Behavioral Definition Of Punishment

Behavioral Definition Of Punishment
This paper will provide the behavioral definition of punishment and give examples of both positive
and negative punishment in different types of settings. The guidelines for the effective use of
punishment, as well as legal and ethical issues that should be considered by the Behavior Analyst
while designing a behavior intervention plan are identified. The term punishment as used in operant
conditioning refers to any change that occurs after a behavior happens that reduces the likelihood
that the behavior will follow again in the future. Punishment occurs when a response is followed
immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses.
Behaviorist B.F. Skinner was the first psychologist to identify ... Show more content on
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The mere mention of the word punishment as in the origin of the word make most people think of
causing pain when in fact negative punishment is very different from corporal punishment. Corporal
punishment is the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain but
not injury for the purposes of correction or control of the child's behavior (Gershoff, 2002).
Behavior change strategies based on negative punishment involve taking away a desirable stimulus
after a behavior occurs.
Punishment has occurred when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change to decrease
the future frequency of the behavior. Positive punishment aids in the decrease in the problem
behavior. Reprimand is one of the most common forms of positive punishments. A firm "No" or
"Stop" delivered immediately on the occurrence of an undesirable behavior will significantly reduce
the chance of the behavior being repeated in the future.
Verbal praise is a form of positive punishment. In a study using 2 ½ to 7–year–olds praise was used
to reward compliance by the parents in the home (Owen, 2012). Parent training on elements of
praise and positive attention was conducted at the onset of the study. The setting of this study was
conducted in the home setting for handling noncompliance. The methods of punishment explored
for this study were the effects of parental praise, positive nonverbal responses, reprimand, and
negative nonverbal responses.
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Punishment In Prisons
Definition: Punishment serves numerous social–control functions, but it is usually justified on the
principles of retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and/or restoration.
Each country has different ways of punishment within the prison, but all countries have agreed on a
set of methods of punishment which are : 1–The hard punishment in the world is to removal of a
person's freedom that has been used since ancient times as a punishment.
2–'Hard Labor' punishment which describes the punishment exactly. Prisoners were often used as
the main work force in mining and quarrying, building roads or labouring on the docks. Criminals
could be sentenced for just a few days, weeks or even years. Prisoners were also set to hard labour
within the prisons themselves; they use this type of punishment for several reasons. First, it ... Show
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"Inmates ever assigned to solitary confinement were 3.2 times as likely to commit an act of self–
harm per 1,000 days at some time during their incarceration as those never assigned to solitary.
These inmates assigned to solitary were 2.1 times as likely to commit acts of self–harm during the
days that they were actually in solitary confinement and 6.6 times as likely to commit acts of self–
harm during the days that they were not in solitary confinement, relative to inmates never assigned
to solitary confinement."
2–After controlling for length of jail stay, serious mental illness, age and race, the researchers
determined that prisoners "punished by solitary confinement were approximately 6.9 times as likely
to commit acts of self–harm."
3–"In 1,303 of these incarcerations there were 2,182 acts of self–harm; in 89 incarcerations there
were 103 acts of potentially fatal self–harm. The most common methods of self–harm were
laceration (34 percent), ligature (28 percent), swallowing a foreign body (15 percent), and overdose
(14

The Four Goals Of Punishment
The four goals of punishment in the American criminal justice system are retribution, deterrence,
incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The purpose of the four goals of punishment is to ensure that the
sentence the criminal is receiving is reasonable and just. It is difficult to satisfy all of the
components to the highest degree for all criminals. All of the goals serve a different purpose and are
significant in their own way, but when combined together they create a very complex sentencing
policy for criminals. The first goal of punishment is retribution. Retribution, also known as deserved
punishment, it is when one is punished for committing a crime that harmed other people in some
manner (277; ch.9). The purpose of this goal is for the criminal to understand that if you commit a
crime, consequences will come with that. Depending on the crime that is committed will decide how
serious the punishment is. A lot of factors are considered with retribution during the sentencing
process. Factors such as the age of the defendant, their previous offense history, not only that but the
victims of the crime. The judge might give the defendant a sentence that will not only punish him
for the crime but also make the family feel that the proper sentence was given to the criminal. The
next goal of punishment is deterrence. The purpose of deterrence is to convince criminals and
society to not commit future crimes (277; ch.9). Deterrence has two separate subcategories which
are

Punishment And Punishment Summary
Introduction
In the book "Discipline and Punish," Foucault illustrates the history of the modern penal system,
while at the same time seeking to analyze punishment as a social aspect. Also, the book covers the
effects of power dynamics on the penalty. The book begins with an analysis of the historical
situations before the 18th Century when the primary forms of punishment administration were
public execution and corporal punishment. Investigations regarding criminal offenses were mainly
carried out through torture (Crisp, 2003). The penalties were ceremonial and directed towards the
body of the prisoner; the audience was necessary during the ritual. The public executions were
considered to the kingdom as they established the authority and power of the king. During the 18th
Century, there were many agitations for reforms on punishments. The reformists got the motivations
from the need for the considerations of the prisoner's welfare. Foucault and other people thought
that the system was not taking care of the well–being, and hence there was a need to make
operations of power more efficient. The agitations led to the proposal of a theater of punishment
where a complex system of representations was publicly displayed. The sentences were related to
the crimes and hence discouraged people from lawbreaking.
An Overview of Foucault's Approaches
Foucault's approaches to punishment followed three significant ideas including the spectacle of the
scaffold; generalized punishment; and panopticism. The following is an overview of the three
ideologies.
The spectacle of scaffold
Despite the fact that the French penal ordinance set out very harsh penalties against punishment,
there was still a gap between theory and the punitive practice (Foucault, The spectacle of the
scaffold, 2008). The exercise of torture and public execution were no longer frequently administered
as forms of punishment. However, use of torture as a considerable part of penalty still existed. In
this perspective, torture refers to an exact measurable amount of pain through the investment of the
"economy of power." The use of torture was meant to be a tool for revealing the truth, which would
be determined at different degrees. The investigation process

Punishment Vs Rehabilitation Essays : Punishment And...
Rebelo 1
Michelle Rebelo
PS 102–01: Dr. Howell Williams
May 11, 2017
Punishment vs Rehabilitation In all of the countries on Earth, there is some form of system that
criminals go through when they commit a crime. Some are harsher than others, and each is different.
But which is most effective and beneficial to society as a whole? Here in America, our criminal
system is very militaristic, we are punishers. But maybe it's time for that to change. Before the
1970's, American prisons held the mental and psychological need of criminals in a very high regard.
There were mental health professionals working in every prison, and criminals were given important
training and treatment needed for a smooth and successful transition back into society. ... Show
More than 90 percent of prisoners return to the community within a few years (otherwise our prisons
would be even more overcrowded than they already are). That is why it is vitally important how we
treat them while they are incarcerated." So basically our system of just throwing criminals in a cell
is doing absolutely nothing for them, and we need to find a way to teach them and help them
overcome their wrong–doings. Otherwise the crime problem in this country will never go away.
We'll just put people away, only to have them come back and do something worse, and so on.
Something needs to change.
In the same New York Times article mentioned above, Gilligan says "Generations of research has
shown that the more severely children are punished, the more violent they become, as children and
as adults. The same is true of adults, especially those in prison. So the only rational purpose for a
prison is to restrain those who are violent from inflicting harm on themselves or others, while we
help them to change their behavior from that pattern to one that is nonviolent and even constructive,
so that they can return to the community." He then goes on to talk about his plan for a new,
constructive system that would be rehabilitating rather than punishment. He proposes destroying
every prison in America, and putting in their place residential homes that are safe and secure. In
these homes, criminals would become more like

The Punishment Should Be Legal Punishment
There are several rights that each person in the world have. These rights are not a gifts from
anybody, but they are inherent rights that people obtain as a human being, such as the right to life
and the right of liberty..etc. These fundamental rights are protected by the law and the state of the
country in order to maintain the society system. People usually express these rights without
limitation or control, unless exercise these rights encroached on others rights or breached the rules
that the government has set. As a result from such breaches and unlawful acts, sometimes persons
liberty can be taken away as punishment. Since the emergence of penalty institutions, there have
been arisen debate about prisons regime and prisoners ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This decision is seems to be an obvious breach for prisoners right as a human and break the
European Convention of Human Rights which Great Britain is member in it. This essay will discuss
the supporters and opponents opinions about this deprivation from voting and include some political
side and reasons for that act. In order to achieve addressing the question, this essay will present the
purpose of the imprisonment, and then will move to present the origin of prisoners right, as well as
this coursework will identify some prisoners rights under ECHR and report some breaches for these
right. The last part of the essay will discuss deeply prisoners voting in the UK.
– the emergence of prison as a punishment and its aims.
In the medieval ages, the main objective of penalty was retaliation and people were reprise from the
offenders individually. After that, the sanction developed from individual revenge to collective
retribution which was executed under the supervision of the controlled groups and wrongdoers were
penalized physically. Before the end 18th century, deprivation from liberty and imprison offenders
was not known as a punishment, but it was place for housing perpetrators who sentenced with
corporal punishment until the time of punishment implementation, or to harbour who committed
crimes till their trial. As well as sometimes the use of prison was for political purposes where it was
detention camps for those who were a serious threat to the governor and

The Importance Of Collective Punishment
Look into a classroom and one would see that collective punishment has long been used to elicit
good behavior from students, but it is time for a closer look. Using tactics of peer pressure to try to
enforce rules on surrounding students does not tend to work. Teachers who use collective
punishment usually find more resentment from their students rather than the good behavior they are
looking for, which begs the question, why do we still think of collective punishment as an effective
way to make people conform? Using collective punishment goes against equality between students,
and the equity of the classroom. Schools should not enforce collective punishment as a technique to
correct behavior, since it can be harmful to innocent students, is ineffective at correcting behavior
long–term, and can help instruct students to manipulate others with peer pressure.
In classrooms around the world, students are being held back from leaving class, eating lunch, or
going to recess due to one reason; collective punishment. Collective punishment can be detrimental
to students, and can even be overwhelming to children who did nothing wrong, "I started noticing
just how devastating group punishments can be to the type of child who wants to please and is
determined to follow the rules", (Watson) as the students don't understand why they are being
punished because they didn't do anything wrong. It can cause resentment in students who did
nothing wrong to suddenly be punished for their peers'

Is Punishment Justified
When punishment is only justified as a response to moral fault, obstinate questions may arise as to
the justification of punishment. This is what this piece seek to critically assess as it takes the stand
that punishment is justifiable when it is a response to moral fault. There are many definitions of
punishment as there are many philosophers and how they view punishment. However a few
definitions are accepted and well–known worldwide. Punishment is some pain or penalty warranted
by law, inflicted on a person, for the commission of a crime or misdemeanor, or for the omission of
the performance of an act required by law, by the judgment and command of some lawful court .
The body of this piece is divided into three parts in which the first part will discuss the theories and
philosophies of retributivism. The second part will discuss my view on the topic, "The Justification
of Punishment as a Response to Moral Fault". The last part however will discuss and contrast
retributivism to consequentialism. The philosophy behind Justification of Punishment pursues to
explain why punishment should exist and why it has to be justified. Hence Justification of
punishment usually takes two camps, the Retributivism camp and Consequentialism camps. ... Show
This piece concludes by stating that when punishment is made to serve the purpose of deterrence,
consequentialist undermines the dignity of man and rather end up changing individual to suit what
society wants them to be rather than what they desert for their moral faults. If this is so then
punishment is not justified. For this reason I stand to the notion that unless punishment is a response
to moral fault it is

The Corporal Punishment Of Children
Corporal Punishment of Children
Thesis: Although using the corporal punishment method in schools is intended to change the
behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish students
because it's not effective for the child's behavioral change, and it affects the child's behavior
mentally and physically.
I.Hurts the child physically and abuses the child right
II. Destructive rather than constructive
A. Many people believe that corporal punishment is a method of encouraging students for better
academic performance with no cost.
B. Ineffective for the child's long term behavioral change
III. It affects the child's behavior psychologically
A. Makes the student violent
B. It lowers the child's self – esteem
Corporal Punishment of Children
When I was in middle school at St. Mary's Catholic School, in Ethiopia, I used to see our teachers
using different techniques to punish my classmates. I remember an incident in middle school where
a friend of mine was punished in a harmful way because he failed to answer a question. Although
the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers
should not be allowed to use this method to punish their students because it hurts the student
physically and abuses the child right, it is not effective for the child's behavioral change, and it
affects the student's behavior psychologically.

Punishment or Rehabilitation?
Running head: PUNISHMENT OR REHABILITATION?
Punishment or Rehabilitation?
Tanisha Denson–Hodge
University of Phoenix – Online
Survey of Justice and Security
CJA 500
Mark McCoy, Ed. D
Nov 18, 2006
Abstract
The debate between punishment and rehabilitation for criminal offenders has been an ongoing issue
for many years. What is the true focus of our criminal justice system today? Some argue that it is to
punish those that choose to disobey the laws of the land and indulge in criminal behavior, while
others argue that its primary focus should be to rehabilitate these offenders and help them reintegrate
into society while helping them become productive, law–abiding citizens; helping them leave that
criminal activity in the past. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most widely used methods of punishment for a convicted offender is imprisonment. For
some offenders, prison was a saving grace to them; forcing themselves to alter their criminal activity
and make amends for their wrongdoings. One views the punishment model in that manner as a
justifiable means of preventing the crime from happening again. If a serial rapist is convicted and
sentenced to a long prison term than it's one less worry of another victim falling prey to this
offender; thus making the streets a safer place. Even within the school system, there are rules and
regulations that students must abide by; one breaks the rules and they are punished by means of
external suspension or an after school detention. The fact of the matter is; rules are established and
governed by our government and when one refuses to follow them; there are consequences that
come along with the disobedient behavior and it must be addressed or the crime will continue or
escalate (Bedau, p. 11) Another form of punishment is the idea of capital punishment. Capital
punishment includes death by electric chair, lethal injection, and gas chamber and in some countries,
hanging. This idea stems from the fact of being taught a lesson; if one is killed for committing
multiple murders, than someone else will think twice before they think about committing a murder.
Is this an effective means of deterring the crime? In some cases, yes, but in others no because if

Eagleman Punishment
In the time of punish an individual, we must take into account the level of culpability or
dangerousness of the offenders. According to Eagleman, "the legal system needs an infusion of
neuroscience. It needs to turn away from an ancient notion of how people should behave to
understand better how they do behave." Often, neuroscience are use in the criminal defenders in the
the justice system. There are different scenarios were people commit different cases of violent crime
based on their mental stability. In the case one, the 14 years old juvenile that commit a violent crime
should not be punish as an adults if commit a violence crimes. I believe that a 14 years old juvenile
should not be punish the same for different reason. First, the brain ... Show more content on
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Second case is a person with brain tumor causing violent behavior. One example is the case of
Michael, he had not history of violence when he was arrested becuase he pornagraphy, later when he
had some MRI test and the result come out that have a tumor in his brain that cause deviant
behavior. I consider as danger to the society. He can be put in a mental institution not prison or jail.
It can be considered civil commitment to prevent future offenses. In this case criminal justice system
is considered dangerousness because until he is tumor free he will continue doing deviant behavior.
Last, in the case of an offender with is diagnosed psychopath I believe have both level of culpability
and dangerousness. Culpability because he may be can control his or her actions. They may have the
choice to not harm another individual. Have to be considered the if he or she is guilty or not. Have
to be considered the level of dangerousness. If the individual need a special treatment opposite of
prison or jail. An individual that is diagnosed psychopath should be equally dangerous as impaired
agency and civil commitment. Equally of dangerous because the ability of self control and dangers
others and civil commitment to prevent future crimes in the

Punishment Is The Punishment An Individual
Retribution can be described with these two words: Deserved Punishment. Retribution is the
punishment an individual receives contingent upon the severity of their wrong doings. They must
"pay their debts". The authors of the text "Criminal Justice in America" mentions that if the
government fails to sentence the individual to an appropriate amount of punishment, society will
take the situation into their own hands (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). If a murderer receives 5 years
in prison, the family of the victim(s) would feel like justice wasn't served and would probably resort
to their own type of retribution (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). Punishment is the ethical response to
harm inflicted on the society. What this means is, if society ... Show more content on
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As rational individuals, we weigh the consequences of our actions versus the benefits of our actions.
The more severe the punishment of the potential crime, the higher chance that individuals will be
deterred. If a petty thief receives an 8 year minimum sentence along with a high fine, the severity of
this punishment will deter others from committing the same crime. Also, the severity of the
punishment of the first time offense must be severe enough to deter the same individual from
committing another crime. The downside of the deterrence theory is that it assumes that everyone
thinks before they act (Cole, Smith and DeJong 278). Individuals who are mentally unstable or have
psychological problems aren't accounted for.
Another major goal of punishment is incapacitation. Incapacitation deprives an offender from the
ability to commit crimes by detaining them in prison. Both deterrence and incapacitation focuses on
the potential of a crime occurring in the future. But with incapacitation, the offender is kept in prison
and won't be given another chance in society until they have proven that they will no longer commit
crimes (Cole, Smith and DeJong 278). Being punished by incapacitation is dependent upon the
nature of the crimes committed in the past and how extensive the offender's criminal record is (Cole,
Smith and DeJong 278). There are some difficulties with this form of punishment because there is

Punishment Is A Necessary Evil And Punishment
'Those who won our independence by revolution were not cowards' [Supreme Court Associates
Justice; Louis Brandeis]
This essay will aim to support the idea that throughout history, prisons and other institutions did not
only punish the guilty, but control those otherwise socially excluded from society by reasons of
poverty, gender or social class. (Some of the most fundamental divisions in society.)
Punishment is a necessary evil and punishment is evoked when someone is believed to have done
wrong. It symbolizes and erects moral judgment and sustains solidarity and collective
consciousness. [Cesaroni 2010]
Prison is just one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit
criminal offenses. History shows that prisons (and the 'system') have not always been as fair and just
as it now is in the 21st century. (Arguable) Offenders who are convicted and then sentenced to spend
time imprisoned are often those who are socially excluded from society, the poor, deprived, those
with alcohol or drug dependencies or those with mental health issues. Imprisonment today, is one of
the harshest sanctions available, yet, the prison systems incorporate psychology, psychiatrics and
sociology (in the United Kingdom) but this has not always been the case. [Georg Rusche 2003] The
death penalty was once widely accepted. Prisons were created as a means of control. In the 16th and
17th century according to Flynn [1998] prison was a place for people awaiting trial,

Punishment In Crime And Punishment
Without suffering, there is no hope of achieving redemption. This idea is straightforward; no one
consistently achieves what they want without struggling in some shape or form in order to get it, and
redemption is the goal in this case. Dostoyevsky brings this religiously based concept into his novel
Crime and Punishment to show his readers how suffering is not only unavoidable but also a means
of achieving something. In Crime and Punishment, A Russian man known as Raskolnikov murders
an old pawnbroker and her younger sister. The work progresses to show that the motivation behind
the murder is, among other things, to test a theory that Raskolnikov has about what kind of man he
is. After an extensive series of subplots and nearly insane moral arguments with himself and those
around him, Raskolnikov turns himself in and finds religion and redemption in a Siberian labor
prison. His nihilistic ideas developed from his educational background and St. Petersburg's
intellectual revolution steer the protagonist in the direction of the murder, but his inherent morality
and his labor camp prison's religious tendencies push him towards the moment of spiritual rebirth
that becomes the true meaning of the work. In addition to including the world around him and his
own life events throughout the piece, Dostoyevsky fills Crime and Punishment with juxtaposition of
characters, irony, and foreshadowing in order to present the importance of suffering and hard labor
as the only means to

Punishment Versus Rehabiliation
Punishment Versus Rehabilitation
Isabel Nevarez
University of Phoenix
AJS/504
Nicholas Russo
August 17, 2015
This paper, I will discuss the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation. I will point out issues on
how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their
family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact
upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways. This will show both
pros and cons to punishment and rehabilitation.
Punishment versus Rehabilitation
The criminal justice system uses two objectives, these are punishment and rehabilitation. Society
looks at these two with high prospects but the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When offenders use rehabilitation programs they are given the opportunity to participate in drug
therapy programs. These offenders do their time and prior to being paroled out they are required to
go into a half–way house or a drug rehab facility. When offenders get involved with any type of
rehabilitation program their view to commit crimes change and they will no longer desire to commit
a crime. Many of them come out with the hope to find a job and be lawful citizens.
Effect on victims/families
The effects of crime on a victim can be a very difficult and stressful experience. Many people
experience after effects of the crime and have to seek professional counseling to help them get
through the traumatic experience. Depending on the type of crime committed against the victims for
some victims and their families life will never be the same. Many families are affected as well and
need to seek professional counseling. They have to work through the hurt and anger and many are
never able to forgive the person who committed the crime. THE FBI FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION. (2012, April).
Many victims would like to see the offender punished rather than going through rehabilitation
through probation or parole. Many people believe that punishment by imprisonment is the best
sentence for an offender to receive, where they could

Punishment And Punishment
Punishment and the Death Penalty
The news media reports countless stories of crimes that have been committed throughout the
country. Some are so outrageous and almost comical, like a thief trying to steal a cash register from
a drive thru window at a fast food restaurant to other stories that make us seriously question the
future of humanity. I have often judged criminals and the crimes they are accused of committing
even before their guilt is proven. Some of the crimes reported are so vile that they elicit a visceral
response within me and I find myself thinking that they should just be put to death. A closer
examination of punishment and the death penalty made me question my own ethics which led to an
unexpected change in my beliefs regarding the morality of punishment and the death penalty.
I his book Contemporary Moral Issues, Diversity and Consensus, Edward Hinman points out that
our country, "which has about 5 percent of the world's population, has 25 percent of prisoners"
(Hinman 134). This statistical data is quite sobering because while reading it in passing, one can
deduce that our society is full of criminals and that in itself is frightening. However, in closer
examination I think it proves that we are doing something wrong, that our approach to crime and
punishment is failing. On a more personal level, it caused me to conclude that my quick reaction to
punishment and specifically the death penalty exacerbates this problem. In conjunction, a failing
criminal

Punishment In The Scarlet Letter
Punishment in The Scarlet Letter
In today's world, for the most part, punishment is utilized to force one into learning from their
mistakes. However, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter, the Puritan society seen in the
novel views punishment as fuel for permanent guilt and vengeance. Whether publicly ostracizing an
individual or one's self–castigation, punishment, along with the effect it has on its suspect, is a
central theme in the novel. In The Scarlet Letter, punishment serves as a catalyst for growth, yet,
also the source of depletion depending on the perseverance of the one with punishment.
In the novel, the main character, Hester Prynne, serves as a source of perseverance and growth. As
seen throughout the novel, she is bounded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reverend Author Dimmesdale chastises himself by failing to take ownership for his actions.
Contrary to his initial thoughts, keeping his adultery a secret took a severe toll on his conscience.
Dimmesdale said to Hester and Pearl, "Them, and there, before the judgement–seat, they mother,
and thou, and I must stand together, But the daylight of the world shall not see our meeting!"
(Hawthorne 143). Dimmesdale shows his cowardliness by portraying his intentions on his "family"
by saying the only person that can know about his sin is God and they. Overtime, his mental and
physical state starts to diminish due to the weight of lie on his conscience. Dimmesdale confesses, "I
should long ago have thrown off these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself to
mankind as they will see me at the judgment–seat. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter
openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret!"(Hawthorne 190). Dimmesdale, finally, realizes and
admits the lethal effect of guilt on his conscience. He proves that by not acknowledging one's sins is
a far–more severe punishment than being honest and accepting one's punishment. Moreover,
Hawthorne utilizes Dimmesdale to demonstrate how dishonesty can dwindle the well–being of an

Crime And Punishment And The Punishment
In every country, a crime committed has a punishment that goes hand in hand with it. The nature of
the crime determines the punishment that follows it. The nature of the punishment also depends on
the law that operates in the country in which the crime is committed. Different crimes attract
different penalties. For instance, crimes involving murder may attract capital punishment on the
criminal, or life jail sentence depending on the circumstances surrounding the murder. Capital
offences do attract capital punishments as well, and again it depends on what the supreme law of the
land stipulates. In light of this short analysis, this essay will analyse a case that involved a murderer,
and the punishment that followed him upon confirmation of the crime he committed. It will also
compare the punishment given to the murderer with the punishments available in other countries of
the European continent.
"Crime and Punishment" was written during the time when Marxism was beginning to flourish
within Tsarist–ruled Russia. Dostoyevsky, when writing Crime and Punishment espoused a desire to
counteract Russian Nihilism and in the novel pointed out the dangers of utilitarianism juxtaposing it
as a reason, which in his view fueled radical sentiments upon the populace. In this light, it is
important to take into consideration the reasoning behind the acts of murder committed by the main
character Roskalnikov within the context of Dostoyevsky's rejection of Marxist views. The
reasoning

Essay On Treatment And Punishment
Treatment and Punishment of Crime
Angle of attack= which is more effective, treatment or punishment?
A significant question that is asked about offenders is how can they be prevented from re–
offending? There have been a number of therapies and treatments developed by psychologists in
order to change offending behaviour. Three main ones are; behaviour modification (token
economies), anger management and social skills training (SST). The government have also added
measurements such as 'zero tolerance' and imprisonment is put in place in order to stop reoffenders.
I feel punishment and treatment are only more effective than the other when used for different types
of crimes and on different types of people. In this essay I am going to ... Show more content on
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Therefore all effects of this treatment will be forgotten meaning being punished for behaviour may
be more effective in the outside world and in an institution.
Social skills training is a cognitive–behavioural treatment based on the assumption that offending is
related to deficits in social skills. Techniques used in SST often vary but most involve modelling and
role play alongside instruction in skills and feedback on performance. There is a number of studies
that suggest SST leads to improvement in targeted social skills but what is less clear is whether the
improvements remain in the long term. Spence and Marzillier found that effects are visible after
three months but disappear after six and Goldstein et al found that only 15– 20% of offenders
applied their skills to other situations. I feel that SST is not effective in terms of stopping people
from re– offending but it is a way of helping people cope with their emotions which more than just
prisoners need to be able to do. Once someone is in a violent situation they are not going to take
time to remember and apply skills they have been taught they will act on instinct which more than
likely means the wrong actions will be carried out meaning they will be re– offending so in this case

The Importance Of Crime And Punishment
The system is wrong and different from us. There are many ways to reason through the correct
course of action involving human punishment for crime. Crime is considered negative in society.
During biblical times crime is not only affected society, but it was believed to have also been
directed towards God himself. The Bible is the oldest book to reference with many directives to
living life peacefully and without revenge (StudyMode crime and punishment). The problems arise
when the time comes to punish a criminal. There are disagreements over the severity of a crime, the
mentality of the criminal, and the correct penalty that should result from that crime among other
things. Immanuel Kant has a few fundamental ideas about how society should think and behave.
Among his ideas is the way to deal with crime and approach punishment. Kant believed in the idea
of Retributivism. He felt that one should pay for the crime that they committed in a way equivalent
to the crime, whereas like the nation of Seecebeesia utilitarian may also take the position that
criminals should be rehabilitated rather than necessarily punished for the crime, since many
criminals have a questionable state of mind (2008, Philosophical Approach to Crime and
Punishment). Also in the bible Matthew 5:38 states, "You have heard that it has been said, eye for
eye and tooth for tooth". It explains that the punishment should fit the crime. If criminals know that
there is going to be a punishment, and what that

Fair Punishment Analysis
Paper 1
In the 1983 study conducted by William Samuel and Elizabeth Moulds, it was revealed that there
was an agreement among a widespread group of people on the topic of fair punishment for certain
crimes. This study was a statewide survey involving 753 residents in the state if California. All of
the people selected were 18 years and older, and were chosen randomly based on their telephone
numbers. This study was conducted by professional telephone interviewers over a period of nine
days. The residents were asked a series of questions involving different crimes and punishment
options. The results showed that majority of the recommend sentences made by the residents, were
less severe than the California Penal Code. The researchers also looked ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This article looked at the differing ideas of social dominance theory along with the beliefs in the
deterrence and retribution models. This study included 401 undergraduate students from the
University of California (UCLA). Over half of the participants were female, and included a diverse
make–up of Asian, Hispanic, White, and Black students. The results supported the hypothesis that
the public support for harsher punishment is primarily motivated by criminal deterrence. The social
dominance theory also defends the use of severe punishment, which was justified by moral
arguments. This is a descriptive type of research since it is quantitative in nature. Since it uses
statistical tools to help assist with the interpretation of the results. It is also considered to be a cross–
sectional study, considering all the data was considered at one time. The method of reasoning is
deductive since the researchers started with a theory before collecting data. The unit of analysis was
the individuals themselves. It was concluded in the article that many people choose to support more
severe punishments because of the concept from the deterrence

Punishment Is Wrong
Although some people may disagree, the basis "an eye for an eye" is not good for determining
punishment. Sometimes this punishment would be demeaning to the bible. Other times it may just
not be fair or deserved. First and foremost, sometimes people may do things that others think they
should be done the same way. If they hurt a little kid, sometimes they might need it done to them.
Yet, that isn't how the world works. People have to learn from their mistakes and others. That is one
of the only ways they will recover and realize how awful they are. In addition, making someone sit
in prison and think about what they done and how bad it hurt some people, is mentally how to hurt
someone. Most of the time physical punishment is not getting

Domains Of Punishment
In a paragraph that you post in thread 2, compare and contrast your use of the word with its history
and domain of meanings giving by the OED? In the Oxford English Dictionary shows different use
of the meaning to the word punishment which is defined as " The infliction of a penalty or sanction
in retribution for an offence or transgression; (also) that which is inflicted as a penalty; a sanction
imposed to ensure the application and enforcement of a law" means that punishment involves
imposing pain to offenders that hurt victims should receive punishment. the other meaning of
punishment in extended use "Sport. The infliction of severe blows, in boxing; hard hitting; Also: the
action or result of capitalizing on poor play or a mistake by

Corporal Punishment Of Children.
Corporal Punishment of Children When I was in middle school at St. Mary's Catholic School, in
Ethiopia, I used to see our teachers using different techniques to punish my classmates. I remember
an incident in middle school where a friend of mine was punished in a harmful way because he
failed to answer a question. Although the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to
change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish their
students as it is not effective for the child's behavioral change, and it affects the student's behavior
psychologically and physically.
To start with, allowing teachers to use the corporal punishment causes physical damage on the
student and abuses the child right. It is obvious that most punishments somehow results in pain.
When I was in middle school, our math teacher Ms. Helen used to order us to solve a question by
writing on the blackboard to show the other students. One day my classmate, Daniel was asked to
solve a problem on the board, but he didn't write a complete answer. Ms. Helen was so angry with
him that she put her pen between his pointing and middle fingers and twisted it so tight. We were so
terrified because we had never seen someone being punished like that before. Daniel couldn't move
his fingers and was taken to the hospital to fix his broken fingers. Our math teacher was fired right
away for the excessive use of force on

A Problem of Punishment
The tension was felt in the air. Ivan Markovitch, the Colonel, and the other paternal uncle were
arguing and arguing over how they should punish Sasha. Sasha had made a promissory note that he
could not pay off. This put him and his valuable family name in a very corrupt position. Sasha's
uncle Ivan was very compassionate with Sasha; feeling sorry that he lost his parents at a young age.
The colonel on the other hand was not so sympathetic towards Sasha. He believed that Sasha needed
to be punished for his actions and should be sent to court where he would have to take responsibility
for his decision. Ivan and the Colonel both stood their ground and refused to change their view on
how Sasha should be punished. Finally, the Colonel convinced Ivan that Sasha should be sent to
court. "Ivan, how do you expect Sasha to ever learn from his mistakes if we keep protecting him
from the consequences He needs to deal with his mistakes by himself" Proclaimed the Colonel.
"Well, you may be right, but look at it from Sasha's perspective he lost both of his parents and had
no guidance growing up." Ivan quickly responded to the Colonel. "I understand Ivan, Sasha
unfortunately grew up with no guidance, but that does not make it okay to baby him for the rest of
his life. Sooner or later we will pass away and Sasha will be free to make whatever decision he
chooses to make and will no longer have our protection." The Colonel rebutted once again. "You
know what, I guess you are right.

Foucault Discipline And Punishment
When reading this piece, I noticed that book is all about how important and integrated prison is a
main part of our society around the world. It shows how it is impossible to get rid of them, mostly
because of the fact that there is no alternative to prisons really out there, and just like the title
suggests prisons are the main form of "Discipline and Punishment". Foucault's main argument is
that modern society, mostly referencing France, are based on the idea of individual liberty. As prison
deprives people of their liberty choices and leaving them in confinement leads to it being the most
ethical punishment. Most importantly, the systems of discipline, and observation that go around
inside a prison extend outside its walls. Although Foucault ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I feel that There are two images, then, of discipline. "At one extreme, the discipline–blockade, the
enclosed institution, established on the edges of society, turned in wards towards negative functions:
arresting evil, breaking communications, suspending time. At the other extreme, with panopticons,
is the discipline–mechanism: a functional mechanism that must improve the exercise of power by
making it lighter, more rapid, more effective, a design of subtle coercion for a society to come. The
movement from one project to the other, from a schema of exceptional discipline to one of a
generalized surveillance, rests on a historical transformation: the gradual extension of the
mechanisms of discipline throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, their spread
throughout the whole social body, the formation of what might be called in general the disciplinary
society. (209)" Which indeed is a very large mouth full. Although this is a lot for one quote I think it
was essential to quote in the explanation of this paper. The reason being is that it shows two
extremes on the spectrum of punishment and discipline. One being solitary confinement or
"discipline–blockade" or the other being "Panopticons" formulated by Mr.Foucault. Panopticons
being a form of reforming prisoners for

Theories Of Punishment
Mayte Gamory
Professor Conley
Final Paper
18 December 2017
Punishment is defined as "the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense"
("Punishment"). Some prominent theories of punishment include retribution, deterrence,
rehabilitation, and the moral education theory. Although retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation
are all crucial components of punishment justification, independently the theories have weaknesses
that avert the moral rationalization of punishment. I believe that Jean Hampton's moral education
theory is the best justification for punishment because it yields the most sympathetic and prudent
reasons for punishment, while simultaneously showing that punishment cannot be justified by solely
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, the moral education theory is related to rehabilitation because the punishment is for the
criminals own good, but the moral education theory also respects that criminals are free people who
make choices. The moral education theory evidently accounts for the deficiencies of the other three
aforementioned theories. It also morally maximizes justification for punishment by demonstrating
how forbidden actions are intolerable because they are immoral, not just because there are
boundaries set around certain actions. Justification of punishment is needed because there needs to
be sufficient reasoning behind the treatment that wrongdoers receive. The moral education theory
provides the best reasoning for punishment by taking into account that people are rational beings
with the ability to make choices, and providing moral education on prohibited actions or behaviors.
One might object to these arguments and say that due to the complexity of figuring out exactly what
actions are considered immoral, the moral education theory is inadequate. A good example of this
would be current laws in certain states prohibiting the use of marijuana. Undoubtedly, marijuana use
is not deemed to be immoral by the majority, for there would not be any states in which it is
legalized. Many people would

Punishment and Sentencing Paper
Punishment and Sentencing Paper
CJA/224
Garrett LeGrange
September 17, 2010
There are many different philosophies that are in use in the court systems when determining what
sort of punishment will be imposed on someone who is found guilty of committing a crime. These
philosophies are in use in both the adult courts and juvenile courts. The juvenile court system is
similar to the adult courts, but there are many differences between the two. Both court systems try
and keep crime from happening and both courts sentence those found guilty to some sort of
punishment through the punishment philosophy that the court determines is a suitable approach for
preventing future crime. Deterrence is the first punishment philosophy. Deterrence is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This philosophy's thought is that the victim of a crime is part of the sentencing process. This means
that persons found guilty of committing crimes must compensate the victim of their crime.
Restoration is the attempt to make the victims of crimes whole again. This philosophy makes the
attempt to make someone guilty of a crime actually pay for their crime to the victim. The juvenile
court system has a higher concentration on rehabilitating offenders so that they do not end up in
adult courts. In the juvenile system, rehabilitation is the most used philosophy so that the children in
the courts may have the opportunity to live a life outside of prison. Adult courts do try and
rehabilitate those that are found guilty of committing crimes, but more often than not, rehabilitation
is combined with incarceration. Adult courts also differ from juvenile courts because in adult courts
there is a presentation of evidence to try and determine guilt. Juvenile courts on the other hand
examine the actions of a juvenile and try and determine how to rehabilitate the individual. The
sanctions that serve as a guide for judges are probably one of the most important tools that can be
used in courts. Adult and juvenile courts can both use sanctions to their advantage. When sanctions
are used properly, they can be a very good deterrent for those thinking about committing a crime.
These sanctions can be many different things assigned to crimes to help and deter

Purpose Of Corporal Punishment
Corporal Punishment is the intentional act of disciplining by inflicting physical pain as retribution
for an offense or wrongdoing. The purpose of corporal punishment is to prevent the offense or
wrongdoing from happening again by instilling or associating fear with these undesired acts.
Corporal punishment may be divided into three main types: parental or domestic corporal
punishment, school corporal punishment and judicial corporal punishment which closely related to
prison corporal punishment. Quite a few people support corporal punishment as a valid form of
education. On the other hand, there is also a large number of people who denounce corporal
punishment as cruel and inhumane. As for me, I agree that corporal punishment is a cruel ... Show
In the 1970s an annual average of 335 adults were sentenced to "corporal punishment only."
Whipping was used more extensively to chastise juveniles, but official statistics were not kept.
However, I believed that corporal punishment is a cruel and inhumane behavior. Corporal
punishment can lower self–esteem to both the punisher and punishee, and may have longer term
psychological impact too. Also, there are other means of education that are effective too. A common
alternative is to educate why the action was wrong to the point of invoking empathy or shame.
Moreover, those people receiving punishment are more like to be instilled with rage and hostility
even into adulthood. Corporal punishment trains children to be violent to other children and
educates them that it is an acceptable means of education. This will carry on into adulthood too. In
addition, for corporal punishment to typically continue working, more punishment, pain, or force
maybe be necessary. As a result, child abuse typically starts as corporal punishment. According to
"Impairing Education," a report done by Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties
Union in August 2009. Almost a quarter of a million children in the U.S. were subjected to corporal
punishment in public schools between the 2006

Punishment And Punishment In Education
One of the basic human functions is to learn, whether it be a specific school subject or a behavior
through observation. As one grows up, it is important to see how he or she was taught to treat people
– good, bad, honest, fair? How can violence be eliminated very early on in development? One form
of learning is through punishment. Many times, punishment is used to inform a child or even an
adult to not do a certain thing again while educating them on what is good or bad behavior
considering the circumstance. Therefore, punishment is not only a teaching tool, but also a process
that decreases the likelihood reoccurrence of a behavior (Hockenbury, S. E., Nolan, S. A, &
Hockenbury, D. H. 2015). As a young child, a punishment may have included taking away a desired
toy or a treat that we wanted to obtain, such as going to the movies or getting McDonalds for dinner.
It is easy to look back and reflect on past experiences of punishment that shaped us into who we are
today. However, punishment is not simply a negative consequence of being a child; it can happen to
people of all ages. For example, a punishment can be directed at adults who don't dress properly or
arrive late to work. Punishment can be effective for all age groups because human beings are an
imperfect species. It is never too late to improve one's behavior. Overall, the main purpose of
punishment is to stop wrongdoings among all ages from happening repeatedly. When thinking of
punishment regarding psychology,

The Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment
In this paper I will defend both the proponents and principles of the utilitarian theory of punishment,
namely addressing the utilitarian approach juxtaposed with the retributive. Before beginning to
make claims in any direction, a brief and to–date synopsis of the utilitarian fundamentals regarding
punishment will be necessary. From there, I will present the utilitarian theories of punishment as not
only the most useful for a society, but also the best representation of criminal law being carried out
justly. Following this assertion I will refute objections made by retributivists, and in doing so
present a discovered common ground between the retributory criteria for just punishment and the
utilitarian theories. This will not serve to say I believe in impure retributivism over the utilitarian
theories, but rather will act as testament to the practicality of the utilitarian approach. Finally, I will
propose the most ethical response to criminality is found from the utilitarian fundamentals of
societal well–being, mentioning specifically the vindictive theories of punishment as meeting the
utilitarian criteria. To the utilitarian, punishment is not an end in itself for the actions of a
wrongdoer. Utilitarians and I believe punishment should serve as a larger means to an end that will
benefit the future while righting the criminal actions of the past by employing deterrence,
rehabilitation, and the disablement of the unjust human in the perpetual attempt to increase overall

Persuasive Essay On Punishment
What is punishment? Punishment according to Flew has five elements to its reasoning. Whatever the
crime was, it must involve an unpleasantness to a victim, must be an offense outlined in the law,
there must be an offender, there must not be natural actions of consequences and lastly, it must be
imposed by authority or an institution against their rules of offense that have been committed
(Banks, 2016). Flew also believes that if the crime falls outside of this scope, it is rather a hostile act
rather than punishment (Banks, 2016).
Why should offenders be punished? Punishment is meant to stop people from committing further
crimes. Punishment also informs criminals that society doesn't approve of the harm they've caused
against victims. Punishment also is a form of messaging to others that if they commit the same
crime or cause the same disapproved pain against something or someone, they will also be punished
under the law set in place. Lastly, punishment protects society as a whole from dangerous and/or
dishonest people (Banks, 2016).
In an utilitarian approach to punishment, philosophers such as Bentham believes that punishment
can be justified only if the harm that it prevents is greater that the harm inflicted on the offender
through punishment (Banks, p. 156). Bentham also believes that if punishment doesn't deter further
crime from happening, it's only adding to humanity suffering (Banks, 2016). Utilitarians try to use
punishment as a means to the end and not the end

Punishment In Prisons
After four weeks of learning about punishment and the penal system I feel like I have learnt a lot
about the system as a whole. As I previously mentioned before enrolling in this unit I was naïve
about the system, how it operated, the living conditions of the inmates and the social demographics
that contributed to the prison population. With all of my recent knowledge from the lectures and
readings, I was still surprised to find out how much it cost to maintain a person in prison. I was
always aware that a proportion of the taxpayers' money was spent on prisons but I was unaware of
how substantial that amount was. In the 2013–2014 period, 2.6 billion dollars was spent on the
prison system in Australia, this roughly equates to $292 dollars per day per prisoner and these
numbers are expected to increase. I am currently working as a causal and make around $250 per
week while the typical working Australian on average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reflecting on these numbers it is hard for me to fathom how expensive it is to sustain a person in
prison. With the costs expected to increase, it is becoming more apparent that such high expenses
are putting financial pressures on the state government and are reducing the pool of funding and
resources that are needed for education and health.
After learning about the concept of less eligibility and the importance of treating inmates in
accordance with basic human rights, I do not think that the funding from these facilitates should be
reduced. However, I do agree with any scholars in this area who express the opinion that it would be
more cost effective for funding to be spent on the early detection of delinquent behaviour than on
prisons. If more funding was being spent on early prevention schemes it would be more beneficial to
the individual and community as a whole rather than spending that

Examples of Presentation Punishment and Removal Punishment
Punishment
Punishment is a consequence that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows. There are two
different categories that punishment can fall under: presentation punishment and removal
punishment. Presentation punishment involves introducing a new and unpleasant stimulus. Removal
punishment involves removing a wanted stimulus. Punishment in educational settings has been a
particularly controversial subject, since many people view punishment as something barbaric or
cruel. Also, if administered incorrectly punishment can have adverse effects.
There are times when reinforcement would not suffice and punishment may be deemed necessary.
Particularly when the bad behavior has no known reinforcement and no other method has worked.
When dealing out punishment it is important to determine which type would be most effective and
fair. Punishments that have proven effective to some degree are: scolding, response cost, logical
consequence, positive–practice overcorrection, time–out, and in–school suspension.
There are also punishments that are not affective or that actually end up having adverse effects.
These include: physical punishment, psychological punishment, extra classwork, and out–of–
school–suspension. In particular, out–of–school suspension can be very bad and unfair for students.
This is particularly true for students who already have academic problems.
It should always be made clear what behaviors could result in punishment. This alone could be

The Importance Of Criminal Punishment
Criminal punishments have been a fragment of society for centuries, either to discipline individuals
or overpower political opposition. Different eras over time established numerous forms of
punishments for crimes. There is no morality or exceptional guarantee that punishment is a
substantial process of humane penalty besides political officials that believe that it is feasible. In my
opinion, punishment is not a proper method of crime control, however, some sanctions should be
attainable in current day living. Courtroom officials portray punishments as desirable methods of
crime control to distort community citizens' perception, so they may trust that crimes are decreasing.
Criminal punishments are solely based on rehabilitation, criminal analysis, and deterrence.
Numerous theories of punishment have become inhumane because sometimes individuals have been
incarcerated for years for crimes that weren't even harsh.
Deterrence is designed to prevent reoccurring crime. Criminal justice is the study of nature, causes,
control, and prevention of criminal behavior, with the extent of individual and social factors. For
example, if a criminal has been burglarizing homes and only spends a short amount of time in jail,
then the judge requires for a higher sentence and now the criminal must think if they're freedom is
worth materialistic things. In 1910, Edmond Locard began his own crime laboratory and could
obtain location accompanied by two assistants in the making of

Odysseus Punishment Essay
Punishments follow actions. Sometimes they are not always fair or well deserved, but other times
they are essential to learn right from wrong. In our society, all crimes have punishments; however,
the punishment depends on the severity of the crime. In our culture, it is important to have
consequences following deplorable actions because if there is no discipline for poor decisions it
would establish these poor decisions to be acceptable. In every confrontation there are always two
sides. In the epic, The Odyssey, written by Homer, two evident sides are that of which the suitors
and Odysseus. Some readers say Odysseus's punishment towards the suitors was too unexpected and
too extreme; others disagree, saying the suitors deserved what ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As stated above, there is always more than one opinion. Although some feel Odysseus tactics were
excessive. For one thing, out of the one–hundred and eight suitors total not even half of them
participated in shenanigans that kept reoccurring. Not all of them deserved to die. Many were
bystanders, but they still did not choose to leave after being warned. Antinous, the corrupt leader of
the suitors, was malicious, impolite, and disrespectful. He set the tone for the rest of the suitors and
many of the suitors followed his lead. Since they had a cruel, harsh leader the suitors also acted like
this. Lastly, the most extreme form of punishment is death. While suitors were begging for
forgiveness, Odysseus showed no mercy and slaughtered all of them. As stated above, there are
many reasons why a reader would pick either side of this argument.
Omen's are not meant to be taken lightly. Normally when one gives a warning it is best to believe
what he or she may be saying and do the right thing. In this case, the suitors had been warned to
evacuate Odysseus palace. This omen was not only to warn the suitors, but it was given to try to
protect the suitors from Odysseus's wrath. After twenty years of trying earnestly to return home,
Odysseus discovers that over one–hundred men have been living in his house, drinking his wine,
disrespecting his son and

History of Punishment
According to (Seiter, 2011) Cesare Beccaria is known as the founder of the classical school of
criminology, the first organized theory of crime causation linked to appropriate punishments.
According to (Seiter, 2011) Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the
prevention of crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) Jeremy Bentham is the creator of the hedonistic
calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing crime.
According to (Seiter, 2011) another way to remove offenders from society was through
transportation or deportation. Transportation started in England and was used throughout the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to send undesirables to the colonies in America. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Walnut street jail was the first penitentiary in the United States according to (Seiter, 2011).
According to (Seiter, 2011) the Pennsylvania system was known as the separate and silent system
with silence enforced and inmates not allowed to see or talk with each other. Through this approach,
it was believed that offenders would not be morally contaminated and be trained in crime by other
prisoners. According to (Seiter, 2011) the Auburn system became known as the congregate and
silent system as officials continued to reduce the spread of criminals ideas by inmates through
silence and strict discipline they wanted inmates to march with their eyes looking down at the
ground. They did not want the inmates to give other inmates ideas. According to (Seiter, 2011) the
emphasis was on having inmates work and produce products that could help make the prisons
economically self– supporting using there free labor, prisons became very successful at this prison
management emphasized production as much as security and rehabilitation, and the volume of
prison made products sold on the open market increased considerably. According to the industrial
prison era from 1910 to 1935, led to the first major interest in the management of prisons by
external parties. According to (Seiter, 2011) as time went on the Ashurst– summers act was amended
in 1940 , that severely limited the

Theories of Punishment
Theories of why we punish offenders are crucial to the understanding of criminal law; in fact it is
not easy to define legal punishment, however one thing is clear within the different theories of
punishment is that they all require justification.[1] There are many theories of punishment yet they
are predominantly broken down into two main categories. The utilitarian theory seeks to punish
offenders to discourage, or "deter," future wrong doing. The retributive theory seeks to punish
offenders because they deserve to be punished due to their behaviour upsetting the balance of
society[2].
This essay will consider what legal punishment is; it will draw a distinction between the two main
categories.[3] It will focus on utilitarianism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He does not consider incapacitation or rehabilitation as other consequentialist theorists have such as
Goldman.[30]
The pure model of consequentialism focuses on the punishment itself as a means of deterrence of
future crime

The Justifications Of Prison And Punishment
The area this dissertation will be focusing on is the justifications of prison and punishment, and
looking at whether these objectives are being achieved today in the current prisonsystem, with a
thorough analysis of short sentences.
In order to analyse this, short sentences will be looked at to discover whether the prison system is
working.
Throughout history, punishment has always had to be justified. For example, pre–19th century,
punishment, which included being sent to the gallows or being placed in the stocks, had the
justification of being a deterrent, as punishment was a very public event (BBC, 2012). This type of
punishment was then met with "Petitions against executions and torture increased in the eighteenth
century" (Poster, 1984), and as a result of these petitions, theorists such as Beccaria (1764) spoke of
creating a punishment that removed the element of torture. Foucault (1975) spoke of the moving of
punishment from the body to the mind, in order to "present the prospect that their acts would that
their acts would cause more pain than pleasure so that, as rational beings, they would avoid
committing illegalities in the first place" (Poster, 1984).
Prison has therefore been justified since the Gladstone Report (Departmental Committee on
Prisons,1895), which set the tone for penal policy, stating that prison would have a deterrent
function; there would also be a rehabilitative ideal about prison. The objectives of prison, as
described by Jewkes et al

Behavioral Definition Of Punishment

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