's public

Brown Vs Board Of Education Essay
Desegregation has been a pressing matter throughout the United States since the early 1600's. Since
the day that the first African slaves were brought to America, people of color have been fighting to
gain equality, even to the death. They have made significant progress, one of the most important
being the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation ending slavery. Another significant
advancement for racial equality was the ruling of the trial of Brown vs. Board of Education. Had the
supreme court not issued the federal mandate of Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 to enforce
integration in public schools, desegregation would not have happened until after the civil rights
leaders and activists completed their movement in the mid–to–late twentieth century.
The Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education. It was a court case in which the Supreme Court ruled
that using busing in order to achieve the end of segregation between different races is permitted ().
Busing is the "transportation of school district lines" in order to promote desegregation (Shumsky).
Busing was the government's way of interfering in the segregation problem. The government tried
to integrate different races by issuing "strict guidelines governing hiring practices, unequal
facilities" for African American people (Shumsky). The government interference in the issue of
segregation caused many parents to pull their children out of public schools. There were different
departments as well that pushed the interaction of different races. The Department of Justice had
500 school desegregation acts that helped desegregation happen. The departments of Health,
Education and Welfare took 600 actions to force desegregation (). These departments worked
extremely hard to integrate different races. If these departments had acted on this issue earlier,
desegregation would have occurred

Brown Vs Board Of Education Research Paper
Brown vs. Board of Education and How it Changed the Country The 20th century saw a lot of
change in the name of Civil Rights. Women's suffrage, blacks being allowed to exercise their right
to vote, and desegregation are some of the most notable and publicized victories. The Civil Right's
movement had a broad scope as the Civil Right's Act of 1864 itself displayed. However, the final act
of ending legal segregation had its ties all the way back in the landmark case of Brown vs. Board of
Education in 1954. Brown vs. Board of Education had both short and long term effects in terms of
desegregation, firstly in the Civil Rights movement and the desegregation and integration of
schooling. Background on the NAACP and Brown vs. Board of Education ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Board of Education was a landmark case that overturned one of the most racist precedents of the
late 19th century, Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). It acknowledged the grave injustice done to black
children in their unequal education compared to Whites and that it was illegal because of the "equal
protection clause" of the 14th amendment. This was a victory for the Black community and was one
step closer to the civil rights that the NAACP and other Black and African American activist groups
had been fighting for. Desegregation, however, was a complicated process because of the reluctance
of many state governments to comply. While the Federal government focused on the South to
comply, the Northern states were left largely to their own devices. The shift of the courts to also
focus on integration in the 1960s sparked white supremacist action that did not die down until the
1970s. In modern times, while segregation is illegal, it is rare to find schools that are integrated and
segregation can still be found in legal ways. The separation of black and white communities leads to
schools that can only reflect the areas that are zoned to them. The lack of success in busing children
across town lines in order to integrate students together has sparked protest and it is rare that
officials decide to try it again. So while Brown vs. Board of Education certainly was a landmark
case that gave more fire to the building Civil Rights movement, it did not have any immediate
effects in

Swann v. Charlotte
Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenberg Board of Education Even after the Supreme Court decision in
1954 in the Brown v. Board of Education case, very little had actually been done to desegregate
public schools. Brown v. Board of Education ordered the end to separate but equal and the
desegregation of public schools; however, the court provided no direction for the implementation of
its decision. Authority was pushed to the Attorney Generals of each state to create and submit plans
to proceed with desegregation. Southern states were against the court's decision and many refused to
pass any new legislation. Swann sued the Board of Education in Charlotte, North Carolina because
of the racial inequality and lack of efforts to desegregate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The cases of McNeese v. Board of Education, Green v. Country Board of Education, and United
States v. Montgomery Board of Education all provided building blocks for the ruling on this case.
(Brannen) Each of those cases pushed farther for the end of segregation and the scheme to fix it.
This became a landmark case for the desegregation process for similar cases such as Milliken v.
Bradley; that had to deal with large districts and redlining. (Brannen) The Supreme Court ruled in
favor of the districts courts opinion and I would have ruled the same. Under the Fourteen
Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause states that no person will be denied equal protection under
the law. (Harrison) I believe the blatant segregation and lack of attention to fix the problem showed
the concern for the inequality of African Americans. The African–American students were not being
treated fairly under the law because they were being forced to go to schools built especially to keep
them isolated from the other districts. These schools consisted of an almost entirely black population
and were given leftover supplies and second–hand materials. (Chen) Due to the lack of authority
and speed of the school system, the districts court's decision was necessary, but also revolutionary
because it challenged the ruling on one of the most important cases in American history. Although,
the precedent from the Brown v. Board case limited the action to the states,

School Busing
In the United States, millions upon millions of children attend public schooling. These millions of
children come from every background; African American, Caucasian, Asian, Latin, etc. All of these
ethnicities go to our public schools. Not only are children categorized into different ethnic groups,
but also economic groups. Children from low, middle, and high–income families all attend public
schooling. Because of all these societal groups going to school together, public schooling can truly
be characterized as an engine for multicultural education. However, due to barriers within society
(e.g. racial discrimination and economic barriers and stereotypes), some students are not being
taught in a multicultural environment. Due to this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school but was rejected by the
principal of the school. Angered by this, Mr. Brown sought help from the local NAACP chapter. The
NAACP did just that and in 1951, they requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of
Topeka's public schools. On the dates of June 25th and 26th 1951, the U.S. District Court for the
District of Kansas heard Browns' case. The NAACP argued that segregated schools sent a false
message to children. The false message that colored students were inferior to white students;
therefore, the schools were inherently unequal. One of the witnesses's for the NAACP testified that:
" if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children,
who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the
colored child's curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any curriculum
cannot be equal under segregation."
The Board of Education's defense was that they were simply preparing colored children for the
segregation they would face in adulthood. These two arguments gave the court a difficult task in
deciding. The judges did agree with the NAACP witnesses and stated that segregation does have a
harmful effect on colored children because the sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Essay example
Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Even though slavery has not been a part of America
for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A
controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960's to try and promote
racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by
requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. At first this sounds like a
perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse. The term
"affirmative action" was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order
designed to encourage racially mixed work forces. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative action still linger. Many businesses
and corporations still give preference to minorities even if they are less qualified. Employers fear
that lawsuits will be filed stating that applicants were turned down because of their race. Renowned
author and political activist Nathan Glazer, has been against affirmative action since its beginning.
Glazer believes that the policy became controversial when it went beyond the ideas of the Civil
Rights Act and started requiring employers to hire or promote a certain number of minority
applicants or employees. In order to make sure that affirmative action was taking place, federal
courts started enforcing "quotas" or "goals" for specific numbers of minority hiring. If these were
met, lawsuits based on racial discrimination would be less valid. Says Glazer, "Affirmative action
has become a matter of setting statistical goals or quotas by race for employment... the expectations
of color blindness that was paramount in the 1960's has been replaced by a rigid frame of numerical
requirements."(Glazer, 6)
Those who oppose quotas and goals are said to be opposers of the Civil Rights Act, even though the
affirmative action of today is not what the Civil Rights Act embodied. Glazer compares the
misinterpretation of the Civil Rights Act to the desegregation of schools. In 1954, the Supreme
Court ruled that segregated

School Busing: The Change of the Racial Climate in...
School Busing: the Change of the Racial Climate in Louisville, Kentucky
Educational systems are put into place to teach leaders of our future. They are there to instil lessons
socially and intellectually, yet are often used in political issues throughout history. In the United
States, we have seen these systems used in the ongoing debate of racial desegregation. In the era of
the Civil Rights Movement and the search for equality in each city, Louisville, Kentucky became a
main focus in this debate. At a time where racial attitudes became increasingly negative, in both
black and white people, the need for change became even more evident. The backlash of the plan of
busing for desegregation made many Americans weary of positive change, but as we see, overtime it
paved the way for a desegregated city. Today, many people still living in Louisville have
experienced and are sensitive to their personal feelings about this era in history. My thesis is that
Louisville, Kentucky's 1975 desegregation plan, implemented in the city–wide busing initiative to
integrate schools, affected the city's overall, lasting racial climate. I will explain the events in
Louisville leading up to 1975 and argue that the positive and negative outcomes of busing still effect
those people, and their children, to this day. One of the main arguments for desegregations was
housing. Following the Civil War and World War II, there was surges in both white and black
citizens. During these dramatic rises in

Essay About The 1970s
You may know things about the 70s such as hippies, vinyl records, Star Wars, Jaws, Disco, and
Afros. But do you really know your facts about the 70s? In 1970 some major political and
newsworthy events occurred such as Richard Nixon ordering an invasion on Cambodia. And during
this event many colleges marched across the United States in opposition of the invasion. Because of
this invasion the US Senate repealed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution which lead to giving power to
President Nixon and Johnson during the Vietnam War. Later that year, a very shocking event
occurred when the Beatles broke up. In 1971 the Supreme Court ruled that busing students should
occur to assist further desegregation of schools. Also during this time Apollo 15 landed on the moon
for the first use of the land rover. The olympics happened in Munich, Germany in the summer of
1972. Some events followed during the olympics such as the United States Olympic team got 87
medals. Overall, the seventies had many events that helped the United States grow and become the
way America is today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prices that were different was the price of bread, candy, toys, cars, gas, and other necessities.
The price of bread cost about 24 cents which bread today cost like almost two dollars. Milk cost
about one dollar and thirty two cents. Gas was fifty seven cents per gallon which gas today cost two
dollars and thirty cents per gallon. Also cars back then used to cost 2,500 dollars which is different
form most cars that cost over a 100,000 dollars. But Income back then used to be 8,300 dollars, and
the Income today really does number on your bank account. And finally houses in the seventies cost
40,000 dollars. Today our houses cost about 100,000 which I think is too much for regular house
you see everyday. The price of candy used to only a penny, but candy today cost a lot for something
people love and

The United States
In document 1, the picture shows different countries represented by little people. In this picture they
are all in a school yard, which represents the U.S. , and they are all out of control. You see the
filipinos represented by the monkey looking child, you can also see china and other countries. What
this picture wants to show is that the countries are acting like little children in the way that they
cannot govern themselves while the U.S. is the woman taking care of them. The United States
believed that these countries need help in government so they wanted to step in and "help".
In document 2, Aguinaldo argues that the United States will not let the Phillipines govern
themselves because they are "unfit" and "ignorant savages" the Americans saw was that the filipinos
needed to be governed but could not do it alone. "You imagined you had bought the philippines and
the Filipinos for this mess of pottage. Your imperialism led you, blind–fold, to purchase, to purchase
"sovereignty" from a third party who had no title to give you –– a confidence trick, certainly, very
transparent, a bad bargain, and one we have had sufficient perspicuity and education to see
through". America wanted to imperialize because he saw the people as uneducated, incapable of
governing themselves and rebels.
What these two documents have in common is the belief that the U.S. believes that these countries
are not fit to govern themselves. The United States wants to imperialize these countries to gain

Fisher V. University Of Texas Case Analysis
Like the discussion question stated, Texas has been placed at the center of the Affirmative Action
debate with the Fishes vs the university of Texas (2013) case, because first fisher is white. Fisher's
body of evidence against the University of Texas is that the Affirmative Action confirmation
arrangement has a different effect on the off chance that you are white you will probably be denied
affirmation. The confirmation includes accumulation of measurements used to decide affirmation,
demonstrating that Fisher scored higher on the measurements than numerous who were conceded.
Fisher v. College of Texas is a case at present before the United States Supreme Court concerning
the governmental policy regarding minorities in society affirmations

Separate But Equal: Brown V. Board Of Education
"We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place.
Separate educational facilities are inherently equal." This case began in Topeka, Kansas where an
African American man grew upset with a white school, due to them not accepting his daughter's
admission and ordering her to attend a school further away. The NAACP quickly caught onto the
case and supported it completely. The case was not successful at the district level but rose to the
Supreme Court and won on May 17, 1954. (History– Brown) This hearing ended legal segregation
in America. Brown v Board of Education was a revolutionary lawsuit as it furthered the civil rights
movement in The United States as well as reforming America's education system.
Brown v Board of Education allowed progress to be made in the ... Show more content on
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There were only two sides to this argument, either being pro segregation like most southerners, or
opposing it similar to other individuals in the country. "Kennedy's speech signaled a new
determination to advance the cause of civil rights." (Telgen) President Kennedy delivered a speech
that was able to triumphantly pull the mass of the country together to fight against segregation and
placed Brown v Board of Education on the forefront of the cause. Whilst President Kennedy was
delivering speeches to reinforce desegregation, there were African American civil rights activist
appearing all around the country. "Meanwhile, a new generation of civil rights leaders came to the
fore. These individuals, buoyed by the Brown v Board of Education ruling" (Telgen). The final
verdict of this Supreme Court increasingly influenced people to fight for the civil rights movement.
Certain powerful individuals such as the president were the ones able to use this court case to their
advantage to not only end segregation but to strengthen other areas in the country as

Essay on Soiling of Old Glory: Photograph by Stanley J....
This photograph taken by Stanley J. Forman appears to show a young Caucasian man using the
American Flag as an improvised weapon. He forcefully cocks a pole bearing an American flag as if
it were a spear in an attempt to impale it through someone. His target, an African American dressed
in a formal suit, struggles to free himself from another man holding him firmly against his will. He
holds the victim as the assailant directs the distinct red, white and blue American flag into the
bull's–eye. Bystanders pause in time and space to witness the occurrence. They watch nonchalantly.
Some watch with approval; others watch with shock.
The flag is positioned horizontally. The red and white stripes clearly stand out. I also feel that there
is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1974, Judge Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr. of the U.S. District Court in Massachusetts ruled that the
schools were unconstitutionally segregated (Weinbaum). He ordered Boston to desegregate in all
public schools by forced busing. This new plan forced students from white neighborhoods to go to
school in black neighborhoods, and forced students black neighborhoods to go to school in
predominantly white neighborhoods to balance the racial diversity. However, this ruling was highly
unpopular among the White Americans who were still in favor of segregation. A series of protests
began to follow soon after the desegregation orders, but the most significant protest would be
captured in a series of snapshots.
In the chilly morning of April 5, 1976, many white American teenagers boycotted their classes to go
with their parents to protest against the desegregation ruling at the City Hall (Desmond). The White
Americans, predominantly teenagers, wanted to forcibly segregate students of a different race on a
separate bus. As the protesters walked around the plaza, an African American lawyer, Ted
Landsmark, who works in the City Hall at the Contracts Association happens to be going towards
the direction of the protest to attend a meeting as part of his daily routine. This time would be
different. When the protesters see Landsmark coming towards them, hell would break loose. Stanley
Forman arrives.
On the morning of the event, Stanley Forman would arrive early

The Voting Rights Act Of 1965
The Supreme Court rulings led to a number of acts which helped the civil rights movement attain its
goals. The first example is the Voting Rights Act of 1965. On January 23rd, 1964, the 24th
amendment stopped the poll tax, which initially had been introduced in eleven southern states after
reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote. On August 10th, 1965, Congress passed
the Voting Rights Act, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. Anything that could
limit the number of people able to vote, for example – some states had used a literacy test, limited
access to education, added poll taxes, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black
voting – were all made illegal. The Act proclaimed that 'No person, whether acting under colour of
law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce
any person for voting or attempting to vote.' Although the Supreme Court was not directly involved,
it can be suggested that it aided the rights movement by its early recognition for equality, leading to
other intuitions to follow which eventually led to blacks having a say in how the country is ran. The
second example of this was the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968. On July 2nd, President Johnson
signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which specified that 'all persons shall be entitled to be free, at
any establishment or place, from discrimination or segregation of any kind on the ground of

Causes of Friction in Interracial Marriages Essay
Causes of Friction in Interracial Marriages
The United States has witnessed a considerable amount of social and cultural desegregation between
African–Americans and Caucasians. However, despite years of desegregation, social and cultural
differences still exist. One of these differences that still exists is in the institution of marriage.
Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. In the past forty
years, a multitude of changes have transformed schools, jobs, voting booths, neighborhoods, hotels,
restaurants and even the wedding altar, facilitating tolerance for racial diversity (Norman 108).
In the 1960's, when housing discrimination was outlawed, many African–Americans moved into
mainly Caucasian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notwithstanding these examples of desegregation, a deeper analysis shows that there are still signs
of racial discriminations, most apparently seen in the institution of marriage between African–
Americans and Caucasians. The United States bureau of the Census reported that in 1987 over
827,000 interracial married couples existed in America, of which fewer than 200,000 of them were
between African–Americans and Caucasians (Herring 29). These numbers (census) do not reflect
the spread of desegregation very well. If there is such a large spread of desegregation between
African–Americans and Caucasians from the past to the present, then the numbers should reflect a
much larger count of interracial marriages between these races. This however, is untrue; therefore,
there are less apparent barriers African–American and Caucasian couples' face.
One of the major barriers that face these couples does not come from themselves but rather from
family disapproval. Lois, a Caucasian woman, and her husband Chuck Bronz, an African–American
man, were married in 1960. They have no prejudice about each other and they share the comfortable
rhythm of any long married couple. They had no problems with friends because they had a good
mix of them from different races, friends who looked at the person not the color. However, they had
problems with other people, namely Lois' mother. Her mother had sat her down and asked her why
she could not marry her own kind. Lois, of

Multicultural Education in the Classroom
The Benefits of Multicultural Education in the Classroom I have grown up with Education being my
catapult through life; I love it. I love to study children and figure out how they learn and how our
educational experiences shape us as adults. Five years ago, I found myself accepting a position as a
Toddler teacher in a government facility. To describe it simply, I was a fish out of water. I had
experience with children, but not with children so small. This experience taught me a great deal
about learning in our great world. I was amazed to witness the pure relationships between children
of all races in that little toddler room. All color aside, the children seemed to embrace each other's
differences and celebrate in their dedicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The substantial task of desegregation did not come without its struggles. Parents were faced with
issues of involvement in their child's education due to distance between their child's school and
home. Some schools reported vandalism and student frustration in regards to the change of scenery.
In 2001, busing for Charlotte students ended, but not without leaving a legacy. Since the termination
of busing, student test scores continue to rise, even surpassing those of other urban school districts
such as Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston (NPR, 2004).
Though mandatory busing ended, school districts continue to encourage the multicultural movement
by providing magnet programs for families who would like their child to attend another school. The
concept is the same as busing; however, participation is voluntary. Economically, the gap is
narrowing, balancing our communities. Forty percent of African Americans consider themselves to
be middle class, seventy five percent own their own homes, and two parent households earn just
thirteen percent less than Caucasian parents (Thernstrom, 1998). There are improvements to be
made as the economy continues to control and group together families within the same income
bracket. Many times, this binds families to certain schools with no other options available. Statistics
show that from 1993 to 2003, there was a similar outcome regarding the schools middle class
families attended. Out of a study of one

The Chicago Public School System
The Chicago Public School system was slow to integrate even after the Brown v. Board of
Education ruling of 1954. It took much protesting, federal involvement and public outrage to finally
bring about more racial equality for the students of Chicago. While the Brown v. Board of
Education ruling is thought of as being the reason any racial equality was brought to schools after
such long hardships for the African American students, Chicago had a difficult time bringing the
ruling to fruition and federal involvement was needed. The Chicago Public School's Desegregation
Consent Decree of 1980 was the order that changed the public schools for the good. Chicago's story
of integration is different than those of other big cities in the U.S, due to the federal government 's
large involvement. Through the years after the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling, the School
Superintendents changed and school desegregation was faced in different ways. This essay
examines what led to the federal government 's involvement with the Chicago Public School
system's desegregation plan. As well as the effects of desegregation on all students in Chicago. The
Plessy vs. Ferguson case of 1892 was the case that was overturned by the Brown vs. Board of
Education ruling of 1984. This case was trying to challenge the Louisiana 's Separate Car Act, a law
that made railroads in Louisiana provide "equal but separate accommodations" for patrons of
different races. A multiracial man name named Homer Plessy

In Yonkers We Trust Analysis
Regardless of true effects, liberals debate needed on how segregation and school problems could be
solved in the big city. Most compelling evidence that, in article "In Yonkers We Trust" In 1985 when
Federal Court Judge found out that the school and segregation are happening based on someone's
race, origin, and skin color for last 40 years. Besides, Yonkers Board of Education defendant that
case United States V. Yonkers with helped by the Plaintiff. Additionally, he also found out that the
city and state intentionally concentrated the place of subsidized housing development, mostly in
non–white communities in West Yonkers over 30 years. Furthermore, he noted that almost 97
percent units built–in 1972 were the Southwest Yonkers. In fact, the ... Show more content on
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Alike around 67 percent residents said the city should have agreed with judge's order rather than the
waste of public tax money trying to combat the laws" (Briggs, Darden, and Aidala 41). After all, the
perception about drug, crime, and gang in public housing had changed. It would only possible to
change someone's assumption to show something practically rather than theoretically. Moderate
conservative ideological view with a contribution to racial stereotype has held those people who
opposed the SSPH. Thus, there is no evidence that SSPH had any negative effects on psychological
sense of community, also most importantly, there is no sign of white flight (Briggs, Darden, and
Aidala 42). Residents of Yonkers surrounding those public housing are satisfied with their
residential environment. Significantly, political battles between Democrats and Republicans settled
partially about housing desegregation. Around desegregation boom and bust was experienced by
real estate market in the latter decade (Briggs, Darden, and Aidala 44). In "Lessons of Yonkers"
where Brooklyn City Councilman, Brad Lander stated, public housing should be built so that it
helps poor people to live with better

The Failure of Integration Essay
The Failure of Integration
After four decades of school integration America has given up, and the question is: "Why?
". I believe the answer is because absolutely nothing worked!
Bussing was a hassle, most magnet schools were set up for false reasons, and everything was very
costly. With everything they tried there were still no significant changes in the test scores of the
minority students. So now here we are in the late 21st century and it can all be summed up with
what Chris Hansen of the American Civil Liberties Union in New York City believes the courts are
saying, "We still agree with the goal of school desegregation, but it's too hard, and we're tired
of it, and we give up." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"There is evidence that federal courts are realizing that the 25–year–old policy of busing to
achieve racial balance in schools has not worked as a means for ending segregation or improving the
academic performance of minority students."(NCPA)
Busing did not work out as planned; scores for minority students were not higher and neither was
their happiness. Peter Schmidt opinion is that "after seeing some districts' labyrinthine busing
maps, that mandating the integration of classrooms has cost a good number of students any chance
of a fair and quality education." Another reason why plans for integration stopped was that
many believed they were morally wrong. Mr. Symington, a Republican, said, " The education
of
Arizona's children should not be held prisoner by a racial quota system." While
Edward Newsome feels it's just patronizing to blacks, "that the courts are so willing to assume
that anything that is predominately black must be inferior."
There were also problems with magnet school programs. Most were designed to attract white
students to predominately black schools and vice versa. The communities were using magnet
schools to lure whites away from private schools.
Along with being unjust the magnet school plan also did not work. In 1985 one district was 73.6%
minority, 11 years later the district is now 75.9% minority.
Missouri v. Jenkins stopped the unjustness of Judge

African-American Racial Segregation Schools
When Reconstruction ended in 1877 southern states started passing laws requiring segregation of
schools, services and facilities. Racial segregation began when white American's believed that
African–Americans and other ethnic groups should be in a subordinate state and denied equal access
to everything they believed made them superior. When the Supreme Court ruled, segregated schools
were "inherently unequal", states, mainly southern states, constantly opposed any changes to
segregation. From 1954 to early 1990's, the Supreme Court and lower courts ruled in favor of
desegregation. In 1971, forced busing, supplementary programs for children at risk and magnet
schools were introduced to push states, trying to evade the ruling, to conform. Brown ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Department of Education identifies issues, institute programs, provide financial aid and collect data
to improve education. Findings to improve scores for all students are presented to congress who
approve funding and signed into law by the president. To receive funding for programs, schools
must comply with the rules and requirements set by the department. The Department of Education
program changes and federal aid administration are determined by the current administrations
education agenda. The last three presidents had their own ideas how to bolster the education
systems, President Clinton had "Goals 2000", President Bush, "No Child Left Behind" and President
Obama, "Race to the Top". The new administration indications, so far, believe charter schools and
20 million dollars towards voucher programs are the future for school desegregation. How will the
biggest changed in federal support impact racial and socioeconomic

Equity And Equality Paper
Equity and Equality
Jaime Matta
Concordia Online
Community of Learners
EDGR 595
Karen Billette
February 27, 2012
Educational equity refers to equal access, opportunities, and expectations in education for all
persons, irrespective of their backgrounds or status. As a democratic nation, the United States offers
a system of "universal" and free public education as a primary mechanism for providing equal
educational access and opportunities to all persons, for preparing its people for civic participation in
society, and for the socialization of immigrants.
The basic premise of public schooling in our school district is that students at all grade levels are
entitled to equal learning opportunities irrespective of advantages, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because school financing is largely dependent on local property taxes, plaintiffs successfully argued
that children in school districts with low assessable property values receive a lower–quality
education than that available to children in wealthier districts. Observers document that larger
classes, fewer certified or qualified teachers, rundown physical plants, low teacher pay, and limited
or out–of–date teaching materials are found more often in schools located in poorer areas.
The 1980s standards movement in the United States focused educators, policymakers, and the courts
on equality of educational outcomes and on "achievement gaps" among different socioeconomic,
ethnic, gender, and disability groups, as measured on standardized achievement and ability tests.
The bipartisan No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 followed 2 decades of standards–based
reforms in U.S. education. NCLB was passed on the premise that higher standards alone had not
resulted in higher levels of achievement, and achievement gaps still persisted in various ethnic and
socioeconomic subgroups. Comprehensive visions of educational equity in the United States now
advocate broadening resource allocations to achieve student outcomes beyond raising test scores.
Recent proposals aim to equalize access of families to an array of health, educational, and
supplemental services, both in and out of school, to improve students' cognitive and noncognitive
outcomes more comprehensively.

Recitatif By Toni Morrison: Literary Analysis
We in America think we are past racial oppression, but we still stereotype people based on
preconceived ideas we have in our head. In Toni Morrison's "Recitatif", she tells the story of Twyla
and Roberta who meet at an orphanage, but never explicitly identifies who is either black or white.
The reader's stance to identify the race of the girls transitions constantly throughout the short story.
Actions and events throughout the narrative suggest differences in social class and education, but
the reader can never be entirely certain who is of what race. Toni Morrison challenges readers to
think outside of racial barriers in this compelling selection and teaches us that we as humans still
continue to categorize each other.
Impartial education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning of the story, Twyla and Roberta are made acquainted at St. Bonny's orphanage
when they discover they will be sharing a room . During this time, black and white people are
accustomed to be hostile towards each other and rooming with someone of the opposite race would
not be considered a social norm. Twyla even goes as far to say, "The moment the Big Bozo
introduced us, I got sick to my stomach. It was one thing to be out of your own bed early in the
morning– it was something else to be stuck in a strange place with a girl from a whole other race."
(1). The expression of feeling sick only shows the lack of acceptance people had for each other
during times of desegregation. Similarly, the first time the girls encountered each other after leaving
St. Bonny's, Roberta seemed to have feelings of aversion towards Twyla. Twyla tries to approach
Roberta after finishing her shift at Howard Johnson's, but is only met with apathy. "She laughed
then a private laugh that included the guys, but only the guys, and they laughed with her."(7). Twyla
solely confides with the companions that accompany her to the diner, even when Roberta attempts
to talk with her. The interaction continues and Twyla accidentally mistakes Jimi Hendrix for a
mutual friend. Roberta then "coughed on her cigarette and the two guys rolled their eyes." (7).
Twyla is only met with unreasonable impoliteness when trying to catch up with her old friend.
During this event, Roberta seems to think she is superior to Twyla. This behavior was typically seen
in white people who seemed to think that they were greater than the entire African American
population. However, Roberta may have been black herself and possibly did not want to have any
interaction with someone of the opposite race. Whatever race Roberta was, she was not delighted to
see Twyla. Political differences also hinder their

Desegregation in the School System
On the one hand, it is clear that white citizens in the past have opposed school desegregation as a
result of system justification. The reason that white citizens in the past were able to honestly
proclaim their support for better educational opportunities for black students while simultaneously
expressing outrage at the notion of desegregation busing can be interpreted as form of system
justification. In a study conducted by John Jost, Brett Pelham and Mauricio Carvallo, they tested
non–conscious forms of system justification and the implicit and behavioral preferences for higher
status groups. Using the Implicit Association test, they asked members of Stanford University (high
status) and San Jose University (low status) to complete three IAT sessions. In requiring them to
classify ingroup or outgroup related words with words that were positive or negative, the study
found that not only did students of both groups have a higher tendency toward Stanford–favoring
conditions than not, but Stanford students were more likely to have implicit associations that were
favorable toward themselves (Jost, Pelham & Carvallo, 2002). That is to say, high–status members
expressed automatic affective preference and non–conscious favoritism towards members of their
own group more than low–status group members. This finding is particularly relevant when
examining the behavior of white citizens in the past. Many whites would sincerely protest that they
were not prejudiced against low–status

Argumentative Essay: The Urban Education System
Education is an integral part of society, the school helps children learn social norms as well as teach
them how to be successful adults. The community that some youth live in really determine their
future education and how far they succeed. Are they truly getting the best education for them to be
successful college students and have a career or is it a determinant of failure and going into the
system? I have noticed that many of my students who are predominately minorities are not getting
the proper education that they need to succeed. Urban students experience the lack of structure
throughout their days and don't understand the capacity of the deficits in their education system.
Urban students face numerous challenges, for many of them come ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, some lower courts began fashioning desegregation decrees that required busing between
suburbs and cities. This controversial remedy provoked huge outcries from parents and legislators,
Democrats and Republicans, northerners and southerners. President Nixon even addressed a
national audience to criticize busing for desegregation, especially busing that crossed the line
between cities and suburbs. (James E. Ryan) There is a big disparity between urban and suburban
secondary education in public schools. Many critics of this inequality are arguing that urban schools
are not receiving the same attention as schools that are in suburban areas or wealthier parts of the
country. Urban schools are facing a large crisis on their hands, these schools are not meeting the
required criteria in educating and graduating their students. So, why is there a huge inequality
between urban and suburban secondary public schools?Our country continues to live in the shadow
of Milliken. Recent demographic changes are creating more diverse cities and suburbs, but these
changes so far have had a relatively little effect on schools. Most African–American and Latino
students continue to attend urban schools. The higher the percentage of students of color in an urban
school, on average, the higher the percentage of poor students. And students who attend high–
poverty schools generally score lower on standardized tests, are less likely to graduate, and are less
likely to go to college. School finance reform, the remedy sought by urban districts and activists in
the post–Milliken era, has made less difference than one would have hoped and has done little to
bring most urban schools up to par with suburban ones.(James E. Ryan) Much of the debate falls
around school

Desegregation Acts Research Paper
Desegregation Acts Throughout the years, the people of this nation have faced many a hardship that
one could consider naught how challenging the tasks were. With the times being that grim, it
seemed as if the goal of equality was just a dream hanging from the clouds. Although, a recent chain
of events had brought everyone's judgement into questioning: the civil rights movement. Without
the court cases involved, the grand quest for abolishing racism would not have made as big an
influence as it had. These three court cases have aided the desegregation of the country: Shelley vs.
Kraemer, Loving vs. Virginia, and Swann vs. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education. In 1945,
a petitioner had bought a house in a quaint neighborhood, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Kraemer, Loving vs. Virginia, and Swann vs. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education. The first
case had involved a neighborhood who had signed a covenant stating that for fifty years, people of
other races were to not buy a house in the area, it seems as if they did not believe in "love thy
neighbor"(Mark 12:31 KJV). Later, in 1967, Virginia had passed laws that made interracial marriage
a felony, the people had realized that the statutes are not always reliable when they found out that
the laws punished all races, including the whites. Four years later, a new court case had marveled
many, Swann vs. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education, with the Little Rock 9 enabled to go
to a white school: infuriating many parents that believed the people should be separated based on
color and proceeding to harass the kids any way they can. The ignorance of the people was difficult
to deal with, however, the United States eventually pulled through; that much we can guarantee. As
Martin Luther King Jr. had said, "I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to

Naturalization Act Research Paper
The Naturalization Act of 1790 enforced the idea that only free white people could become a citizen
of the United States (Lecture, Week 2). This act is significant because it shows how prevalent racism
and sexism was back then. After learning about the citizenship process in the video, Becoming a
U.S. Citizen: An Overview of the Naturalization Process, it shows how conditions have significantly
improved and highlights how the United States' citizenship process has progressed.
Tyler Clementi was a freshman at Rutgers University who committed suicide after two other
students posted a video of him having sex with another man. In the article, Against 'Bullying' or On
Loving Queer Kids, author Richard Kim describes the many challenges people part

Domestic Issues of the 1970s
The 1970s were a time of confusion and revolution in the United States. Integration finally prevailed
in the public school system, with the major incident being in Little Rock, Arkansas. The United
States went through an extreme energy crisis in the 1970s. Both Welfare and Social Security went
through drastic reform policies throughout the decade. In addition, the U.S. economy fluctuated
throughout the decade creating both good and bad times for many, as inflation rates hit an all–time
high. The 1970s was an extremely influential decade in America's history, and one that helped to
shape following decades.
The 1970s were a time of new advancements and turmoil in the world of education. One of the most
influential progressions in education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg [County, North Carolina] Board of Education of 1971, the
Supreme Court approved "administratively awkward, inconvenient, and even bizarre" methods to
achieve integration; one of the measures included busing. In 1972, Morgan v. Hennigan was filed in
the U.S. District Court for the Massachusetts District, charging that Boston public schools were
unconstitutionally segregated. Prosecuting attorney Nick Flannery worked to prove Boston's
segregation was not de facto (actually existing though not legally or officially established), but
instead de jure (according to law), similar to Southern school districts. On 21 June 1974, Judge W.
Arthur Garrity "found that the [Boston] School Committee had used covert techniques to segregate
the system, and had done so with ‘segregative intent.'" A two–phase plan was called for; in Phase I,
students would be bused from Roxbury, a predominantly black area, to South Boston, a
neighborhood regarded as "the stronghold of opposition to desegregation." The integration started in
September 1974, and was mostly quiet, except for some conflicts at both South Boston's high school
and Roxbury's high school, a few of which required Governor Frank Sargent to call out the National
Guard. Later in the school year, many white families planned a major boycott of the public schools.
An anonymous tip was sent out saying

Brown V Board Of Education Essay
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka Kansas ruling. The supreme court's ruling stated that separate was in fact not equal. The
court ordered that all schools desegregate. This ruling had finally and once and for all put a stop to
the dejure segregation of our nation's schools that had existed since the time when African
Americans were allowed to attend schools. This ruling was definitely one of the most significant
legal victories in the history of the civil rights movement and possibly the entire twentieth century.
It is viewed this way because "This movement rebuked centuries of government–sanctioned black
inferiority" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The irony of Brown is that over the course of half a century... the decision has fallen so far short of
its objective"(regression on integration). Since the Brown v. Board of Education decision was made
our nation's schools are officially integrated. However, it is a know fact that in many of our public
schools nation wide that segregation is still alive and well. There are many schools that are almost
exclusively white or exclusively black. In fact, according to Cohen seventy percent of black students
attend schools in which racial minorities are the majority. In addition, one–third of African
American students attend schools that are comprised of between ninety to one hundred percent
minority. This is why people like Gary Orfield, director the Harvard project on desegregation, says
that now is not the time to celebrate the brown decision. Orfield says that the potential is there, but
they have not achieved the goals that they set out to do.
The United States took some big steps in the year's following the brown decision. Measures like
system wide busing, which was a largely divisive issue, was implemented. In addition, they tackled
issues like equitable funding for all schools, and they worked in many other areas to help the
desegregation process along. In many ways the courts had become forceful

The African American People's Fight for Equality Essay
The Civil Rights Movement is the story of the struggle of African–American people and their fight
for equality. Although exceptional leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Ralph
Abernathy fought long and hard and carried the burden of the movement on their shoulders, they
were not alone. The struggle was fueled by the commitment and the hard work of thousands of
everyday people who decided that the time had come to take a stand. The fight for equal educational
opportunities for African–American students has left its indelible mark on the history of the state of
Alabama. Alabama fought to maintain its binary public educational system. Through numerous
memorable demonstrations and landmark cases African–Americans were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although this problem was more prevalent in the South, it was not only restricted to the Southern
states. Within the South, the ideology that was indoctrinated was that in order to keep the natural
order of society, African–Americans should be keep un–educated. An educated African–American
could become a danger and a threat to the way of life for many whites in the South. Some people
clung to the belief that African–Americans were incapable of learning anything other that the most
rudimentary facts and so any attempt at a proper education was a wasted effort. The despicable and
long tolerated "Jim Crow Laws" hung ominously over the South like storm clouds threatening to
burst into a tornadic rage at any given moment. The name Jim Crow is a label that was given to the
segregation laws enacted by state lawmakers, mainly in the South. Although these laws were in
place to prohibit African–American citizens in many areas of daily life, a key factor was education.
Education is the doorway to improving one's life. Without a good education no one could advance
themselves in society. A poor education guaranteed a poor lifestyle for the African–Americans.
Separate Is Not Equal The Supreme Court's ruling in 1896 established that facilities for African–
Americans and whites could remain separate as long as they were equal. This concept was never
fully applied in its entirety in the South. The separation of races was not

Black Tuesday Causes
The Great Depression was an unforgettable tragedy that took America by surprise, impoverishing
millions within but a mere decade. Although there were numerous causes and correlations linked to
this devastating incident, most revolved around the economic conditions of the United States
between the years of 1929 and 1942. Americans were blindsided by the incident, as the previous
decade had been full of nothing but hope, and promise. This would forever change the way
Americans relied on bank systems would invest their money. This period of severe distress would
forever be used as an example of how quickly and severely the economic state of a nation could
collapse.
In the 1920s, the value of stock was based on the willingness of the chances of ... Show more
Roosevelt's First New Deal emphasized recovery from depression. Efforts that attempted relief
included the Banking Act of 1933, which tightened the regulation of banks and enlarged the federal
reserve system. The focal point of the First New Deal, however, was on the National Industrial
Recovery Act (NIRA). Trade groups and businesses drew guidelines for the NIRA to approve before
going into effect. It also forced the recognition of the rights of workers, and promoted union power.
Programs from the Second New Deal revolved around social reform, and included programs such as
the Works Projects Association, which enlisted workers to construct airports, streets, and highways.
Roosevelt also offered House Assistance Programs in attempts to fund farmers and

A Sociological Analysis: The Problem We All Live With '
Introduction The United States of America's history of ethnic inequality goes back further than the
country itself. Hundreds of years after "all men are created equal" and "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit
of Happiness", America is still struggling to create a social structure free of inequalities that exist as
a result of ascribed statues cutting off life chances. It is, as This American Life titled their podcasts
on the subject, "The Problem We All Live With". The Problem We All Live With ––Part One: A
Sociological Analysis Part One of "The Problem We All Live With", reported by Nikole Hannah–
Jones of the New York Times, begins by explaining the correlation between the racial() makeup of
'bad schools' versus 'good schools'. Specifically, Hannah–Jones states that 'bad schools' are made up
mostly of black children and 'good schools' are made up mostly of white children. She discusses the
massive education gap between these schools, about the programs that No Child Left Behind
unsuccessfully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normandy's educational social institutions() were disorganized, ineffective, uncaring, and an overall
mess. Parents from Normandy, such as Ms. Martin, wanted to get their children into better schools,
but had no means to achieve their goal (textbook). She used her entire lunch hour every day to call
up schools and beg them to take her daughter. Unfortunately, the family did not have the wealth
(lecture) they would have needed to send their daughter to a different district. Ms. Martin was
growing desperate when Normandy, after fifteen years of probation, lost their accreditation in 2013
and triggered the Transfer Law. The Transfer Law dictates that students can now leave their
unaccredited district, not have to pay thousands of dollars to do so, and the unaccredited districts
must pay for transportation to an accredited district. Normandy chose Francis Howell, a district with
a student population that was 85%

Summary And Decision. In A Unanimous Decision On May 17,
Summary and Decision
In a unanimous decision on May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled to overturn the previous rulings
of cases such as the 1896 ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson which permitted racial segregation with the
stipulation of "separate but equal". In the case titled "Brown v Board of Education", Chief Justice
Earl Warren ruled in favor of five plaintiffs seeking protection under the laws of the 14th
amendment. Five jurisdictions (Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware, Virginia, and District of
Columbia) asserted complaints of inadequate conditions in black schools and sought admission to
public schools in their community that were presently reserved for white students. Each of these
jurisdictions fought for desegregation as a way to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The court postponed determination of implementation procedures, instead hearing another round of
arguments and discussion a year later. (Tolerance.org) In Brown II, the courts concluded that
desegregation must take place with "all deliberate speed." (McCarthy, Cambron–McCabe, Eckes,
2014). A lack of urgency to desegregate was demonstrated in some areas with much opposition in
the southern states.
Implications on American Society
The case of Brown v. Board of Education served as an impetus for the Civil Rights movement that
followed providing momentum to those fighting for equal rights for all citizens. This case was
referenced in other legal proceedings that addressed civil rights laws, while work toward
desegregation in education continued until the 1980s. However, progress to integrate schools in the
southern states was often slow and faced with resistance. One example was shown two years after
Brown II's conclusion in Little Rock, Arkansas when the Arkansas National Guard had to protect
nine black students who were integrating Central High School. Subsequently, in 1960, New Orleans
federal marshals were brought in to protect 6–year–old Ruby Bridges from angry crowds. These are
two of many instances in which resistance to desegregate was evident. Following the Brown and
Brown II court cases, the Supreme Court was bound to respond to a large number of purposeful
violations of the court case

Sara Malala Yousafzai Research Paper
Equality of Educational Opportunity in the United States About 3 days ago, a lot of newspapers as
well as websites reported that Malala Yousafzai, 17–year–old young teenager from Pakistan, got the
Nobel Peace Prize as the youngest winner ever. Since I did not know much about why she got this
prize, I looked up some background information about her. What I found was that her most
significant and remarkable statement in her speech at the United Nations headquarter in New York.
In her influential speech, she stated, "Let us pick up our books and our pens, they are the most
powerful weapons"(Sara Malm 3). This idea is very important because Malala's statement points out
that how strong education is and it can be the only mean that is able to accomplish ... Show more
According to "Scholl Desegregation and Equal Educational Opportunity" by Leadership Conference
on Civil Rights Education Fund, the desegregation started after the Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka ruling in 1954 pushed by the modern civil rights movement whose focus was integration of
whites and blacks in schools, public facilities, bath rooms, restaurants, movies, and so on. Both the
federal government and the Supreme Court made orders to improve the equality of opportunity,
especially in education, for minorities (1). The first several years since the desegregation movement
had begun, there were little improvements in the integration of black and white students in schools
because of anti–desegregation action, which was called 'massive resistance.' For example, in one of
the counties of Virginia, the whole public school system was given up and as a result, all the
responsibilities were taken over by its private school that African American students basically could
not attend. That kind of resistance not only hold up the progress of the desegregation, but also
completely took away the opportunities to study at schools for African American students for
several years ("School" 1) According to "School Desegregation and Equal Educational
Opportunity," as a response to the massive resistance, "in 1966, the Fifth Circuit Court, in United
States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, ordered school districts not only to end segregation
but to "undo the harm" segregation had caused by racially balancing their schools under federal
guidelines"(1). Although the quotation focuses on one example, this means that after passing the
1964 Civil Rights Act, the federal government forced school districts that previously had disobeyed
to the desegregation movement to practice the law so that they would be able to abolish the
segregation in the education field by using fund termination or scaring them. As a result, the
progress

The Importance Of Education In Education
Civil rights promise equal treatment under the law, and it is required by law that all children must go
to school. Under this law, it follows that children should receive equal treatment in their education.
Education is a vital aspect of children's lives to educate and provide a good foundation for their life.
However, not all public schools are equal. This was demonstrated in the segregated schools where
African American students received a lesser quality of education compared to their white peers. The
fight for education equality continues; the inequality is seen in the varying states and school districts
who run their schools differently and are made up of different constituents, which affects the quality
of schooling that different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In affluent areas of the country with more higher–income property owners and higher tax rates such
as suburbs, more money is given to the schools. Compare this to high poverty areas, like poorer
urban school districts. The concentration of low–income earners and lower taxes means that there is
less money going to the schools. Money enables schools to provide resources for their students that
are essential to learn: books, paper, access to technology, teachers, administrators, etc. Students in
wealthy districts who are treated with more resources have opportunities not available to their peers
in poorer districts. The quality of education is dependent on where one lives. This is not the equal
treatment that is promised to Americans through civil rights. Another controversial issue in
education is the language in which students are taught. English is the primary language spoken in
the United States, but as our country is diverse and our people come from all over the world, there
are many who do not primarily use English. Popular languages include Spanish and Chinese, yet the
public school system does not always reflect this; unless students take a foreign language, the
curriculum is taught primarily in English. While some schools are able and willing to provide
English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers to help students learn English and aid them with the
curriculum. Not all schools have those resources to

The Consequences Of Civil Disobedience
The meaning of civil disobedience has been disoriented throughout the years. "Unfortunately, civil
disobedience is often confused with simply violating laws that you do not like" (docsoffredom.org).
On the other hand, true civil disobedience lies in violating inequitable laws, but accepting the
consequences that come with it. Peaceful resistance can positively impact a free society and bring
about reform people desire, but only in the form of true civil disobedience. For example, the Civil
Rights Movement won desegregation for many African–Americans. Furthermore, Mahatma Gandhi
and his non–violent acts of civil disobedience helped to ensure India's independence from Britain.
Also, protests of the Dakota Access pipeline has led the Army ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This can be seen in the Civil Rights Movement, which desegregated the United States for many
African–Americans. Moreover, another defining example of this is seen in the many non–violent
protests of Mahatma Gandhi, which aided India in gaining independence. Finally, a modern example
of true civil disobedience are the protests against the Dakota pipeline, which had a small taste of
victory until President Donald Trump authorized the pipeline to continue. All of these examples are
evidence of how true civil disobedience can impact not just one society, but the entire world, and
how it will continue to do so for generations to

Argumentative Essay On Urban Education
I personally think many minds are going to waste in our urban environments, minds that could be
reinventing the world, but are, for some reason, only keeping themselves out of a culture that needs
them. Why are there so few college–bound kids graduating from our urban schools, and why are the
ones who do go to college so ill–prepared when they arrive? We live in a nation where education is
a prominent force of succeeding in life. Children learn critical and analytical skills for twelve years
in school to prepare to graduate high school, and go on to receive a two– or four–year college
education. Being educated is an integral part of society. School helps children learn social norms
and teach them how to be successful adults in society. The communities that some youth live in
molds their future education and how much they succeed. Are they truly getting the best education
for them to be successful college students and have a career? Or it is their education determinant of
failure and going into the system? Manyof my minority students are not getting the proper education
that they need to succeed. Urban students experience the lack of structure throughout their daily
routine and do not understand the deficits in their education system. Urban students face many
challenges: many come from neighborhoods or communities where alcohol, drug, sex, continuous
violence, and poverty are rampant. [include introductory sentence here: The issues in communities
of color are exacerbated when those with the most resources leave the community."] "The highest
costs of the white flight areborn by the children left in segregated, almost entirely poor
neighborhood schools. [The lack of resources in the community have a negative effect on the
school.]
Decades of research shows that this resulting racial and economic isolation created toxic, severely
under–resourced learning environments for black and brown students, from Detroit to Philadelphia
to New York City.( Nikole Hannah–Jones)" Living in communities where urban students are
surrounded with drug dealers and some of the dealers being people urban students know personally
whether they went to school with the person who is now the drug dealer or they grew up with.
Urban

Desegregation Of The United States
The education system in the United States has gone through many changes spanning all the way
from the 1800's to today. The integration of other races and cultures into our schools have played in
integral part in the historical development of the U.S. educational system. It has also allowed more
access to all students to experience education. The desegregation of schools also started the
conversation about allowing Blacks to have equal access to the same water fountains, public
transportation, restrooms, and public spaces, as Whites. It is important to note the differences
between desegregation and integration. The distinction between these two terms are crucial because
in the constitution law the Supreme Court has never enforced integration, but does prohibit
segregation. Desegregation is defined as "provisions articulated in law or practice that eliminate the
isolation of members of a particular group into separate functional units" (ASHE Higher Education
Report p.12). Integration is the incorporation of individuals and groups as equals into society.
Desegregation had to take place before integration could even begin to become a proposal. During
the mid to late 1800's there were several laws and court cases taking place which slowly led up to
the gradual start of the desegregation movement. Black education in the South was virtually
nonexistent before the Civil War and very limited in Northern states. Once the civil war ended, the
Thirteenth Amendment was passed and

Immigration And Diversity Paper
Paper 3 Through the examination of increased immigration and diversity in the modern world,
Robert Putnam and Krishna Savani reach extremely differing conclusions on how increasing
diversity in communities across the United States of America is negatively or positively correlated
to trust. While each text shows divergent results of their respective studies, it is important to keep in
mind how both Putnam and Savani produced valid findings that can be incorporated with each other.
Primarily the reason for this gap is the backgrounds of the researchers. Putnam's views are strictly of
a social–economic standpoint, while Savani and her team of researchers offer a psychological
viewpoint in conducting their studies. Comparing their works thus results in the ability to more ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Savani et. al's arguments based on the quickly increasing diversity of communities, the
psychological concept of Contact theory is heavily relied upon. Contact theory states as people
begin to live around more and more groups of different ethnic and racial backgrounds, a fostering of
cooperation, interaction, and equality will diffuse throughout the community. Seeking to back this
theory up, Savani heavily relies on it for her hypothesis, in which she states, "that people in more
diverse neighborhoods would be more likely to help others, including strangers." (P.5) Going on to
provide several studies that test and prove the hypothesis, it seems as if Savani's psychological
beliefs are unequivocally valid. Her hypothesis does allow for questions to be raised however. By
highlighting the fact that the hypothesis is based off the contact theory, they

The African-American Civil Rights Movement In The 1970's
the previous generation of activists had enjoyed–in fact, some of their hard–earned victories were at
stake. The African–American civil rights activists of the 1960's started the decade on a good note.
They brought national attention to the movement through nonviolent protests, such as the sit–in
protests and the March on Washington ("The Sixties"), and the efforts made by this unified front
produced major legislative success: the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and the Voting Rights
Act was passed in the following year ("The Sixties"). As the end of the decade neared, however, the
civil rights movement started a downward spiral that would continue into the 1970's. In 1968,
Martin Luther King, Jr., a key leader who had united the movement,

Argumentative Essay On Urban Education

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Argumentative Essay On Urban Education