Athletic Performance

Athletic Performance
What Can Be Done to Improve the Child's Athletic Performance?
For the athlete to continue achieving high performance in spite of a toxic relationship, toxic stress
should be isolated as much as possible. The most direct (yet most difficult) way to achieve this is to
heal the toxicity in the parent/child relationship. One must break the cycle of inflictions exhibited in
these relationships; while many toxic parents unknowingly latch onto or inhumanely punish their
children, their children, seeking self–confidence from their microsystem, create circumstances to
pull themselves closer to their parents, creating familial turmoil and testing their parents' aptitude to
"save" them (in which they will continue to be disappointed) (Dunham, ... Show more content on
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Still, not every team has the capability or intent of providing these types of relationships for athletes
in toxic parent/child relationships, and the motivation to succeed must come from within the athlete.
When the external relationships offer no solutions to the toxic parenting problem, one must look
inside to negate the pressures affecting athletic performance. Many turn to yoga, meditation,
visualizations, inner evaluation, and various other routines to isolate themselves from the pressures
in their microsystems (Bradshaw, 1988). If the athlete can address and self–resolve the internal
emotions spurring from the toxic relationship, the athlete separates the need to be fulfilled by his/her
toxic parent and thus builds internal self–confidence, not confidence hinging on the usually negative
parental perceptions.
With these resolutions in mind, there is still no guarantee that athletes living with a toxic parent will
ever reach their highest potential. Sometimes, the effects of toxic parenting are insurmountable, or
there are compounding circumstances that cause pressure to outweigh athletic motivation. However,
if an athlete can identify their parent as a toxic parent, realize how the relationship may be
influencing their athletic career, and work to
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Stereotypes And Observer Pressure On Athletic Performance
Olivia Harvey November 1, 2017 Article #2 Krendl, A., Gainsburg, I., & Ambady, N. (2012). The
Effects of Stereotypes and Observer Pressure on Athletic Performance. Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 1–14. doi:10.1123/jsep.34.1.3 The article "The Effects of Stereotypes
and Observer Pressure on Athletic Performance,"begins with explaining how positive and negative
stereotypes affect athletic performance. The negative stereotype was explained that White and Black
golfers performed golf putting tasks that they could perform through "sports intelligence" or
"natural athletic ability". It was reported that African Americans didn't perform as well as they could
have when they found out it was a test of sports intelligence that whites

Energy Drinks And Athletic Performance
Introduction
Energy drinks, are beverages that contain large doses of sugar (up to a quarter cup per can), caffeine
and other ingredients, like the stimulatory herb Guarana and the amino acid Taurine. Dr. Erin
Duchan, a pediatrician and co–author of a review of the current science about energy drinks for
athletes, published recently in The Physician and Sports Medicine, said "There's good evidence that
caffeine is ergogenic (substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance) " and "it can, in the
right circumstances, improve athletic performance.' (Duchan, 2014)
The aim of this investigation is to see whether Mother energy drinks increase athletic performance.
The hypothesis that will be tested is that 'If a person consumes an energy drink they will run further
in the beep test.'
The independent variable is the Energy drink and the dependent variable is the athletic performance
– how long someone can run the beep test until they can no longer run. In this investigation there are
various factors that need to be kept constant in order to achieve the best results, these include the
environment – the place it is performed e.g. if one is performed on a tennis court the second one will
need to be performed on a tennis court, the weather conditions should be similar, the energy drink –
type and amount, participants, time of day practical is performed and participants should wear
similar clothing in each test – same shoes (running shoes) and type of clothing,
Ethics

Athletic Performance Research Paper
In the research paper, ACTN3 Genotype Is Associated with Human Elite Athletic Performance by
Nan Yang and his colleagues, the idea of athleticism is inheritable is explored. Nan Yang first
explains that there are a plethora of studies and evidence that illustrates that athletic performance is
highly influenced by the genetics of an individual. Also apparently studies have shown that there is
some sort of evolutionary trade–off between traits that encode for speed and endurance. Now
looking at the genome of a human, studies have discovered that the actin binding protein alpha–
actinin–3 is absent in the majority of the general population due to a stop codon in ACTN3. Alpha–
actinins are a family of proteins that encode for two types of skeletal muscle proteins: ACTN2 (in
fibers) and ACTN3 (in fast fibers). Over the years evidence has elucidated that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to find out of the hypothesis was correct, Yang and her colleagues partnered with the
Australian Institute of Sport to study the ACTN3 gene frequencies in elite athletes. Nan yang and
her colleagues genotyped 436 white controls from different sources (150 blood donors, 71 healthy
children, and 215 healthy adults). Within their control group, there were 292 females and 134 males.
In the experimental group, there were 429 elite white athletes (50 participates in the Olympics) from
14 different sports. In part two of their experiment, Nan Yang and her colleagues hypothesized that
due to the localization of ACTN3 in fast muscle fibers, the deficiency would reduce the performance
in sprint/power events which would mean that the ACTN3 gene would be less frequent within the
elite sprint athletes genes. In order to test this hypothesis out, Yang analyzed genotypes from 107
elite athletes (72 male and 35 female) in a cohort blind study in which the athletes participated in
sprint/power

Athletic Performance Analysis
Throughout the course of Athletic Performance II my main purpose was to become a stronger and
more explosive athlete on the soccer field. By taking this class I have definitely met and exceeded
my purpose for being in this class. My short term fitness goals at the start of the semester were to
achieve a 34 inch vertical jump, get a 8'7" standing long jump, and improve my back squat max by
15lbs. In order to reach these goals I was going to show up to class every day ready to go, focus on
good technique for lifts, and make sure I'm not skipping any lift, set, or rep. This meant every day I
needed to show up to class on time with my goals in the back of my head. No matter how bad it
hurt, or how tired I was, I had to keep telling myself to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These activities included Performance Testing, Lifting Workouts, Activity Days, Plyometric
Workouts, Agility and Speed Workouts. I thought there was a solid base of performance testing that
we completed during the course. Max bench, squat, and clean. 40 yd dash, 20yd dash, Pro Agility,
vertical jump, SL Jump, and sit and reach. This solid base gave us an idea of what areas were our
strengths and what areas we would like to improve in. The Lifting Workouts were good and I liked
that we lifted on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. This gave us a days break for our bodies to
strengthen and recover. The best day of class always fell on a Thursday. Thursday is razzle dazzle
day which I'm pretty sure everyone in the class including me looks forward too. During Tuesday's I
thought we always had a good plyometric workout, hip, or speed workout. Whether it was jumping
rope, going over and under hurtles, or working on explosiveness on the railing we were always
doing something to improve our strength. The one area I feel we could have done more work in was
speed workouts. Other than doing explosive knee drives at the railing, I cannot recall us doing any
quick explosive sprint workouts. This is one area I feel we could have done a little more work

Athletic Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports
Athletes from all over the world use athletic performance enhancing drugs to boost their
performance for various reasons. The highest level of sports, the Olympic Games, is the pinnacle for
athletes around the world, so the prospect of winning a medal at the games can inspire cheating.
Virtually every athlete's dream is to become an Olympic gold medalist so doping surrounds the
Olympic Games. Olympic sports go further than the measure of athletic brilliance and dominance.
Sports on a global spectrum are about more than winning trophies and medals; they are an important
part of social culture and they enhance our everyday lives. The present–day global sports industry is
worth several hundred billion, so it makes up a huge part of global civilization ... Show more
Many scholars are certain that the decision to dope comes from an internal battle between the desire
to win and the ethical decision to stay true to the rules of good, clean sport. Most athletes let their
desire for glory outweigh their moral obligations. To those athletes, doping is determined by
individual mental factors. Other athletes dope for reasons such as quicker recovery, pain
management, career longevity, and so on. According to the article, why we should allow
performance enhancing drugs in sport, the author Julian Savulescu explains how doping is now an
everyday part of sports due to the rise of risks and recompenses in Olympic sports. Savulescu
expounds, "Elite athletes can earn tens of millions of dollars every year from prize money alone,
and millions more in endorsements" (Savulescu 2004). With the temptation of success growing, and
the consequences of cheating being miniscule, it is understandable why doping is

Understudy: The Correlation Between Sports And Athletic...
Sports–drove education projects may resemble a "carrot and stick" rewards model, yet they could be
critical to raising educational fulfilment (Stock, 2014). Physical activity could be the difference
between achieving a C or B grade (Paton, 2013). This essay will discuss whether participation in
sports positively affects understudy's scholastic execution. In a request to better comprehend the
potential connection between games group support and scholarly results, it is imperative to
investigate contemplates on an assortment of various subjects. These incorporate research on
physical action and mental health, exercise and academic accomplishment, physical training inside
schools, and sports team participation, and if financial background matters when it comes to sport
and education correlation. Furthermore, this essay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is additionally entrenched that this relationship is not specifically causal and is, actually,
happy upon various social components or factors including social foundation, sort and power of
games investment, and how brandishing exercises are contextualized and associated with scholastic
dispositions and exercises. "Correlation, in short, does not necessarily indicate causation" declared
(Hartmann, 2008).
In conclusion, the connection between athletic participation and the academic fruitful result is not,
generally, a direct casual one. It can, truth be told, shift significantly relying on the sort of game, the
level of participation, the foundation of the student included, school qualities, and the connection
between the athletic program and the scholastic educational programs states Hartmann (2008). To be
sure, for a few gatherings under specific conditions such as those living in poverty, sports
involvement can be inconvenient working as a hazard consider for scholastic execution or substance

Will Hydrating Before Exercise Really Improve Athletic...
Introduction Athletes everyone always hear "you have to stay hydrated: make sure you drink plenty
of fluids", etc., but what does that actually mean, and what does it do to improve athletic
performance. Our bodies require adequate amounts of water in order to survive because water
regulates our body's temperature, transports nutrients, and circulates blood throughout our entire
bodies. If our bodies loose too much water we become dehydrated. During exercise, our bodies
sweat out a lot of the water in our bodies. Too much water loss can lead to dehydration, which can
potentially decrease the athletic performance, physically and mentally and lead to serious injury and
illness (1). Will hydrating before exercise really improve athletic performance? Discussion
Hydration is very important and plays a major role in athletic performance, both the physical and
mental (4). In order to function at peak performance our bodies must have sufficient amounts of
water in order to work properly. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person becomes dehydrated when the fluid loss in their body exceeds two percent of that person's
body weight (2). Even the lowest level of dehydration can have major effects on athletic
performance; a loss of just two percent body loss can lead to a reduction in performance by ten to
twenty percent (6). Dehydration greater then three percent of body weight extremely disturbs
physiological function, and increases that risk for heat related illness (1). If you are going to let your
body become dehydrated while working out, there will be more harm then good that comes from it,
and it would defeat the purpose of working out in the first place. Dehydration impairs training
quality and also increases stress levels in that individual

The Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic...
The Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance An Ergogenic aid is known as
an enhancing quality in sporting performance. Compounds such as bee pollen, caffeine, glycine,
carnitine, lecithin, and gelatin are claimed through anecdotal evidence to improve strength or
endurance. The use of drugs and other substances has persisted for nearly a century. Ergogenic aids
are used to improve an athlete's performance in as many ways as possible. This includes: §
Physiological aids § Nutritional aids § Mechanical aids § ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Last but not least the Psychological aids improve mental strength to cope with stress of competing
or winning etc. All these different substances come in foods, powders, pills etc and are said to
provide athletes with a stronger and overall better performance. There are many out comes from
different drugs such as increase of muscle mass and strength, weight loss, faster recovery, prolonged
endurance but also illnesses, sport bans etc. There are many different athletes who use these wide
ranges of supplements. They vary from swimmers, body builders, triathletes, footballers, weight
lifters, runners, surfers, gymnasts, snooker players and many more. The supplements are used for
many reasons such as to decrease heart rate and speed, to increase concentration, strength etc.
Nutritional aids mainly aim to increase muscle tissue, energy and muscle energy stores. Nutritional
sports Ergogenic are used to boost physical power and some to improve mental strength.
Pharmacological aids are considered to do the same job as the hormones or neurotransmitter
substances that are created and found in the body. Pharmacological aids improve physical power by
affecting various metabolic processes related with sport success. An example of this is
amphetamines which may imitate the effects of epinephrine hormone secreted naturally during work
outs that enhances physiological processes involved

Does Caffeine Improve Athletic Performance?
Anyone who has ever been involved in an endurance competition like running, swimming, doing a
triathlon or any other kind of endurance exercise knows generally how it goes. It starts out generally
easy, gradually progressing and becoming more and more grueling through each rep or interval.
Soon enough, shortness of breath, muscle fatigue, and a sense of exhaustion sets in. At this point,
some throw in the towel and stop while others gut it out and fight the ever–intensifying fatigue.
This, for the most part, is what separates the elites from the mediocre, but how is it that some can
overcome this painful sensation while others crumble at the thought of it. The answer is the mind.
The most common misconception with endurance sports is that ... Show more content on
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According to the model, the best way to improve performance would be to increase motivation and
decrease perception of effort. Increasing motivation is as simple as it sounds and varies from athlete
to athlete, but decreasing perception of effort is much more scientific. The term used to describe
ways to decrease perception of effort is coping (Fitzgerald 11). Coping is simply finding ways to
cope or get through the stress and fatigue endurance exercise puts on your body. Any successful
endurance athlete has developed advanced coping strategies whether they know it or not. The reason
the mind and these strategies are so important in endurance competitions is because the mind serves
primarily to cope to allow the muscles to perform. While all athletes utilize this strategy, there are
various forms and possibilities an athlete can employ. As an endurance athlete, one of the strategies
I use to cope is distracting myself from what I'm doing by thinking about strategy in a race rather
than thinking about how it feels or how much it

Demonstrating the False Association of Lactic Acid and...
Does lactic acid cause muscle fatigue? Demonstrating the false association of lactic acid and
impeded athletic performance Almost everyone who has pursued a sport with any seriousness has
experienced muscle fatigue and the most commonly–cited culprit is lactic acid. However, viewing
lactic acid as the metabolic 'bad guy' of athletics is fundamentally in error. In fact, "lactic acid is
actually a fuel, not a caustic waste product. Muscles make it deliberately, producing it from glucose,
and they burn it to obtain energy. The reason trained athletes can perform so hard and so long is
because their intense training causes their muscles to adapt so they more readily and efficiently
absorb lactic acid. The understanding now is that muscle cells convert glucose or glycogen to lactic
acid. The lactic acid is taken up and used as a fuel by mitochondria, the energy factories in muscle
cells" (Kolata 2006). What was long assumed to be harmful to athletic performance is in fact vitally
necessary for sustained effort by the athlete. The reason that trained athletes may have less lactic
acid and lower rates of fatigue than untrained athletes is that their bodies have learned to absorb the
acid and use it as fuel more productively, not that their bodies produce less lactic acid. The presence
of lactic acid is thus was mistakenly associated with fatigue because its existence was associated
with exercise. Yet it is part of recovery, not an inhibitory mechanism. "Evidence suggesting

The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic Performance
The purpose of the literature review was to determined the effects of athletic participation on
academic performance and if there were differences between the male and female athletes of the
Mennonite High School. In order to determine whether participating in sporting events have an
impact on the student's academic performance, the researcher collected existing data during the
sport season period, there the participants' assessment grades (AG) were calculated. These scores
were compared with the immediate post season average to see whether there was a significant
difference between the scores received during and after participating in their various sporting
activities. There were studies done that found that the participation of student athletes may not only
have positive effects on their academic achievement but there may also be positive effects in other
areas of their adolescent life. According to the National Federation of State High School Association
(NFHS), students who became involved in sports or extracurricular activities promote lifelong
lessons in teamwork, self–discipline; facilitate the emotional development of the youths. The
National Federation of State High School uses several sources to support their claim that students
who participate in activity programmes have better academic averages, better attendance records, a
lower dropout rate and fewer discipline problems (NFHS, 2002, p.2). March (1992) found that
students who participate in extracurricular

Improving Athletic Performance
Competitive and recreational athletes typically use preparatory exercises such as warm–up and
stretching to prepare the body for vigorous physical activity (Worrell, Smith, & Winegarden, 1995).
For many years, stretching before athletic competition has been recommended to prepare the athlete
for the event (Unick, Kieffer, Cheesman, & Freeney, 2005), and stretching has traditionally been
considered as an essential component of warm–up routines to prepare muscles for activity, enhance
performance, and prevent injuries (Gleim & McHugh, 1997; Marek et al., 2005; Schilling, 2000).
The use of stretching as part of warm–up routines comes from the belief that stretching will aid in
athletic performance and help prevent injury as well as decrease muscle stiffness, increase range of
motion, alleviate pain (Schilling & Stone, 2000; Unick, Kieffer, Cheesman, & Freeney, 2005).
Recently, many studies have been conducted to determine which types of stretching such as static–
stretching or dynamic–stretching, is better for improving strength, speed, power and force
production, as well as whether the stretching prior to athletic competition would have an effect on
the performance (Church, Wiggins, & Crist, 2001; Fletcher & Jones, 2004; Unick, Kieffer,
Cheesman, & Freeney, 2005). Recent studies have indicated certain types of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, most of the studies only examined the effects of long static–stretching (consisting of 3 to
4 repetitions of 20– to 30–second static–stretching holds on each muscle group) on power output
performance. Limited studies have looked at the acute effects of short static–stretching, which is
more commonly used by athletes. To my knowledge, this would be one of the very few studies to
determine whether the short static–stretching (1 set of either 10 or 30 seconds of static–stretching)
has an acute effect on vertical jump

The Effects of Gatorade on Athletic Performance
When athletes are training or competing, it is apparent that they sometimes benefit by consuming
various drinks that contain water, carbohydrate and electrolytes. This can assist and improve an
athlete's performance, and it may reduce physiological stress on an athlete's cardiovascular, central
nervous and muscular systems. During endurance events Gatorade is an effective drink to have in
order for the athlete to sustain their maximum energy throughout the competition. Gatorade has
been proven to reduce the risk of hyponatraemia, improve endurance performance if consumed
during training or competition and it allows fast release of fluid to the tissue as well as rapid fluid
absorption.
Hyponatraemia is a disorder in fluid–electrolyte stability that results in an unusual low plasma
sodium concentration. A continuous decrease in plasma sodium concentration upsets the osmotic
balance across the blood–brain barrier, ensuing in an direct entry of water into the brain. This causes
brain swelling and a flow of gradually more severe neurological responses such as confusion,
seizure, coma which can result in death from break of the brainstem. The faster and lower the blood
sodium falls, the greater the risk of life–threatening consequences. (Eichner, 2003). Athletes who
drink too much water before and during exercise (high endurance) in warm and humid weather are
at a higher risk of developing hyponatraemia. In addition, bigger athletes are not resistant to
hyponatraemia but smaller

Effects Of Oral On Athletic Performance And Health
The Effect of Oral ATP Supplements on Athletic Performance and Health
Abstract
During the past 20 years, the nutritional supplement creatine monohydrate has continuously gained
popularity and recognition as a successful nutritional strategy to gain muscle mass and strength.
Countless studies have been conducted to observe the effects of creatine supplementation on
physical performance of individuals, along with its effect on the health of the tested individuals.
These studies have found that creatine supplementation does indeed have a beneficial effect on
physical performance by increasing strength and muscle mass, while not providing any serious
health concerns to those who consume it.
Literature Review
Over the past 20 years, the nutritional supplement creatine monohydrate has been gaining immense
popularity, with documented sales from $50 million in 1996 (Bamberger, 1998) to over $400 million
during 2001 (Metzl et al., 2001). Creatine supplementation first started to gain popularity after
Olympic athletes from the Barcelona Olympic Games believed that their performance had benefited
from taking creatine supplements (Anderson, 1993). Since then, creatine has become one of the
most widely utilized nutritional supplements worldwide (Williams et al., 1999). A reason for this
may be that creatine is not banned by the National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) or the
International Olympic Committee. However, NCAA coaches are not allowed to provide creatine for
their

The Positive Impacts Of Athletic Participation And...
Just as studies at the collegiate level have found athletic participation to be both positive and
negatively related to academic performance, the same came be seen at the high school level.
However, in some of the early studies athletic participation was not seen to have an impact on
academic achievement (Lumpkin & Favor, 2012). Hauser and Lueptow (1978) found in their study
of 852 senior males that graduated in 1972, from five moderately large Midwestern city high
schools, that their results were in–line with the results of the 1973, Lueptow and Kayser (as cited in
Hauser and Lueptow, 1978) study that they replicated, "do not support a casual interpretation of the
relationship between athletic involvement and academic achievement." (Hauser & Lueptow, 1978,
p. 308). Alternatively, that athletic participation was not the underlining reason, but the initial
dissimilarities in academic achievement between athletes and non–athletes. Marsh (1993) in his
study found a similar lack of effects for athletic participation on school grades. However, he did find
participation in athletics during the last two years of high school had a statistically significant
positive impact for 14 of 22 senior and post high school outcomes and no apparent negative effects.
There do seem to be more studies that find either a negative impact (Beem, 2006; Cook, 2003;
Gehring, 2004; Goldman 1991; Klein, 2011) or positive impact (Burnett, 2000; Fejgin, 1994;
Lumpkin & Favor, 2012; White 2005; Whitely,

Creatine And Athletic Performance
Abstract
As a physician and a healthcare provider I have not only a lawful but also an ethical obligation to
provide adequate medical and preventive care to my patients. If there are any available resources
outside of usual scope of curative and preventative medicine it is my duty to provide and suggest
any and all ideas. The proposed hypothesis of this paper is dietary supplements such as creatine
improve athletic performance, strength and endurance when incorporated with a strict regimen of
proper diet and exercise. This hypothesis was tested by the meticulous analysis and comparison of
several related recently published (no earlier than 10 years)journal articles all providing concrete
data and evidence in support and opposition of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study population seems to cause controversial results. The more athletic/leaner the individual (
professional athletes) the faster rate of your results than your everyday individual who eats healthy
and works out at least 3 times a week. Creatine supplementation seems to slope quickly initially and
then gradually peak (Bemben et al,2005). For instance in a creatine supplementation study of
collegiate football players versus red– shirt collegiate football players, the creatine supplemented
red shirt collegiate football players had significant greater improvements in strength and anaerobic
power in comparison to the placebo and control group (Bemben et al,2005). The collegiate football
players who were active also showed significant strength increases but not at the proportion of red–
shirted collegiate athletes (Bemben et al,2005). The obvious discrepancy can be linked to that
college experience of both groups (Bemben et al,2005) or the possibility that the red–shirt collegiate
athletes had no prior creatine use (the study reported no usage for at least 4 weeks). Another factor
to take into consideration can be the dosage of creatine supplementation especially for football
players who have such a large body mass (Bemben et

The Athletic Performance Of One Athlete Essay
Understanding how and why the athletic performance of one athlete might be better than another
athlete during a sprinting event but, alternatively, worse during an endurance event is multifaceted.
Factors such as body composition, muscle characteristics, energy availability, substrate utilization,
exercise demands, and prior training all play an important role in an individuals' ability to
participate in a specific physical activity. Take for example two athletes, Runs Like a Deer (RLD)
and Slow Turtle (ST), running in the New York City Marathon. Although both athletes will be
running on the same day under the same environmental conditions their physiological make–up,
their ability to access and breakdown energy substrate utilization, and the way in which both
athletes trained prior to the race will alter how both RLD and ST will handle the stress of a 26.2–
mile run.
The following paper, which will explore why these two marathon runners can be expected to
experience the New York City Marathon in two completely different ways, will compare and
contrast how the above factors impact the athletic performance of both athletes. In order to clearly
compare and contrast the underlying causes of why RLD and ST will perform differently during the
marathon this paper will (1) outline the different metabolic pathways used during physical activity
for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, (2) discuss the relationship between athletic
performance, muscle characteristics and athletic

Kinesiology And Athletic Performance Analysis
In American culture being an athlete or a coach is a major aspect of many lives. What is even more
important than being an athlete or a coach is having a winning record. To achieve those winning
records, coaches tend to focus on the athletic performance aspect of kinesiology and not realize the
athlete is not the only factor when it comes to their athletic performance. Some of these factors
include coaching which can break down into the task/ mastery environment which are good for
athletes and ego environments which is typically more hostile, motivation which can either be
intrinsic or extrinsic, and anxiety which often comes with coping techniques. If the coach can
understand all aspects of kinesiology the relationship between the coach and ... Show more content
State anxiety occurs during competition and decreases performances but interventions can decrease
cognitive and somatic anxiety (Prapavessis, Grove, McNair, & Cable). Athletes can also attain
anxiety when they do not see their coaches as competent. For example, if a coach were to tell a
soccer athlete to do this and then they get hurt they would not trust them and be anxious doing any
other directions (Myers, Beauchamp, & Chase, 2011). Since coaches are able to reduce an athlete's
anxiety then, coaches have the ability to create a positive atmosphere and in this study student–
athletes had an overall positive view of their coaches' ability to develop autonomy–supportive team
climates (Noble & Forester, 2016). According to researcher's anxiety may be a predisposition but
state anxiety is heavily influenced by the motivational climate, more specifically ego environments
athletes reported increases in anxiety over the season (Smith, Smoll, & Cumming, 2007). When
athletes enter state anxiety many have coping methods, and PPR may influence performance
through lowering the athlete's anxiety (Hazell, Cotterill, & Hill, 2014) or even self–talk (Miles &
Neil, 2013), but the success of using these techniques would depend on the situation. However,
some research suggests that regardless of competition (good or bad) and sport (long duration/short
duration) athletes reported an equal number of experiences and implemented coping strategies
(Nieuwenhuys, Vos, Pijpstra, & Bakker, 2011). With this conflicting research on how it effects
athletes, there is research that states giving athletes CSAI–2 or sports oriented questionnaires can
help both parties understand each other (Hall & Kerr,

Creatine 's Performance Enhancing Athletic Performance
Carter Eckhardt
CP Eng IV 2nd hr.
February 24, 2016
Muscle Candy If you ever wandered through a pharmacy, you may have seen muscular
bodybuilders checking out creatine (Cr) supplements. Many athletes consume this supplement to
build strength and enhance athletic performance, especially towards physical efforts requiring
energy bursts. Since English Olympians initially brought attention to creatine 's performance–
enhancing benefits at the 1992 Barcelona Games, creatine 's popularity has skyrocketed. Its
effectiveness is supported by numerous scientific studies, including those suggesting benefits for
people with physical disabilities. The supplementation of Cr is proven in studies to enhance athletic
performance, although more studies have shown how Cr will boost the strength of the physically
and mentally disabled with limited side effects. Creatine, a nitrogenous carboxylic acid, is produced
internally in vertebrates or consumed from exogenous sources such as fish or red meat. Cr is
synthesized in a two–step process from three amino acids: arginine, glycine and methionine. Cr
synthesis begins in the kidney and pancreas from arginine and glycine. According to Qasim and
Mahmood, (2015), almost 90–95% of the total Cr in the human body is stored in the skeletal
muscles which take up Cr against a concentration gradient with the aid of the sodium–dependent Cr
transporter–1. Cr is stored mainly in the skeleton system, but also in muscle fibers, brain
neurological system,

Athletic Training On Muscle Strengthening Improves The...
Athletic Training in Muscle–Strengthening improves the Performances in an athlete. Strengthing
your bones, joints, and muscle will help you keep your body moving and supported for a long
time.What is strength? Strength is the ability to give muscle force. What is muscle? Muscle is a
tissue in human body which has the ability to perform movements in part of the body. Facts about
Muscle–Strengthining is you don 't provide yourself with enough rest or nutrition, you can put your
body into risk of damaging it. There are three ways you can help you muscle to grow so it can
become strong; muscle tension, muscle damage, and muscle stress. The are three ways that will
make your muscle grow become strong; muscle tension, muscle damage, and muscle ... Show more
If you do not provide your body with adequate rest or nutrition, you can actually reverse the
anabolic process and put your body into a catabolic or destructive state.
There are 650 skeletal muscle in human body. Skeletal Muscle composed of a thread like
myofibrils{threadlike longitudinal} and sarcomeres{basic unit of a muscle} that forms muscle fiber
and are the basic unit of contraction. Motor Neurons are nerve cell. They tell you when your muscle
are getting stronger, the better you become at strengthening your muscle the stronger you will get.
This is involved in the growth of a muscle and disrupts homeostasis within your body. Your body
repairs and replaces damaged muscle where muscle fibers to form new muscle protein strands.
When muscle growth to occur you must force your muscles to adapt by creating stress that is
different than your body has already adapted to. This is can be done by lifting heavier weights,
continually changing your exercises so that you can damage more total muscle fibers and pushing
your muscles to fatigue while getting a the pump.
Different people have different genetics, which range from hormonal output, muscle fiber type and
number, along with satellite cell activation. That can all limit muscle growth. To know if your doing
your best to grow muscle, muscle protein must exceed. You have to breakdown muscle protein. This
requires that you take in an source of protein like essential amino acids and

Lisa Flemming's Athletic Performance: A Case Study
Lisa Flemming is preparing for an Olympic biathlon and has consulted with a sport psychology
consultant (SPC) because she would like to increase her athletic output. The biathlon is an unusual
sport that combines cross–country skiing and rifle shooting. This particular sport requires
tremendous physical exertion while skiing, and then involves relaxation and composure during the
rifle–shooting portion of the competition. Flemming has never worked with an SPC before and is
interested in trying some very general intervention programs to see if there is any affect on her
athletic performance. Stress, anxiety, loss of focus, and mood fluctuations has all been shown to
decrease and hamper optimal player performance (Ashnel, 2013). Therefor, interventions that
reduce or eliminate these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While occasional consumption of unhealthy foods is not seen as a problem, frequent or daily
consumption of an unbalanced diet consisting of things like high–sugar foods and stimulants (such
as coffee and nicotine products) have been shown to impair physical, cognitive, and emotional
abilities (Chaniotis, Soultatou, Artemiadis, Papadimitriou, and Darviri. 2013). Impairing these
psychological and physiological abilities will almost certainly have a negative impact on athletic
output. It would be suggested that Flemming analyzed her diet and made changes that she could
implement consistently as part of an athletic routine. Koehn (2013) found that anxiety and stress
inhibited the chances of an athlete achieving flow–state. The recommended dietary changes could
improve her psychological advantage by reducing stress and anxiety levels, improving physical
well–being, and stabilize moods. Optimizing moods, focus, and lowing stress and anxiety could
help Flemming reach flow–state and attain peak athletic performance (Chaniotis, Soultatou,
Artemiadis, Papadimitriou, and Darviri.

Spelman College Athletic Performance Analysis
In 2005, Spelman College, a private historically Black college (HBCU) in Atlanta, GA exclusively
for women were admitted full membership into the NCAA as a division III school under the Great
South Atlantic Conference (GSAC) (Spelman College Athletics). During Spelman's tenure with
athletics, the school provided 7 varsity teams. These 7 sports included basketball, cross–country,
golf, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball. However, in 2012, Spelman College's then president,
Dr. Beverly Tatum, announced that the college would end it tenure with athletics and focus on
bringing wellness to the entire college community rather than just to a select few of its students.
Therefore, at the end of the 2012 athletic season, Spelman College parted ... Show more content on
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Each team compromised of rosters that ranged from 8 for cross–country to a larger roster of 16 for
soccer and softball. However, with all 7 sports, the total number of young women who made up the
entire athletic department was 80–plus students (Spelman College Athletics). Even though sports
such as tennis were highly successful and accomplished at the college, Dr. Tatum saw that the
funding of the athletic was a detriment to the school rather than an added bonus for increasing
revenue or attracting students. Therefore, Dr. Tatum decided to make a decision that would not just
benefit a few athletes on campus, but the entire 2,100 students and faculty that make up the Spelman
College community. In an online magazine, Clutch, journalist Demetria Irwin wrote in a 2013
article, " Spelman College announced its decision to abandon its 80–student, $900,000 athletics
department (out of a $100 million total budget) in favor of using that money for health and fitness
programs for the entire student population" (Irwin, 2013). Even though the decision was met with
controversy from student–athletes who had to abandon their sports, the majority of the college and
its alumnae welcomed the change to improve and increase the health of all students at Spelman
(ESPN,

The Effects Of Religion On Athletic Performance
Introduction
Many athletes are superstitious, or go through the same series of progressions or habits before
competition, because they believe it gives them luck or a better chance to perform optimally. Some
of these habits, may include praying. The act of praying is a way for an athlete to think they can
attain an edge, so they can compete better. During my time as an intern with Fordham Athletics, I
was given many opportunities to spend time with athletes from a variety of sports. My interactions
with these athletes, as well as my own experience as a college athlete who prayed before
competitions, triggered my interest in the relationship between prayer, and athletic performance.
Does prayer before competition affect the overall performance of an athlete? In this paper I will
examine the effects of religion and prayer on an athlete going into competition, as well as how it
affects an athlete's overall performance.
Literature Review
There has been scarce documentation covering the effects of religion on athletic performance. Up
until two decades ago, articles and research consisted largely of people saying an athletes' religious
beliefs had no effect on their overall performance. We have all heard questions asking if it's
necessary for a player to thank God after hitting a homerun, or taking a knee before the game and
praying. These articles were mostly based on the opinion of the author, and not backed by empirical
data. More recent research on this topic, includes a

Muscle Fatigue And Athletic Performance
Not only is muscle fatigue and muscle recovery affected there are many other physiological factors
that are affected as well. These physiological factors play a major role in athletic training and must
be maintained if athletic performance is expected to stay at a high level. A few of these factors are
VO2 max, maximal heart rate, stroke volume, economy of movement, and aerobic enzyme activity.
(Reaburn) Many of these elements play a smaller role in accounting for and culminating to another
one. An example of this would be how stroke volume, muscle mass, and aerobic enzyme activity
play a major role in the process of VO2 max. When you observe a decrease in all of these things you
will see that there will be a major decrease in the athlete's

Athletic Performance Observation
While trying to figure out the topic of which I wanted to argue about, I couldn't help but gravitate
towards a topic that dealt with nutrition. I finally settled on the topic of, "The Importance of
Nutrition and Athletic performance. I immediately was very interested in this topic because I could
relate so well to it, being a nutrition major and a college athlete, and I had so many ideas on
different sources of research. However, one day in class we read allowed our topics and our peers
were allowed to comment and throw out different ideas or opinions. When I read mine, there were
two girls who played soccer who shot my idea down and made the argument that every athlete is
different and has different eating rituals before a game or performance

Summary: The Influence Of Music On Athletic Performance
Music plays a central role in the everyday life of people all over the country. Research has proved
that music can have a positive and negative affect on arousal regulation, motivation and moods
(Sorenson, 2008). Research has also proven that music can have a great influence on athletic
performance. Relating to physical performance, music can allow athletes or those working out to
disconnect from the thoughts or feelings of tiredness, fatigue, and over exerted energy.
While engaging in music, the attention is changed and strayed which can allow one to focus less on
the physical activity that they are performing or the tiredness they are experiencing, and focus more
on accomplishing their mission, goal, or deadline. The thought of music therapy during physical
activity is almost the same as the cognitive strategy of dissociation. The strategy of cognitive
dissociation also allows and encourages a positive mood and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the type of music, the affects on someone's mood can vary or change. There are about
14 different music genres that affect moods and attitudes according to (How Types of Music Genres
Can Affect Your Mood, 2014). First, "Blues" music is good to listen to if an individual is feeling a
little anxious or nervous. The rhythm of the "Blues" music is beneficial in slowing the heart rate.
"Blues" music is also claiming and allows the body to calm down which is a direct affect of slowing
down the heart rate. The next type of music genre is "Rock" and "Punk". "Rock" and "Punk" is
known as an energetic style of music. As a result of having such high energy, this type of music can
increase mood levels when allowed by the individual. This music also has the element to give
adrenaline and boost energy levels. It has been said that "Reggae" music is based on the natural
rhythm of the human heart rate when it's at rest. "Reggae" can be very beneficial in helping anger
management

Sports Drinks and Athletic Performance Essay
Since the creation of Gatorade in 1987 sports drinks have become a staple of American athletics.
Every major sports league, including the NBA, NHL, MLB, NFL and NASCAR, are sponsored by
and use Gatorade Thirst Quencher. All Sport and Powerade, two other smaller market sports drinks,
have limited sponsorships of smaller sports leagues including the NCAA. The question is, how
effective is Gatorade and other sports drinks in doing what it they're advertised to do? One has to
wonder if the wide use of Gatorade is merely due to billions of dollars of advertising pumped in by
the company or if it actually does provide some benefits to athletes. The majority of the internet
research to determine the effectiveness of sports drinks will center ... Show more content on
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Gatorade:How it Works
According to the official Gatorade web site there are four main ways in which Gatorade helps
improve athletic performance and keeps our bodies functioning normally even under conditions of
extreme physical exertion. First of all several of it ingredients stimulate rapid fluid absorption.
Secondly it assures rapid rehydration which allows us to maintain physiological function and
prevents dehydration. Third, the carbohydrates in Gatorade provide energy to working muscles.
Finally it encourages you to drink more fluid. All the assertions made by Gatorade make sense but
the question still remains about the overall effectiveness of Gatorade and other sports drinks. We
will now take a closer look at the four major ways Gatorade is suppose to work and how it is
suppose to help our athletic performance and general homeostasis.
Rapid Fluid Absorption. Rapid fluid absorption is important during strenuous athletic activity in
order to avoid dehydration. According to Gatorade, research has shown that the 6% carbohydrate
level and presence of salt found in their beverage is optimal for rapid fluid absorption. They also
claim that as the carbohydrate level gets higher than 7% absorption is slowed and therefore fruit
juices and some sports drinks aren't recommended during exercise.
Assures Rapid Rehydration. In this case consuming a "properly formulated

Predicting Athletic Performance Using The Five Factor...
The article, Predicting athletic performance using the five factor model of personality by Ralph L.
Piedmont, David C. Hill, Susana Blanco seeks to address how the five factor model of personality
when utilized, is a suitable predictor of athletic performance and how it is can assist in gaining an
insight and understanding of the competitive nature within athletes, to show if there was a
correlation between personality traits within different competitive sport. There have been many
other studies used to evaluate personality within sport such as Cooper's study (1969) that concluded
that those that are more athletic in a competition sense are inclined to be socially confidence,
aggressive and have an increased motivation to achieve. (Piedmont, R., Hill, D., & Blanco, S. 769–
777, 1997). Therefore the authors aim was to utlise several testing method to gain a greater insight
to there questions and compliment other studies findings or determine different things. The five
factor model constructed by McCrae and John, 1992 is a scale based self and peer rated scale on 5
traits, these being Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.
Each personality trait has several other correlating traits which contribute assist in determining
personality within competition. Examples of results of low neuroticism correlate with high self
confidence and low anxiety. High conscientiousness and extraversion are greatly link with an
increase of competiveness and

How Nutrition Is Important And Can Enhance Athletic...
It is well known that nutrition is very important and can enhance athletic performance. Although
college athletes require training and skills, they also require a quality diet. Athletes who eat healthy
and consume an adequate diet perform better than those who eat poorly. However, many athletes do
not know how important nutrition is, how much is required, and how it can affect their overall
health and physical output. They often are told the wrong things or have their own conceptions of
what is healthy and what is not (Webber; 2015). In order to make the healthiest food choices and
perform at their best, it is the coaches, strength and conditioning staff, and athletic trainers jobs to
properly inform therequiem.
Coaches play a major role in influencing nutritional habits. In many sports, the coaches have a
tendency of being less concerned about the overall health of an athlete and more concerned about
their physical appearance. Although size plays a major role in many sports, it is more important for
these athletes to have adequate nutrition in order to perform well (Webber; 2015). As a coach, it is
very important that your athletes understand the importance of nutrition and how to properly take
care of their bodies. Nutrition can affect their performance and can inevitably cause life–long health
issues. There are easy ways to inform athletes on what is important and what is expected of them.
Although everyone will not follow the recommended guidelines and every athlete is

The Effects Of Anxiety On Athletic Performance
Abstract
The following articles will examine the relationship, if any of anxiety on athletic performance. The
first study published by (Robazza, Pellizzari, Bertollo, and Hanin, (2008) discusses the impact of
emotions on athletic performance utilizing the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)
model. Since this area of study is generally focused around this model, a majority of this paper will
be based off of this article. The following articles are similar, but incorporate biofeedback,
neurofeedback, and heart rate variability into their research. The major research question that will be
addressed is the relationship between anxiety and athletic performance. The purpose of this literary
review was to analyze the mentally demanding aspect of athletic performance to assist in helping
them achieve their optimal performance. The following articles will assess this relationship in both a
cognitive–behavioral perspective as well as a psychoanalytic perspective.
Generalization of the Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance ... Show more content on
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This topic is important to the field of Sports Psychology because there is limited research on the
topic. Being able to understand the physiological effects on athletes is beneficial to assist athletes of
all levels in performing at their highest potential. Though there is limited research in relation to this
topic, articles from 2008 to 2014 discuss the importance and explanation of understanding emotions
associated with athletic performance. While reviewing these articles, it will be evident that
physiological symptoms can have both negative and positive effects on athletic

Athletic Performance Analysis
Sports were never one of my strongest points. I could barely make it above average in physical
education class so I was perplexed when my housemistress selected me as one of the athletes to
represent my house in the annual inter–house competition. Apparently the house was running low
on athletes and no one was willing to volunteer for the javelin throw. I grudgingly went ahead with
it since there was no way out of the situation: then began the most stressful weeks I had ever
experienced. Since my experience in the sport was non–existent, I had to invest double the effort put
in by the other athletes. Every morning, I woke up at four o'clock to meet the coach while my fellow
mates enjoyed the comfort of their beds. Majority of my time was spent on the school field. After
weeks of seemingly endless training sessions and aching joints, the day assigned for the event was
finally here. The competition was very keen since most of the athletes were adept in the sport. I
watched on as each athlete took her turn and I could not help but envy the speed with which they ran
toward the sector and the finesse they put in their posture as they threw the javelin. Each time an
athlete made the mark, my self–confidence dropped a notch. The previous quietude inside me was
suddenly gone. In its place was an overwhelming feeling of apprehension. I felt a strong urge to
back out and it did not help that there was a little pesky voice in my head that kept on ... Show more
It was rather due to my lack of self confidence and fear of trying things out of my comfort zone.
From the moment I was chosen I mentally prepared myself for failure. Even though I trained hard
and was physically prepared, mentally I was still convinced that I was not going place. This coupled
with my fear of trying new things resulted in my

Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic...
Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic Performance?
The Purpose of Creatine
In our competitive society, being the best is of utmost importance. Athletic performance is no
exception, and athletes are constantly striving to find new ways to train which will help them to
become the best. Many supplements promising results have come and gone, but creatine may
actually be able to deliver improved athletic performance. Many athletes are currently
supplementing their diets with creatine to increase their strength, muscle mass, and weight by
providing their bodies with more available energy, thus reaching new heights in athletic
performance.
What is Creatine and how does it work
Improving Energy Production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(http://www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Usually relying on ATP production for energy is alright except for two problems. The first is that
ATP is produced at a slow rate, too slow to supply the energy needed to run a 200–meter sprint, for
example. The second problem is that ATP production takes a while to get started. As one goes from
rest at the starting line of a race to running at race speed, for example, the traditional method of ATP
production does not begin working at full capacity until a couple of minuets have passed. Another
source of energy is therefore needed to get one through the early moments of a race or workout.
(http://www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Creatine phosphate serves as this other source of energy. CP donates its phosphate to ADP, thus
creating the ATP needed to make muscles work. It has been hypothesized that by increasing the
amount of free Creatine in the diet one could increase the amount of creatine phosphate in skeletal
muscles which would then provide better availability of high energy phosphate for energy
production during muscle contraction. If one were to start running at top speed from a standing start,
creatine phosphate would supply almost all of the necessary energy during the first six seconds of
the run. Http://www.creatine.html#source)
Buffers Lactic–Acid Buildup

Creatine phosphate also acts as a ''buffer'' which helps to combat jumps in muscle acidity during
intense exercise.

Emotional Intelligence and Athletic Performance
According to Salovey and Mayer (1990), "understanding emotions involves comprehension of how
basic emotions are blended to form complex emotions, how emotions are affected by events
surrounding experiences, and whether various emotional reactions are likely in given social settings.
Regulating emotions encompasses the control of emotions in oneself and in others. An individual's
emotional intelligence is an indication of how he or she perceives, understands, and regulates
emotions. In sum, emotional intelligence is a form of intelligence that involves "the ability to
monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this
information to guide one's thinking and actions" (Salovery and Mayer, 1990, ... Show more content
Research has pointed out the importance for us to develop a clear perspective on the theoretical
development of EQ. Moreover, how this theory may or may not overlap with traditional forms of
intelligence and with psychological skills and strategies as they relate to athletic performance.
In the Lane et al. (2010) study, the researchers have explored the findings of how emotional
intelligence is related to emotions experienced before successful and unsuccessful performances and
how certain emotions are correlated with successful performances and poor performances. Previous
research has shown that emotional intelligence is correlated positively with pleasant emotions and
negatively with unpleasant emotions. Further, Lane et al. (2009c) found emotional intelligence
scores correlated with frequent use of psychological skills. Athletes reporting frequent use of
psychological skills (Thomas et al., 1999) also appear to report high scores on the self–report
emotional intelligence scales.
B. Comparison of the purposes posed by the studies
The purpose of the Zizzi et al. (2003) study was to find a relationship between emotional
intelligence and athletic performance in a sample of Division I baseball players. This study explored
the relationships between emotional intelligence and the global measures of baseball performance in
a sample of college baseball players. More specifically, a

Vitamin D and Athletic Performance Essay
Good nutrition and its role in positively affecting athletic performance has become more and more
evident almost daily. Specific macro and micronutrients are better understood as to their specific
functions within the body and from that how they can influence the body's ability to perform while
under duress. An example of such would be the stress of athletic performance. Vitamin D, which is
also referred to as cholecalciferol, is one of the fat soluble vitamins that have been attributed to
influencing athletic performance. However, vitamin D is not as much a "performance enhancing"
nutrient in the sense that when taken in higher amounts it will aid athletic performance, but rather
when in deficient amounts it can hinder athletic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many factors influence how much sunlight exposure individuals receive and thus impact the amount
of Vitamin D that the body can synthesize. Latitude, season of the year, time of day, sunblock,
melanin content of the skin, age, and clothing are a few of these factors. Cannell and associates
describes that individuals who train and/or compete above the 35 degree latitude marker, which is
half of the United States and all of Canada and Europe, do not receive enough sun exposure to
synthesize enough Vitamin D, especially during the fall and winter seasons 2. Others who are at risk
are those who engage in indoor sports or train primarily indoors, such as gymnasts, indoor track and
field athletes, basketball players, and wrestlers to name a few. There is also a surprisingly high
amount of Vitamin D deficiency described in Miami, Florida because of the extensive use of
sunblock 3.
Vitamin D Deficiency The definition of Vitamin D deficiency is changed almost yearly, as the
laboratory levels which determine what is an adequate or inadequate level of vitamin D in the blood
serum are changing as well 2, 4. Recent research studies have determined that ideal levels of
vitamin D are at or above 50 ng·mL–1 from 30 ng·mL–1, which was previously thought to be
adequate levels within the blood. This is problematic for several reasons, but one of the most critical
reasons is that the number of diseases caused at least in part by vitamin D are on the rise and

The Effects Of Alcoholism On Collegiate Athletic Performance
The Negative Effects of Alcoholism on Collegiate Athletic Performance
According to research and statistics, alcohol is the number one drug used by college students. Most
individuals do not label alcohol as a drug due to the way it is consumed, but when considering the
negative side effects that accompany alcohol, the comparison of alcohol to drugs may not be that far
of a stretch. Alcohol can not only be harmful to an individual's external health but also their internal
health as well. Consumption of alcohol over a long period of time may result in negative side effects
to your heart, liver, pancreas, immune system, and ultimately if enough is consumed may result in
cancer. This addicting, yet dangerous drug is best known for its ability ... Show more content on
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On the surface, alcohol may seem harmless and a normal part of the college experience, however
research suggests that alcohol and athleticism do not in fact go hand in hand. Excessive alcohol use
among college students is widely recognized as a serious public health problem in the United States.
A survey was conducted at a large state university in the Northeastern United States and data was
collected on 109 intercollegiate athletes during the competitive season and 119 during the off–
season. Participants were asked to estimate the amount of alcohol consumption levels of 4 different
groups of individuals; closest athlete friend, closest non–athlete friend, typical athlete, and typical
non–athlete. Results of both in–season and off–season indicated that the athletes reported that others
consumed more drinks per week than they did, and insights of these social averages predicted
personal use. Although the typical athlete average emerged as the strongest predictor of personal
alcohol use, the relative strength of the relationships between individual behavior and the athlete
and non–athlete norms varied according to seasonal status.
There are many reasons to expect collegiate athletes to be excluded from the number of college
students who partake in heavy drinking on a regular basis. Athletes are expected to acquire optimal
health and functioning requirements in order to participate in intense training, and also

The Relationship Between Blood Sugar Levels And Athletic...
The Relationship between Blood Sugar Levels and Athletic Performance
Diabetes is when your pancreas is no longer able to produce enough or any insulin. The pancreas is
the organ responsible for creating insulin, a substance that helps control blood sugar levels. When
the pancreas stops working, the body's blood sugar levels increase, and the body goes into a state of
ketoacidosis, which is when the body switches to burning fatty acids. This can lead to confusion,
lethargy, and in severe cases unconsciousness. Diabetics also experience low blood sugars, which is
when the body has too much insulin in its system. This can lead to unresponsiveness, slowed
reaction times, and even seizures. Low blood sugars are generally thought of as any blood glucose
number below 80, and a high blood sugar is thought of as anything over 200. The target blood sugar
is often thought of as 90–120, and is measured in mg/dl. The mg/dl refers to the amount of glucose
that is being carried round the body at one time. Glucose is one of the bodies main sources of
energy, and too much insulin causes the body to not have enough energy, and too little insulin makes
it so that the body cannot process the glucose in the body.
There is two types of diabetes, Type 1, which is an autoimmune disease in which the immune
system attacks the pancreas, causing it to stop insulin production. There is no known trigger for it,
and is often blamed on genetics. Type 2 diabetes is often referred to as Adult

Athletic Performance Appraisals
As a leader or supervisor it is important to have a game plan to keep your team looking their best no
matter what type of field it's in. As we look into the world of athletics and Performance Appraisal
we will be watching a Hiwassee soccer game to pick out a play to test the Performance Appraisal.
The Performance Appraisal is a method used to point out all of their flaws by an outsiders point of
view. This method is supposed to help the player see what he or she needs to work on. This will also
help us see if traditional performance appraisals effective in the field of athletics. Athletic
Performance Appraisals On September 8th, 2016 during our class period we had the opportunity to
watch our men's soccer team while testing out our

Does Diet Affect Athletic Performance?
Does Diet Affect Athletic Performance?
Through supplements, strict eating routines and caloric intake, to juicing and powdered grasses
athletes are constantly varying and trying to better their diets but is it all worth it? Does doing all of
this really change performance or could they just be eating fast food every day and still be the best?
Do processed foods affect athletic performance, is basic nutrition enough, and does diversity really
matter for athletes to be able to exercise their body's full potential.
To answer the first of these questions the term–processed food should be properly defined. The
Food and Drug Administration defines a processed food as "any food other than a raw agricultural
commodity and includes any raw agricultural commodity that has been subject to processing, such
as canning, cooking, freezing, dehydration, or milling." Taking this definition almost every single
food consumed in the United States would be considered a processed food but the focus is more on
the foods from places such as McDonalds or any other fast food restaurants that uses fillers or
additives in the production of their foods.
It is not to say that fast foods should be cut out of a day to day diet completely although that's not to
bad an idea but rather first learn what should be consumed by a regular person and what an athlete's
diet should look like. The average female in the age range of 19–30 should only take in about
2,000–2,200 calories a day while males in the same

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