Why British Columbia Should Continue Gradually Increase...

Why British Columbia Should Continue Gradually Increase...
For the last two decades, the increased use of fossil energy caused the environmental problems. The
evidence of global warming, like drying rivers, extinction of species, melting of glaciers, became
more often around the planet. The climate change became a threat to healthy environment and
prosperity of humanity and wildlife, and the world community started searching for solution to
combat climate change. In 2008 British Columbia introduced carbon tax on greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions to reduce global warming. Starting from $10 per tonne of CO2, the price was increasing
annually till it reached $30 per tonne in 2012. During that period British Columbia was reducing
harmful emissions and improving economy comparing to the rest of Canada. However, since the
price rise on carbon stopped in 2012, no improving changes in cutting emissions, economy, and
overall quality of life have been noticed. In this essay I will persuade that British Columbia should
continue gradually increase price on carbon tax to the level where it will significantly cut the use of
dirty energy, provide enough investments into the green projects, and support low–income families.
The main purpose of the carbon tax is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to
climate change. It would be unreasonable to ignore this environmental problem, because British
Columbia is located in the region which is highly affected by the climate change impacts like
flooding and wildfires. Therefore, B.C. government
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Coca-Cola CSR
Mrs. Betsy Ching
The Coca–Cola Company
I
ERCBA211
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211
Contents
Executive Summary
II
Introduction
1
1. Stakeholders
2
2. Triple Bottom Line
4
2.1 Financial
4

2.2 Social
5
2.3 Environment
6
2.3.1 Energy Efficiency and Climate Protection
6
2.3.2 Sustainable Packaging
6
2.3.3 Recycling
7
3. Corporate Social Responsibility
8
3.1 Ethical CSR
8
3.2 Altruistic CSR
8
3.3 Strategic CSR
9
4. Company's Success
11
Conclusion
13
References

14
Appendices
16
I
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211
Executive Summary
The Coca–Cola Company is the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Coca–Cola
Enterprises, CRS report 13/14, 2013)
Every single stakeholder has different contributions or interests towards the company, for instance:
Shareholders: Most of the shareholders in The Coca–Cola Company are investors who interest to
invest in a long term. It is caused by the company revenue, which in the long term has always been
increasing constantly. Hence, their stock price also increases accordingly to the growth of the
company.
Employees: The Coca–Cola company is a major global power company where the employee
collaboration,
contribution
and
enthusiasm
is
an
essential
environmental factor that maintains and facilitates productivity, growth, and development. Each
employee is responsible for maintaining a work environment that reflects mutual respect, equality
and absolutely no discrimination.
Customers: Coca–Cola distribution and target market is somewhat diverse, but mostly towards
young people and emphasizing densely populated areas. Coca–Cola appears everywhere, from bars,

restaurants, from small to large retailers, from the
2
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211
street to the alley just to mention some.
Communities: Coca–Cola implements and strategically invests in the community, by way of
complement to the nonprofit environmental organizations. For example, one of the activity's goals is
to

Germany 's Production And Consumption Of Biodiesel
In many international countries, Europe is the prime continent that is in lead in the production and
consumption of biodiesel. Because Europe is governed by the European Union, their policy was
rethought due to costs of food supply and carbon dioxide statistics. The "European Union proposed
a 5.75% cap on the fraction of fuel that is biofuel." ("Europe") The policy changed to "ensure
sustainable production and environmental responsibility, provide enhanced trade between EU
member states, and support research and innovation", ("Europe") which are some of the new parts
of the biofuel strategy. These policies are also looking into new taxation directives and biomass
plans. Today, Germany is the top leading country in the production of biodiesel, producing 2,859
millions of liters per year. Germany has made a huge commitment in trying to increase the use of
renewable energy, which Is why they are leading the production of biodiesel. Before this Germany
relied on oil 90% of the time, however now, "Germany government supports biofuel production and
environmental responsibility through the legislations." ("Europe") Germany supports renewable
energy directive started by the EU, and has also started tax incentives for biodiesels, as well as set
obligations for various regions in producing biomass. Since 2015, Germany's legislation "resulted in
a drastic improvement of climate performance of biodiesel production." (Beckman) "Mineral oil
sellers need to now reduce greenhouse gas

Environmental Waste And Its Effects On Carbon Emissions
To get around the issue of these powerful companies being upset from the negative financial impact
from the move to zero carbon, a shift must be made in governmental policy. Perhaps the solution
may not be punishing companies for producing too much pollution, but rewarding companies for
producing much less. In this way, the market for carbon emissions will eventually disappear and
naturally profit–seeking companies will aim to pursue activities, hunt for new strategies, and invest
in infrastructure and equipment that result in lower carbon emissions. Beyond the simple reward
proposition, however, greener policies often result in higher long term profitability for companies
nonetheless. Environmental waste is often the best proxy for identifying and eliminating economic
waste, meaning that many companies are currently increasing their profitability while
simultaneously following a strategy in pursuance of zero carbon emissions. In fact, notoriously
profit–focused companies like Tesco and WalMart have announced their intentions to pursue
environmental action not out of moral motivation, but in clear quests for greater profitability. The
reason for their actions is the simple recognition that environmental and economic interests are often
closely aligned. Nearly 50 separate studies from the Economist Intelligence Unit, Goldman Sachs,
AT Kearney, Deloitte, MIT Sloan, Harvard and others show that companies that commit to
environmentally responsible goals, particularly

The Importance Of A Recent Declaration Of Australia
A recent declaration has been made in June of 2015, by the G&7 nation leaders in favour of
supporting the decarbonisation of the global economy by the end of the turning century. The leaders
of these top 7 industrial countries have put forward the common goal of working towards a zero–
carbon based global economy, which is said to eventually benefit the global society as a whole. The
question brought up in this situation is as stands, how will changing to a decarbonized economy
affect the way the world works and more specifically how it will affect the top fossil fuel producing
countries like Australia who rely heavily on these resources to build a strong economy for their
nation. Australia is one the largest fossil fuel suppliers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a 17–page communiqué, which was issued after the initial summit at Schloss Elmau
under the title of "Think Ahead, Act Together" (Connolly 2015). This was to confirm the G7 leaders
support towards the recommendations placed before them by the IPCC and the UNs' Climate
Change Panel to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 to 70 percent by the year
2050 (given that 2010 was the starting year of the initiative) (Connolly 2015).
Decarbonising the economy will consist of reducing and further along completely removing the use
of carbon and the production of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel based energy sources
(Jeffrey Sachs 2014). This minimizes the release of harmful greenhouse gas emissions into the
environmental biosphere. In the current time there has been three different pillars identified in the
deep decarbonisation scheme (Jotzo & Skarbek 2014). The first of the three being a shift into a
lower carbon based electricity production solution by using a mix of wind, solar, hydro and nuclear
energy predominantly with limited use placed on fossil fuels. The second consists of using
electricity produced from a low–carbon supply to power personal vehicles, buildings and select few
industrial processes. Finally energy efficiency can be maximized through the modification and
improvement of building designs to greatly reduce the need for external energy for basic
requirements such as cooling, heating

The Design Strategy For Energy Efficient Buildings
In the past few decades, climate change has been an essential topic for the global citizens due to the
use of fossil fuel and other pollutions, which contribute an estimated 70% of the world's energy–
related greenhouse gases (Jiang, W., Pitts, A. and Gao, Y., 2016). The design strategy for energy–
efficient buildings is based on climate analysis, the main benchmark to define criteria design, in
order to reduce the usage of non–renewable energy (Boeri, A. & Longo, D.2010). Sustainability can
be defined as: 'the physical development and institutional operating practices that meet the needs of
present users without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,
particularly with regard to use and waste of natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides, visiting different websites for experts' opinions is necessary, in order to make the research
convincing. Buildings and examples in this project will be found in European countries because of
similar climate situation. Also buildings were built in the passing twenty years will be chosen, due
to the variations of revolutionary designs and inventions. This essay discusses the importance of
sustainable architecture in relation to sustainable design, pioneering technology and the relationship
between them. In addition, the effect of sustainable architecture towards society and environment
will be given in order to give an all–rounded research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The SET–plan, which is adopted by European Union (EU) in 2008, is to establish an energy
technology policy for Europe. According to Strategic Energy Technologies Information System
(SETIS), the SET–Plan consists of four goals, accelerating knowledge development, technology
transfer and up–take; maintaining EU industrial leadership on low–carbon energy technologies;
fostering science for transforming energy technologies to achieve the 2020 Energy and Climate
Change goals; contributing to the worldwide transition to a low carbon economy by 2050. (SETIS,
2016) Especially by the time of 2020, the EU is on track to reach its 20–20–20 goals of a 20%
reduction of CO2 emissions, a 20% share of energy from low–carbon energy sources and

British Columbia’s Carbon Tax and its Impact on Greenhouse...
In June of 2008, British Columbia became the first and only Canadian province to introduce a
carbon tax, and has been praised and scone by environmentalists, economists, and politicians alike,
arguing whether the tax is efficient or destructive method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
The liberal premier Gordon Campbell introduced the carbon tax; its main purpose would be to
enforce a carbon tax to increase the price of consumption of fossil fuels within the province, the
philosophy behind the tax was to make taxes higher on the deemed environmentally detrimental
purchases and lessen the tax on the others. The carbon tax promised to achieve this in a carbon
neutral way, which meant that the revenue received from the tax would be ... Show more content on
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Stewart Elgie, a University of Ottawa law and economics professor and chair of the green economy
think–tank Sustainable Prosperity suggests that British Columbia's per–capita fuel usage had fallen
more than 4 per cent compared with the rest of Canada and its economy (Ebner, McCarthy, 2011)
Evidently it is reducing the amount of green house gasses emitted by fossil fuel use. However this is
not the concern many had with the introduction of the tax, but the concerns were focused upon the
externalities caused by this and the effects it would have on the economy. Three years since the
carbon tax introduction and the Provincial level of GDP has remained approximately the same,
(Greenery in Canada: We have a winner) With the provincial level of GDP remaining around the
same, this suggests that at the very worst the carbon tax has had no negative effects to the provincial
economy. Furthermore the tax also promised to remain carbon neutral and promised to cut corporate
and private income tax. British Columbia has become the province with the lowest income tax
regime and the lowest corporate tax regime (Greenery in Canada: We have a winner). Although the
carbon tax is being praised by many, it still faces concerns as many still argue the ineffectiveness of
the tax and what that means for the province.
One major objection many economists have to the question of carbon tax effectiveness is whether
the taxes on carbon are high enough to create any change in

Scholastic Excellence And The Professions
Scholastic Excellence and Business and the Professions City prides itself on its inventive way to
deal with instruction. Our dedication to, and energy for, scholastic brilliance positions us eighth out
of London colleges (The Sunday Times University Guide 2011). Our courses are improved by the
exploration of our scholastic staff. Fifteen regions of scholastic action were evaluated as being of a
quality tantamount with the absolute best on the planet in the national 2008 Research Assessment
Exercise. Our simultaneous spotlight on business and the callings gives our understudies with
chances to direct collaboration with future managers and makes our courses applicable, energizing
and topical. Numerous have inventive methods of study including situation opportunities and
engagement with prominent going to speakers from the callings. This supplements the scholastic
ability offered inside of the University. This extraordinary spotlight on both scholarly perfection and
business and the callings adds to City being situated in the main 10 in the UK for graduate
employability (The Times University Guide 2011) and for beginning compensations (The Sunday
Times University Guide 2011). Brilliant Learning Our methodology expects to bolster understudies
in getting to be proficient, investigative and enquiring graduates who can assume a considerable part
in the C21st proficient environment. In 2009, we started a survey of undergrad instruction and this is
conveying on–going change

America 's First Energy Plan
In "Goodbye to the Climate," Robert N. Stavins, expresses his worry about President Trump's
"America First Energy Plan". This plan will have an effect on United States' climate change
programs, and remove the United States from the Paris agreement. This article will be used to
explain content from the public goods chapter. This discussion will cover climate change, define
what a public good is, the free rider problem, and tragedy of the commons and how it relates to this
article.
If President Trump follows through his "America Free Energy Plan" promise it will undo a majority
of President Obama's actions to reduce the United States greenhouse gas emissions. Thus having a
negative influence on the climate. Another problem that can occur is ... Show more content on
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A common problem with public goods is the free rider problem. The free rider problem occurs when
people want to use a public good, but do not want to pay for it. The reduction of greenhouse gasses
should be a global effort. The benefits are vague and provided in the future, there is little incentives
to reduce emission. If the Trump administration disregards America's pledge to reduce carbon
emission by 26 to 28 percent, the United States can save millions of dollars on climate policies but
increase the threat to the planet. This can lead to other countries not meeting their emission quota. If
a majority of the nations who signed the Paris agreement goes back on their promise, a market
failure will occur, producing an inefficient result. If too many countries become free riders, the cost
of the remaining countries will increase trying to reduce emission. This will then exceed the benefits
for the counties to fix the climate problem. Eventually leading to the climate problem being too
large for the few remaining countries to solve on their own.
Another problem with public goods is the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons
occurs when individual people or parties disregard the well–being of the society in pursuing
personal gains. When every country tries to gain the most benefits from abusing the climate, the
demand will rapidly consume the supply of the resource, due to the country not

Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Essay
Climate change or colloquially known as global warming, now pose a new threat to civilization as
the levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) are soaring to new levels. The most significant contributor to
greenhouse gasses would be Carbon Dioxide (Co2). The levels of Carbon Dioxide (Co2) gas have
risen to levels civilization has not seen before. As such, the effects of these levels are not known to
civilization as data gathered from the ice cores drilled in the Antarctica only shows data up to
650,000 years ago. However we can conclude that present CO2 concentrations are higher compared
to any time in the last 650,000 years (IPCC 2007). Current carbon dioxide concentrations are
hovering around 389 parts per million (ppm) as of September 2011, ... Show more content on
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Therefore based on the worrying statistics above, we have to take precautionary measure to ensure
the greenhouse gases, more specifically carbon dioxide levels do not increase further.
In Australia, there is an emerging consensus that the government should take further actions to help
mitigate and combat climate change. The current most accepted policy by government is the
introduction of a carbon tax followed by an ETS in 2015. However we are focusing on the carbon
tax in this essay and not the ETS. Here is a brief explanation of the dynamics of a carbon tax. A
carbon tax is a tax on energy sources, which emit carbon dioxide (Co2). Therefore, carbon taxes
address the problem of negative externality. Externalities are the subsequent effects when individual
production or consumption of a particular good or service imposes costs or benefits on others.
Therefore negative externalities are effects, which pose harm to others without their direct
interaction (Basic Economics 2011). However, usual market practices and transactions do not reflect
these cost and benefits in the prices involved in the transaction, or take into account in their
transaction decision. Therefore this is a form of market failure. By imposing a cost on these negative
externalities, the hidden cost can be addressed. Ultimately the purpose of a carbon tax is to reduce
emissions of carbon dioxide and therefore reduce

A Green Economic Plan For The Environment Essay
With the deterioration of numerous environments around the globe, and the increased phenomena of
anthropogenic climate change, it is evident that changes must take course and the protection of the
environment become a crucial aspect embedded in social, political, and economic change. With this
understanding, many nations across the globe have adopted a green economic plan that aims to
reduce the impact upon the natural environment, whilst also ensuring economic benefit; however,
establishing a strong green economic plan that targets the reduction of impact upon the environment
can be a financially difficult process, particularly for nations that do not possess the adequate
funding. Considering this, many nations in this position partner up with other nations so that the
necessary funding can be fulfilled. Guyana is a sovereign state situated in South America that is
known to have exceptionally high rates of deforestation for the past several years. Considering this,
Norway has taken on the initiative to provide monetary incentives that will fuel Guyana 's green
economy on the basis that deforestation rates are reduced. Exploring the GRIF project will provide a
unique outlook on specifically how economic investments can promote a green economy, and,
subsequently, propose a model that presents a scenario in which the reduction of the global impact
upon the natural environment can be achieved.
The Guyana REDD+ Investment Fund
Various initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Lionell C. Henderson
Northwood University
MBA 644: External Environment
Richard DeVos Graduate School of Management
Fall 2015 Evening – Cedar Hill, Texas
Professor James Latham
Acknowledge a Problem Exist
In 1973, the United States plummeted into a huge energy emergency, as a result of the Arab oil
embargo. From October 1973 to March 1974, the United States oil supply from members of the
Arab's Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries became cut off in revenge for the U.S.
military aid to Israel during the Arab–Israeli war. The ban led to an unprecedented fuel scarcity
nationwide, noticeable by extremely high fuel cost and lengthy rows of vehicles sitting at gas
stations. In 1975, Congress passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards. Its motivation
is to lower energy use by improving the fuel savings of cars and light trucks, raise the opportunity to
create different fuel automobiles, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by assisting to reduce
climate change and raise air standards.
Define the Problem
CAFÉ standards are averages that all automobile manufacturers must attain yearly, for the
production of their vehicles, as of 1978. The elevation of these standards forces auto manufacturers
to react by producing more fuel–efficient vehicles, which enhances the country's energy protection
and reduces refueling cost, thus retaining the consumers cash. This, in turn, lowers the greenhouse
gas discharge

Helping Our Environment with Green Politics
There are issues of the environment that exist within politics therefore it is necessary to define the
terms environmentalism, ecologist and green politics. These terms have been used in a variety of
ways and of which can be fully understood, so there are in no case accepted definitions. Ecologism
refers to a movement that looks to change the nature of humankind's relationship to its physical
environment. It is widely based on the science of ecology which would then suggest it is an
ideology in its full sense. Ecologists propose forming a necessary base or core of central importance
to the nature of society in order to bring about equally fundamental changes in human kinds
relationship to its environment. David Cameron has regularly stressed his green credentials since
becoming leader and describes himself as passionate about our environment and how the
environment would be a top priority. He feels politicians of all parties have treated the environment
as a second thought and something they need to express support to but can safely ignore. All this has
to change for it is a fact to our state of existing that both as a nation and as individuals, the quality of
life agenda is at the centre of political agenda. Last year there was a report by the association of
British insurers with whom found claims that storms and flood damage in the UK had doubled in
the UK in the period 1998–2003; The figures had risen dramatically compared to five years ago.
(Cameron, D 2005)

Global Warming In Australia Essay
Regardless of whether you feel that global warming is caused naturally as a result of time or
because of humans being careless with their emissions, it exists, causing a problematic question of
how to fix it. Four topics will be addressed in this essay, the first being; "is the significance of a 2°C
temperature increase relative to pre–industrial levels?" Secondly; "what it means to decarbonise the
global economy." Thirdly; "how Australia could go about achieving zero carbon emissions." and
lastly; "which sectors of the Australian economy exhibits the greatest potential for greenhouse gas
emissions reductions"? To understand how to act upon the problems caused by global warming,
there are some words that need to be defined in order to fully ... Show more content on
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It is believed that we, as a country, can achieve this by 2050 as long as the economy continues to
grow at the rate it is at today – 2.4% gross domestic product (GPD). To help keep Australia on track
with its emissions the following could be used; Renewable energy through wind, solar and hydro–
electricity instead of the use of fossil fuels. Another technique is to make a shift from deforestation
and land degradation to reforestation and land rehabilitation. Forest managers will need to plant
more trees that will help decrease the level of carbon within the atmosphere and is quick to grow
and be sure to not disturb soil–based carbon reserves too much. Although farming facilities have
been modernised to be reliant on electricity to create bigger gains, economy wise, it does not help
with keeping emissions within the desired level. This is because in order to keep the machinery
going it must use a large quantity of

Essay On Dividend Allocation
Dividend allocation
Another key stream of the proposed carbon tax policy is to promise dividend to all individual
Americans on an equal and quarterly basis. The proposal argues that this amount is sufficient to
compensate increased financial burden on consumers due to the carbon tax. However, equal
distribution of dividend may not be able to compensate appropriately because individuals are not
worse off to the same extent by the carbon tax. This is because not all individuals earn the same
level of income, and more importantly, the energy consumption has a negative relationship over
income level.
[Figure 3 places here]
As figure 3 shows that households have a different share of expenditure on energy depending on the
income level. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the carbon tax dividend needs to be adjusted based on the relative carbon tax impact on
different level groups to compensate different groups' loss accordingly. In addition, the government
also needs to consider a dividend in terms of different level of consumption of carbon–intensive
energy. As we have seen in figure 3, the highest income level group consumes up to 4 times more
energy than the lowest income level group. Also, there is no incentive for high–income individuals
to reduce emissions because even high energy consumption is a small fraction compared to their
high–income level. Therefore, it is critically important to differentiate carbon dividend depending
upon the income level in the proper compensating perspective. In addition, there is also an
alternative way for the government to take in terms of lowering the electricity consumption, which
is consumed mostly by the high–income group as we discussed above. That is adopting non–linear
pricing for electricity and gasoline. When the total energy consumption gets smaller, the total carbon
emission level will decline since energy supply only exists to meet the demand. Thus, this new
equilibrium of saving energy will eventually limit electricity price from soaring up and protect the
low–income group from the additional burden.
Future study
Appropriate carbon tax rate. As explained above, a carbon tax could play a pivotal role in the
economy and the

Essay about The Search for Low Carbon Cities in China
Due to mass consumption and pollution, the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere
by Chinese cities have increased dramatically in the last few decade. Currently half of China's cities
cannot meet the air quality standards, and one–third of its land is affected by acid rain (Zhang,
2007). In order to protect its people and nature from dangerous environmental threats, sustainable
development of China's growing cities must become a top priority, and a key resolution is making
them low carbon cities. Low carbon cities can be defined as urban development that minimises
carbon production, improves capacities for adaptation to climate change, minimizes the negative
impacts of climate change, improves human development, and ... Show more content on
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The Chinese Central Government has already aware the importance to reducing the emission of
CO2 by putting the development of low carbon cities as one of the top priorities at the National
People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. That development is
based on the recognition that the conventional Chinese path of encouraging economic growth at the
expense of the environment had to be changed (Zhang 2007). As a result the concept of applying
ecological principles to the planning of the cities has steadily gained momentum and start to
attracted greater attentions. While cities may vary in terms of their scales, scope, approaches and
focus, typically, low carbon cities adopts the following general planning and design approaches
(Jain 2009): Strong focus on reduction in energy consumption Maximum usage of renewable energy
such as wind, solar, hydroelectricity Reduction in urban heart island effects. Adoption of passive
design principles in building construction. Minimise the use of automobiles, instead use walking,
cycling and public transits as modes of transportation. What mechanisms is available in China?
Markets forces play a fundamental role in shaping the urban environment. China's industrial output
has been growing at an average annual rate of over 11.4 per cent since the start of the economic
reform in 1978 (Shi & Zhang 2006). The fuel that powered this industrial

Framing Climate Change As An Issue Of Sustainable Development
Framing climate change as an issue of sustainable development also has positive impacts for the
governance of adaptation measures. It has been recognized that mitigation efforts have not sufficed
to stop or even minimize the damage of global warming, with experts agreeing that the INDCs will
not reach the intended reduction target of 2 degrees (International Energy Agency 2015). This has
been argued to be the result of a 'top–down' approach that centers on nation states making
international treaties concerning climate change (Harris 2012: 285). This is often unsuccessful
because, not only do states have competing interests, but this approach "divorces" the problem from
important economic issues (O'Brien 2006: 3) However, the discourse of sustainable development
recognizes that the causes and effects of climate change are integral to all aspects of global society.
This entails that climate change policy is not only environmental but is also concerned with
decisions concerning aid lending, energy markets, and such decisions, are not only made by states
but by corporate bodies, but also by civil society and the everyday person (Bulkely and Newell
2010: 106).
There has been a clear lack of leadership and direction within the global community prioritizing
climate change. Transnational corporations, especially those concerning the energy sector, are huge
contributors to the problems associated with climate change. Yet these corporations are extremely
politically powerful, such

Carbon Emissions From Motor Vehicles For The Future
REPORT ON LOWER CARBON EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES FOR THE FUTURE
KARTIKEYA UPRETI
Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering
Loughborough University
ABSTRACT
The ever increasing carbon emissions from the automobiles all around the world has forced the
incorporation of novel , more sustainable means of non–conventional fuels for the automobiles like
the hybrid cars , solar vehicles , the use of gasohol and alcohol based fuels is also considered as an
alternative for the conventional fuels and also the development of solar electric hybrid vehicle.
There are a lot of possibilities and feasible solutions for lowering the carbon emissions from
vehicles.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE METHODOLOGIES FOR LOW CARBON ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trap oxidizer development in Greece is one of many scientific research done to reduce vehicle
emissions. The carbon dioxide capture using nanostructured membranes is also another way to
check the vehicle emissions. In this method single gas separation experiments were carried out
using silica modified membranes to study the behavior of individual gas permeation at different
pressures and temperatures.
1. Working of nanostructures membranes in capturing CO2 emission.
Design and fabrication of porous membranes comprises of many layers of different materials
namely: Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), Titanium Oxide (TiO2), Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2), Silicon
Dioxide (SiO2), Silicon Carbide, Zeolite, or a mixture of two materials applied on an underlying
porous stainless steel. The manner in which gas molecules flow is generally influenced by three
factors: The gas properties, morphology of the membrane and the material used for membrane
design. The technology is environment friendly, quite economical and efficient. It is applicable to all
forms of CO2 removal from other gases. Nanotechnology is being greatly used in this method of
carbon capture. Since 2003 vehicles have been built with on–board communications network

protocol called CAN (Controlled Area Network).CANbus is basically a bridge between the different
modules and how they communicate with each other via the serial data

Strengths And Swot Analysis: SWOT Analysis Of IKEA
SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses
Internal Origin – Attractive product design. – Low Price
– Well design
– Market Leadership
– Solid financial position
– Focus on product range
– Clear Vision – Weak presence in Asian market
– Damage reputation due to a series of incidents
– The size and scale of its global business. This could make it hard to control standards and quality.
– The need for low cost products to be balanced against producing good quality
– IKEA needs to keep good communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its
environmental activities.
External Origin Opportunities Micro economy
– A growing demand for greener products
– A growing demand for low priced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strength
a. Attractive Product Design
IKEA employs more than 1,000 designers around the world who operate under democratic design
culture and apply the concept in practice on a daily basis. The company is putting in the effort to
integrate this notion to all of its products. IKEA has developed the notion of democratic design
which implies achieving an attractive form, quality, functionality and sustainability at a low price. It
is consistently increasing the revenues of the business.

b. Market Leadership
IKEA is the largest furniture retailer around the world. The current leadership position of the
company provides considerable advantages in terms of the economies of scale and at the same time
creating an entry barrier for new competitors. It is ready to achieve the target of EUR 50 billion
annual sales by 2020.
c. Solid Financial Position
IKEA's financial position in year 2014 has increase compared to the previous period of time. Due to
Ikea's solid financial position, the company is able to commit to considerable R&D expenses to
further strengthen its global marketplace. It can play an important role of cushion in times of
downturns and decrease in

Carbon Tax In Canada
Issue
The Government of Saskatchewan has agreed to implement a carbon tax consistent with the federal
carbon tax plan. The carbon tax is a big win. It is a new source of revenue for the government. It is
important to how the $2.5 billion should be allocated in efficiency and equity.
Background
A tax on greenhouse gases, often called a carbon tax. Carbon taxes are a promising way to reduce
greenhouse gas emission from a variety sources. The predominant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide,
which results from burning fossil fuels produced by human. A carbon levy is charged on all fuels
that emit greenhouse gas. These include heating fuels and transportation such as propane, gasoline,
diesel and natural gas. The levy does not apply to electricity, but the carbon tax would be passed
forward into the price of electricity.
A recent survey showed that "the top US economists found near unanimity on the optimality of a
carbon tax as an instrument for reducing greenhouse gas emissions." In other word, pricing carbon
is one of the most sensible policy prescriptions to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
The rate of carbon tax is based on the amount of carbon pollution released by the fuel when it is
combusted. Therefore, the public service, industries and individual are as far ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In Chinese proverb, "It coming from its people, should absolutely benefit the people." It means
although with a high ratepayer taxes, the government is able to use the taxes on the people. The rest
of carbon revenue should spend on investment. Farms have plenty of sunlight for solar and biomass
for burning. Diesel engines can be made to run off of plant oils. It is efficiency to replacing coal
with clean energy for reduce the greenhouse gas emission. It could build wind turbines replace coal.
It is more safely and reliably use the intermittent flow of electricity that comes form wind turbines.
It will reward from invested new technology, even have high cost

The Impact Of Ontario's Climate Change Mitigation And Low...
The government sets an industry–wide limit to carbon production. Corporations that produce more
than the set carbon limit are able to buy allowances from corporations who produce below the
allowed amount. This creates a market for carbon so that companies can actually make money by
reducing their carbon output. As time progresses, the government will incrementally lower the cap,
which will reduce the number of allowances issued and increase their price. Ontario's Climate
Change Mitigation and Low–carbon Economy Act, 2016 (the "Climate Act"), creates a cap–and–
trade system that covers 82 percent of Ontario's direct emissions. This system covers all fossil fuels
(e.g., gasoline, diesel and natural gas) used in Ontario by individuals, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the government claimed that using Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account funds to
subsidize electricity prices would produce 3 Mt in emission reductions. We found no evidence to
support this claim and concluded that subsidizing electricity rates is not an acceptable use of these
funds. Fortunately, the government is no longer proposing to divert Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Account funds in this way.
The EU ETS was officially launched in 2005. It was the first and largest market–based regulation
mechanism to reduce GHG emissions and can be considered the "flagship" policy of the European
Commission (EC) in its fight against climate change. To date, it operates in the 28 member states of
the EU, plus Lichtenstein, Norway, and Iceland. The main principle of the EU ETS is "cap and
trade", where cap refers to an EU–wide cap for GHG emissions set by the EC that is progressively
reduced each monitoring period. Companies under the cap are required to cover their emissions with
EU emission allowances (EUAs), which are handed out free of charge or auctioned. EUAs,
however, can be traded among facilities or countries enabling those that run short of allowances to
purchase additional EUAs and so avoid penalization in the event of non–submission. More
specifically, installations subject to the policy have to surrender one allowance for every ton of CO2
that they emit; otherwise,

Global Warming Essay
Climate change is a major global issue. Canada is the ninth largest emitter of greenhouse gas that
needs to enact on a climate policy [1] (Mildenberger et al. 2016).Greenhouse gas slows down and
prevents heat loss in space which increases the temperature of the Earth's surface leading to global
warming. Activities of energy industries, transportation, residential and commercial activities,
manufacturing, construction, industrial processes, and agriculture emit greenhouse gases. Human
activities emit Carbon dioxide (CO2) that is responsible for an increase of 85% in global warming
(Ayşegül Toptal, Bilgesu Çetinkaya 2017). Loss of sea ice, thawing permafrost, and coastal erosion
are already increasing in speed [7–9 Mildenberger et al. 2016], ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The "trade" refers to a market where companies can buy or sell "allowances," or pay others to
reduce emissions on their behalf, in order to comply with the cap in the lowest cost and most
efficient way. The government sets an industry–wide limit to carbon production. Corporations that
produce more than the set carbon limit are able to buy allowances from corporations who produce
below the allowed amount. By doing this , it creates a market for carbon so that companies can
actually make money by reducing their carbon output. As time progresses, the government will
incrementally lower the cap, which will reduce the number of allowances issued and increase their
price. Ontario's Climate Change Mitigation and Low–carbon Economy Act, 2016 (the "Climate
Act"), creates a cap–and–trade system that covers 82 percent of Ontario's direct emissions. This
system includes all fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel and natural gas) used in Ontario by individuals,
governments and businesses, and some other important Greenhouse Gases. The first four–year
compliance period began on January 1, 2017, and continues until 2020. The cap–and–trade system
alone is predicted to provide only 2.8 Mt of the 18.5 Greenhouse gas reductions needed to meet
Ontario's 2020 Greenhouse gas target. The government declared that the next 9.8 Mt of reductions
will come from its Climate Change Action Plan, to be funded by the Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Account, i.e., from selling cap–and–trade

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sustainable...
Nowadays, every single country in the world care about climate change including Malaysia. All
countries focus on sustainable development which involve low carbon society concept. Did you
know what is sustainable development and low carbon society? Sustainable development is eco–
friendly development whereas low carbon society is society that consumes sustainable and relatively
low carbon energy as compared as with our present day to avoid adverse climate change. Generally,
a low carbon society means a society in which the people live a simple high quality life by
emphasizing on family or community tie, and in harmony with nature with minimum emission of
carbon dioxide. It also can be define as an economy that has a minimal output of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objectives of this campaign are to expose to the public about the low carbon society such as
their advantages and disadvantages. Transitioning to low carbon society requires an understanding
of community practices and resultant emission, as well as the technologies, infrastructures and
institutions associated with and accessed by the society. Moreover, it also requires an understanding
of the connections between these integrated system components, its dynamics, a defined transition
and potential levers involved in transitioning. This paper accepts the notion that 'levers' includes
program designed to achieve practice or behavior change in households which result in less carbon
intensive lifestyles, and focuses on the factors that shape human behavior and influence householder
energy consumption. From that, the communities will understand more about the low carbon society
concept. This is because the cooperation between the engineers and the communities are important
in order to achieve the mission. Basically, the engineers will organized this campaign all over
Malaysia to let all the communities in Malaysia know about this mission. So, the engineers and the
public can interact with each other and also can exchange ideas in making the mission more
successful. As we know, different people have different opinion and suggestion, so, from that we
can gather all the information and create the best one in order to achieve the mission. To sum up, the
contribution of engineers in organizing the 'Low Carbon Society Campaign' and educate the public
can lead in working towards the 'Low Carbon Society 'for

Notes On Cap And Trade Essay
Cap and trade is usually the policy referred to when the literature uses the ambiguous phrase of
'carbon pricing.' While a carbon tax is functionally a pricing mechanism, the small quantity of
available cases of implementation mean that cap and trade is the default mechanism for carbon
pricing in the status quo. The primary benefit of the cap and trade approach is creating an almost
infinitely scalable carbon market. Cap and trade accomplishes this by functioning simultaneously as
a disincentive and an incentive. While exceeding the cap triggers a fine, registering under the cap
allows for the difference in emissions to be auctioned off by the company. This means that
companies always have an incentive not just to meet the cap, but to emit the least amount of
pollutants possible to allow for more capital to trade in the carbon market, maximizing efficient
distribution of emissions (Borghesi and Montini 2016). Cap and trade is often criticized for its lack
of administrative efficiency, to the point where detractors argue that it is impossible to implement on
a broad scale. The data required to administer the effective workings of a carbon market would only
be feasible for the largest corporations, leaving the vast majority of emissions still unregulated
(Dion 2013). Price volatility of carbon is also understood as a negative impact on the health of the
market. This means that companies are less likely to maximize the degree to which they are below
the cap, and that even if

European Union ( Eu ) Action
2.2 European Union (EU) action
The EU was developing a particular system to mitigate CO2 and other GHG emissions. In 2005, the
EU establishes an effective system, which is EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (European
Communities, 2013). The EU ETS considers as effective system to combat climate change and tool
to reduce CO2 and other GHG (European Communities, 2015).
The EU ETS has biggest and first main emissions trading in the world. This system includes 28
countries from the EU as well Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. This trading scheme puts price on
each ton of carbon emissions. As the CO2 emissions prices are high, thus encouraging to increase
investment with clean energy that reduce CO2 and GHG emissions. Beside, this system ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EU ETS cap allowance gives the owner of company to emit one tone of CO2 (each allowance
can used only one time). Moreover, cap gives EU companies chance to buy or receive emissions
allowance if they want to trade. In addition, from 2013, the cap will be making change by reduce
emission about 1.74% every year from power plants and installations. That means GHG emission in
2020 will be reduce around 21% compared to 2005 (European Communities, 2013).
2.3 local responses
In light to local response for UK to mitigate CO2 emission and other GHG, it has established
Climate Change Act on 26 November 2008. These act aims to several legislation that helps to
manage and address climate change (GOV.UK, 2013 a). Therefore, the act works to achieve aims as
the following: First, make certain economic way to reduce emissions and reduce about 80% of GHG
by 2050 compared to 1990 (HM Government, 2011 & GOV.UK, 2013 a). Second, providing clear
plan for industry to work effective in reduce emission by the act (GOV.UK, 2013 a).
Third, use EU ETS policy to provide large proportion to reducing emissions in the UK between the
2013 and 2020. Fourth, use 2050 Calculator by public and policy makers to choosing the
appropriate options to reduce emission and achieve the target of 2050 (GOV.UK, 2014). The 2050
Calculator is model that help policy–makers and public to choose the appropriate way for reducing
emissions

Weaknesses Of Ikea
SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses
Internal Origin – Attractive product design. – Low Price
– Well design
– Market Leadership
– Solid financial position
– Focus on product range
– Clear Vision – Weak presence in Asian market
– Damage reputation due to a series of incidents
– The size and scale of its global business. This could make it hard to control standards and quality.
– IKEA needs to keep good communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its
environmental activities.
– The need for low cost products to be balanced against producing good quality
External Origin Opportunities Micro economy
– A growing demand for greener products
– A growing demand for low priced products. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strengths
a. Attractive Product Design
IKEA employs more than 1,000 designers around the world who operate under democratic design
culture and apply the concept in practice on a daily basis. The company is putting in the effort to
integrate this notion to all of its products. IKEA has developed the notion of democratic design
which implies achieving an attractive form, quality, functionality and sustainability at a low price. It
is consistently increasing the revenues of the business.

Low Carbon Economy
New Zealand's transition to low carbon economy
Notes
Background information
Aim of the report: Identify options on how New Zealand could reduce its domestic greenhouse gas
emissions through a transition toward lower future emissions minimizing costs, while still
maintaining well–being and income growth. Context:
Despite generating 80% of its power from renewable sources, New Zealand has the second–highest
level of emissions per GDP unit in the OECD and the fifth–highest emissions per capita. 49% of
these GHG emissions come from the agricultural sector, which is the highest share in the OECD.
Emissions from agriculture are usually attributed to direct emissions from agriculture soils, manure
management and animal grazing, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doing so, we to establish a reference scenario and can evaluate the contribution of NZ economic
sectors on GHG emissions. Question:
How are GHG captured in the CGE model (Green–NZ)?
How many sources of GHG are represented in the model and which sectors do they cover? Potential
scenarios to increase domestic emission reductions Below are a list of scenarios relevant to the
project: Strengthening the ETS
Such a scenario raises few questions / comments:
Are the ETS captured in the CGE model used for this report (GREEN–NZ?) and if so, does it allow
for flexibility between regions and sectors?
If the ETS are not captured by the CGE model, are they modelled as a carbon tax? This can
potentially overlook important features, including price variations (i.e prices behavior probably not
the same between ETS and carbon tax).
Some key features of ETS or other policies, such as free allocation in ETS (or other compensation
measures), are difficult to reflect in a CGE. Increase Ghg taxes:
Carbon tax (global or specific, by sectors, gases or emission sources)
Fuel taxes on petroleum products
Energy taxes Carbon offsets – Clean Development Mechanism Are they captured in the CGE
model? Abatement technologies (CSS and improved efficiency) Can the model capture abatement
technologies and estimate their costs?
If abatement activities are not endogenously modeled, then the only way to reduce GHG emissions
is to reduce

The Impact and Outcome of the Key Actors, Institutions and...
Outline 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 2. Case study – Critical Policy Analysis 2.1 The policy of
Increasing The Use of Low–carbon Technologies 2.2 Actions 2.3 Actors 2.4 Institutions 2.5 Ideas
2.6 Storyline 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 1. Introduction In this essay, the policy of Increasing
The Use of Low–carbon Technologies will be taken as a case–study to identify the key actors,
institutions and ideas in environmental policy and how they impact on policy processes and the
outcomes. 1.1 Background 'Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s,
many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and
ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Take responsibilities of: – Department strategy and budgets – Energy market reform – Carbon
price – Annual Energy Statement – Energy security – National Security Council – Carbon Plan –
Renewable Energy Strategy – 2050 Pathways AMB – Aviation Management Board High interests –
the AMB, AAP and FMB take responsibility for the aviation plan that focused on research for
technical solutions to the issues windfarms cause. Medium power, advisory group for government,
senior level AAP – Aviation Advisory Panel Medium power, advisory group for government,
technical FMB – Fund Management Board Medium power, advisory group for government, a group
of developers who develop radar/wind mitigation solutions CCS Cost Reduction Task Force High
interests – advises the government and industry on the steps needed to reduce the cost of CCS in
order to make it be able to compete with other low carbon technologies in the 2020s Low power,
advisory group for government, industry–led joint task force established by government – to publish
report to advise Government and industry to

Reducing The Carbon Intensity Of Ict Services
Contents
1. Abstract 2
2. Introduction 3
3. Problem Statement 4
4. Approaches for reducing the carbon intensity of ICT service 5
4.1 Cloud Computing, Virtualisation and Consolidation 5
4.2 Thin Clients 6
4.3 Product Design 6
4.4 Power Management 6
4.5 Software and Deployment Optimization 6
a) Algorithm efficiency 6
b) Resource allocation 6
5. Approaches for recycling or reuse of out–dated products 8
6. Literature review on e–waste as a problem 9
7. Literature review on resolution of the problem 10
8. Recommendation for green ICT equipment's. 12
9. Conclusion 13
10. References 14
1. Abstract
The purpose of the report is create awareness and understanding of the Reduction of carbon content
and recycling of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) components and to highlight
the opportunities for timely action by researchers and practitioners in this field. Through examples
from a diversity of literature sources this paper defines the problems and the scope of ICT
environmental sustainability.
In order to save the organization a protocol must be used to provide a framework that estimate the
carbon content. The organization must prefer to outsource some of the equipment which produces
more carbon. Otherwise different infrastructure can be built to dump the out dated products. The
equipment can be reuse or sold at the lower rate instead of dumping. The advanced and best quality
of equipment's is used so that they work properly for long span of time.
Green

Carbon Nation
Carbon Nation is a film on the solutions to the problem of climate change. The documentary shows
the advantages of tackling climate change, including a healthy and safe environment, an improved
economy and enhanced state and energy defense. The film is meant for those who have over the
years lost interest in matters concerning global warming and its effects on our world. The movie
highlights that climate change is an issue to be deeply concerned about, but at the same time, people
have the necessary tools to improve the situation. It has been noted by scientists and
environmentalists all over the world that the problem of climate change is causing natural disasters
such as hurricanes and tsunamis. If not addressed immediately and solved, the problem of global
warming could catalyze more problems that could render life ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Going green is now supported by celebrities, for example, Al Gore, and this is creating more
awareness. Films such as Carbon Nation are also helping in alleviating the effects of climate change.
Carbon Nation opens up with what can be done about climate change. It does not dwell on its causes
or its existence. The main topic that has been highlighted in the movie is the fact that it is a time that
we as humans look for alternative renewable energy sources and stop depleting fossil fuels.
Alternatives proposed are such as wind power or solar panels, all of which are renewable. The
movie is especially informative on what we can do to lessen climate change. It provides hope that
there is still a lot that can be done to save our environment. It is not enough to say that there are
climate change and show audiences images of melting

Zero Carbon City : Zero Eco-City In China
According to the researches conducted by professors at University in China, High developed
countries have aiming to build eco–city known as zero carbon city, while growing its economy
constantly. In order to achieve that purpose, They have implementing projects which mainly
concerns the usage of advanced technology. For example, China is a country which produces huge
amount of carbon dioxide emissions and is listed as a first largest emitter country. However, The
usage of carbon dioxide in China is reduced moderately year by year, because China has a project
focusing on modernizing eco–technology, maintaining renewable energy resources, and adjusting
industry structure. The world bank group is global agenda mainly works on to helping ... Show more
Furthermore, many governments are carrying on the strategy of low carbon economy which is
aiming to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other green gas emissions in the atmosphere and
to support human contributions to global warming by employing energy efficiency and
conservation; using carbon–free or reduced carbon energy resources and capturing and storing
carbon; choosing renewable power and recycling garbage in everyday life.
For me, if u give a chance to work on projects of the world bank, I will mainly consider the
possibilities of how developing and developed countries should carry on the green eco–strategy and
what kind of projects they should implement to achieve the low carbon economy strategy.
Furthermore, As I working at educational agenda, I will study and describe the methods which they
have to use to achieve those strategy mentioned above. For instance, with regards educational
institutions or universities, they have building an eco–campus by using contemporary advanced

The Paris Climate Change And Investment Towards A Low...
An historic agreement was signed on 12th December 2015 by 195 nations in Paris, France to flight
climate change and investment towards a low carbon economy, sustainable cities and clean energy.
The Paris climate change agreement in COP 21 for the first time brings 195 countries into a
common cause based on their future, current and past responsibilities (Adaptation of the Paris
climate agreement; Dec 2015). But still we many questions in our mind, what does it mean to us?
What does it mean to Ville de Pointe–Claire? Picture– http://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis–the–
final–paris–climate–deal
Source– Carbonbrief; published on 12–12–2015
Paris agreement main goal is to keep a global temperature rise in 21st century well below 2 degrees
Celsius and to make an effort to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius
above pre–industrial level(Adaptation of the paris climate agreement; Dec 2015).
Ban Ki–moon(UN Secretary General) said after the conference in Paris : "We have entered a new
era of global cooperation on one of the most complex issues ever to confront humanity. For the first
time, every country in the world has pledged to curb emissions, strengthen resilience and join in
common cause to take common climate action. This is a resounding success for multilateralism"
(Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change, December 2015).
According to the United Nation, cities are account for over 70% of energy–related CO2 emissions,
and the cities around the

Implementing Low Carbon Technologies Through Programs And...
To help industries adopt low–carbon technologies through programs and services designed to help
reduce greenhouse gas pollution while also reducing costs. Technologies will help to improve
energy productivity and help industrial plants modernize so they can thrive in a competitive low–
carbon economy.
Key Point 2
The second initiative will be to help the agri–food sector adopt low–carbon technologies through the
reduction of emissions and retrofitting agricultural facilities. Both of these together will address
expanding technologies and practices to reduce emissions and to support the transition to low–
carbon, indoor agricultural facilities.
Action Area 5: Collaboration with Indigenous Communities
Key Point 1
Ontario is looking to partner with First Nation communities to ensure a transition to non–fossil fuel
energy that will minimize the impact on the communities. This can potentially be done through
investments in energy efficiency, micro–grids and renewable energy. Remote communities will be
connected to the provincial electricity grid through the partnership of the federal government and
First Nations. Renewable energy such as biomass, solar and waterpower will be the focus of the
projects. A fund will be established for community–level greenhouse gas pollution reduction
projects and for community energy and climate action planning. Jobs will be established among
post–secondary institutions that are low–carbon along with training partnerships. This initiative

Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation For The Demand Of...
The increasing industrialization and modernisation of the world has resulted in a precipitous growth
for the demand of petroleum–based fuels (Agrawal, 2007). In 2014 in UK, a total of 54.2 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) of energy was used in transportation which is nearly 40% of all of
the energy consumed (DECC, 2015, p. 8). "Progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels with
increasing energy consumption and GHG emissions have led to a move towards alternative,
renewable, sustainable, efficient and cost–effective energy sources with lesser emissions" (Nigama,
P, S., & Singhb, A., 2011). In order to reduce carbon emissions from vehicles the UK parliament
enacted the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO) in 2007 (UK, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was then amended four times in 2009, 2011, 2013 and recently in April 2015 (Department for
Transport, 2012). The RTFO's prime objective is to promote the mandatory standards for biofuel
sustainability in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from road transport across the
UK. Under the RTFO, transport fuel suppliers in the UK must be able to show that an amount of
obligated percentages of the fuel they supply comes from renewable and sustainable sources. It also
requires the suppliers to report on the environmental performance of their biofuels (DfTa, 2015).
In addition, the diverse stakeholder engagement in RTFO was a key factor for its success. The low
Carbon Vehicle Partnership works as "an umbrella for a wide spectrum of associations and actors
who have in common the pursuance of a future with cleaner cars and fuels" (Sandoval, I. S., &
Popartan, L, 2014). It provides the environment for energy companies, government, experts,
scholars as well as consumer organizations to work together and promote market for biofuels. With
the consensus of all participants and the British government's support, the carbon and sustainability
reporting framework as well as methodology for calculating the carbon intensities of various
biofuels were designed (Chalmers, J., & Archer,G., 2011). The LowCVP helps to build shared
understanding and facilities the industries benefit public interest and

Australia's Decarbonised Economy
Australia's economy is well established, with high greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Renewable
and non–renewable energy resources are in abundance, and the high production of coal is only set to
increase. In addition to being one of the leading exporters of coal, Australia is soon to become the
world's largest export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). (Pathways to deep carbonisation). These
factors can be controlled by decarbonisation to bring Australia's economy down from its intensely
high emissions. So what might a decarbonised economy mean for Australia?
There are many potential pathways to decarbonisation, but one in particular covers all the important
aspects. This pathway involves having ambitious energy efficiency, which leads to a ... Show more
This goal can be reached without drastic structural changes to the economy and with a minimal
impact on Australian lifestyles. One way Australia could reduce emissions would be to switch from
fossil fuel power to alternative sources, such as solar, wind and nuclear. Another could be
developing new technologies and modifying the individual behaviours of each person to produce a
much smaller carbon footprint. By achieving this significant reduction in emissions, Australia could
reach zero net emissions by the mid–century.

Blockchain Essay
BLOCKCHAIN IN RUSSIA
Russia is leading blockchain innovation in the world. The blockchain is an open, distributed
platform that allows two or more people to enter into a smart contract in a verifiable and permanent
way. It does not require any intermediary to enter, nor can it be altered retroactively once recorded.
This cutting–edge technology may be used in areas such as payment & remittance, intellectual
property, proof of right, and authentication in the sharing economy. On July 2016, Russia's first
collaboration platform across blockchain technologies has been formed through a Consortium,
which brings together many large Russian banks and private financial service companies. The
members include payment companies such as QIWI, B&N ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is estimated that $25 to $50 billion investments are needed to fix worsening housing conditions
and to reduce energy consumption in the residential housing sector.
As the market for green finance has experienced rapid growth in recent years, many revolutionary
technologies have been adopted to advance the process of green projects. Blockchain is one of these
technologies that has the potential to disrupt existing solutions to achieve green economy goals. For
example, Green Bonds, one of the debt instruments designed for financing green projects, are the
most advanced financial instrument for investors to engage in climate change finance3. Speaking of
climate change initiatives, in March 2017, Russian Carbon Fund and Aera Group pioneered the first
worldwide carbon credit transaction using blockchain, to guarantee transparency and ensure that
transactions are valid.
CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE GREEN ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
Though the benefit of green economy is evident to the public, in Russia the concept is still in its
growing phase and continues to face challenges. Below we highlight key challenges to achieve
green economy in Russia, and provide potential blockchain technologies that could possibly solve
the issue.
Leverage Private Finance in Green Development
Green projects are raising capital for sustainable and resilient infrastructure and critical

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment
Energy choices
The environment plays an integral part of offering and sustaining livelihoods to billions of humans
around the globe. Without rain, food security is adversely threatened, meaning that humans' most
vital need could be affected. Recently, the issue of global warming has caught many nations'
attention as carbon emissions significantly cause it. Greenhouse gas emissions around the world
have been somehow unavoidable, but countries have sought methods to mitigate the inevitable
outcomes. While it often seems as though this task is too daunting to overcome, this paper asserts
that with the right approach, carbon emissions could be controlled thus reducing the destructive
impacts on the environment, which inevitably lead to dire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The choice of fuel used by the individuals or the countries depends on regulations, awareness and
availability of substitutes (Miles & Kapos, 2008).
Fuel sources and consumption for US and India
Currently, India is ranked third in terms of carbon pollution, with vehicles accounting for the higher
percentage. By the same token, the US is also a major polluter of the same, only that the pollution
comes from various sources. For instance in the US, greenhouse emissions majorly come from six
sources: production of electricity, Industry, transport, commercial and residential, land use and
forestry, and agriculture. In 2013, electricity production accounted for 31% of gas emissions in the
US, transport was 27%, industry 21%, agriculture 9%, forestry 13% and commercial and residential
was 12% (EPA, 2015).
In terms of consumption, the two countries have had high levels with statistics showing the US to
have over 90 Quadrillion Btu since 2008. In 2008, the US recorded a 99.5 Quadrillion Btu
consumption; 94.4 the following year, a result that replicated in 2010. As for India within the same
period, 21.5 Quadrillion Btu was consumed in 2008 followed by 22.5, 23.4 and 23.9 in 2009, 2010,
and 2011 respectively (Showstack, 2015). Evidently, the two countries' level of consumption is
largely different despite India's high population.
As of 2011, the US was ranked third in the countries that emission emanating from agricultural
activities

Why A National Carbon Cap And Trade Program Is Missing?
Kun Lou Why a National Carbon Cap–and–Trade Program is Missing? Cap–and–trade is a system
designed to reduce emissions. Once a cap of certain emissions is set, companies are allowed to sell
their unused portion to ones who exceed the cap. The feature of cap–and–trade is that instead of
commanding companies how to reduce their emissions, it simply imposes a cap on emissions1. A
company makes it own decision on how to use it allowance. Companies are rewarded by selling the
left quota under the cap or they have to purchase extra allowance from the market. Though the term
'cap–and–trade ' is mostly referred to efforts in reducing carbon emission, the initial idea of trading
emissions was applied to SO2 emission control. During Regan administration from 1980 to 1988, 70
bills were written to address SO2 emission and acid rain control. However, such 'command–and–
control ' policy was too costly to operate. It was not until 1989 the government proposed emission
trading as a means of reducing SO2 emissions2. Cap–and–trade officially became part of Clean Air
Act 19903. The result from this very first cap–and–trade initiative was very encouraging–3 million
tons of acid rain emissions have been cut. With the recognition of climate change, cap–and–trade
was proposed to be a solution to dealing with carbon emission. The America 's

South Africa 's Economy Is Largely Based On Mineral...
South Africa's economy is largely based on mineral extraction and processing.
This by its very nature is energy intensive. Until January 2008, when for the first time load shedding
was implemented as demand outweighed supply, consumers had seen energy as finite. Historically
low fuel and electricity costs had dis–incentivized the need to conserve energy (Government
Gazette, 2009).
South Africa's challenges as a developing country is how to reconcile its inherent socio–economic
issues with an economy whose industries heavily contribute to GHG production.
Eskom generates 96.7% of power used in the country, with a current nominal capacity of
44.175MW installed. To put things into perspective, it's estimated that South Africa will need
40.000 MW's of new generation capacity by 2025 (USEA, Modise, 2014). This provides a myriad
of sustainability issues when fossil fuel use is well established and renewable energy resource use is
in its nascent stages.
Drivers and barriers to transition
Strategic implementation of low carbon strategies require the understanding of the barriers to their
implementation. An obvious barrier is the state of the country itself and the role that energy plays,
with clean and affordable energy being a difficult problem to resolve. Bearing in mind the
historically low prices of energy in South Africa, it is understandable that amongst commercial and
industrial organizations the extra costs of interventions with unjustifiable payback would be
questioned

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