Electric Rays On The Cranial Surface

Electric Rays On The Cranial Surface
In the Roman Empire era, physicians suggested the application of electric rays on the cranial surface to treat conditions. This ancient practice was
first utilized by the physician of Emperor Claudius, Scribonius Largo in 46 AD. The electrical torpedo fish was used to treat headaches and arthritic
symptoms. The fish would be applied to affected areas which would numb or paralyze the injury. It was also used by placing the injured part of the
body in a pool of water with the fish that would cause electric currents or shocks. The electric shocks would stun the affected skin, spine or brain
structures and immediately numb the affected area providing instant and temporary relief. Electricity developed into a new methodology of treating ...
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The scientific researchers used animals to examine the cortical cortex which defined electrical stimulation as a use to induce muscle contractions. After
this successful find researches began to conduct human experiments. This resulted in several studies that lead to a detailed and exact picture of how the
human brain functioned.
On the other side of the treatment identified the use of brain stimulation as a therapeutic treatment for patients with psychoses and depression. In the
1930's, new experiments and procedures were introduced to treat severe psychoses in mentally ill patients. There was no real medical treatment or
medicine which is now available. So they began to use electroshock or electroconvulsive therapy to treat these patients who could not identify what
exactly troubled them. The electroshock involved the use of applying an electrical pulse to the scalp which stimulates the brain cells. This led some
physicians to believe that this method could be used to calm uncontrollable and disorderly patients down.
This started the era of lobotomies which involved drilling holes in the skull, pushing a sharp instrument through and cutting connections from the
frontal lobes to the brain. The surgeon would sweep this from side to side, to cut the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain
which would render the patient somewhat in a robot like state. Lobotomies have been highly publicized and used as a good movie plot in
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Lobotomy Case Studies
1.Lobotomy is a surgical procedure that severs the nerve fibers in the brain. The procedure became very popular by Antonio Egan Moniz and
Walter Freeman. The procedure is done using an ice pick and is irreversible. Thousands of lobotomies were done between 1939 and 1967. 2.Legal
leverage is basically when the court forces a person to accept medical treatment even if the person's income has to be taken control over.
3.Psychotherapy is a type of therapy that uses verbal communication. Psychotherapy can take on many formats including: individual, couple, group,
and family. 4.Bipolar disorder is when person experiences moods varying like a roller costar with very elevated moods (peaks) and very depressed
moods (valleys). 5.Deinstitutionalization is when many patients in state mental... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A drug is described as a substance that is not food. A drug is taken typically in small quantities and can cause some altering effects to the individual
taking the drug(s). (alter mental, physical, or emotional state) 2.There are two types of inherited alcoholism: Type I and Type II. Type I is
milieu–limited which means that men and women are equally as likely to develop this type of alcoholism. Type II is dominantly seen in males and
is more supported by genetic data information when compared to type I. Type II tends to be considered to be more severe than type I alcoholism.
3.Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the concentration of alcohol in your blood. In North Carolina, it is illegal for someone to drive with a BAC
level greater than 0.08. 4.Many fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) happen when a woman consumes alcohol when they are pregnant. The
following health conditions are related to FASD: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol–related
neurodevelopment disorders (ARND). When a baby experiences fetal alcohol syndrome they often experience withdrawals and

The Down Fall of Rose Williams and Blanche DuBois
Tennessee Williams is known to be a Southern playwright of American drama. Williams knew how to show haunting elements like psychological
drama, loneliness, and inexcusable violence in his plays. Critics say Williams often depicted women who were suffering from critical downfalls due
to his sister Rose Williams. Rose was always fighting with a mental health condition known as schizophrenia all her life. The character Laura in The
Glass Menagerie is always compared to Rose, because they were both socially awkward and very quiet girls. This may be true, but one can look at
Blanche DuBois from A Street Car Named Desire shadows his sister's life and characteristics more than Laura did. In the obituary of Rose Williams
that was written by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a party when Rose was twenty–six, Williams went off on her by saying, "I hate the sight of your ugly old face" (Hoare)! Rose's illness made
her become delusional and a compulsive liar. This disgusted Williams for this was not the sister he knew. Williams never really understood his sister's
illness. Rose's schizophrenia only got worse as time went on. Finally, her parents felt she was not fit for society in her state. Rose was taken to the
State Hospital in Farmington where doctors performed a bilateral prefrontal lobotomy. Tennessee Williamsregrets to not stopping the lobotomy,
because his sister was never the same again and never recovered. Due to the regret, Williams financed his sister's private care until his death in
1983. Even though the siblings had a very dysfunctional relationship; Tennessee shows the haunting and suffering he felt in his plays due to his
sister's illness. Williams first introduces Blanche DuBois in the play with the following description, "She is daintily dressed in a white suit with a
fluffy bodice, necklace and earrings of pearl, white gloves and hat, looking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party" (Williams 15).
This description depicts Blanche as a high society woman and could do better than living in New Orleans. Blanche is only putting on airs from this
description. This means that she is faking her higher class status; in reality what she is wearing is

Lobotomy Research Paper
In the late 1880's, evidence that patients who were mentally ill could be controlled through surgical manipulation of the brain first emerged. Gottlieb
Burckhardt, a Swiss physician, removed parts of the brain cortex on mentally ill patients in the insane asylum he supervised. Burckhardt performed his
operation on six patients with the goal of calming patients so that they were more controlled but not necessarily sane. Many of his patients more
manageable after the surgery but one died several days after the surgery and some patients suffered severe seizures (Stone, 2001). In 1935, Dr. John
Fulton, a respected Yale neurophysiologist, who founded the Journal of Neurophysiology and Journal of Neurosurgery, presented his findings of animal
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, the lobotomies were performed on severely mentally ill patients; then, lobotomies became a way to treat all mental illnesses including young
children. Prior to the 1950's, both quantitative and qualitative analyses of articles written about lobotomies were positively bias ((Diefenbach, J.,
Diefenbach, D., Baumeister, and West, 1999). The articles exaggerated the success of lobotomies. Even after the introduction of drug therapies as an
alternative treatment for the severely mentally ill were introduced, lobotomies were still performed at an alarming rate (Collins and Stam,

The History of Mental Illness
Through the course of time, mental illnesses have always been in existence due to varying factors and causes. However, as time has passed, the
perceptions and available treatments for mental illnesses have also changed as new technology was developed. By looking at the treatments and
perceptions of mental illnesses in the early 20th century, we can learn how to properly treat and diagnose not only mental disorders but also other
conditions as well as show us the importance of review boards and controlled clinical trials. During the early to mid 20th century, not much was
known about mental illnesses or what caused them, which was the way it had been for many years before. One of the somewhat common perceptions
about mental illness was that these disorders were caused by possession or negative spirits. This can be most likely be attributed to the wide influence
of the catholic church and the belief that exorcisms or psychosurgery could possibly cure incurable or intractable mental illnesses. Psychosurgery
developed into the more common procedure known as a lobotomy, where the connections between the prefrontal lobe and the prefrontal cortex are cut
with the intention of freeing the patient from delusions and side effects of other mental illnesses. Lobotomies began as a surgical procedure which
needed to be performed in an operating room, as it required holes to be drilled through the scalp and into the skull. This meant that though the
procedure was seen to show some

Electro-Shock Therapy: Lobotomies And Asylums
Asylums. Electro–Shock Therapy. Skull Drills. Pills. Expulsions. Seclusion. Lobotomies. A hefty portion of the uncommon systems that have been set
up to ease a man of dysfunctional behavior are just effective in making "vegetables" out of patients, not curing their illnesses but rather making them
apparitions of their past selves. All through history, there have been radical changes in how the rationally sick is dealt with and watched over; a large
portion of these happened on account of changing societal perspectives and information on dysfunctional behavior. These progressions have brought
psychiatrists out of a negative light and have given psychiatric studies a brighter, more inspirational viewpoint. The historical backdrop of regarding

History And Systems Paper: The Lobotomy
7.27.2015 History and Systems Paper: The Lobotomy The lobotomy was a therapeutic process that was both a non–empirical and non–effective
treatment for severe mental illness in the 1900's. Not only was it not effective, it was actually harmful and even caused death among patients receiving
the treatment. The lobotomy represents a historical treatment of mental illness that unfortunately thrived as a treatment for mental illness, even with
obvious detrimental effects. The history of the lobotomy developed over the course of several decades. In 1935, Americans Carlyle Jacobsen and John
Fulton reported that surgical damage to the frontal lobes of chimpanzees could decrease aggressive behavior. Upon hearing this, Portuguese
neuropsychiatrist Egas

Foucault's Three Stages Of Mind Control
Mind control is the most important purpose to controllers because once mind control completed, the power of control becomes so great that it not
necessary to need violence and tight monitor. Foucault writes about the whole prison system in detail in Discipline and Punish. He divided the whole
system into three stages, "the monarchial punishment, the reformer's punishment and the modern punishment. The first one focus on the punishment
of the body, which is the feels the pain of the body; the second centers on the effects of the pain; the their stresses mind or spirit punishment"(Foucault
12). It is clear that the spirit punishment is most cruel way to control patients because the patients will lose their minds and they do not know how to
think.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Electroshock Therapy (ECT) and Lobotomy are also serious treatments used to punish who do not obey the Big Nurse's order. The concept of
ECT is that electricity passes through patient's brain in order to make him feel the pain and to threat other patients in hospital. According to Mayo
Clinic, "ECT often works when other treatments are unsuccessful [...] leading to memory loss, fractured bones and other serious side
effects"(Mayo Clinic). An Acute named Ellis become paralyzed after receiving ECT, just because he wants to have his own activity. He is
diagnosed as a psychopath by the Big Nurse and needs a treatment immediately. His whole body disabled and his brain is not clear so that he
cannot speak and do not have any feeling at all. The Chief Bromden is another victim of ECT. He receives more than two hundred ECT, which
damages his brain and his body. Harding describes ECT humorously that, "it is quite simple, quick and nearly painless [...] Those fortunate souls in
there are being given a free trip to the moon"(Kesey 107). However, the results of ECT are more than that. The serious effects are too serious because
it damages the

One Who Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest And Shutter Island
In both films, One Who Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Shutter Island, lobotomies are used as the last resort in attempts to heal both of the main
characters' mental instability – Randle McMurphy played by Jack Nicholson and Teddy Daniels played by Leonardo DiCaprio. The only difference is
that McMurphy is forced to undergo a lobotomy and the mental institution never asked for his permission, while Daniels voluntarily agreed to a
lobotomy. A lobotomy is neurosurgical operation in which a blade is inserted into the brain to separate and cut certain nerve fibers in the frontal lobes
of the brain. Because of the nature of interfering and severing important nerves in the brain, patients who undergo such drastic surgery never have the
same control over their body again, as seen with McMurphy's character when he lays lifeless on his bed. Therefore, there are moral and ethical
considerations regarding lobotomies. In the 1930's when lobotomies were first introduced, one of the main U.S. supporters of this procedure,
neurologist Walter F. Freeman travelled throughout the world to advertise the positive effects of this new procedure. He even cited a study where
thirteen of twenty patients' conditions supposedly improved after their lobotomies (Lerner 1). There was opposition from other neurologists as they
saw the after–effects of the lobotomy performed on one of the Kennedy children – Rosemary Kennedy (Goldberg 1). After the surgery, she was not able
to coherently articulate herself

The Treatment Of The Mentally Ill
Imagine living in a place where you were sent to be aided on a disability and it turns out to be a nightmare. A nightmare where you are living in poor
conditions, abused by a corrupt staff, and performed dangerous operations on without your permission. Even though many of us don 't experience this,
this is a cold hearted reality for the mentally ill. Not only were the mentally ill treated horrible in these "institutions" back then, but outside they weren 't
treated any better. In this research paper I am going to look into the treatment of the mentally ill in the mid–1800s to mid–1900s. Mental institutions in
these times were horrible and brought more damage than healing to the mentally ill. However, the original intentions of mental institutions were more
positive and caring then its outcome. Dorothea Dix was an important figure and pioneer of the rise of mental institutions in the mid–1800s to early
1900s. Dorothea Dix took a job as a teacher for inmates in a East Cambridge prison (History). While there she came across a revelation, these
unhygienic violent criminals were put alongside the mentally ill. The consequences of this was the mentally ill were brutally abused by their violent
jailmates (History). Dix then studied various prison facilities across the country and came up with the same conclusion as the one she came up with
the prison she worked at. The mentally ill living alongside violent criminals were abused. Dorothea Dix presented her findings to a legislature

Lobotomy Video Analysis
After watching the videos on lobotomy and the treatment of those with mental illnesses and after reading chapter 1, I definitely have some mixed
reactions. First, I thought the videos were very fascinating but also very hard to watch and very disheartening. It's amazing to see how the treatment
of those suffering from mental illnesses has improved in recent years, but it's also unbelievable that some treatments were ever used. I am not a doctor
and do not have any medical training, but it's hard to believe that making people have seizures and go into a coma was a beneficial way to treat mental
illnesses. It's also hard to wrap my mind around the fact that someone would ever intentionally put something into someone's brain to lessen the brain's

Phineas P. Gage Essay
Phineas P. Gage was born in 1823. He was a railroad construction worker outside a small town of Cavendish, Vermont. On September 13, 1848,
Phineas suffered from a traumatic brain injury, which caused severe damage to parts of his frontal brain due to his accident at work. The day of
Phineas accident, he was performing his work duties on the construction of a railroad track. His duty was to set explosive charges in holes drilled
into large pieces of rock so that they could be broken up and removed. He had to fill the holes with gunpowder, with a fuse, and then pack in sand
with a large tamping iron. Because gage was distracted on September 13, 1948, he forgot to fill in one of the holes with sand. In result, when he went
to pack down the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barnum's New York museum. After that job he worked in New Hampshire as an assistant, and for about seven years, as a coach driver in Chile. He
was also worked on a farm before his death. Gage moved to San Francisco with his mother in 1859. Sadly on May 21, 1860 Gage past away.
Neurologist Antonio Damasio has written significantly on Gage and other patients that he studied on with similar injuries. Damasio viewed Gage's
case as playing a crucial role in the history of neuroscience, and stated that Gage's story "was the historical beginnings of the study of the biological
basis of behavior". Gage's case inspired the development of frontal lobotomy, which now is a psychosurgical procedure that leads to emotional response
and personality traits. On the other hand, historical analysis doesn't support this claim because Gage's injury didn't have enough influence on the
development of this practice. Gage not only suffered the accident but it had a dramatic impact on his life. There was criticism of Gage's story including
the doubts on accuracy between scientific and popular discourse from Australian psychologist Malcolm Macmillan. According to Macmillan there was
little information about Gage's personality and habits before the accident. The post–traumatic psychological changes reported while Gage was still alive
were less dramatic than later reports had stated. A first report was printed in Ludlow, Vermont Free Soil Union anonymously within twenty
–four

The Building A Prison For Those Who Didn 't Quality Essay
Upon arrived to TALA, I was greeted by an astonishing monumental architecture. The symmetry of the building was elegant and well complimented
by its weathered look. It is difficult to imagine that this very building had once housed the mentally ill. I had never seen such a facility before and
thus expected something less remarkable. As I stood admiring the building, I noticed the multitude of windows it contained. Upon further
examination, I noticed the bars surrounding them and suddenly realized that the illusion of paradise was in reality a prison for those who dwelled
here. I was surprised to learn how many people were housed in this building and likewise shocked to discover what passed as mentally insane during
the 19th century. The criteria used to determine mental illness were nonexistent and arbitrary. I was extremely concerned when the tour guide
mentioned kids being born and raised in TALA. It was also distressing to learn that people who didn't quality as having mental problems were also
placed into such a facility. In contrast, it was interesting to learn that the community had openly embraced TALA as part of their home to the extent
that a high school prom was held inside the building. This helped me to recognize that TALA was more than just an insane asylum, it was truly home
to those living inside and outside its walls. As I progressed through the tour, I discovered that I was unaware of the many practices of insane asylums,
especially the methods used in

Psychotherapy And Pharmaceutical Treatments Are Far More
Psychotherapy and pharmaceutical treatments are far more humane than past methods for treating mental illnesses. One scene in Shutter Island
where these advancements can be seen is a conversation early in the film, between Teddy and Dr. Cawley. The doctor is still familiarizing Teddy
with the facility, and he explains how patients were treated in the past versus the new psychotherapy treatment performed on the island. He begins by
explaining that in the past it "used to be the kind of patients we deal with here were shackled and left in their own filth. They were beaten, as if
whipping them bloody would drive the psychosis out." Since the film took place not long after World War II, it was only recently that doctors began
using... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This procedure was described by Tacie Dejanikus in her article, Psychosurgery: Lobotomies Again as "swishing an ice pick around behind the
eyeballs to destroy portions of the brain 's frontal lobe" (3). This may not be a very scientific description, but if it perfectly sums up the procedure,
emphasizing how imprecise the operation was at the time. It occasionally appeared to help the illness, however they had a down side. In another
article, written by Maddy Simpson, she states that "Lobotomies often left the patient with a low brain capacity and unable to live independently"
(1). Although their popularity had faded over the years, they are still practiced today as a last resort option. In Shutter Island the lighthouse is
depicted as a haunting, mysterious place and is suspected of containing a secret, which is partially true. Teddy's conspiracy, which is part of his
delusion, is centered on the lighthouse being the location of the Nazi like experiments performed by the staff. Just like the names of Teddy's made
up characters being anagrams for who they represent, each aspect of the delusion is based off partial truths from reality. Andrew Laeddis did kill
Teddy's wife, however Andrew Laeddis is just the anagram for Edward Daniels. Rachel Solando represents Teddy's wife, both of whom drown their
three kids. Also, the lighthouse, which is believed to host cruel experiments, is where the lobotomies are

Being Born And Raised By The Monumental Architecture...
As I arrived to TALA, I was instantly impressed by the monumental architecture before me. The symmetry of the building was elegant and well
complimented by its weathered look. It is difficult to imagined that this very building had once housed the mentally ill. I have never seen such a
facility before and thus expected something less remarkable. As I stood admiring the building, I noticed the multitude of windows it contained.
Upon further examination, I saw bars surrounding them and suddenly realized that the illusion of paradise was in reality a prison for those who
dwelled here. I was surprised to learn how many people were actually housed in this building. I was equally shocked to discovered what passed as
mentally insane during the 19th century. The criteria used to determine mental problems were nonexistent and arbitrary. I was extremely concerned
when the tour guide mentioned kids being born and raised in TALA. It was also distressing to learn that people who didn't quality as having mental
problems were also placed into such a facility. I was further surprised to learn that the community had openly embraced TALA as part of their home to
the extent that a high school prom was held inside the building. This helped me to recognize that TALA was more than just an insane asylum, it was
truly home to those living inside and outside of the building. As I progressed through the tour, I discovered that I was unaware of the many practices of
insane asylums, especially the

Howard Lilly My Lobotomy
The interview "My Lobotomy" follows Howard Dully as he works on uncovering what happened to him during a procedure performed on him during
his childhood. Howard Dully was 12 years old when Walter Freeman performed transorbital or "ice pick" lobotomy on him. He always felt something
missing from his soul, however, he carried no memories of the operation and never asked his family. This led him to set out on a journey to learn about
what happened to him in 1960. The conversation isn't between an interviewer and Howard Dully. It is actually Howard Dully speaking to others in
hopes of discovering what really happened. Dully interviewed Dr. Elliot Valenstein, who wrote a book on the history oflobotomy. Dr. Valenstein says
the results varied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He found out that it was his stepmother who was responsible for this procedure. Filled with hatred and desire to get rid of him, she called Walter
Freeman and asked him to fix Howard. Dr. Freeman suggested changing him via lobotomy and not telling him about the procedure. Her and his
father both agree to have Howard operated on. After finding the records, Howard asks his father to talk. They've never talked about it before, but
to his surprise he agrees to. His father says it was his stepmother's idea, and that her and Dr. Freeman manipulated him into agreeing to it. He says
they never talked about it because Howard never asked, and because it was an unpleasant part of his life he'd rather not dwell on. The last pair of
people Howard Dully speaks to are Rebecca Welch and Anita McGee. Anita is Rebecca's mother, who was lobotomized by Dr. Freeman. Rebecca
believes Freeman destroyed her mother's life, making her spend most of her life in mental institutions. She says her mother is there, but not truly
there. Rebecca and Howard bond when she tells him he has helped a lot of people by going on this journey to discovery. In the end, Dully reflects on
all of the horrible things he's endured because of his lobotomy. However, sitting with Rebecca and Anita makes him realize lobotomy didn't touch his
soul, which finally gives him peace. The interview presents a few strengths. First, it introduces you to Howard Dully through his

Prefrontal Lobotomy
As a student of psychology I have read about this procedure a few times during my studies. It seems possible that the doctors who performed this type
of surgery may have been more interested in stretching the boundaries of medicine and gaining notoriety versus the actual care of the patient. The term
psychosurgery describes a surgical intervention to change another person's mood, thoughts, or behavior. This procedure was coined the frontal
lobotomy. The procedure involved cutting the major connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of thebrain. Lobotomies became part of a
new age treatment for neurological diseases in the early 20th century. The original procedure, also known as a leucotomy, involved an injection of
alcohol into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To irreversibly alter another person's personality was thought by many to overstep the bounds of good medical practice, and disrespect that person's
autonomy and individuality and in 1950, the Soviet Union banned the practice, saying it was "contrary to the principles of humanity". Germany and
Japan soon followed and finally in 1967 Freeman was banned from surgery after performing a third lobotomy on a patient whose brain hemorrhaged
and died. Till his death Freeman stood by his procedure and even traveled the country to visit the patients he operated on to prove that he had helped

Howard Lobotomy Quotes
Howard should not have gotten a lobotomy because there was nothing wrong with him, he was just being mistreated. He was punished for things he
didn't do, his step–mother picked favorites with the other kids, and he was abused by his parents. So a lobotomy was an extreme measure in his
case for the things he did and didn't do. Howard was often blamed for many things he didn't do. He was even accused of hurting the dog. This
happened on many occasions were he was blamed. The book even quotes as Howard saying, "if I didn't move quickly enough, or if I gave her and
grief, I'd be punished. Half the time i didn't even know what I was being punished for. I was just bad"(pg. 42). His step–mother often liked the other
kids more than him, no matter

Freeman Lobotomy Essay
Psychosurgery is often called neurosurgery for the mental ill/disordered. It was said that the surgery could destroy brain tissue and eliminate the
symptoms of mental illness all together. Even though it was first used by Gotttlieb Burckhardt it was not a popular procedure until American
neurologist Walter Freeman. Freeman had a specific form of psychosurgery and that was lobotomy. Freeman believed that it could cut certain nerves
and eliminate excessiveness of emotions and stabilize a personality. The first every U.S. lobotomy was on a Kansas housewife in 1936. The goal and
purpose of lobotomy was to help schizophrenia, depressed, bipolar disorder, and other mental illness patients. The procedure is very freighting
sounding. The surgeon/doctor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freeman's lobotomy procedure at only the age of 12. His stepmother is actually the person who took him to see Freeman simply because she
wanted to "do away" with him. She told Freeman that her step son did not react to love or punishment, does a good deal of day dreaming and
when asked says "I don't know", and objects going to bed but sleeps well. She took him to numerous doctors everyone told her the same thing
except Dr. Freeman. Other doctors said he was just a typical young boy while Freeman said otherwise. Freeman told her that the only way to "fix"
her stepson was by a lobotomy. She informed the doctor that he had to talk to Dully's father and convince him the procedure would be beneficial.
Surely enough the next time Dully's step mom took him to see Dr. Freeman, Howard Dully would be sitting in a chair with what Dully calls "ice
picks" in his eyes. Dully never really talked about his lobotomy growing up but he definitely felt like something was missing from his soul. He
always wanted to know more about what happened considering he did not remember the procedure itself. It took Dully until he was 54 (studied for
two years, now is 56) to begin to want to figure out exactly what happened, so he did just that. He went to George Washington University and found
the clues he needed to know he was

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Power Analysis
Ilana Sedaka
Walter P.8
Power Shift in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
In modern day society, individuals are influenced by strong superiority figures their whose dominance stems from internal power. Authority can often
lead subordinates to rebel and seize control; therefore ability to obtain power is exceptionally difficult. A rivalry for rigid power is seen in the literary
piece, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The limited dominance is shifted fluidly between Nurse Ratched and Randle McMurphy, and finally
designated to Chief Bromden. Although Nurse Ratched exercises initial control over her ward, Randle McMurphy attempts to disobey her authority
through defiance, and ultimately the power shifts into Chief Bromden's final control in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
In the beginning of the novel, Nurse Ratched undoubtedly dominates the control of the mental hospital. Chief's profound description of Nurse
Ratched reveals he feels threatened by her. Chief insists that "she blows up bigger and bigger, big as a tractor"(5) indicating he feels figuratively
smaller than Nurse Ratched. He also details her as a stiff, calculated, and precise like a machine running the whole facility. Chief Bromden feels so
impotent under her ruling, that he hallucinates a fog machine and keeps everyone satisfied under her power. The fog is a reoccurring symbol in the
novel that can represent Chief's helplessness: "One of these days I'll quit straining and let myself go completely, lose myself

Positivist Approach And Human Social Behavior
What is a positivist approach one may ask? Positivist approach is the view of how societies are structured and human social behavior by examining it
through methods of natural sciences. Positivist approach is defined as an approach that assumes deviance is real, it exists in the objective experience
of the people who commit deviant acts and those who respond to them (Conrad, Peter & Schneider, 1980). A book that provides great insight on
explaining a positivist approach to those who may not understand is My Lobotomy by Howard Dully and Charles Fleming. Howard Dully was just like
any ordinary young boy his age who would get in trouble either in school or at school. Yet, Dr. Walter Freeman, his father and step mother agreed this
something wrong with him causing him to receive his lobotomy. Although he received the lobotomy he was still abandoned by his family and went
through a rough lifestyle. He spent his teen age years in mental institutions, his twenties in jail and then as he got older he turned to alcohol. When he
became older and questioned the lobotomy he found out reasons how the procedure fit perfectly with the paradigm of his time. What will be discussed
is the basic assumption and logic of the positivist paradigm. Which will be tied to the historical development and the relevance of its criticism.
Understanding the basic assumption and logic of the positivist paradigm is by knowing what it means. positivism means a perspective on knowledge
and reality that

Schizophrenia Is The Most Common Mental Illness
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe disorder which is equal in both Men and Women and affects one percent of the worlds population, it is the
most common mental illness (Carlson 2014). Schizophrenia is the suffering from a split mind which can start at a very early age and remain as a
lifelong disease. (Tsuang 1982) In the UK currently 250,000 people are suffering from Schizophrenia. (Crow 1991) There are several symptoms which
are found in Schizophrenics which are characterised by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. However some people may differ differently due
to their diagnosis of Schizophrenia. Some individuals may show all the symptoms listed, whereas others may only display a small number of them.
(Jones et al.) In addition, the description of the symptoms of Schizophrenics indicates that the disorder has been around for thousands of years. (Jeste et
al.1985). According to the Biological approach, Schizophrenia occurs due to brain abnormalities which involves the absence of normal behaviour.
Although, due to Schizophrenia being strongly genetic and heritable, the presence of unusual behaviour may be due to underlying biological factors.
(Carlson 2014) The main types of biological treatments available for Schizophrenia are Electro convulsive therapy (ECT) and Psychosurgery, however
there are other drugs therapies available for Schizophrenia.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was developed in the 1930s and is the most effective treatment for Schizophrenia.

Prefrontal Lobotomy Analysis
Frequently, it's difficult to maintain a certain procedure which benefits both the patient and physician. The growth of The Prefrontal Lobotomy was
sought out to assist patients with issues regarding mental illnesses, and conditions of psychological disorders. The Prefrontal Lobotomy is said to be
successful, but there have been certain times where the procedure has caused death upon a patient. It's a controversial procedure that has been done
widely since it's prime era. It was widely performed for decades to treat Schizophrenia, Manic Depression and Bipolar Disorder. (Lobotomy:
Definition, Procedure, & History; Lewis, 2014) The Portuguese Neurologist Antonio Egas Moniz is said to be credited with inventing the Lobotomy
in 1935, for which he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1949. (Official website of the Nobel Prize, http://www.nobelprize.org/)
Before the procedure was tested on humans, it was actually tested on chimpanzees by a Yale Neuroscientist John Fulton and his colleague Carlyle
Jacobsen in 1935. Because of certain behavioral and personality issues, the procedure was sought to adjust the way illnesses were developed, and to
eliminate them. The procedure was done by cutting holes in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, mental illnesses can be treated with medication, surgery, etc. Rarely would you hear that aphysician is performing a Prefrontal Lobotomy to
assist a patient with a disorder. Manic Depression specifically is more so treated with medication. Other disorders such as Schizophrenia can be
treated with medication. There's also more extreme procedures today such as sending electric shocks through the brain to cause a temporary seizure
that'll calm the patient down. I would say in my personal opinion that a procedure as such would be much more effective for Schizophrenia

KnightвЂ™s Poem, Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the...
Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane is a poem by Knight, Etheridge. The poem is centered on a heroic character
named Hard Rock. Knight's poem is an allegory of oral tradition. The author depicts Hard Rock as a legend to all inmates, as his exploits are well
known among the inmates. Because of his defiance, Hard Rock is sent to a Hospital for the Criminal Insane. When he comes back, Hard Rock has
been lobotomized and changed into a different man. He is not the strong prisoner the other inmates have heard of, he is a shell of what he used to be
with no sight. The poem is just about a hero falling after a lobotomy procedure. The authorities used lobotomy to tame Hard Rock's rebellion and this
was not right. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knight's poem Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane offers a glance of a panopticist disciplinary regime in an
American Prison. The author shows how inmates internalize a mode of surveillance of watching their folklore hero Hard Rock, and making
assumptions of their condition basing on his actions and behavior. In the beginning, the author writes, "Hard Rock was known not to take no shit from
nobody" (Knight line1–2). The inmates had heard of Hard Rock through word of mouth and they say that they are waiting to witness if the word is
true. According to the word, they found in prison, Hard Rock could not be tamed, and they waited to associate with his character. Nevertheless, the
word changes because, when he returns from the "Hospital for the Criminal Insane," Hard Rock is not what the inmates had been told. He is a
hopeless man subject to lobotomy as a punishment of defiance. Hard Rock had no eyes, and was powerless and as the prisoners watched him, they
felt hopeless. Knight writes that, Hard Rock was disposed of his power after being deprived of his eyesight and reduced to nothing through the
labotomy process and instead of being a hero as before; he was made into an object of pity by the inmates. The inmates were crushed after what they
saw what Hard Rock had been reduced to. Knight Writes that, the inmate turned away their "eyes on the ground, Crushed" ( Stanza 5, line 4).Their hero
was now

Transorbital Lobotomy Analysis
Prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy was a commonly used treatment to cure madness during the mid 1900's. This invasive procedure was tested on as
many as 50,000 institutionalized mad patients. This was a desperate procedure, and was only used when all other forms of treatment failed. There's a
lot of controversy surrounding this horrific procedure. Where the cure rates after this procedure were not as high as everyone thought, and the terrible
risks that can come from getting a lobotomy. When evaluating patient their employment status played a key factor in whether or not they should have a
lobotomy. In order to determine the success of the operation the patient's ability to work played a key role. Both prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy...
Creating a lot of havoc in the lives of both family and friends of the returning veteran. Discovered in uncovered documents the article gives one
example of a soldier named Melbert Peters along with so many other mentally ill veterans lobotomized during and after WWII. The article gives
examples where so many veterans like Peter's had, "left for war a happy–go–lucky teen and returned home a 20–year–old plagued by guilt, violent
anger and mental illness"(Lobotomy Files, 1). Where the man who left for war didn't always return as the same man. During WWII both doctors and the
media advertised that lobotomy treatment was the best form of treatment to cure severe forms of mental illness. With families desperate to help out
their loved ones, many families turned to lobotomy thinking that this was their best and only option. Only to find out that while at times the treatment
did reduce symptoms, but it also took away the persons personality and their ability to take care of themselves. Leaving families with feelings of guilt
and resentment depressed for having their loved ones lobotomized. Since they thought that it would cure the patients mental, but what it really did was
take away a person's "sparkle" and their independence. Some families report that the lobotomy actually made things worst (Lobotomy Files,

Essay On Lobotomy
What if some people didn't have some emotions or feelings. They probably wouldn't be able to tell because they mentally would not be able to
experience that emotion or feeling. Frontal lobe lobotomy is a controversial medical procedure in which surgeons scrape off the frontal lobe of your
brain which controls your emotions, feelings, and other crucial body functions. This procedure has very little uses and is often criticized for playing
God. Frontal Lobe Lobotomy should be banned due to its low full recovery rate, long term effects, and its illegitimate medical history Lobotomy
patients have a low success rate after the procedure. According to a somewhat biased author Heidi Stevenson, "Their 'Success Rates' are dismal, at best
the success... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason is that people were desperate for treatments for serious mental illness" (The only reason why lobotomy was done was because of
the need to treat the mentally ill in the past. Although, if lobotomy wasn't done psycho surgeons would not have the knowledge on the brain that
they have now. In the "Oxford Companion to the Body" it states that "In addition, it also became evident that it [lobotomy] altered the behaviour and
personality of patients, and this gradually limited its use, which further declined in the 1960s because of the development of pharmacological means
of treating mental illness." This just helps states that it was only used just because of the primitive knowledge of medicines and procedures. It also
helps show that in history, doctors were just throwing ideas and experiments around to cure different diseases or illnesses. The "Oxford Companion
to the Body" also states that "Psychosurgery, has been criticized because it has developed empirically more than on rational grounds, and because of
a lack of 'scientific' evidence supporting its purported therapeutic efficacy." This quote shows that there was no real proof to show that frontal
lobotomy even worked. To put it put into perspective, it was like they took a wild, crazy person, did the procedure, and saw that

American Lobotomy Analysis
Lobotomy, a surgical procedure that which involves the incision of the prefrontal brain; To cure patients suffering from mild to critical mental
conditions. The article reported by NPR portrays the role of lobotomy and it's effects based upon the point of view of actual patient, Howard Dully.
Originally, Freeman adapted the idea of neurological procedures from Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz. Who infamously drilled holes into patients
skulls to cure mental illness. From this idea Freeman adapted the term lobotomy and later performed the first ever American lobotomy procedure. And
due to lack of the understanding and treatments for mental illnesses this surgical procedure spread like wildfire in the United States.
Dully, one of Freeman's many patients explains the procedure as a robbery. Stating,
The only thing you'd notice is that I'm very tall and weigh about 350 pounds. But I've always felt different – wondered if something's missing from my
soul (Dully,2005,p.1) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where it succeed in evoking emotional appeal unto its audience it failed in its ability to provide evidence. Lacking in multiple areas of providing
data in which would help the reader build their own opinion of Freeman's work. Since the piece itself took the viewpoint of Freeman's own patient,
it was inevitable that the article was heading towards a more biased narration. The interview itself provided mere segments of different points of
views from patients of freeman to his own family members. In fact, a matter of concern to me was an awkward pause after Dully asked Freeman's
own son if he was proud of his father. After his reply of yes, Dully questioned the answer of Freeman's son asking if he was being sarcastic. Which
implanted a questionable tone to the entire piece afterward. Leading to my belief that the interview itself was lacking more than it was

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Mental Illness Essay
There have been many horror movies produced with a mental illness as the reason for all of the scary events that happen in the movie. This can be
seen in many popular horror movies such as Mirrors, where schizophrenia is reason why there is a possessed demon killing its victims through
mirrors, personality disorder in Silence of the Lambs, and narcissistic personality disorder in Scarface. It is very easy to demonize the mentally unwell
because of their seemingly irrational behaviors caused by mental illness. Therefore, I wanted to explore the portrayal of mental illnesses in two
non–horror films. For my paper, I have decided to analyze Shutter Island, a psychological thriller, and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, a
comedy–drama film. Both Shutter Island and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest reveals the fragility of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leonardo DiCaprio's character killed his wife because she killed their three children and to escape reality, he had formed an alternate storyline
where he is a detective solving a case with his partner, Mark Ruffalo. After his doctor helps him experience his alternate storyline, he learns the truth
and recovers. However, it appears as if he has relapses again at the very end and he is given a lobotomy. There is ambiguity whether he was faking it
or not. For One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, I will examine the scene where Jack Nicholson's character questions the medication that the nurses are
giving to the patients, the scene where he gets shock therapy, and the ending scene where the institution gives him the lobotomy to control him forever.
Nicolson's character is not actually mentally ill, but he pretends he has a mental disorder to escape hard punishment for his

The Great Depression : A Time Of Uncertainty
Anneliese Markus
Period 2, Honors English
March 8th, 2016
The Great Depression was a time of uncertainty for everyone: rich or poor, male or female, black or white, however nobody's world was less stable
than the mentally ill. The early years of the 20th century saw a major revolution regarding the understanding and treatment of mental disorders. Simpler
cures of psychoanalysis such as mesmerism and hypnotism disappeared, and were replaced by more radical and demanding scientific psychiatric
treatments including forced infection with diseases or purposefully causing a person to seize. The mental illness community was both astonished and
terrified by the potential prospect of this new branch of psychiatry; frightened at the idea of being subjected to these new and risky treatments, however
amazed by the cures for previously untreatable illnesses. From examination of the perpetually changing world of mental illness during the 1930s,
through the new comprehension of mental disease, preventive psychiatry, and the unorthodox treatments that arose from it, shock therapy and
lobotomies, readers take away a heightened appreciation for the unique and symbolic bond between George and Lenny in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice
and Men.
The main transformation of the understanding and of cures of mental illness during the 1930s came from the new branch of psychotherapy, preventive
psychiatry. As an excerpt from the Vol I British Medical journal addresses, preventive psychiatry is a field of

' Hard Rock As A Prison Hero?
Introduction
Hard Rock, an obvious alias, was a prison hero. The stories of his resistance to prison authorities have reached legendary status some of his acts
might very well be mythologized and exaggerated. At the start of the story his hero status remains intact even if Hard Rock himself is no longer fully
there mentally. His fellow inmates are deeply disappointed when they see that all the fight in Hard Rock has been taken out as result of his lobotomy.
Hard Rock has been permanently damaged while he is alive is no longer completely there after the lobotomy. Such permanent punishment, like the death
penalty, is no longer tolerated today.
Hard Rock the Hero?
Hard Rock was the most famous inmate in a prison for the criminally insane. No doubt his fellow inmates were also sick in the mind like he was.
His mental health issues manifested his resistance to authority and his violent temper. No mention is made as to what he did to land in his
predicament but it is likely that is it due to his ill temper as well. Based on context clues he is a lifelong inmate and thanks to his lobotomy he may
well be useless to society besides being used to scare other inmates.
Hard Rock's image to his fellow inmates is one of power and prowess. Lumpkin (1955) describes a destroyer and doer of things. It is almost as if he
is a god to the inmates. Hence his fall from grace is truly depressing for them. Hunter (1973) points out that the other inmates used to look up to Hard
Rock. There are many

Brute Force Lobotomy Research Paper
Are You still having a piece of human flesh that mutilated yesterday? If anything, this album will incite and motivate to act more against other human
bodies. Please, do not consider this to be only incitement or solicited. However, it will be exceptional if prepared as your imagination to kill and chop
tomorrow. 'Brute Force Lobotomy ', not only keep brutal style that grooved and dynamic, yet rather a frenzy how the elderly form of brutal death
concept performed and combined dynamically by savagery plays modern brutal riffs predominantly, yet not eliminate the impression of the traditional
style of brutal death metal. We could hear the malignant of Putridity's riffs, the madness of 'Deeds of Flesh's technical structure and Brodequin's rough

Summary Of 'The Glass MenagerieBy Tennessee Williams'
Imagine having a sibling, whom you love so dearly, gradually lose touch with reality and change so drastically that they become somebody unfamiliar.
You want so badly, to help them escape from their misery and pain yet there was nothing you could do. Worse yet, you don't understand why it is
happening to them or what it is exactly. Unfortunately, it happened to Thomas "Tennessee" Williams. Rose Williams,Tennessee Williamsolder sister
was diagnosed with schizophrenia at a relatively youthful age. After her diagnosis, his mother allowed doctors to do a prefrontal lobotomy which
affected her so much that she was institutionalized (Hoare). Though they have their differences, he was awfully devoted to his sister Rose. This
experience may have affected his playwright by allowing him to open up to us and giving us a preview what his life was like for his family just
before her diagnosis, just how delicately she is to him, and that he wanted to prove to us just how loyal he was to his darling sister Rose. Based on
real events that unfolded, The Glass Menagerie really opened our eyes to Tennessee Williams's family life. The Glass Menagerie depicts Williams'
childhood. His father worked as a traveling salesman (Williams, Notebooks), his mother raised the children practically by herself and often longed for
her past. The relationship between Tennessee's parents was dysfunctional to say the least. Tom Wingfield portrays a young Tennessee, and Laura,
though only has a limp is

Documentary Analysis: The Lobotomist
After watching the documentary The Lobotomist, I was astounded by how Dr. Walter J. Freeman descending from wanting to help patients with
transorbital lobotomies, what he believed to be a miracle cure, to insisting that a lobotomy was the way to go when a child became unruly and
disrespectful. Given the treatment available during the 1930's and 40's, I don't believe a lobotomy would ever be justified. From a moral standpoint,
it's difficult to justify using an icepick, the same that were taken from Freeman's own kitchen, into a person's brain. From a medical standpoint, no
treatment should be widespread until the consequences or side effects of the procedure has been observed. People who were subjected to lobotomies
were incapable of returning to normal life as they became demobilized and had to be taught how to walk and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients would be given large doses of insulin that put them into daily comas, often bringing patients to the edge of death. Other patients were given
Metrazol which triggered seizures so violent they often fractured vertebrae. Shock therapy also known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was also
used as a form of treatment at the time. These treatments were brutal and patients often asked doctors why they were torturing them. Even with these
harsh treatments, and I wouldn't want to use these either, I would choose these treatments over lobotomy. The fact that a lobotomy would alter a
person so drastically and often cripple them in some way for the rest of their lives just to have a reprieve from their illnesses doesn't seem worth it. A
specific example of this was the lobotomy of Beulah Jones in 1952. Before receiving a lobotomy Jones had persistent delusions, but was an intelligent
woman. After her lobotomy she lost her higher intellect, her expressions became placid, and the delusions

One Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest By Ken Kesey
Every person at some point in their lives have felt unusual or out of place. All of us have had both a bully or that one individual that we simply didn 't
need to be around or even anybody they knew. Additionally, every person has had that one character they favored, for sticking up for themselves and
declaring what they wanted, even though it intended sure punishment. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by author Ken Kesey, these attributes stick
out in the story. A dialogue of the setting, theme, and character situations into the story will help one capture how ones' feelings fall into line with
everyone at the streets nowadays.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest takes place in a mental sanatorium tucked away in the forests of Oregon. Each character involved in the novel is
either a patient or a physician at the sanatorium. In this novel, every man or woman is controlled by an individual making the subject matter
dominant of a person. Men like Frederickson, Billy Bibbit, Harding, McMurphy, and Seefeld aren 't really crazy. The reason McMurphy is in the
medical institution is only because he faked madness to get out of jail. They are here because they cannot deal with society. They had been beaten into
submission, and their individuality has been taken over by Nurse Ratched. They believe that partaking in society is just too tough and they wouldn't be
able to fend for themselves, so they need a person like the controlling Nurse to control them. Unfortunately, they can 't live

Electroshock Therapy In The Bell Jar
In the 1950's, there were many different types of medical treatments. They were used to treat many different kinds of diseases. Some treatments also
helped out with depression. The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath shows how one particular type of treatment, electro shock therapy, was used to help the main
character, Esther, overcome her depression. Sylvia Path's novel shows how electro shock was not very effective for Esther and the other patients that
received it. There were other treatments that could have been done to help out Esther with her depression.Electroshock therapy (ECT) is a type of
medical treatment that is used to treat severe depression. It is to be used of other treatments did not work. In Esther's case, this was the only treatment...
The neurotransmitters are the chemicals that transfer messages between brain cells and with the therapy, it can make these chemicals function better. A
lot of people were against electroshock therapy. In many psychiatric hospitals, ECT was used to control crazy patients. ECT was also used as
punishment for some the misbehaving patients, which received many shocks each day (Sabbatini). Sabbatini continues on, writing that in the 1970's,
there were many movements against institutionalized psychiatry that started in Europe, and then moved to the United States.There are many risks that
can be involved with ECT. The first risk, which is one of the rarest, is death. The cause of death by using ECT is a combination of bad reactions to
anesthesia, pulmonary complications and cardiovascular complication (Risks and Side Effects of ECT). Another side effect is dental and oral trauma.
The author of Risks and Side Effects of ECT, Lawrence Park states that a patient can have many dental fractures, lacerations and dislocations. These are
uncommon with ECT, but they still can happen. Park then describes the next effect which is a more common one: alterations in blood pressure.
Hypertension and hypotension are associated with ECT. The last effect of ECT is the most common one, which

Chemical Changes In The Brain Essay
Although we would not be here without having the knowledge of physical changes in the brain, knowing about the chemical impacts in the brain play
a big role in today's society. Learning about the chemical changes happening in the brain changes the way doctors perform surgery, they way
antibiotics are made, and the way people view schizophrenics and other mentally ill patients. Our understanding on how physical changes impact the
brain makes a bigger impact on human lives. Our understanding and knowledge we have on the chemical changes in the brain changes the way
surgeons and doctors performed surgery. Not many decades ago, there was a practice, it had gotten so popular that it's creator won the Nobel Peace
Prize. In 1945, a man named... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Drugs are chemicals that affect the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way that neurons are sent. Tolerance occurs
when someone consumes a drug so many times, the response is different than their initial response. It takes more of the drug to produce a bigger
effect. For the brain to build up tolerance, when the drug enters the body and goes to the brain, it activates a variety of neurotransmitters receptors
causing nerves to dump its other neurotransmitters, sending signals to the brain to make more or less, turning receptors on and off, growing new
interconnecting neurons. This helps the brain create a better tolerance for the drug and deals with it better the first time the drug was introduced.
Understanding on how the chemicals in the brain works helps us address this issue that illegal drugs are bad for the brain and body. Without our
knowledge on how drugs chemically affect the brain and body, kids today would not have the understanding on the risks of doing drugs. People doing
these drugs would not understand what is happening to their body and what is going on in their

Lobotomy Case Study
As a young neurologist he had a good intension of helping those patient who were in needs. He felt their needs to thrive and function in the society.
He was more concern on finding a quick solution to the problem rather than to evaluate the person as a whole. During that era doctors were
considered more as a savior; their practice were not questionable as it is today. Although there were many doctors who were opposed to his treatment
but they were unable to stop him because he was a man of power. His treatment of lobotomy using shock therapy to unconscious his patient were very
attractive to house wives and concern parents with children with behavioral problems such as, hyper active or mentally ills. His treatment promised a
functional

What Is The Neurosurgical Procedure Lobotomy
The neurosurgical procedure lobotomy is based on the concept of localization of function. Localization of function is the idea that there is a direct
correspondence between specific cognitive functions and specific parts of the brain. Localization of function comes from the idea of phrenology, which
is the study of the shape, size, and protrusions of the cranium in an attempt to discover the relationships between parts of the brain and various mental
activities and abilities. Localization of function is shaped by the work of Shepherd Franz and Karl Lashley. Franz and Lashley studied the effects of
ablation of the frontal lobes in rats. They did this by observing the animals after they made small holes on their skulls. The results of these studies

The Role Of Mental Health
Mental health has become a pervasive topic in society. According to Mary Jo Thomas, mental health is defined as a "state of successful performance of
mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity"
(Thomas). In essence, Thomas describes how the role of mental health and stability supports daily life. One in five adults have a mental health
condition, which equates to forty million Americans affected by disorders, ranging from mild to severe (State of Mental). Currently, there is no one
cure for treating mental illness; however, there are many different forms of treatment available (Psychiatry Admits It). Over 64.8% of mental health
patients receive treatment treatment over time, but the treatment remains delayed and inadequate (Mental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time, Lobotomies were known as popular "cure" for mental illness. Doctor Lerner, a medical historian and professor at NYU Langone Medical
Center said, "The behaviors [doctors] were trying to fix, they thought, were set down in neurological connections. The idea was, if you could damage
those connections, you could stop the bad behaviors" (Lewis). Although some people believed Doctors Freeman and Moniz, front runners in the
lobotomy procedure, methods were barbaric, others were intrigued by the idea that the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain could be separated, resulting
in schizophrenic people, relieved of their emotional distress (Newt). Lobotomies were thought to treat the conditions of: mood disorders, schizophrenia,
depression, mood fluctuations, violence to self or others, hallucinations, importunate actions, and self– mutilation (Г–gren). Looked at as a "cure all"
for severe cognitive disorders, lobotomies represented an unverified procedure for patients; only after a lobotomy did the doctors know the success

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