Analysis Of The Story Of Sakuntala From The Mahabharata...

Analysis Of The Story Of Sakuntala From The Mahabharata...
On the surface, the story of Sakuntala (as told in the Mahabharata and Kalidasa's Abhijnanasakuntalam) and the Ramayana, both canonical texts in their
own right, vary greatly in structure, substance, and length, but a closer examination reveals that both have some common, or at least similar themes
and motifs, particularly with respect to attitudes towards women and the literal rejection of the female protagonist. It might be noteworthy that the
distance in time between the texts is not negligible– while the Ramayana started to take shape between 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE,
Abhijnanasakuntalam was probably written between 400 CE and 500 CE, although the original story sourced from the Mahabharata is much older.
Kalidasa's Abhijnanasakuntalam differs critically from the Mahabharata version where there is in fact no loss of memory caused by the curse by
Durvasa, and Duhsanta simply pretends that he has never met Sakuntala, something that he later admits to. The idea of the curse seems to be an
elaborate plot device, perhaps written out in an effort to remain faithful to the idea of kingly virtues. Tulsidas, as Linda Hess notes, employs the same
technique in his Ramayana to explain the agni pariksha, the first rejection of Sita. Before the battle with Ravana's sister (who humiliated by Rama and
Laksmana brings her two brothers and a demon army to battle with them), Rama takes Sita aside to explain to her that she must live under the
protection of Agni, the Vedic God
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Budismo
Budismo
Ang Budismo o Budhismo (Sanskrit: Buddha Dharma, nangangahulugang: "ang landas o batas ng naliwanagan o ng gising") ay isang relihiyon at
pilosopiya na nakatuon sa mga aral ni Buddha ЕљДЃkyamuni (SiddhДЃrtha Gautama), na marahil namuhay noong ika–5 siglo BCE. Kumalat ang
Budismo sa buong lumang sub–kontinente ng Indya sa limang siglo pagkatapos ng pagkamatay ni Buddha, at naikalat sa Gitna, Timog–Silangan at
Silangang Asya sa sumunod na dalawang milenyo. Ngayon, nahahati ang Budismo sa tatlong pangunahing tradisyon: TheravДЃda (Sanskrit:
SthaviravДЃda), MahДЃyДЃna, at VajrayДЃna (uri ng Budismo sa Tibet). Nagpatuloy ang Budismo na mang–akit ng mga tagasunod sa buong mundo,
at, kasama ang mga 350 milyong tagasunod, tinuturing ito bilang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She stood as the icon of peace, love and compassion. Siya ay tumayo bilang ang icon ng kapayapaan, pagmamahal at pakikiramay. Her determination
to serve the poor and needy fetched her about 124 prestigious awards, including 'Padmashree Award' (in 1962 from the President ofIndia), 'John F.
Kennedy International Award (1971), 'Bharat Ratna' , 'Order of Merit' from Queen Elizabeth, 'Nobel Peace Prize' (1979), The Pope John XXIII
Peace Prize', 'Medal of Freedom' (the highest US Civilian award) and many more. Ang kanyang mga pagpapasiya upang maglingkod sa dukha at
mapagkailangan kinuha siya tungkol sa 124 prestihiyosong parangal, kabilang ang 'Padmashree Award' (sa 1962 mula sa Pangulo ng Indya), 'John F.
Kennedy International Award (1971),' Bharat Ratna ',' Order ng merito 'mula sa Queen Elizabeth,' Nobel Peace Prize '(1979), Ang Pope John XXIII
Peace Prize', 'Medal of Freedom' (ang pinakamataas na US na sibilyan award) at marami pa.
Mahathir mohammad
Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad, ang ika–apat na Punong Ministro ng Malaysia ay ang Great Pahayag ng Malaysia. Many may agree with me and many
may disagree with me. Maraming mga maaaring sumang–ayon sa akin at maraming maaaring hindi sumasang–ayon sa akin. Everyone is free to have
his or her own opinion towards Tun Dr Mahathir .As a normal human being Tun Dr Mahathir certainly has good as well as bad qualities. Ang lahat ay
libre na magkaroon ng kanyang sariling opinyon

Why Is Urmila The Victim Of Ramayana
We all have perused The Ramayana numerous times. Watched it on Television since our youth. Saw numerous dramatizations, Ramleelas and so
forth. In any case, have we ever noticed Urmila in those dramatizations? Do we even know who she is? A few of us knows her as Lakshmana's wife,
Sita's sister and the little girl of King Janaka.
I have termed my research paper as "Urmila–the forgotten heroin". Heroin? Why heroin? She was only a wife, daughter,sister who assumed no part.
Who was only a minor character in Valmiki'sRamayana. Who simply played a two to four lines part in Valmiki's Ramayana? At that point why heroin?
Starting with the introduction of Urmila. Urmila was the little girl of King Janaka of Mithila and Queen Sunayana and the more youthful sister of Sita.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All things considered, in the few lines devoted to her, even Valmiki completely expresses her penance as unparalleled. Rabindranath Tagore ordered
Urmila as one of the overlooked champions of Indian writing. She was likewise made the focal character of Hindi artist Mythili Sharan Gupta's form
of the Ramayana, Saket. In Telugu writing Urmila possesses as vital a part as Sita, notwithstanding competing with her for the position of the 'perfect
wife', as indicated by the legends. Urmila Devi Nidra or The Sleep of Devi Urmila is a standout amongst the most observed Ramayana ditties in the
dialect.
The legend alluded to in this ballad is an intriguing one. It takes off from one of the lesser–known stories from the epic. The story goes that, inspired
by Lakshmana's unflinching commitment towards his brother and sister–in–law, the goddess of sleep Nindra Devi, shows up before him and the
following takes place.
The Goddess smiled. 'I am Nindra, the Goddess of Sleep! How can you hope to protect Rama and Sita, day and night? You are a human...you also need
to

Essay On Indian English Literature
Introduction to Indian writing in English, inclusive of fiction: Indian English Literature is defined as the contribution of Indian writers to the Literature
in English. With the consolidation of the British power in India, English, the language of rulers also began to exercise its influence on the intellectuals
of the country. To the educated people, English language is a gateway to western knowledge. English provided a window for the Indian intellectuals to
have a look at the wide world.
Indian English Literature is a literature which is a combination of Indian literature and Indian literature written in English. Indian writings in English
are a product of the historical encounter between the two cultures – Indian and the western–for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first book with a title Travels of Dean Mahornet was written in English by Sake Dean Mahomet. It was published in 1793 in England. After
publication of this book the English Parliament felt to rectify and equalize some of the materialistic of the East India Com servants. The England
Parliament had approved the Charter Act. It made England responsible for the educational betterment of the natives. The English Education Act was
prompted by Thomas Babington Macaulay's ill–famed "minute" on Indian education. It made English the medium of Indian education system and
English literature a disciplinary subject in Indian educational institutions. Indian English Literature has matured from a sapling to a firmly rooted tree
that blooms with its entirety still awaiting its yet–to–come metamorphosis. Indians took countless events and spotlight notable personalities to bring
Indian writing in English to its contemporary fame. Indian literature in English and its transformation had happened in company with the consolidation
of British imperialism in India. The critics come to the agreement that Indian English literature dates back to at least the early 19th century. In its early
stages, the narration was influenced by the Western art form of the "novel". Early Indian writers made English by Indian words to communicate an
experience and understanding which was fundamentally and in essence of Indian. In the beginning acceptance of English language and literature by
upper–class Indians. First, there were the educational reforms called forth by both the Charter Act of 1813 and the 1835 English Education Act of
William

Taking a Look at Natyasastra
Although now a days all types of stages are used for the performance. But the theatre what we are using now a days is rectangular as suggested in
Natyasastra. It suggests the performance in enclosed area because in those days the attacks of demons at theatre were common but now a days the
performance takes place in enclosed area due to the reason of technicalities. In enclosed area all the illusionary realistic effects can be created through
lights and sounds. In these days the fashion of theatre is of proscenium theatre which demands enclosed area.
Besides all these things Natyasastra also pays much attention on the dramatic components like dance, music, voice, sentiment and emotion, occasion of
performance, playwrights and their work, opening verse and prologue/preliminaries, objectives of theatre, poetic composition, etc. Thus the text is a
full–fledged study of all the dramatic elements as required in performance. The text is rightly called "the science of theatre" which presents the
objective approach towards theatre and discusses theatre and theatricality inch by inch. Even today all the concepts of Sanskrit theatre are used either as
it is or by modifying something. All the remains dramatic elements are discussed in the next chapter based on the use of Sanskrit theatre by Girish
Karnad entitled "Sanskrit Theatre and Girish Karnad." The techniques of Sanskrit theatre passed from one generation to the other as by oral tradition
and later in written text. The

Classical Era Research Paper
During the classical era, civilizations around the world, including China, India, and Rome, underwent a period of immense political and cultural
change; these changes paved the way for the past and future cultures to influence the world today. However, in India, a notable amount of change was
seen in a relatively short time; the amount of transformation can almost be compared to civilizations that have lasted twice as long, such as China.
Indian civilization, between 300 – 600 CE, continued as a Hinduism–based society with large amounts of trade, a patriarchal familial structure, and a
caste–based social structure. However, with the short rise and fall of the Gupta Empire, Indian civilization experienced an increase in artistic and
intellectual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its biggest influence on the social structure is the caste system, which separates followers of the religion into 4 main castes, which helped to keep peace
and prosperity in much of India. Within the political system of the Gupta Empire, the leaders retained popularity and control by claiming they were
appointed by the Gods to rule. These leading factors showed that Hinduism continued as the dominating religion and center of life for most people in
India in the classical era. A second continuation within India's classical period can be seen in substantial trade around the world; trade thrived through
300–600 CE. Another notable continuation from classical India is the familial structure, which was similar in many ways to the social structure; it
revolved around Hinduism. Like many other civilizations in this time period, such as China, family structure was purely patriarchal; women were
expected to worship their husbands as gods. The patriarchal families and subjugation of women remained consistent throughout the classical era of
Indian

Supernatural In The Odyssey
The part of the supernatural in "The Iliad" composed by Homer has component's which goes past authenticity utilizing the intercessions of divine
beings. Also, which of the divine beings would it say it was that set them on to squabble (128)? The part of the extraordinary in the Sakuntala
composed by Kalidasa has otherworldly components in condemnations to flights to the sky. See! in his vaporous limits he appears to fly, And
leaves no follow upon the' flexible turf (378). This exposition will indicate how the part of the otherworldly can influence human lives through the
force of divine beings. Besides, it will tell how the utilization of heavenly is distinctive in each of these works. First, let talk about the Iliad. "The
Iliad" indicates how for example the war between Apollos and Achilles who were both gods begun, as well as the part that divine beings took in that
war. Apollo descended from Olympus with his bow to assist. He sat himself down far from the boats with a face as dim as night, and his silver bow
rang passing as he shot his bolt amidst them (128). All through the story, there were numerous divine beings or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Shakuntala is in light of the condemnation given by the sage on the King Dushyant. The condemnation happens on the grounds that King
Dushyant overlooked Shakuntala. After the part of the condemnation happens divine intercession becomes possibly the most important factor by
method for flame, water, rain, wind, and the sun. These five strengths of nature at distinctive times have helped either the ruler, or Shakuntala. In this
story, the group of onlookers has the capacity see the force of the sage by decimating the lives of two individuals in adoration just in light of the fact
that they were overlooked. In this epic, story the five strengths of nature through all the outrage, and embarrassment that happened has the ability to
make the world or decimate

Emotions Are Instruments That Aim At The Possession Of...
"Love is just a word until someone comes along and gives it meaning." Paulo Coelho
Emotions are instruments that aim at "the possession of suitable objects", thus leading us to "reach the perfection of our personality". In this sense,
Arnold and Gasson defines emotion as "the felt tendency toward an object judged suitable, or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by
specific bodily changes according to the type of emotion". Perception must occur before an emotion can arise. The individual makes a judgement about
the perceived object in relation to themselves after which the emotion if felt. This step between judgement and feeling the emotion is instantaneous,
with no perceptible time interval. The emotion is then expressed through a pattern of physiological changes. One of the emotion is Love. It is a feeling
of strong or constant affection for a person. Love has nothing to do with what you are expecting to get–only with what you are expecting to give–which
is everything. Love can change a person the way a parent can change a baby – awkwardly, and often with a great deal of mess.
Charles Bukowski, who also famously deemed love as "a dog from hell," in this archival video interview: "Love is kind of like when you see a fog in
the morning, when you wake up before the sun comes out. It's just a

Bharatnatyam
Introduction to Semiotics
Bharatanatyam A journey from temples to the proscenium
An introduction
Bharatanatyam is a Sanskrit word, which means the dance of Bharata (India). True to its name, it is one of the oldest and most popular dance forms of
India. It originated in the temples of Southern India and was later codified and documented as a performing art by the Tanjore Quartet. It is now the
most popular Indian classical dance and is appreciated worldwide. Bharatanatyam is a language in itself. Like Sanskrit language, bharatanatyam follows
strict rules and is technically sound. The grammar of the steps is followed rigorously. It is danced to Carnatic music and the mathematical precision of
the dance equals the Carnatic music measure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many padams (narrative pieces) depicted the love story of a nayak (hero) and a nayika (heroine). In most cases, the nayak was in the form of Lord
Krishna, or Shiva or any other mythological hero. While Shiva was said to be serious, Krishna was full of pathos and love. Thus, the choreographies
mainly concentrated on Sringara rasa (love).
Gradually the devadasi system started getting plagued with several notorious ills. Around this time, it was customary for the Indian people hailing
from royal or aristocratic families to invite a devadasi to a celebration, to sing and dance and perform. The best dancers were invited to the royal
courts to perform, in return which they were provided with a shelter. In this period, the position of the devadasis could be compared to that of an
apsara (celestial nymph) who danced in the courts of the Gods in order to please them. Eventually, the rich men and the aristocrats attracted the
devadasis with good money and luxurious lifestyles and lured them into being their mistresses. The devadasis were easily enticed to the kind of
lifestyle offered to them. Thus, the sringara rasa in their choreographies converted into eroticism and they danced merely to appease the rich men. As
consequence of which, these devadasis who were held at par with the temple priests lost their respect in the society.
By this time, the Europeans had arrived to India. Their

Sanskrit
Sanskrit
а¤ёа¤‚а¤ёаҐЌа¤•аҐѓа¤¤а¤®аҐЌ saб№ѓskб№›tam
Pronunciation [sЙ™МѓskЙ№М©tМЄЙ™m]
Spoken in Greater India
Total speakers 14,135 native speakers in India (2001)[1]
Language family Indo–European
* Indo–Iranian o Indo–Aryan + Sanskrit
Writing system DevanДЃgarД« (de facto), various BrДЃhmД«–based scripts, and Latin alphabet
Official status
Official language in India (Uttarakhand) one of the 22 scheduled languages of India
Regulated by No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639–1 sa
ISO 639–2 san
ISO 639–3 san
Indic script .
Sanskrit (а¤ёа¤‚а¤ёаҐЌа¤•аҐѓа¤¤а¤®аҐЌ saб№ѓskб№›tam, properly saб№ѓskб№›tДЃ vДЃk, later also saб№ѓskб№›tabhДЃб№ЈДЃ, "refined speech"),
is a historical Indo–Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts,
mostly to account for some Vedic forms the use of which had become rare in PДЃб№‡ini's time.
The term "Sanskrit" was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner
of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India and the language was taught mainly to
members of the higher castes, through close analysis of Sanskrit grammarians such as PДЃб№‡ini. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India,

thus existed alongside the Prakrits (vernaculars), which evolved into the Middle Indic dialects, and eventually into the contemporary modern
Indo–Aryan languages.
[edit] Vedic Sanskrit
Main article: Vedic Sanskrit
Sanskrit, as defined by PДЃб№‡ini, had evolved out of the earlier "Vedic" form. The beginning of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced as early as around 1500
BCE (the accepted date of the Rig–Veda).[citation needed] Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "PД
Ѓб№‡inian" Sanskrit as
separate 'dialects'. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of

Kumar Sambhav
Kumarsambhav :the birth of war god
KumДЃrasambhava is a Sanskrit epic poem by KДЃlidДЃsa; the first eight cantos (sargas) are accepted as his authorship [1], the last nine may be later
additions. The period of composition is uncertain, Kalidasa is thought of as having lived in the 5th c. AD.
Kumarsambhava is widely regarded as one of Kalidasa's finest works, a paradigmatic example of KДЃvya poetry. The style of description of spring set
the standard for nature metaphors pervading many centuries of Indian literary tradition[
KumДЃrasambhava literally means "Birth of Kumara", i.e. Kartikeya. This epic of seventeen cantos entails Shringara Rasa, the rasa of love, romance,
and eroticism, more than Vira rasa (the rasa of heroism). Tarakasur, a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mild, pleasant breeze began to blow from the south. Flowers were sprinkling down from 'Ashoka' trees. Birds and the bees began to savor the fresh
flower of the young mango leaves.
But all this would not deter Lord Shiva from his penance. Kama went there. Shiva was doing his penance sitting on a tiger–skin under a Devadaru tree.
Kama was overwhelmed on seeing the exquisite grace of Lord and the cupid's bow and arrow fell down without his being aware of it. At this time,
Parvati arrived on the scence to attend to her daily chores of service to the Lord. She wore a saree colored like the bright red rays of the Sun. Nice
spring flowers adorned her plait. A diamond chain shone on her forehead. Her gait was like that of a delicate flower– creeper.
This great beauty of Parvati inspired Kama, who hitherto was somewhat, dejected, again to strive to fulfil his task. Parvati raised her hands to offer
her garland of lotus flowers to Shiva who also eagerly came out of his penance to accept the offering. Kama was waiting for such a moment and
exercised his 'sword of love'. Shiva eyed Parvati once and immediately realised that he had been weaned away. From his penance. How could this
happen?
Kama, Cupid, was ready with his and arrow for action.
Lord Shiva was angry and opened his Third Eye. A great fire flowed forth. Kama was burnt to ashes and Shiva then disappeared. Rati, seeing her
husband destroyed collapsed unconscious. Parvati's father sorrowfully took her to his home.

The Causes And Fall Of The Mauryan Empire
The Mauryan Empire collapsed in 187 BC after the last Mauryan king, Brihadratha was killed by his general, Pushyamitra Sunga. Pushyamitra
Sunga, a Brahmin, established the Sunga Dynasty that ruled Magadha till 73 BC. He was hostile to Buddhism and ordered the destruction of
several Buddhist monasteries. There was a revival in Hinduism during this brief period and attempts were made to revive the caste system. The
Sunga rulers believed in Vedic sacrifices such as Asvamedha, Rajsuya and Vajpeiya. This period is known for developments in literature and
language as Patanjali, a renowned scholar, published a treatise on the rules of Sanskrit grammar. The Sunga Empire collapsed in 73 BC, when its last
ruler, Devabhuti was deposed by his minister, Vasudeva, who founded the Kanva Dynasty. The Kanva dynasty ruled Magadha from 73 BC to 30 BC.
There was high political instability in India during this period.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At its peak, the Kushan Empire included Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India and parts of central Asia. The Kushanas had diplomatic contacts with
Han China, Persia and the Roman Empire. They controlled Silk Road that traversed through central Asia, linking Roman Empire in the west to China
in the east. Kanishka was the greatest emperor of the Kushan Dynasty. He was a great supporter of Buddhism and convened the Buddhist Council
meeting in Kashmir during his rule. The Saka calendar was introduced by Kanishka in 78 AD on his accession to the throne. The empire collapsed and
broke up into several independent kingdoms in 3rd century AD after the death of Vasudeva I, the last great Kushan

Textual Analysis : ' Rama ' Essay
Textual Analysis:
Love in these texts is quite superficial, as the driving force behind these feelings of love is physical appearance. In each of the four stories, for
example, the characters fall in love within seconds of simply seeing a person. They become instantaneously attached, and they start thinking about how
to turn their feelings into marriage. In the Ramayana, Rama and Sita see each other in the same moment, Rama from the street and Sita from her
balcony. Narayan describes a tension–filled scene where they stare at each other and revel in each other's beauty (Narayan 23). Sita's wishes for
marriage to Rama are then made clear when she hears that someone met her father's condition and, in turn, won her hand in marriage. She expresses
her hopes that Rama is the one who did this, asking her maid "Do you know if this is the same man who struck me down with a look as he passed
along the street? If it is someone else, I will end my life" (Narayan 28). Similarly, in The Recognition of ЕљakuntalДЃ,King Dusyanata sees
ЕљakuntalДЃ and is so intrigued by her beauty that he automatically expresses his resentment for her difference in class because it would be a
hindrance to their marriage. He does not let this stop him, though, as he says: "Indeed if only she could be the child of the bramin holy man and a
woman of a different class. But why should I worry? Truly, if my noble heart desires her, that makes her fit to be a prince's wife, for the wise man
trusts his heart to lead

Changing Roles Of Women In The Odyssey
The Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D.
The changing role of women in literature from the late 8th century B. C. to the 4th century A. D. is evident in that women become even more
subservient in later works. This is portrayed in the works The Odyssey by Homer and Sakuntala by Kalidasa. Women are treated more like slaves in
Sakuntala, while they are seen more like equals in The Odyssey. However, in Sakuntala, women are given more responsibilities, suggesting that people
of the time viewed women capable of doing more things and perhaps more intelligent, instead of being seen as ornamental, as in The Odyssey. The
Odyssey was written in a time when men played the dominant role. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, there is Athena, the goddess, who more than any other of these women, is intelligent, sophisticated, and independent, just like the way modern
society has come to see women. The influential feminine roles in The Odyssey also have important effects upon the whole poem. It is in The Odyssey
that such ideas as love, family loyalty, and devotion, and other such important ethical attitudes, are illustrated. It is the presence of these unconscious
moral lessons that makes The Odyssey so unique to its genre. In a way, The Odyssey is not just the tale of the wanderings ofOdysseus. The poet has
made it, also, into a sort of "catalogue of women," in which he examines women of all kinds and from all walks of life. These feminine portraits are
almost always objective and fair; Homer never made judgments, and each of these women has a certain appeal. It is interesting, however, that the
woman who is most worthy of respect and affection is not a mortal. Homer seems to comment that no human being could develop herself in this way.
His admiration for Athena is made even more evident by the fact that she, and not Penelope or another woman, is the heroine of the poem and the sole
companion and confidante of Odysseus. It is only in our modern world that women have been given the opportunity to fully utilize their talent and
ability, in order to become equal and contributing members of society, like Athena seems to be. In Sakuntala women are

The And Fathers, Sisters And Brothers, Sons And Daughters
Mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers, sons and daughters, Thank you for joining me here today as we celebrate the life of Ruth Smith. As a
daughter, sister, and mother herself, Ruth has lived in our hearts and shall live there forever. While I am not a member of the clergy, I am
certainly a man of faith and as such, I would ask that all who feel so inclined, please join me in reciting the Lord's Prayer. All things in life change.
And as Ruth has made the transition from her physical body to return to our Father's side, so now must we make the transition from being in her
loving company to carrying her in our minds and hearts. It is a time for us to say goodbye, but it is also a time for us to say hello! We say goodbye
to the physical shell she leaves behind, but we greet our relationship with her soul as it joins with God in His Kingdom and lives inside all of His
children here on earth. For it is through the grace of God that the dead do not die. They live forever, in God's mind and in ours. And so it is this day
that our service is twofold: We are here to release our burdens, our fears, and our pain. We are here that Ruth should be released from the torment and
turmoil that had come to be far too much of her daily life as her horrible condition ravaged her mind. Yet we also open our hearts today, that our
relationships with her might be reborn through the grace of God. Whom God hath given to us, no one and nothing can take away. Whom He brings
together

The Fall Of The Gupta Empire
Numerous empires and civilizations have risen and fallen in many nations since time began like the Romans, Aztecs, and the Mongols. These empires
were powerful with their control over many riches, people and land masses; however they all experienced a decline in power. Throughout history
scholars regarded India as a great and accomplished nation. Notable civilizations emerged from Indian culture specifically during the classical period.
For example civilizations like the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire are well known zeniths of Indian culture. Between the early fourth and the
mid sixth century, India experienced the rise and fall of one of its zeniths of civilization . Although the Gupta Empire is known as one of India's major
zeniths, it experienced a decline due to leadership, invasions, and rebellions. The fall of the Gupta Empire could have been prevented by improving
leadership and overall environment.
The Gupta Empire experienced great cultural accomplishments and achievements while it was in power. There were specific things valued in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Great civilization and empires can collapse as a result of rebellions. New nations are born out of the groups that secede from larger ones. As the new
civilizations arise the old ones continue to decline and lose the power they held before. The internal structure of an empire must remain strong or the
empire will not stand. Internal rebellions break empires down and strip them of their leadership. The Gupta Empire was victim to numerous internal
rebellions. Groups around places like Magadh fought for independence. As one civilization broke away others followed suit. The central authority over
the empire weakened as these fight broke out. . With the Gupta Empire breaking apart and full of numerous fragmented shambles the civilization
continued to decrease until it eventually did not

To Front: Musings On Codeswitching At Riverdale Analysis
"To Front or Not to Front: Musings on Codeswitching at Riverdale"
Directions: Formulate a specific question that concerns something you would describe as an essential element/constituent of selfhood. Essay an
argument that answers the question.
Question: How does one's verbal communication (in terms of dialects and accents) reflect or not reflect one's sense of self?
"Yo, it's brick outside, b. I best be wearing a scarf."
"Ma, baire onek thandha. Ami ekta es–scarf porbho."
"Mami, hay mucho frГo. Debo llevar una bufanda."
"Mom, it is rather chilly outside. I should probably wear a scarf."
Fours lines. Same subject. Same object. Same meaning. The difference lies in that I can only use option B to speak to my mother. The latter two
choices will confuse her, while I'm sure muttering option A will end up with her hurling a leather sandal at my face. Since my diaper days, I've always
spoken a kitchuri of vernacular English, Bengali, and Spanish, pushing and pulling the three in eternal dance. As a child of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Following the philosophies of Otto Frisch and Michel de Montaigne, Strawson believes each waking moment is similar to a rebirth into the world, a
new beginning. Because this requires that humans live and only act in the present rather than looking back on memories or anticipating a future, the
autobiographical narrative, therefore, plays an insignificant role in our lives. But my whole life has been shaped by my autobiographical narrative,
which I invent myself and experience as a single individual across time. It is my memories that form my sense of self, which along with my inner
executive then influences the actions I take on in the future. I am not where I am know out of chance, and my personal identity is not independent of
my future or past self. It is with this knowledge that I go on with my life with a sense of unity of purpose, dialectal differences and

The And The Ring Of Recollection Essay
When female character feature in ancient literature, they often reflects certain social values of female and emphasize the importance of gender role. In
the play, "Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection", by Kalidasa tells about an Indian romantic love story that while hunting in forest, king Dushyanta
encounter with his destined mate, Shakuntala, an young female ascetics who live in the hermitage and falls in love with her at the first sight. Likwhile,
in Virgil's epic poem "TheAeneid", Aeneas, the Trojan hero who is destined to be the founder Rome meets Dido, the queen of the city Carthage on his
journey to Italy. According to the story, Shakuntala is a naive and innocent female character who demands guardians and their protection. Unlike
Shakuntala, Dido is a powerful, confident and independent woman who is capable to rule a city on her own. She comforts Aeneas' anxiety of losing his
homeland and families both mentally and materially. Despite their different characteristics, which represents certain social values of female, Shakuntala
and Dido overlaps in term of emphasizing the importance of fulfilling the duties that bounded to gender role. Shakuntala represents an stereotype of
female in the ancient society. In the play, the symbol of the deer is understood by audience that represents Shakuntala. She shares traits that a deer has
––harmfulness, innocent, delicate which makes Dushyanta falls in love with her and calls his desire to protect her. Throughout the

Roles of Women in the Odyssey, Sakuntala and Good Country...
Roles of Women in the Odyssey, Sakuntala and Good Country People The changing role of women in literature from the late 8th century B.C. to
the 21 century A.D. is evident that women have become more or less respectful in later works. This is portrayed in the Odyssey, Sakuntala and
Good Country People. In Sakauntala women are treated more like slaves. While in the Odyssey they are more less equals. However in Sakuntala,
women are given more responsibilities. Implying that women are entrusted with more capabilities. Were as in the Odyssey women are viewed as toy
things of treasure. The Odyssey was written in a time where men played the dominant role. In ancient Greece played a subservient role. The society
was ruled and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Sakuntala women are portrayed as being more underscored then in the Odyssey. Even though in the Odyssey women are cooks, mothers, and
caretakers they still have key roles in the poem but in Sakuntala they have no major roles. Sakuntala herself plays a demeaning role. Being forced
to do chores, make food, and labor in the house. this is much different in Odyssey where man did some chores and brought home the food. In
ancient Greek time women were seen as being delicate and placed on figurative pedestals. They were expected to take care of the house but had
word in the decision of the order and way things should run in the house. In Flannory O' Connor's "Good Country People" O' Connor a women,
you would think she would give her female characters more superficial role or personalities she doesn't. In this story the main character Joy
Hopewell is a very smart, pretty women in a depressed mental state in which she labels herself ugly and hideous. She then changes her name to
Hulga in the reach to better radiate her inner situations. She does this because she feel that Joy should be considered a happy, joyous, loving of
life person. So she finds Hulga to better express her as being ugly, lonely, and depressed.( O' connor "good country people" literature pp. 182) Mind
you that Hulga was also handicap. She had lost her leg in a hunting accident at 10 years of age. She then was forced to leave with a wooden leg. With
all these

Curriculum Implication
Curriculum, Pedagogy and Evaluation: Implications for
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CURRICULUM, PEDAGOGY AND EVALUATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SC & ST CHILDREN
* Ramaiah Bheenaveni
This section firstly examines curriculum as a mediator of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However school organisation and curricula have not been sensitive as yet to fundamentally different economic situations, life aims and social
circumstances of children belonging to poorer strata households or communities in the shaping of the school structure. Culturally, school norms of
attendance, discipline, homework, tests and exams, and cognitively ethnocentric demands of concentration on and memorisation of the content of the
text by `rote', all prove problematic for SC/ST children. Furthermore, the curriculum itself as a tool of cultural dominance and hegemony has an
alienating and intimidating impact.
Curriculum and the Scheduled Castes:
For the Scheduled Castes who have sought education as a mechanism to transform as well as enter "mainstream" (read dominant) society, the central
questions are of representation of their knowledge and culture and the critiquing of dominant knowledge and value systems of their lived reality and of
social relationships based on dominance/subordination and exclusion. Dominant forms of inequality and hierarchy are made invisible in the discourse
on common nationhood and common and equal citizenship, which the school curriculum propagates. But for the Scheduled Castes the heart of the
matter is structural oppression, not cultural difference. Thus understandings of oppressive aspects of our traditional and contemporary structures, the
historical construction of groups and communities are made invisible by the curriculum and not

Taming Of The Shrew Essay
The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare might appeal to Kalidasa because this play can be used to show the Hindu puranas and respect
toward the deities. Kalidasa's name means the "servant of Kali" which can suggest he is a follower of the deity Durga, who evolves in the form of
Kali to destroy the demons. In the Taming of the Shrew, Katherine can represent the deity Durga/ Kali to reveal the two side of a female character.
According to Hinduism, goddess Durga is the main force behind creation, preservation and destruction; similarly, a female like Katherine can very
destructive by punishing her sister and being rude to her father. However, that same women, Katherine, can create a beautiful family bond and
preserve the relationship with the force of love and affection. Furthermore, this play can be used to teach lessons toward the Indian society to treat
women with respect and not consider them to be part of secondary status because of gender division or sexism. It can reveal to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On hand, this play can be used to improve the treatment of women, on the other hand it can be used to reinforce the gender role separation. For
example, throughout the play Katherine was compared with wild animals, who need to be domesticated as Petruchio says "I am he am born to
tame you Kate, and bring you from a wild Kate to a Kate Conformable as other household Kates." Based on this quote, Petruchio compares
Katherine to a wild cat who is out of control and need to be taught the boundary of life. This particular section can send a role division message that
women born to be submissive and they need to be tamed if they do not fit the prescribed societal role. Kalidasa lived around 5th century, when women
were not treated equally, this play can catch audience's attention as a way to reinforce their gender role

The Characteristics Of Kalidasa
Kalidasa presumably lived in the fifth century of the Christian period. This date,
inexact as it seems to be, should yet be given with extensive delay, and is in no way, shape or form
certain. No genuinely true to life information are protected about the creator, who in any case
delighted in an extraordinary fame amid his life, and whom the Hindus have ever viewed as
the best of Sanskrit writers. We are in this manner on fronted with one of the astounding
issues of abstract history. For our lack of awareness is not because of disregard of Kalidasa's
compositions with respect to his compatriots, yet to their interesting visual deficiency as to the
hobby and significance of noteworthy reality. No European country can contrast and India in
basic commitment to its own writing. Amid a period to be figured not by hundreds of years
be that as it may, by millenniums, there has been in India an unbroken line of intellectuals unselfishly
devoted to the propagation of the local perfect works of art.
A great part of the appeal of the dramatizations of Kalidasa is because of the considerable ladies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As indicated by this record, Kalidasa was a Muslim
youngster. At six years old months he was left a vagrant and was received by a bull driver.

He developed to masculinity without formal training, yet with striking magnificence and elegance of
way. Presently it happened that the Princess of Benares was a blue–stocking, who rejected
one suitor after another, among them her dad's advisor, on the grounds that they neglected to reach
her standard as researchers and artists. The rejected advisor arranged a savage retribution.

Relationship Between Man And Nature
Man and Nature
"A person who plants at least one Neem tree, one Peepal tree, One Banyan tree, two Pomegranates, five mangoes, two oranges, and any ten flowering
shrubs, including creepers, shall never go to hell."
– Varah Purana
Nature refers to the physical world including plants, land, soil, animals and other elements of earth. There is deep relation between Man and Nature so
the effects on either one can hardly be treated in isolation. The Rishis and Munis of the past had a great amount of respect for nature. This respect was
free from superstitions and was based on rational theology.
There is a long association of man and trees, dependent on each other, striking a balance in the eco–system. Both human beings and trees have been
bound by a bond of association since ancient times. It is but common knowledge that the carbon–di–oxide released by men are used by trees while the
oxygen released by trees are used by men.
Atman, the world–soul, is the whole world. God is in all things, and all things are in God. In ancient philosophical schools the following concepts have
been included.
The earth can be seen as a manifestation of the goddess, and must be treated with respect.
The five elements – Air (Vayu), Fire (Agni), Water (Jal), Space (Vyom) and Earth (Prithvi)
– are the foundation of an interconnected web of life.
Dharma – often translated as "duty" – can be reinterpreted to include our responsibility to care for the earth.
Simple living is a model for the

Comparing The Gods In The Illiad And The Sakuntala
Gods and other supernatural beings have played a role in human mythologies and storytelling for as long as stories have been told. Even the ancient
texts of the oldest known civilization, the Sumerians, tell tales of great and powerful gods that would influence their culture and way of life. In
storytelling gods and the supernatural continue to have direct roles in stories, oftentimes influencing the outcome based of favor towards an
individual or group. In particular this can be seen in The Illiad and The Sakuntala, but also in modern day movies, books, and television shows.
Intervention of the gods can be seen early in Book I of The Illiad, when Agamemnon dishonors the priest Chryses and refuses to release his daughter,
even after Chryses... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In The Sakuntala the main protagonist King Dushyanta often speaks of the great services he provides the gods while serving as king. The king lives
a blessed life, filled with beauty, goodwill, and loved by his followers. He falls in love with [S']akoontalГЎ, the daughter of a celestial being called a
Nymph and a mortal man. [S']akoontalГЎ and Dushyanta seal their marriage in the eyes of the gods within the grove where [S']akoontalГЎ was raised.
The king is later cursed, forced to forget his love until the curse is broken (Kalidasa, p. 376–. 480). As a reward for his exemplary service to the gods,
he is reunited with his wife and son in heaven, where the gods explain the curse to the united

Culture of India
Culture of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bharatanatyam, one of eight designated classical dance forms of India.
The culture of India refers to the religions, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, ceremonies, arts, values and the way of life in India and its people.
India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. Its culture often labeled as an
amalgamation of these diverse sub–cultures is spread all over the Indian subcontinent and traditions that are several millennia old.[1] Several elements
of India's diverse culture, such as Indian religions, yoga, and Indian cuisine, have had a profound impact across the world. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He is patient, perseverant, and without any impurity in his heart. He is free of delusions, he does not crave for anything. His sense of freedom comes
from his spirit of inquiry. The fruits of his inquiry are his strength, intellect, efficiency and punctuality. He keeps company of wise and enlightened
persons. He is content."
There is significant historical discourse in India on the notion, relevance, and the existence and non–existence of God. Dharmakirti, for example, in 7th
century wrote in Pramanavarttikam:[14][15]
а¤µаҐ‡а¤¦ а¤ЄаҐЌа¤°а¤ѕа¤®а¤ѕа¤ЈаҐЌа¤Їа¤‚ а¤•а¤ёаҐЌа¤Ї а¤ља¤їа¤¤аҐЌ а¤•а¤°аҐЌа¤¤аҐѓа¤µа¤ѕа¤¦а¤ѓ а¤ёаҐЌа¤Ёа¤ѕа¤ЁаҐ‡
а¤§а¤°аҐЌа¤®аҐ‡а¤љаҐЌа¤›а¤ѕ а¤ња¤ѕа¤¤а¤їа¤µа¤ѕа¤¦а¤ѕа¤µ а¤ІаҐ‡а¤Єа¤ѓ|
а¤ёа¤‚а¤¤а¤ѕа¤Єа¤ѕа¤°а¤‚а¤а¤ѓ а¤Єа¤ѕа¤Єа¤№а¤ѕа¤Ёа¤ѕа¤Ї а¤љаҐ‡а¤¤а¤ї а¤§аҐЌа¤µа¤ёаҐЌа¤¤а¤ЄаҐЌа¤°а¤њаҐЌа¤ћа¤ѕа¤Ёа¤ѕа¤‚
а¤Єа¤ћаҐЌа¤љ а¤Іа¤їа¤™а¤—а¤ѕа¤Ёа¤ї а¤ња¤ѕа¤ЎаҐЌа¤ЇаҐ‡||
Believing that the Veda are standard (holy or divine), believing in a Creator for the world,
Bathing in holy waters for gaining punya, having pride (vanity) about one's job function,
Performing penance to absolve sins,
Are the five symptoms of having lost one's sanity.
[edit] Perceptions of Indian culture
Main article: Stereotypes of South Asians
India's diversity has inspired many writers to pen their perceptions of the country's culture. These writings paint a complex and often conflicting picture
of the culture of India.

According to industry consultant Eugene M. Makar, for example, traditional Indian culture is defined by a relatively strict social hierarchy. He also
mentions that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in society.[16] This is reinforced, Makar notes, by the way many believe

Comparing Sakuntala And The Ring Of Recollection
One Thousand and One Nights and Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection, by Kalidasa, both feature a certain type of woman. These ladies share
similar attributes that make them stand out in both stories. Shahrazad and Sakuntala both seem to be very delicate and fragile women in their
stories. We follow these women through their journeys where we learn that not everything is, as it seems. Sakuntala is a story of love, loss, and
gain. We meet Sakuntala in the beginning of Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection where she has caught the eye of a king. This is where we begin
to see an idea of who Sakuntala is. The king is enamored by her and describes her as, "A flower no one has smelled a bud no fingers have plucked, an
uncut jewel, honey untasted,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These women seem to be too intelligent for their own good; this perhaps hints at an ulterior motive. It isn't possible to fathom having these "dainty
creatures" and not have them wanting more than what they already have. We have noticed the power and riches both kings from both stories have.
In Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection the king says that Sakuntala, "was born to be a warrior's bride or my noble heart desires her." (883) This
points out the copious amount of wealth the king appears to possess. Sakuntala could've been devastated because she lost her power and wealth she
gained when she married the king. The same goes with Shahrazad who married the king Shahrayar. In a particular passage in the One Thousand and
One Nights we get a glimpse into his wealth. "He provided his brother Shahzaman with supplies for his journey and sent him back to his own country
with gifts, rarities, and money." (562) Shahrazad also could've had different motivation to marry the king. She could keep him distracted long enough
to live among all the riches provided by her new husband. Both women seem manipulative enough to be able to get away with marrying these men and
enacting their true

Analysis Of R.k Narayan 's Version Of Valmiki 's The...
Introduction:
One of the most prominent themes in literature is love. No matter where or when you look in history, the theme of love is ever–present and
ever–explored through storytelling. Asian literature is no exception. Some of the most popular texts to come out of Asia involve stories of love, and
they incorporate a lot of the same elements. This can be seen through an examination of four texts: R.K Narayan's version of Valmiki's TheRamayana,
KДЃlidДЃsa's The Recognition of ЕљakuntalДЃ,Wang Shifu's The Story of the Western Wing, and Tang Xianzu's The Peony Pavilion. While each of
these books tells a unique and compelling story, they also have several components in common. All of these texts deal with love at first sight, love
sickness, and the arrangement of marriage. Because of these shared plot devices, they all depict an idea of love that is rather shallow and superficial.
To illustrate this, this paper will provide a brief summary of each story before conducting a textual analysis.
Summarization of Texts:
The Ramayana
Valmiki's tale of The Ramayana is an Indian epic that dates back to 1500 B.C. King Dasaratha is the ruler of Kosala, and he has heirs with three
different wives. Kausalya is mother to Rama, Kaikeyi is mother to Bharatha, and Sumithra is mother to the twins Lakshmana and
Sathrugna. Rama is originally chosen to take the throne as his father's successor, but he is forced into exile instead after Kaikeyi makes Dasaratha
honor a years–old vow and put

Gitanjali By Rabindranath Tagore
"Gitanjali" is the collection of poems by Rabindranath Tagore published in November 1912. It comprises of 103 poems translated in English by
Rabindranath Tagore himself. He became the first non–European writer to be awarded with Nobel Prize for the translated version of Gitanjali in
literature background. Originally Gitanjali was written in Bengali which comprises of 157 poems and was published in 14 august 1910. Tagore
began writing at very young age and many of his verses are in the form of prayer written during hard and painful period of his life during which he
lost his father, wife daughter and son in quick succession. He became unshakably devoted to god and his verses are spiritual in nature. It is to be
noted that Tagore played a very prominent role in India's freedom struggle and likewise patriotism can be seen in his verse too. Gitanjali contains
translation of 53 poems from the original Bengali gitanjali, as well as 50 poems were from his drama Achalayatan, and from eight other books of
poetry 17 poems from Gitimalya,15 poems from Naivedya and 11 poems from Kheya.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tagore's goal is to channelize the streams of nationalism to the direction of universalism by freeing human soul from all bondage and pettiness of the
world and transcending itself into a search for universal love and brotherhood that the Lord provides to the mankind. He also encouraged people to
search for inner divinity which ultimately leads to inner peace and happiness than to follow any other religious

The Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare
The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare will appeal to Kalidasa because most of his plays are based on Puranas and this play can be
used to show the values of Hindu Puranas and respect toward the deities. Hindu Puranas, ancient Indian literature about myths and legends, like
Mahabharata teach the society about deed, religion, respect, knowledge, and royalty. Kalidasa can use Shakespeare's play to reteach
Mahabharata's values, since the play presents themes of wealth, gender role, religious belief, respect, status, and fashion, which are very closely
ideal with the Puranas' concept and teachings. Along with the Puranas, Kalidasa's name means the "servant of Kali" which can suggest he was a
follower of the deity Durga, who evolved in the form of Kali to destroy the demons. Based on Hinduism, Durga is mother of goddess, who has
embodied 108 avatars to provide protection, salvation, and enjoyment to human kind. Also, Durga is the Mother of the Universe, who is caring and
loving, but also has the capability to be violent based on need in the form of Kali. Since, Kalidasa is a devoted follower of Durga/Kali, he would
want to show a play, whose character personifies the sprit of Durga/Kali. Katherine is the perfect example of the deity Durga/ Kali because she has the
capability to fight and conform to the societal norm based on need. Both Durga and Katherine goes through metamorphoses in their life in order to
fulfill a goal of whether fighting demons or conforming to be

Theme Of Women In Kamala
Abstract
A drama as part of literature is admittedly a convenient way for showing social problems of society in which story is told to the audience through
the performance on the stage by the actors. The present paper aims to study the Vijay Tendulkar's ideas about marriage at family in his play Kamala.
The play based on a real life incident. Kamala is a play that elucidates the predicament of women. The play explores show women have been treated
by male counterparts. Women are oppressed, misused, exploited, and enslaved. Kamala shows how women are used as a mean for fulfillment of men's
lust, ambition, fame, and money. The paper presents the horrible exploitation of women in the rural area ofIndia where women can be bought from a
flesh market .It aims to show the reality of life of women in modern India especially the concept of marriage and family. This paper will focus in the
theme of exploitation which is found in the marital relationship in this play.
Key Words: Vijay Tendulkar,Marriage, Family, Exploitation,Kamala, Drama,Women.
Introduction:
Drama is the form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the role of the characters, perform the indicated action,
and utter the written dialogue (M.H.Abram , 2012).According to Dryden's drama is "Just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions
and humors, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind."Drama in India has ancient history. The ...
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She is obedient to him–an embodiment of a woman who used as a slave. In the first act in this play, we can find there is no polite speech or soft feeling
to his wife. So, we realize how Jaisingh does not care about her existence. The violence and sexual lust for men over women as Jaisingh Jadhav deals
with his wife Sarita is plainly

Critical Analysis Of Gitanjali By Rabindranath Tagore
ABSTRACT
My paper deals with the analysis of selected poems from "Gitanjali" by Rabindranath Tagore. Also it talks about what Gitanjali is all about and
Rabindranath Tagore's biography. He is the first non–European to be awarded with Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. My paper also talks about his
important work. I was deeply moved by reading his work as his poetry is spiritual in nature and it talks about his philosophies, peace and harmony is
important for the nation and humanity. It includes my own analysis of three poems from Gitanjali "Leave this chanting and telling of beads", "Where
the mind is without fear" and "Cloud heaps upon cloud and it darkens". My paper ends with the conclusion. Key words – Gitanjali, Rabindranath Tagore
. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tagore's goal is to channelize the streams of nationalism to the direction of universalism by freeing human soul from all bondage and pettiness of the
world and transcending itself into a search for universal love and brotherhood that the Lord provides to the mankind. He also encouraged people to
search for inner divinity which ultimately leads to inner peace and happiness than to follow any other religious orthodox–
"Leave this chanting and singing and telling of beads! Whom dost thou worship in this lonely dark corner of the temple with doors all shut?...He is
there where the tiller is tilling the hard ground and where path maker is breaking stones...Put of thy holy mantle and even like him come down on the
dusty soil!... meet him and stand by him in toil and in sweat of thy brow."
Gitanjali is one the most famous work by Rabindranath Tagore and widely recognized among west. "Where the mind is without fear" is the most
famous poem from Gitanjali by Tagore.
BIOGRAPHY OF RABINDRANATH

The Gupta Empire : The Golden Age Of The Gupta Empire
Introduction & History
The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire now covering India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. It lasted only slightly more than 200 years,
prominent from circa 320 CE to 550 CE. With many discoveries and successes, it was the Golden Age of India. Little happened in theGupta Empire
until King Chandragupta I. During his fifteen year reign, he expanded the Empire and is considered its "true" founder. Chandragupta II brought the
Empire to its peak from 380–415. According to Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, he conquered 21 kingdoms. Up until the Gupta Empire's decline in the 500s, it
had modern societal aspects. Its advanced judicial system, care for all people, and focus on the sciences and math are what made the Gupta Empire a
Golden Age. Advanced Judicial System
Most ancient forms of justice were extreme, to say the least. However, The Gupta Empire was an extraordinary exception. As recorded by Buddhist
scholar Faxian in A Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms, "The king governs without the use of capital punishment; criminals are fined according to
circumstances, lightly or heavily. Even in cases of repeated rebellion, they only cut off the right hand." No criminal in the Gupta Empire faced the
death penalty. Offenders were fined according to their crime and only serious repeat offenders had their right hands cut off. A fair judicial system is a
cornerstone of a just society. For citizens of the Gupta Empire, and any other society throughout history,

India Dark Age Essay
India's so–called Dark Age, from 185 BCE to CE 300, was not dark regarding trade. Trade continued, with more being sold to the Roman Empire than
was being imported. In India, Roman coins were piling up. The Kushan invaders were absorbed by India, Kushan kings adopting the manners and
language of the Indians and intermarrying with Indian royal families. The southern kingdom of Andhra conquered Magadha in 27 BCE, ending the
Sunga dynasty in Magadha, and Andhra extended its power in the Ganges Valley, creating a new bridge between the north and the south. But this came
to an end as Andhra and two other southern kingdoms weakened themselves by warring against each other. By the early 300s CE, power inIndia was
returning to the Magadha region, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He succeeded his father in 455. Then the Hephthalites returned, and he spent much of his reign of twenty–five years combating them, which drained
his treasury and weakened his empire. Perhaps people accustomed to wealth and pleasure should have been more willing to contribute to a stronger
military force. At any rate, Skanda Gupta died in 467, and dissention arose within the royal family. Benefiting from this dissention, governors of
provinces and feudal chieftains revolted against Gupta rule. For a while the Gupta Empire had two centers: at Valabhi on the western coast and at
Pataliputra toward the

Gupta Empire Legacy
The Gupta empire was one of the most influential dynasties from Ancient India, it was founded by Chandragupta I as he started to extend his empire
across the northern and parts of central and western India. The first ruler Chandragupta I, was succeeded by his son, Samudragupta. The legacy of the
Gupta empire have been left behind and it is prevalent in our lives today. The Gupta period was where Indian literature, art, architecture and philosophy
was established. Creation of sculpture, painting and literature blossomed. Legacy is greatly attached to the Gupta empire as it has been the beginning of
many new inventions. Just a few legacies that are connected to the Gupta empire are the scientific discoveries, new practises in religion, architecture ...
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During most empires, art was found as something to do during your leisure time but in Gupta empire it was admired. Artists were valued under the
Gupta for their work of art which was rare in the world of ancient civilizations. Much of the literature during the Gupta dynasty was poetry and drama.
In their culture narrative and religious writing as well as lyric poetry was used to educate and entertain people. As a result the writing was always
improving and was further evolving. Essays were written on subjects ranging from grammar, medicine, math and astronomy. The best–known essay of
the period is the Kamasutra, which provides rules about the art of love and marriage according to Hindu laws. During the gupta period there were
two famous scholars of the era which were Kalidasa and Aryabhatta. Kalidasa, was the greatest writer of the empire,he introduced humor in his plays
which was never done. These essays are something people still look for, there was a standard set for the essays which this is what they refer to.
Furthermore, India is well known for their writers who have been idealized.Aryabhatta, a scientist proposed that earth was a rotating sphere centuries,
these invention were later proved by other scientist. Aryabhatta also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.358 days only three hours over the
figure calculated by modern scientists.Back in the day they did not have the

Greek Theatre Essay
It was because the Sanskrit theatre was acting–oriented that it made minimum use of dramatic properties. With massive use of prose recitations, chorus,
verses and songs the Sanskrit theatre gave greater flexibility to the dramatic speech and provide a multi–level organization of communication between
characters. Another form of communication used in the Sanskrit plays is announcements or conversation from the backstage which is known as
nepathaya or the use of oracles called akashwanis through which supernatural beings communicate. These create audio–visual attractiveness and
instantly draw the audience into the play. For communicating some abstract, indirect and mental aspects of the dramatic plays, the Sanskrit plays resort
to a number of inventive devices like swagata which is the Indian term for aside in the Westerndrama, janantika in which the characters exchange
ideas which are not meant for others and apavarita, in which the dialogue spoken is heard by all the characters but for the person referred to. Of
course all these expressions are meant to be heard by the audience. Other features of the Sanskrit theatre namely are poorvaranga or the preliminaries
and rituals for propitiating the gods before the enactment of the play, generally observed behind the curtain. The Sanskrit play generally began with
invocation of the elephant–headed god, Ganesha, by the sutradhar, accompanied by music and the play ended again with a prayer by the sutradhar called

Analysis Of The Story Of Sakuntala From The Mahabharata...

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Analysis Of The Story Of Sakuntala From The Mahabharata...