Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine

Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine
Exploratory Essay: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Prior to June of 2006, Human Pappilomarius (HPV) was almost
unheard of to the general public. But after FDA approval of Gardasil manufactured by Merck& Co., HPV vaccine became the
headline of many articles and breaking news of many TV channels. Why? Let's us explore it. According to World Health
Organization (WHO), HPV worldwide is the most common sexual transmitted Disease (STD). There are more than 100 strains
of HPV and in those 13 strains are known for causing cancer in human. HPV infection goes undetected majority of the time.
HPV–infected victims mostly have no signs or symptoms or are there any tests available to detect it. The body immunity
usually gets rid of the viruses on its own. However, with persistent infection, it may lead to genital warts and worrisome oro–
genital cancers. With normal immunity, it takes about 15–20 years for cervical cancer to develop. Worldwide, cervical cancer
is the second most frequent cancer. It is estimated more than 270,000 deaths from cervical cancer annually (1–6). In 2007, to
prevent the devastation result of HPV–associated cancer, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization practices (ACIP)
recommended Gardasil as a routine vaccination for girl's ages 11 to 12 with a catch–up vaccination for those aged 13 to 26.
Across the country, thereafter, state legislature attempt to make HPV vaccine mandated. As the result, controversy was
generated. In this paper, we
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Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv )
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for most of both incident and prevalent Sexually Transmitted Infections in the
U.S (Satterwhite et al., 2013). Approximately, 14 million Americans aged 15–59 years are newly diagnosed with HPV each
year and a half of them occur among young adults aged 15–24 years (Markowitz et al., 2014). Similarly to female, the
prevalence of genital HPV infection is estimated to be at least 20% or higher in male population (Dunne et al., 2006). While
most HPV infection (70–90%) may be clear by itself in three years, HPV can also cause genital warts and anogenital cancers
(e.g., cervical, vaginal, anal, penile cancers) (Frazer et al., 2006). In the U.S., 20,000 women and 12,000 men are diagnosed
with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regular and consistent use of condoms offers only partial protection (60%) against HPV infection (Winer et al., 2006).
Furthermore, due to the fact that most HPV– infected persons do not show obvious signs or symptoms, HPV detection and
prevention programs have been met with a great challenge.
The opportunity for prevention of HPV infection was presented with the licensing of an HPV vaccine in the U.S. The HPV
vaccine (Gardasil®) was first approved for females aged 9–26 in 2006 and for males aged 9–26 in 2009 (CDC, 2013). Despite
of the vaccine being considered as a "medical breakthrough" (Radhakrishnan, 2006), national data shows considerably low
HPV vaccination rates. For adolescents aged 13–17, 44.3% have received at least one dose and 26.7% have received three
doses of HPV vaccine. For young women aged 19–26, only 17.1% have received at least one dose of an HPV vaccine (CDC,
2011b). Due to such results, more marketing campaigns and research studies are being done to help increase the HPV
vaccination rate among women.
For young men, however, HPV vaccine related–research is sparse. The HPV vaccination rate among boys/men is currently
unknown. There is a need to assess the current HPV vaccination rate and to understand what can influence college men's
decision in obtaining the HPV vaccine. Then, the HPV prevention and vaccination programs can be equally

Papillomavirus Essay
According to the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) the human papillomavirus
(HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). I wasn't aware that it impacts so many people; SIECUS
reports that each year there are approximately 6.2 million new cases of HPV and that 75% of people between ages 15 and 49
have had a genital HPV infection. This isn't something that I hear about as an adult male in this country. Before conducting
research, I was only aware that HPV was tied to cervical cancer and there was a vaccine for young women. In the last decade,
the understanding of HPV has increased considerably. Although schools don't require the vaccination it's recommended that
children age 11–12. People have till their mid–20's to receive a "catch up" immunization. HPV is responsible for causing more
than 90% of anal and cervical cancers, about 70% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and more than 60% of penile cancers and
HPV is linked to 70% of oropharynx cancers (CDC, 2015). Not all people infected have complications, in fact, most people
are asymptomatic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apparently phones can help spread the word about who has what as Docktermas (2014) relays in the article, "STD Tests:
There's an App for That." The company originally marketed the app by stating that it would help you "get you lei'd." They
changed their verbiage after it became clear how offensive it was to Hawaiians. The app is designed as a health tool to help
educate young Americans on how to locate STD test centers, get results electronically and then share their results with people
of their choosing. That's a start at least. With half of college students not using condoms and with STD treatments costing $16
billion annually something has to change. I'm not a big fan of social media to begin with; I'm not sure how comfortable I
would be using this app to exchange private medical

Policy Agend Human Papillomavirus
Policy Agenda Setting– Human Papillomavirus
Sandeep Kaur
Indiana University– Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Introduction Federal and local mandatory immunization polices has reduced preventable diseases and vaccination is known as
the one of the greatest health advancements in the 20th century. Currently, school– aged children are required to get
vaccinations unless they are exempt for religious purposes (Salmon, Haber, Gangers, Phillips, Smith, & Chen, 1999).
However, there is an infectious disease that is highly preventable and vaccine is available, yet people are contracting the virus.
It's known as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, "...that can be sexually transmitted and result in health ... Show
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Whereas, high– risk is considered cancerous and most individuals are diagnosed with cervical cancer (Dizon & Krychman,
2010). Low– risk cases can be treated by oral medication, but high–risk cases have an increased chance of death and low
treatment value. In the United States, cervical cancer is known as one of the most common cancers amongst females and it is
estimated that 1/3 of the females diagnosed will die (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV 16 is the most common
detected virus in cervical cancer patients, but there are 14 HPV types that are considered high–risk (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, &
Pisani, 2005). HPV is related to cervical cancer as the virus changes the cells of the cervix and causes cervical dysplasia,
which untreated, leads to cancer (Dizon & Krychman, 2010). Examining the problem from a global perspective, Biological
Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) study group, concluded that "HPV DNA was detected in 93% of the tumors and ... HPV 16
was present in 50% of the specimens..." (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). This group collected
samples of 1000 patients whom were diagnosed with stage 3 cervical cancer from 32 hospitals in 22 countries (Bosch, Manos,
Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). As, represented earlier with current statistics, it's evident that more people are
diagnosed each year with cervical cancer that have HPV present

Description Of Human Papillomavirus
Human Pappillomavirus is most commonly known as HPV and is the most common sexually transmitted disease with 360,000
new cases reported annually (Maurer 2016). HPV is a virus and it should be noted that it is not a singular virus. It is made up
100 viruses that are closely related. The difference however, is the severity of the specific strands of HPV. It is of the Family–
Papillomarviridae, the Genus– Alphapapillomavirus and the species – Human Papillomavirus . The DNA which characterizes
HPV is distinctly circular shaped, double chain and within it holds an estimate 8000 base pairs. This virus is located within the
body specifically inside of thin, flat cells which are scientifically known as epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are ... Show more
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These two proteins interact and act on the proteins p53 and Rb which are tumor suppressor proteins. The outcome of their
interaction is the inactivation of these proteins in the host.
Immunity:
Research conducted by Castellsagué and a few other colleagues, in a control environment, indicate that some women have
naturally occurring protection within their bodies, against HPV owing to naturally occurring antibodies. Studies conducted by
the same researchers on animals identified the neutralizing antibody to the virus as coat protein L1 (Castellsagué, Naud,
Chow, et al. 2014). Recombinant L1 proteins have the ability to impromptu self–assemble to become a highly immunogenic
structure which closely resembles the natural surface of native papillomavirus virions.
Infectious Disease Information: HPV, as earlier stated is not a single virus: it is a group of 100 viruses. The most common
mode of transmission for the virus is sexual contact. It is in fact estimated that every sexually active adult will be infected with
at least one type of HPV at some point in their life. There is a reported 6 million new infections every year in the US alone,
with a bulk of these being among teenagers and people in their early 20's (Ault & Pahud 2015). It is documented as the main
cause of

Human Papillomavirus Research Paper
The role of Human papillomavirus (HPV) as a necessary cause of cervical and other genitoanal cancers has been established
based on epidemiological and molecular research (1). HPV vaccines targeting high–risk HPV types 16 and 18, and low–risk
types 6 and 11 have been demonstrated as protective against persistent infection, and hence carcinogenesis (2).
Introduction
Sexually transmitted infection with Human papillomavirus (HPV) is very common, with approximately 50% of sexually
active women having at least one HPV infection in the first 5 years following the initiation of sexual activity (3). HPV
infection is considered necessary, though not sufficient, in order to develop cervical cancer. Evidence shows that almost all
cervical cancers contain HPV DNA, and that the attributable risk of infection for cervical cancer is higher than that of smoking
and lung cancer (6). Despite HPV being most commonly associated with cervical cancer, the virus is capable of causing a
number of cancers and benign lesions of the genitoanal region in both men and women (4, 5). There are over 100 different
genotypes of HPV based on the gene coding for the L1 capsid protein, of which can be further classified into either high–risk
oncogenic types, or low–risk types (1, 5) . Of those considered high risk, HPV–16 and –18 are the ... Show more content on
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Infection occurs during sexual intercourse where abrasion of the squamous epithelium of the genital tract exposes the
underlying basal keratinocytes, allowing deposition of the HPV virus and invasion into the cells (7). Despite HPV infection
being common, the majority of individuals (around 90%) are able to establish an immune response and effectively clear the
infection within 2 years (5, 7). Those individuals who are unable to clear infection of a high–risk HPV genotype are at risk of
the development of pre–cursor lesions and if untreated, invasive carcinoma (5,

HPV_ Human Papillomavirus
If I told you that Human papillomavirus (HPV) was the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States and if
left untreated could cause 70% of cervical cancers, would you want children to be required to get the vaccine? (Sourced) HPV
vaccine is very controversial, not only because it is starting to be mandatory in the U.S but also because it is only mandatory
for female children to get it. Researchers claim that the cancers associated with HPV cost $3.7 billion in 2003 alone. (Source)
Cervical cancer is the second most lethal cancer to all women but should it be mandatory for only one gender even though
men can carry it as well? (source) The disease specifically affects those in poverty and results in higher rates of cancer in black
and Hispanic women. (Source) Some states are starting to require female students in public schools to receive vaccination for
HPV by the sixth grade. (Source) When public schools become advocates for a vaccination, it tends to be a big ordeal and
starts to catch on. This virus is showing just how complex and controversial making a vaccine mandatory can be. Parents are
starting fear that making it a requirement is implicitly condoning sex before marriage or sex with multiple partners.
(source)Media is starting to show that it plays a big part as well because during the CNN–Tea party Republican presidential
debate on September 13, 2011, that mandate came under fire when candidate Michele Bachman claimed that the vaccine was
dangerous

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and will occur in the life of a
sexually active man or woman. It is associated with causing cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina and cervix. Currently,
there are no screening methods for males, only females (CDC2014). This review examines the role of men in the transmission
of HPV and why there are no screening recommendations in males. Methods: A computerized search was conducted using
CINAHL, Pub Med and Cochrane systemic reviews. 990 articles were found of which, 500 were appropriate for the topic. 300
identified with HPV in women and 200 were identifiable to males. Of the 990, researchers selected 10 articles based on HPV,
vaccination, prevalence, transmission, screening, prevention and overall interest in random control studies. Results: There is
no approved test for HPV in men as more research is needed. Male sexual behavior and partnership affects the rate of HPV
transmission, cervical dysplasia and cancer in females. There is a Polymerase Chain Reaction test (PCR) that is not specific
for cervical tissue but it is not approved for males. Conclusion: The lack of HPV screening methods in men puts them at
higher risk for contracting HPV and transmitting it to their partners. The studies showed that men carried the high risk type
HPV which are associated with over 80% of anal cancer, also genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer and aides in the
development of cervical dysplasia in

A Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
asil: A human papillomavirus vaccine
[GENERAL INTRODUCTION] The modern world is considerably lucky in the fact that vaccinations have been created and
made readily available thanks to Edward Jenner and his development of the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796. Since the 18th
century, there have been about fifty different vaccines created to protect humans against bacterial and viral diseases. A vaccine
is a substance that can be administered through needle injections, by mouth, or by aerosol to stimulate the production of
antibodies and supply immunity against one or a few diseases. The vaccine is prepared from the causative agent of a disease
and is used to act as an antigen without activating the disease. There are many different ... Show more content on
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Vaccinations to an individual are extremely beneficial, but there are many individuals who do not believe in vaccines, too.
This is when the vaccine herd effect becomes a vital role in vulnerable populations at a high risk for obtaining infection. The
vaccine herd effect, "refers to the indirect protection of unvaccinated persons, whereby an increase in the prevalence of
immunity by the vaccine prevents circulation of infectious agents in susceptible populations." (Kim, et al. 2011) The herd
effect has been a major reason for the abolition of smallpox and the protection against influenza and pneumococcal disease
since the vaccinated individuals have spread the vaccine benefits to unvaccinated people. Early vaccinations were primarily
attenuated or inactivated, but over time and with advancements in immunology, biochemistry, and molecule biology, there
have been new strategies implemented in the development of vaccines. An article in the Brazilian Journal of Medical and
Biological Research discusses the use of recombinant proteins which allows the targeting of immune responses focused
against protective antigens. There are, "a variety of expression systems with different advantages, allowing the production of
large quantities of proteins depending on the required characteristics. Live recombinant bacteria or viral vectors effectively
stimulate the immune system as in natural infections and have intrinsic adjuvant properties." (Nascimento and Leite, 2012).
The recombinant

The Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine
Research proves that certain cervical cancers can be prevented by simply getting vaccinated against the Human
Papillomavirus (Shafer, Cates, Diehl, & Hartmann, 2011). This virus is responsible for 99% of the cervical cancers (Smith,
2008). The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most sexually transmitted disease in the world (Nath &Thappa, 2009). Four
main strains of HPV exists, 6,11,16 and 18 (Smith, 2008). HPV strains 16 and 18 are the causative factors for 70% of the
cervical cancers (Smith, 2008). HPV strains 6 and 11 cause about 90% of genital warts (Smith, 2008). Without serious side
effects the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine is 100% effective in preventing the two HPV strains that cause the largest
percentages of cervical cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parents have a safety concern , and do not want to give the HPV vaccine or any other vaccines for that matter. The measles
outbreak in California shows that there is an active anti–vaccine group in the United States at this time. Although The Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) does acknowledge that all vaccines have a potential for allergic reactions. The HPV vaccine has
been only known to cause pain at the injection site, fever, nausea and fainting ("HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians –
Fact Sheet," 2015). The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) discusses the possibility of vaccines, including the HPV
vacines being associated with learning disabilities ("National Vaccine Information Center Archives," n.d.). However, there is
no proof to support that consensus, and there is medical scientific evidence that disproves the false conceptions in regards to
the safety of vaccines (Chatterjee & O'Keefe, 2010).
Although some parents feel that mandating the HPV vaccine is a violation of their parental rights, it is necessary for the
greater good of public heath. Human Papillomavirus is the most sexual transmitted infection, which makes this a public health
problem, considering there are more than 6 million new infections each year (Smith, 2008). Young women raging from 15 to
25 years of age are half of the new HPV cases (Smith, 2008). Parents believe that their parental rights would be usurped

The Truth About Human Papillomavirus
The Truth about Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and around the world (The Children's Hospital of
Philadelphia [CHP], 2009). Today, parents vaccinate their children because vaccinations are recommended by the child's
pediatrician and most importantly vaccinations are required for the children to attend school. When a new vaccine becomes
available parents are becoming reluctant to get the vaccination for their child fearing negative results brought by myths,
rumors, and the uneducated. The HPV vaccination is not required to attend school, so most parents will not follow up to get all
the shots necessary in order to protect their child. HPV is a disease that currently has no cure and can help be prevented by
vaccinating your child before they become sexually active.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus that spreads from person to person by direct contact of infected
tissue. According to the CDC, nearly all men and women will contract HPV at some point in their life (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). HPV can cause cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers in females. HPV can also cause
anal, throat, and neck cancer in both males and females. HPV is also known to cause genital warts in both males and females.
According to the National Cancer Institute (2013), "approximately 12,340 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in
the US, and 4,030 US women will die

Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine Essay
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
My niece is 11 years old and my sister–in–law is being pressured from doctors, friends, and even the news media to give her a
certain type of vaccination called HPV, Gardasil being the most common. At the end of our conversation, she mentions that at
least she has a choice and turned to me, saying you may not have a choice when your kids are that age. I was stunned and she
goes on to tell me how the government is trying very hard to make this particular vaccination mandatory. Upon further
research, I have discovered that this particular vaccine should not be amongst the mandatory vaccines, because unlike the
others this particular disease is not transmitted through the air rather it is through sexual contact and is only effective against a
small number of strains identified, in addition, the long–term effects are unknown and it is not cost effective.
"Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI)...it is the most prevalent STI in the United States, with
strains causally linked to oropharyngeal and other cancers". (Osazuwa–Peters p.1) It is understandable why people want to
prevent such a virus. Since the FDA approval of HPV vaccines, in 2006, there have been many positive unobtrusive ways that
states have adopted to prevent or control HPV, such as public education about the disease, legislation on funding, HPVcervical
cancer screening. However, some states have attempted to mandate children to take the vaccine

Taking a Look at the Human Papillomavirus
The term cancer evokes a great fear in many because there has yet been a cure found for the disease. Human papillomavirus
(HPV) is a pathogen that can cause cancer. HPV is one of the few cancer causing pathogens that has a vaccination that is
already being administered to the general public. The administering of this vaccine would prevent millions of people from
becoming infected. Each year about 14 million men and women are infected with the human papillomavirus, though many
could be prevented. HPV is a widely contractible virus that can yield cancerous effects, but it is largely preventable via proper
vaccination. Human papillomavirus is a virus that can cause warts, or as the name suggests papilloma, along with some types
of cancers. Papillomas are benign tumors that in this case are caused by the human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus is a
group of over a hundred viruses with at least fifteen that are a high risk for causing cancer. HPV is usually passed from person
to person during sexual intercourse, though it usually is addressed as a virus that can be passed via skin–to–skin contact.
Human papillomavirus has been linked to cancers of the reproductive system, along with the head and neck. Cervical cancer is
probably the most well known cancer that comes from certain strains of HPV. The strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer
first start off as cervical dysplasia and may develop into cancer, but doesn't always. Cervical dysplasia is the abnormal change
to ones'

The Human Papillomavirus And Its Effects On The United States
The human papillomavirus remains one of the highest common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. The
human papillomavirus dates back to the nineteen hundreds. Scientists during the nineteen hundreds did not comprehend on
why people who had sexually transmitted infections also had cancer. It was not until the nineteen–eighties, that a scientist
discovered that the human papilloma virus caused cancer (Preventing Cervical Cancer). Moreover the human papillomavirus
causes genital warts in both men and women. In the year two thousand and six, a scientist generated two vaccines that protect
the human body from contracting the virus. The Food and Drug Administration approved Gardasil and Cervarix since they are
clinically tested ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henceforth only four thousand women die annually of cervical cancer. At the present time, the HPV vaccine has the possibility
to eradicate cervical cancer. Furthermore, he HPV vaccine will not only save lives annually, but it will also reduce sexually
transmitted infections.
The HPV vaccine should be required on the grounds that it will reduce sexually transmitted infections in the United States.
The human papillomavirus is spread and contracted through sexual intercourse. Around twenty million people have the human
papillomavirus in the United States (Creel). An abundance of people do not realize that they have been infected by the human
papillomavirus since it has no symptoms, thus making the virus dangerous. If a person has the human papilloma virus and
does not acquire treatment, it can lead to cancer or genital warts. Women might learn if they have contracted the human
papilloma virus if they have a Pap smear test done. Unfortunately, men are not able to know if they have the virus unless they
develop genital warts or cancer. Research shows that the HPV vaccine, "produces a strong immune response when tested"
(Creel). If a person decides to receive the vaccine when required and is ever exposed to the virus the chances of contracting
the virus are extremely low. As of today, studies show that both HPV vaccines can reduce the risk of contracting cancer and
genital warts

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most sexually transmitted infections in the United States. It is a virus with many
subtypes that cause diseases in both males and females ranging from warts to cervical cancer. There are more than one
hundred types of human papillomavirus found, some "high–risk" and some "low–risk", and one–third of those are spread
through sexual contact. Though it can be easily spread it is just as easily preventable. With technology and health care
becoming so modernized and the amount of error becoming less and less, it is now possible to make an extraordinary attempt
to stop a virus before one can even become ill from it. The way one protects oneself from a virus is through getting vaccinated,
which is defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every day in the news, in the paper, and even on social media websites we hear something about cancer. It could be a post
about scientists getting closer to finding a cure or someone we know being diagnosed or maybe in remission. Then there's
always the hardest one to hear about: someone you know, perhaps even a loved one, has died of cancer. Cancer has, and will,
play a major role in many people 's lives. This is a scary fact, so if you had the capability of preventing one of your loved ones
from being contaminated by it, wouldn't you? Parents and legal guardians need to be vaccinating their children against HPV.
There are many benefits to the vaccination that are proven through and abundance of scholarly journals. In spite of the
countless benefits, there are a multitude of adults who do not approve of their children getting immunized. This may no longer
be a problem in the near future, because it may soon be the youth 's decision on whether they receive the series of shots or not.
1. Benefits From the HPV Vaccine
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide, it is right behind breast cancer in morbidity
rates of all cancers in women (Jalan et al. abstract). According to the scholarly article "Providers' Beliefs About the
Effectiveness of the HPV Vaccine in Preventing Cancer and Their Recommended Age Groups for Vaccination: Findings

Human Papillomavirus Is A Sexually Transmitted Infection
Human Papillomavirus is a sexually transmitted infection that it is acquired through vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone
who is infected. Just like most STI's HPV does not discriminate. It can affect men and women, the young and the old. The best
way to protect you from contracting the infection is to abstain from sexual activity, have a monogamous relationship or wear
condoms at all times. HPV is a common infection that many individuals are unaware that the infection is present because it
goes away on its own after about two years. Many individuals will contract the infection and show no signs and symptoms.
There are several different strains of this virus with each strain causing a different diagnosis. High–risk HPV strains will ...
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It is given in three different series. The first dose is given and the next two follow about six months apart. A lot of young teens
do not go to health care providers so frequently and may forget when their dose is due. It is also up to the parents to not only
pay for the doses, which may be very expensive, but to continuously take their child to get the necessary shot. If they get
behind on the series of shots they'd have to start over because the shots will no longer be effective. Another con of the vaccine
is that because it is so new, there may be side effects that may take longer to surface. For example, Thalidomide, which was
given to pregnant patients, actually caused more problems than it claimed to fix. Many of the children were born with
deformed limbs and thousands dies. These issues didn 't surface until after mother 's begin taking the drug and seeing a
pattern. Since the HPV vaccine is fairly new, the long term effects are still being researched. The most common side effects
include nausea, vomiting, dizziness and

The Human Papillomavirus and How to Prevent Its Spread
Human Papillomavirus and How to Prevent Its Spread Public Health Problem Human papillomavirus, commonly abbreviated
as HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted virus that can cause a variety of diseases. It is transferred from person to
person by either genital contact or from oral contact. Most men and women who are sexually active will be infected with this
virus at least once in their life ("HPV"). A reason why HPV has become such a big problem in society is because of the fact
that it is a virus, and thus cannot be treated with antibiotics. For other viral infections, it is possible to wait for the body's
immune system to rid the body of the foreign invader, but HPV is a virus that can cause more serious health problems such as
genital warts, cancers of the mouth, anus, or vagina, as well as the cervix. Another reason why this problem exists in society
may be due to more relaxed standards regarding sexual activity. In today's society, people are more likely to have more than
one sexual partner, making it easier for the virus to spread within the population. People are also becoming sexually active at
younger ages before they receive education about safe sex at school or at home, which is also a factor in the spread of HPV in
the population. Most people do not exhibit negative symptoms from the virus; indeed, some of them may not even know they
have contracted it, for the body can clear out the virus on its own ninety percent of the time ("What is HPV?" 2013). HPV

Human Papillomavirus ( HPV )
1. Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an extremely commonly detected DNA virus widely known as the most cause of HNSCC, in
most cases, the virus doesn't cause any health problems and it goes away on its own, however, HPV can sometimes cause
health problems such as cancer and warts. Furthermore, the world health organisation (WHO) reported that HPV accounts
approximately 600,000 cases of oropharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, cervix cancer as well as genital wart worldwide.
There are over 100 types of HPV and each type has been assigned a specific number and each type affects a different part of
the body, it is widely accepted that HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible approximately 70% of cervical cancer. The
International Agency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, HNSCC is categorized further by its location of the head or the neck where cancer began, such as Paranasal
sinuses and nasal cavity, oral cavity, Larynx, Salivary glands, or Pharynx. (De Villiers and Fauquet 2004)
In 2014 the annual incidence of head and neck cancer were estimated 5500.000 cases worldwide with a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1
form man to a woman by WHO, HNSCC was recognised the sixth most common cancer by incidence worldwide accounting
for approximately 4% of all tumours. It has become clear for the last few decades that HPV infection is etiologically linked to
the development of HNSCC, especially those carcinomas that arise in the oropharyngeal region.
In recent a meta–analysis was shown that HPV malignant (high–risk HPV) in HNSCC was 2.8 times greater than benign HPV
(low–risk HPV). In 2003 the International Agency for research of cancer has found that HPV plays an important role in many
cancers of HNSCC. Ringstrom et al also investigated the type of HPV infection is present in HNSCC, and he supported the
role of HPV in head and neck cancer.
1.1.1 HPV Infection & Oropharyngeal Cancer.
Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC) is a type of cancer that affects the oropharynx. The oropharynx is part of
the throat which includes the tonsils, the base of the tongue, the soft and the pharynx which is the top of the throat.
This type of cancer which affects this part of the throat is

The Human Papillomavirus
The Human Papillomavirus also known as HPV is the most common sexualy transmitted infection. Currently there are
millions of people in USA with HPV. It's so common, nearly sexually active people get HPV at some point in their lives.
Doctor's now use a vaccine to prevent HPV. Alot of people don't know they have been infected because it may take years to
have any signs or symptoms. HPV is caused by having oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected person. The throat, genitalia,
and mouth in both men and women can be infected. In most cases, HPV goes away on its own without causing any
problems.People with weak immune systems may be less able to fight off HPV and more likely to develop health problems.
Also, when HPV doesn't go away it can cause

The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Decision:
The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Decision: The Role of the Healthcare Provider
The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Decision: The Role of the Healthcare Provider
Thesis statement: Healthcare providers should educate the parents of 11–12 year old boys and girls about human
papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the HPV vaccine because HPV infection is prevalent and the chance of an adolescent
being infected is high, persistent infection with the high–risk types 16 and 18 can cause serious health problems, and in order
to assure effectiveness, the vaccine must be administered prior to contact with the virus.
Introduction: Though it had been suspected for some time, in 1999 research concluded that virtually all incidences ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Display and explain visual aide using script) C. Women 17,000 cancers per year. 1. Cervix 2. Vagina 3. Vulva D. Men 11,000
cancers per year. 1. Penis 2. Young men are at increased risk because they often have more partners 3. Are at increased as they
are not routinely screened for disease, and they may not have any symptoms of infection (Jones & Cook, 2008). E. Cancers
affecting both male and female: 1. Anus 2. Oropharynx: a) Causes up to 35% of all oropharyngeal cancers. b) These are most
common on men. c) This is a new phenomenon and has been called "epidemic" (Ramqvist and Dalianis, 2010). d) From 1998
to 2003, the incidence rates for HPV–associated cancers of the tonsils and tongue increased 3.0% per year, while non–HPV
cancers of the mouth and throat decreased during this time (Ramqvist and Dalianis, 2010).
IV. Vaccine effectiveness: A. Vaccination: 100% effective against infection with 6, 11, 16, and 18 if administered prior to
exposure to the viruses (Dempsey & Davis, 2006). B. Because the virus is so prevalent and intercourse is not needed for
transmission, the best time to administer it is well before the average age of puberty (Gamble et al., 2010).
V. Conclusion: In summary, because the vaccine is not mandatory, either parents or the physician must initiate the discussion
of

Pros And Cons Of The Human Papillomavirus
Can you get the HPV vaccine if you are already sexually active?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a vaccine that helps prevent cervical cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. It's also one of the
most feared, due to mounting evidence showing links between HPV and cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis.
When getting any vaccine, there's always a risk of side effects; however, most of them are mild and temporary. This is true of
the HPV vaccine, too–it doesn't pose greater risk than other vaccines, and it certainly doesn't cause mental retardation, as US
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann erroneously claimed in 2011. Also, even if you've already been infected with HPV,

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of around 150 viruses. Some HPV types can lead to wart formation and other types
can lead to cancer; primarily cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and Oropharyngeal cancer (1,2)
2. HPV is so common that one out of four people (~80 million) are currently infected in the US. Around 14 million people,
teens and adults, become infected with HPV every year. (1,2)
3. HPV can be obtained through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. (2)
4. Getting vaccinated for HPV before partaking in sexual activities can reduce the risk of getting infected by one of these
viruses. HPV vaccines are very effective in preventing, but not treating, HPV infection. (3)
5. For preventative health reasons, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that preteens receive the
HPV vaccine at around age 11 or 12 to receive the most benefit from the vaccine. (1,2,4)
6. Currently, three HPV vaccines have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Gardasil®, Gardasil® 9,
and Cervarix®. Which of the three is used is determined case–by–case considering many different factors, including gender
and age. (3)
7. A global social media network for doctors and other health care providers polling and survey company, SERMO, states that
55% out of 1,952 doctors believe "the HPV vaccine should be mandated by states in order to boost vaccination rates." (5)
8. Currently in Washington State there is no HPV vaccine mandate,

The Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv )
Abstract
The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in America today. With infection
rates only increasing every year, it is important to know how HPV can be prevented and treated. In this paper, there is a brief
overview of how HPV replicates and what happens when the cell is infected. It will also look at methods to preventing HPV
infection such as vaccines, safe sex and abstinence as well as ways to treat HPV when prevention fails including wart removal
and cancer treatments. This paper will also discusses some of the signs and symptoms if any, that HPV might exhibit when
infection has occurred. Possible research in the field of diagnosing HPV will also be discussed with current and trail based
methods of detection.
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus that has more than 40 different types that are transmitted
through sexual contact. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease affecting more than 79 million people
worldwide with more than 14 million new people being affected each year (CDC 2015). HPV is so common that more than
half of all sexually active adults will be infected in their lifetime (AULT 2006). Most of the 40 types of HPV pose no health
risk and are usually fended off by the body's immune system but the four most common types of HPV, HPV16, 18, 11 and 6
are known to cause either cervical cancer (HPV16 and 18) or genital warts (HPV11 and 6). Different types of HPV

Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection with fourteen million new cases per year (Valentino &
Poronsky, 2016). These astronomical numbers make HPV "the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the United
States" (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). HPV infections have been associated with causing multiple cancers. In 2006, the first
vaccine against HPV emerged, Gardisil. In 2009 a second vaccine was approved by the FDA, Cervavix (Valentino &
Poronsky, 2016). Despite the development of the HPV vaccine, compliance remains low at an uptake rate of only 37.2% in
adolescent females (Cassidy & Schlenk, 2012) and 10–12% in adolescent males (Thomas & Snell, 2013). Lack of education,
specifically to adolescents and their caregivers, is in large part a direct contributing factor to decreased compliance.
Pediatric Population at Risk
The population targeted for the HPV vaccine is males and females 9–26 years of age, preferably before the initiation of sexual
activity (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). The number of male and female adolescents protected by the HPV vaccine falls
drastically short of the current "Healthy People 2020 target of 80%" (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). Failure to educate these
adolescents and their caregivers puts them at risk of not receiving the potentially lifesaving vaccine.
Impact on Health
In the absence of education, adolescents and their caregivers may not fully understand the risks of HPV, and therefore are less
likely to

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease (STD), is the most common sexually transmitted disease in
the United States with about 14 million cases each year. There are two different types of HPV: low–risk and high–risk.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "more than 90 percent and 80 percent, respectively, of
sexually active men and women will be infected with at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. Around one–half of
these infections are with a high–risk HPV" (CDC n.p.). High–risk HPV can sometimes cause cancer; however, there is no way
of predicting which infected persons could develop cancer or other serious health problems. The most common form of HPV,
low–risk, causes warts; this type of HPV goes away on its own in most cases (CDC n.p.). A vaccination, proven to prevent
against four major stands of HPV, has recently been developed. The vaccination has led to an enormous amount of controversy
regarding whether the vaccination should be mandatory. Although the vaccine is new, it has been proven effective in
preventing HPV and numerous types of cancer caused by HPV; therefore, it should be mandatory in order to protect today's
youth from HPV. Although most HPV cases are not life threating, many believe it is best to get the vaccination. The HPV
vaccination has been proven to prevent multiple types of cancer and other effects of the disease. It is recommended that young
girls between the ages 11 and 12

Human Papillomavirus And Cervical Cancer Burden
Sheetal M. PATEL
The University of Findlay
ENVM 510 – Environmental Health and Epidemiology
2ND September, 2016
References:
(1)
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer–Burden ... (n.d.). Retrieved September 2,
2016,from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/F_Bosch/publication/10707106_Chapter_1_Human_Papillomavirus_and_Cervical_Cancer
Burden_and_Assessment_of_Causality/links/55d2071708aec1b0429dcccc.pdf?origin=publication_list
(2)
Bosch, FX and S. De Sanjosé. 2003. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer burden and assessment of causality. J. Natl.
Cancer Inst. Monogr.31:3–13
Describe the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the international population.
a. Which geographic locations have the highest prevalence of HPV infection?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the causative operator of cervical disease, which is a standout amongst the most
unmistakable tumors in ladies. HPV is a sexually transmitted malady that can influence both men and ladies. The immunizer
discovery systems uncovered that the greater part of the ladies (those that are sexually dynamic) worldwide and roughly 70%
of the sexually dynamic ladies of US populace have been presented to the papilloma infection sooner or later in time. The
African area is having the most astounding rate of commonness with an expected number of 379153 cases amid the year 2000.
b. Which geographic locations have the lowest prevalence of HPV infection?
The Australia/N. Zealand district

The Human Papillomavirus Is Transmitted Through Sexual...
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus is transmitted through sexual contact. Specifically in males, it can lead to cancers of the anus,
penis, and pharynx. The estimated probability that a sexually active person will get a new genital HPV infection is between
29% and 39% (Hawke). The Human Papillomavirus infects both males and females; however, the protective benefit in
heterosexual males has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study monitored the efficacy of the HPV vaccine in heterosexual
males to see how it affected both the short–term and long–term health of their female partners. This study demonstrated that
heterosexual males who received the vaccination and their unvaccinated partners showed higher anti–HPV antibody titer
levels, decreased HPV positivity results via PCR tests, and decreased cancer development rates than the unvaccinated men and
their unvaccinated partners. For the Pap smears, those with both groups of men were tested and it was found that women with
unvaccinated men were more likely to have abnormal Pap smears than those who were with vaccinated men. The initial goal
of developing the HPV vaccination in 2006 was to protect women against cervical cancer (Edgar). As the years progressed,
males were encouraged to receive the vaccination, and the results of our study reveal the dual role of vaccinating men in
protecting against certain types of anal and penile cancer, as well as serving as increased protection to their partners.
Introduction
The Human

Human Papillomavirus Term Paper
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human papillomavirus, more commonly known under the abbreviation of "HPV," is the most prevalent sexually transmitted
infection (STI) in the world. HPV is known to cause genital warts and cancer, and currently there is no cure. There are,
however, numerous ways to prevent it.
Today, over 79 million Americans are infected with HPV. In fact, it is so widespread that most sexually active adults will be
infected at least once in their lifetime. Most will never notice it, because in many cases the immune system rids the body of
the virus without any symptoms occurring. Many, however, will experience mild to severe symptoms that may even be fatal if
not treated. The most common symptom by far is genital warts, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, it is type 16 and 18 HPV that cause approximately seventy percent of cases of cervical cancer worldwide.
Eighty–five percent of cervical cancer cases are found in less developed countries, so it is important to prevent the further
spread of this virus. Cervical cancer, along with all other cancers caused by human papillomavirus can be treated and cured if
found early. Over 11,000 women in the United States develop cervical cancer each year, and many go untreated, because
symptoms appear only in the late stages when treatment is too late. These problems can be avoided, though, in a number of
ways.
The first, and most obvious way to avoid human papillomavirus, since it is a sexually transmitted infection, is abstinence. One
can never receive the virus if sexual contact never occurs. The only problems with complete abstinence are that many dislike
it, and that it would rather quickly lead to human extinction. Another prevention method, although its degree of effectiveness
is unknown, is properly using a condom, but skin contact can still occur while using it. A more simple and safe way to prevent
HPV is a vaccine, of which multiple variations

History Of The Human Papillomavirus
The human papillomavirus is a viral disease that can cause anything from warts that we see on the skin of our hands and feet
and genitalia to cancer of the cervix, anus or oral orifices. Although anybody can be infected with the human papillomavirus,
it is more common in adolescent and young women. We will see how the human papillomavirus is unique in the way that it
infects cell as well as its symptoms and its current treatment. The papillomavirus was first researched in the 1930's, when a
scientist, Richard Shope heard about fabled "horned rabbits". He discovered that these "horns" were created by viruses and
after injecting the rabbits with the liquid made from the virus of the horns, he realized that it didn't cause horns internally, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, there is a way to prevent human papillomavirus infection. It is by vaccination. There are two vaccines that have been
approved for use in the United States to prevent cervical cancer. Cervarix, a bivalent vaccine–protecting against HPV–16 and
HPV–18, and has been approved to vaccinate females from the ages of 9–25. Gardasil, a quadrivalent vaccine–protecting
against HPV–6, HPV–11, HPV–16, and HPV–18, and is approved for vaccination of females from the ages of 9–26 to prevent
genital warts, cervical cancer, to prevent precancerous lesions, and vaccination of males from ages 9–26 to prevent genital
warts (Ermel,

Public Health Problem The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a set of 150 connected viruses. This group of viruses is very large
and thus each HPV virus is assigned a number that is called the corresponding HPV type. The names of such HPV types are
called after warts it produces as a visible sign of the infection.1 One very easy way to spread HPV viruses is by means of
sexual contact. In addition, more than 40 HPV types are involved in the sexual transmittance of the infections. There are two
different categories for sexually transmitted HPV types: low–risk and high–risk. Low–risk HPVs will not cause cancer but
cause warts to grow on the skin or other openings on the body such as genitals and mouth. On the other hand, high–risk HPVs
do lead to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cervical cancer is a major contributing factor in cancer–related deaths in women. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), about 270,000 deaths occurred due to cervical cancer each year. 85% of the deaths took place in less developed areas
with those of lower socioeconomic status (SES). 6 The problem occurred because HPV infections are transferred through the
skin or genital contact; therefore women who have an active sexual life with multiple contacts pass on the infections much
more readily.7 Furthermore, most HPV infections don't show any visible signs so while one may not know that she or he has
it, one might spread the infection onto the next sexual partner.6 Another reason why HPV and cervical cancer has become
such a big problem is because many people in developing countries (also correlating with low socioeconomic status) have
minimal to no way of going through a screening program.8 The high cost of vaccines additionally contributes to why the
problem has persisted in the society. While high–income nations have the opportunity to get the vaccinations implemented
into the national vaccination system, only a small amount of low–income and even middle–income nations are available to
afford to add HPV vaccinations to their national vaccination system.8 Since there are no current treatments for HPV
infections, there are

Lived Experiences Of Women Diagnosed With Human...
LIVED EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN DIAGNOSED WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
Introduction Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been dubbed as the most common sexually transmitted infection that does not
require sexual penetration for it to spread. Individuals infected with HPV may be asymptomatic or they may acquire genital
warts or cancer depending on the strains that have infected them. With more than 100 strains identified, the most commonly
spread strains that result to genital warts and cancer are 6 and 11, 16 and 18, respectively. These common strains are currently
vaccine–preventable with cervarix (for type 16 and 18) and Gardasil (types 6, 11, 16 and 18). In 2007, Australia led the first
vaccine program with Gardasil which have successfully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is noted that statistics on HPV–infection is nil worldwide, nationally or locally. Treatment of the virus requires constant
visitation to medical practitioners. According to Workowski et al (2010), genital warts may have various recommended
treatment regimen depending on considerable factors each with its own side effects but this does not remove the virus but only
removes the growth. Treating HPV–related cancers (penile, anogenital, oropharyngeal, cervical) on the other hand is another
roller coaster–experience. Disappointingly, very few studies highlight the experiences of the individuals suffering from HPV.
Hence, this study is aimed in understanding the lived experiences of women with human papillomavirus. Through this
qualitative study, health care providers may be able to analyze the personal perceptions, life changes, success and adversities
of these patients. It is the hope of the researcher that the findings of the study would be utilized in checking and improving the
current nursing practice to enable health care providers to create a more holistic method of care and management for women
with HPV.
Review of Literature
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among men and women that may infect the mouth, throat,
genitalia and anus resulting to genital warts formation or cancer. (Center

Human Papillomavirus And Its Effects On Female Health
Human papillomavirus, otherwise known as HPV, is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in North America (Dell
et al. 2000; Gross 2014). Awareness of human papillomavirus is rather low and is often overshadowed by infections with
much more noticeable symptoms such as gonorrhea and syphilis. The disease is usually associated with women due to its
association with cervical cancer (Dell et al. 2000), and men are often overlooked. However, males are at risk just as much as
females. There is plenty of evidence showing that human papillomavirus has detrimental effects to male health, yet females
are usually the ones tested for the disease and are vaccinated. With today's advancements in medicine, vaccinations should be
administered to everyone to vastly reduce the prevalence of human papillomavirus, yet it is the most common STI. If males
were vaccinated as much as females, highly preventable effects of human papillomavirus would diminish amongst the world
population. Worldwide governments and public health agencies should fund HPV vaccination for males as well as females.
Before any talks of vaccination, the prevalence of HPV in males had to be determined. It turns out, HPV prevalence in men
was very common. First of all, it was found that the peak of HPV infection was found in the male age group of 20–24 years of
age. (Gross 2014). This was due to higher rates of first sexual contact and increased sexual activity in that age group. It was
also found that HPV

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a family of sexually transmitted viruses that infect skin and mucosal cells, causing genital
warts and many different types of cancer that can affect the mouth, throat, vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and anus. It is a very
common sexually transmitted disease that can be spread through sexual contact (sexual intercourse, oral sex and hand–genital
contact) and from infected mothers to their babies during labour. The disease cannot completely be prevented from being
transmitted by using condoms or other contraceptives. Most men and women will be infected with HPV at some point in their
life, but most will recover from the infection with no ill effects or with any symptoms within 2 years. 'About 25% of people
with HPV infection will develop genital warts which can be uncomfortable and embarrassing.' 2%1 of HPV infections are
present after 5 years which can lead to other complications. In women, HPV can cause cervical cancer, especially in Māori
women who are twice as likely to get it compared to a non–Māori women. 'Every year in New Zealand around 160 women are
diagnosed with cervical cancer and around 60 die from the disease.' 1 Cervical cancer and genital warts can be prevented for
women if they take the HPV vaccine. This vaccine is administered to girls when they are 12 or 13 years old (year 8 of school)
in 3 doses over a period of 6 months and is funded by the government as part of the New Zealand National Immunisation
Schedule. I believe the HPV

Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) Vaccine
Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) Vaccine is by far one of the most controversial vaccinations in the world. With the
virus affecting one in every four which is approximately eighty million people. While most people never experience any
symptoms from this sexually transmitted disease, others are not so lucky. Some of the most common health issues that this
virus can cause include cervical cancer, cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, back of the throat, including the base of the
tongue and tonsils, and genital warts. Like other virus' HPV also has different types of the virus with some being low risk to
high risk. There are over one–hundred types of HPV but some of the ones that actually cause symptoms are HPV–6 and HPV–
11 which

Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Essay
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we know that Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a
kind of severe sexually transmitted infection (STI) and it is so common that the majority of sexually active people may infect
HPV during their lives. The majority of HPV infections cause no severe symptoms and can be resolved spontaneously in two
years. But some of them preserve and lead to premalignant condition or warts. The premalignant condition will increase the
danger of several kinds of cancers, such as the cervix cancer, vulva cancer, vagina cancer, mouth cancer and throat cancer.
According to the information from the CDC and WHO, HPV16 and HPV18 are two kinds of high risk HPVs, which may
cause cervical cancer among women; HPV6 and HPV11 are considered to be the common causes of genital warts and
respiratory papillomatosis.[2]
Introduction of HPV
A Brief Overview
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a kind of DNA virus from the papillomavirus family. There are more than 150 types of HPV
discovered till now. Over 40 types of them are transmitted by sex and infect the anus and genitals.[5] Early age of first sexual
intercourse, poor immune function, smoking, and multiple partners are all high risk factors for Continual HPV infections [2]
The major routes of transmission are continuous direct skin contact with anal sex or vaginal. Babies may get HPVs from their
mother during pregnancy sometimes. People can be infected with several types of HPV in their

The most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S is Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is often asymptomatic and
benign. However, it can lead to serious complications. It can cause genital warts, bumps in the genital area that can vary in
size and are often painful and itchy. Furthermore, HPV can cause several cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal, or cancers
of the genitals (vulva, vagina, or penis). These cancers often don't appear for years after contraction of the virus. HPV is
spread through sexual/skin to skin contact (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person, regardless if the person is
symptomatic. Both females and males can carry the disease. Most symptoms associated with HPV affect both men and
women, such as genital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often chlamydia will remain asymptomatic. Only an average of 10% of men and 5–30% of women develop symptoms. The
most common symptom in women is cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) or urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). If left
untreated the infection can spread to the uterus or fallopian tubes, possibly resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Pelvic inflammatory disease can damage the reproductive tract and cause infertility issues. In pregnant women, this STD can
increase the chance of premature birth and complications such as pneumonia in the baby. Symptomatic men most often
experience urethritis, and sometimes epididymitis, an inflammation of a tube near the testicles responsible for storing sperm.
Both men and women can experience rectal pain or discharge. Lastly, both men and women can develop reactive arthritis that
is accompanied by urethritis and conjunctivitis (pinkeye); combining to create "Reiter's Syndrome." Chlamydia can be
transmitted via contact with infected persons' penis, vagina, anus, or mouth. Alternately, it can be spread from a pregnant
woman to her baby during birth. The systems at risk of being affected by chlamydia are the reproductive systems of both men
and women (reproductive tract, epididymis), urinary system (urethra), and even skeleton system as with reactive arthritis.
Chlamydia can be readily cured with antibiotics. Any damage done by the disease, such as damage contracted during a bout of
pelvic inflammatory disease, will remain after treatment. Anyone who has contracted chlamydia before should aim to prevent
recurring infections, as multiple infections can increase the risk for complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease or
ectopic

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States (Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2015). Scientists predict that nearly all sexually active men and women will be infected
with HPV at one point during their lifetime (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2010, Centers for Disease
Control & Prevention [CDC], 2015; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007, Riguad, 2015). Although HPV is
common, it usually resolves on its own within a year or two of infection. It does not pose a risk until it has remained in the
body for many years, in which it can lead to pre–cancerous cells and genital warts (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
[CDC], 2013; Human Papillomavirus (HPV), 2015; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2012). HPV can be categorized into two
groups, high risk HPV and low risk HPV. High risk HPV is responsible for the development of cancers, such as cervical,
oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile, whereas low risk HPV is associated with the development of genital warts
(International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007). Currently, there are nearly 26,000 new HPV–related cancers in the
United States and roughly 18,000 occur in women, and 8,000 occur in men (President's Report).
Roughly 80 million Americans are currently infected with HPV, and 14 million become infected each year (Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2015). Majority of the diagnoses per

Human Papillomavirus : Dna Virus Of The Papillomavirus Family
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is DNA virus of the papillomavirus family, and it is identified has one of the most common
causes of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the world (Stanley, 2008). In the context of its diagnosis, HPV is commonly
diagnosed using various methods that include acetic acid test that turns the areas affected with HPV white, Pap test that detect
abnormalities in cells and tissues, and DNA test that detects the gene predisposing HPV infections. Irrespective of their
specificity and sensitivity, these tests are subject to human errors that hinder their precise interpretation Evans et al.,
2011).Therefore, to overcome these drawbacks, there is a need to develop a diagnostic test that is highly specific to the HPV
antigens and dysplastic cells in the uterine cervix and that can differentiate various strains or sub–types of HPV (Raab, 2012).
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop an immunohistochemical method to identify human Papillomavirus in a
cervical tissue extracted from the patient. In addition, it includes the steps used in processing of the cervical tissue.
STEPS FOR DEVELOPING AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL METHOD TO IDENTIFY HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
IN CERVICAL TISSUE
Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is DNA virus of the papillomavirus family, and it is identified has one of the most common
causes of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the world (Stanley, 2008). It is important to note that there are more than

Human Papillomavirus Known As Hpv
Causative Organism(s): Human papillomavirus known as HPV is a Papovavirus that is transmitted sexually. It is in fact one of
the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, it comes in hundred different forms and affects the body in
different ways. Some forms of it can cause warts while others may cause cervical changes that may lead to cancer (4). HPV
can infect both man and woman but only causes cancer in females. Although HPV seems to have a more severe effect on
women than men it still places both in danger. Men can unknowingly be carriers of the virus that can affect the woman
severely, therefore both men and women have to take responsibility to decrease the spread of HPV (5). HPV is a small
unenveloped virus with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The E6 and E7 proteins play and important rule in oncogenic property of human papillomavirus that can cause anogenital
cancers as their high risk factor and warts as their low risk factor. E6 AND E7 proteins promote cell growth by inactivating the
tumor suppressor proteins P53 and PRb (5).
Pathogenesis: Most people who are infected with genital HPV do not develop signs and symptoms from it. HPV is
asymptomatic and in most cases the body 's immune system resolve the HPV spontaneously within two years (4). There are
several tests that can be done to diagnose the HPV infection, Pap test a sample of cervical cells or vaginal cells are collected
and sent to the lab. This test can tell you whether the cell structures have changed and if an abnormal looking cell is present it
usually means there is a high risk of developing cancer. The DNA test detects whether high risk HPV are present. The vinegar
solution test, a vinegar solution is applied to the genital area, if HPV infection is present the areas will turn white.
Unfortunately there are no tests available for men (7). HPV is categorized as "Low risk" and "High risk". The Low risk strands
have very few or no symptoms. The most common symptoms are genital warts. Genital warts usually pink or flesh cauliflower
type tumor on the genital area. The high risk strands have also few are no visible symptoms due to

Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine

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