Assignment 2A Nutrition

Assignment 2a Nutrition
2a. Specific Nutrients that are low or high:
The meals I had were low in dietary fiber, copper, and vitamin B12. The chicken eggroll I ate, provided the most nutrients for the above–mentioned
supplements. However, the chicken eggroll and the other food were not enough to meet the target nutrition this day.
2b. Specific foods that would improve my diet:
To achieve the desired dietary fiber, I have to eat morefood that are good sources of fiber such as beans, peas, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. To
have an adequate copper intake, I will include in my diet shellfish, whole grains, and dark leafy green vegetables. To improve myvitamin B12 intake, I
have to eat more meat, fish, eggs, dairy products and other vitamin B12 fortified food
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The Effect Of Plasma Metabolome Following Dietary...
Exam 2 Guoqing Wang 1.Metabolomic analysis of changes to plasma metabolome following dietary depletion and supplementation of thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP) in mice Experimental design Male C57BL/6J mice (No. 11401300006402), weighing 20 В± 2 g, will be used for this experiment.
7–month old mice will be maintained in a room at 23 В± 2В°C and a relative humidity of 50 В± 10%, with a natural light–dark cycle. Food (6 mg
thiamine–HCl as the form of TPP) and water will be provided ad libitum. After acclimatization for 1 week, the mice will be divided into two groups
(n = 10 in each group) based on dietary difference: the dietary TPP depletion group (no TPP added) and the dietary TPP supplementation group (6 mg
thiamine–HCl/kg diet as the form of TPP). The supplementation level will be based on Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals: Fourth Revised
Edition, 1995 [1]. Plasma samples will be collected from mice in each group before feeding the experimental diets and after 10–day feeding period, the
length of feeding experimental diets will be based on a previous publication [2]. Approach Plasma samples will be analyzed by H–NMR with or
without filtration and by targeted quantitative by mass spectrometry (MS) according to Gregory III et al., 2013 [3]. NMR spectral will feature selected
metabolites including acetyl–CoA, succinyl–CoA, acetoacetate and ribose. Expected results Compared to dietary thiamine supplementation at the
recommended level, thiamine depletion will decrease

Vitamin B Pill Synthesis Lab Report
Purpose In this laboratory, the mass of riboflavin in a vitamin B pill was determined by using the florescence spectrometry technique. Analytically
Relevant Chemical–Level Processes A photon of energy is, first, supplied by external light source. This creates an excited electronic singlet state. The
excited state exists for only a finite time. During this amount of this extremely short amount of time, the fluorophore undergoes conformational changes
while also being subject to a multitude of possible interactions with its molecular environment. This process caused the fluorophore to lose some
energy. This yield a relaxed singlet excited state from which the fluorescence emission originates. A photon of energy is, then, emitted, turning the
fluorophore back to its ground state. The energy of this photon is lower producing a longer wavelength. Instrumentation Procedure... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The riboflavin standard solution (0.100ppm) was prepared by diluting 25 ВµL with the solvent that was previously made. A B–Super Complex vitamin
tablet was then weighed. Afterward, the tablet was crushed with a mortar & pestle and weighed again. All of the solid was transferred into a 100ml
beaker and 50ml of the solvent was added. After stirring for 15min the solution was transferred to a 100ml flask and was diluted to the mark with the
solvent. A disposable pipet was used to collect and transfer approximately 3ml of the tablet solution in a syringe barrel fitted with a filter. This solution
was filtered into a small clean

Vitamin : Vitamin And Vitamin Essay
Vitamin B1 – thiamine
Vitamin B2 – riboflavin
Vitamin B3 – niacin
Vitamin B5– pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6– pyridoxine
Vitamin B7– biotin
Vitamin B9– folic acid
Vitamin B12– cyanocobalamin
(Wardlaw, Smith, & Collene, 2013)
2.Describe 5 properties or functions that a number B vitamins have in common and identify any exceptions to these (5 marks)
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin all aid in energy metabolism
Folate, vitamin B6 pyridoxine and vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin all aid in the body's blood health
Most B vitamins are water soluble so readily react when combined with water
Most B vitamins are coenzymes and mainly to do with the metabolism
B vitamins are found in various foods and the main areas are grains where thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid are found, folate is found in
vegetables, riboflavin and vitamin B12 are found in dairy and thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 are found in protein.
With most of the B vitamins being water soluble, they are excreted regularly as they go through the body's system and through to the kidney where
the kidney filters the excess from the bolld and excretes these compounds in urine, however vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 are stored in the liver so are
not readily excreted in the urine and because of being in the liver, they can accumulate to toxic levels.
Below is a table listing the main functions of the most common B vitamins showing that

Designing A Strategy For Increas Ing Riboflavin Production
Motivation: The objective of this set of practicals is to emulate the creation of a model describing riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis able to
support the development of a strategy for increas–ing riboflavin production.
Results: In this practical series, we walked through the practice of conceptualising a problem and experienced some software for pre–existing network
exploration in order to obtain information to solve it. This process led to the realisation of an ER model with high level of abstraction and a more
detailed reaction network map , realised in Cytoscape, describing in detail one of its modules: the Riboflavin Biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, the
consultation of integrated networks revealed im–portant aspects of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Sibirny AA., 2011). Bacillus subtilis is a Gram–positive, cata–lase–positive and facultative aerobe bacteria, commonly present in soil as well as in
animals' gastrointestinal tract. It is used as a model organism for the study of chromosomal replication (Jakobs M. and Meinhardt F. 2015) and
sporulation (Yano K. et al. 2015) and, besides riboflavin production, it's also used in the industrial production of enzyme (Lan Thanh Bien T et al.,
2014) and biopol–ymers (Ju WT. et al., 2014). The modelling (or computational) approach consists in gathering as many information as possible
regarding the examined process and progressively, through the abstraction procedure, determining which part of them represents the variables in
control of it and that is therefore fundamental to describe consistently such phenomenon. The composition and the size of this information subset
depends on the abstraction level upon which we want to study the problem. The abstraction level is proportional to the number of different aspects of
the process (for example, the different species participating) that we want to take in consideration, and so to the amount of complexity we want to
describe the system with, and inverse proportional to the load of details incorporated in it. Later on, the development of a model concern

Lactase
Lactase is an enzyme located in the mammalian small intestine that breaks down lactose into sugars, glucose and galactose. It is a necessary enzyme
in order to digest lactose, a milk sugar, which cannot be absorbed directly.
Lactose is a sugar found only in mammalian milk
According to the article, there is high production at birth and then lactase production starts decreasing in adulthood. However, through recent studies, it
is shown that there is a high variation in lactase production among individuals and population which could be divided into a group with continuous
high lactase production and a group with declining lactase production.
The authors are point out that the most commonly used term, lactose tolerance/intolerance are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considering the minority groups are dramatically increasing in the U.S. population, USDA continuing with the current recommendation which
involves dairy(or milk) consumption shows the ignorance towards the minority groups which are part of the U.S. citizens as well and therefore, it is
conflicting with its

Wendy Rowe
Hi, girls. I hope you are feeling well! In this post, I would like to feature a Blueberry Milkshake recipe that I found in the book, Eat Beautiful by Wendy
Rowe. It is a blueberry milkshake that is chock–full of vitamin C, and is great for those looking for a simple milkshake that is low on sugar! Before I
get started, I would like to say that this milkshake tastes "healthy," which means that it tastes sugar–less. There is no extra honey or sugar that is added
to the blueberry milkshake. It is wonderful for your morning sustenance, or something to cheer you up on a dreary day. The below recipe is featured
on p. 78–79 of "Eat Beautiful" by Wendy Rowe and the blueberry milkshake looks beautiful! That is what caught my attention in the first place (and...
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Blend until you have the smoothie consistency that you want. Pour smoothie inside a cup and place the mint sprig on top. Voila! That is all there is to
it. Remember, you are what you eat! Have fun, girls! Bottom Notes: 178 calories (per Eat Beautiful by Wendy Rowe), serves 1 Nutrients: Blueberries:
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Pantothenic Acid, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese Almond Milk (I used Silk Almond Unsweetened Vanilla): Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E,
Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese Date: Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin,
Vitamin B6, Folate, Pantothenic Acid, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese Chia seeds: Calcium,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese Mint: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Calcium, Iron,
Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc, Copper,

Riboflavin Case
Riboflavin has a recommendation of 1.1 milligrams and my intake for this was 1.0 milligrams, which could be increased just a little to meet the
standards. Some foods that contained this vitamin are: turkey lunchmeat, 1% milk, steak, cheerios, bananas, ice cream, potato chips, lettuce, broccoli,
mixed vegetables, donuts, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, and strawberries. This is another type of B vitamin and as mentioned before aids in the
conversion of carbohydrates into glucose, which in turn is used to produce energy.
The recommended amount of Niacin (vitamin B3) is 14 milligrams and my intake is 11 milligrams, which shows that I need to increase my intake of
B3 vitamin. The function in the body has been stated twice before as all types of vitamins has the same function. The foods that contain vitamin B3
has also been stated above twice before and I again even with eating these items I still failed to meet the requirements. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The recommend value for B12 is 2.4 micrograms and my intake was 2.3 micrograms, which is under the

Efficacy And Safety Of Accelerated Crosslinking System
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of accelerated crosslinking system in the treatment of
.keratoconus
Methods: Accelerated crosslinking was done using the CCL–365–18 Peschke GmbH. Follow up was done after 3 days for contact lens removal, then
after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months for assessment of uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and slit lamp
.examination. Refractive and topographic changes were also recorded
Results: The study included 40 eyes of 21 patients. All patients completed at least 6 months postoperative follow up. There were 13 females and 8
males. Age ranged from 18 to 32 years with a mean 25.9 п‚± 5years.There was a statistically significant improvement in average keratometry readings
(P< 0.001*). The preoperative mean average keratometry was 48.463п‚±3.1 D( 43.74 – 54)
.and changed to 47.32п‚±2.9 D (42.15 – 53) at 6 months of follow up
Conclusion: Accelerated corneal collagen cross–linking can be considered as a safe procedure for
.the treatment of keratoconus
Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia characterised by progressive thinning and protrusion of the central and paracentral cornea 1–5 that gives rise to
irregular myopic astigmatism and a decrease in visual acuity. It is generally a bilateral process, however it presents and develops asymmetrically.6,7
Changes in the corneal collagen structure, and extracellular matrix, apoptosis and necrosis of keratocytes are documented in the anterior stroma and
Bowman membrane of weakened

Recently, my folks wanted me to cut back on sugary foods...
Recently, my folks wanted me to cut back on sugary foods and start eating healthier foods in a regular basis (like a strict diet regime). For one reason,
my grandfather had prostate cancer last year, although he is recovering and now healthy.
My goal is to do the three–day challenge so I can calculate myself how much I eat and/or drink and analyze the data. For energy, I need to consume
1997 kcalories, 65.32 grams of protein, between 213 grams and 308 grams of carbohydrates, and between 42 grams and 73 grams of total fat. For
fat, I need to consume less than 19 grams of saturated fat. For carbohydrates, I need to consume 38 grams of fiber. For vitamins, I need to consume 1.2
milligrams of thiamin, 1.3 milligrams of riboflavin, 16 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, on Tuesday, for breakfast, I ate one apple that contains 95 kcalories. For lunch, I ate one serving of chicken pot pie that contains 542
kcalories. For dinner, I ate two pieces of pork chops that contains 347 kcalories per two servings (including 173.5 kcalories per one serving of pork
chops), one cup of corn that contains 157 kcalories, and one cup of water that contains 0 calories per 8 ounces.
After all that food consuming for three straight days, here are my results. For energy, I consumed 2,720.67 kcalories (136%), 133.12 grams of
protein (204%), 306.62 grams of carbohydrates (100%; perfect!), and 110.8 grams of total fat (152%). For fat, I consumed 36.31 grams of saturated
fat (191%), 41.48 grams of monounsaturated fat, 22.55 grams of polyunsaturated fat, and 0.07 grams of trans fatty acid. For carbohydrates, I
consumed 26.47 grams of fiber (70%) and 88.63 grams of sugar. For vitamins, I consumed 2.89 milligrams of thiamin (241%), 2.97 milligrams of
riboflavin (228%), 35.42 milligrams of niacin (221%), 2.05 milligrams of Vitamin B6 (158%), 4.36 micrograms of Vitamin B12 (182%), 55.45
milligrams of Vitamin C (62%), 4.38 micrograms of Vitamin D (29%), and 900 micrograms of Vitamin A (77%). For minerals, 971.2 milligrams of
calcium (97%), 19.48 milligrams of iron (244%), 399.08 milligrams of magnesium (100%; perfect), 3,651.06 milligrams of potassium (78%), 18.07
milligrams of zinc (164%), and 4,311.3 milligrams of sodium, (287%).
Vitamin E

The Effect Of Plasma Metabolome Following Dietary...
Exam 2
Guoqing Wang
1.Metabolomic analysis of changes to plasma metabolome following dietary depletion and supplementation of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in mice
Experimental design
Male C57BL/6J mice (No. 11401300006402), weighing 20 В± 2 g, will be used for this experiment. 7–month old mice will be maintained in a room at
23 В± 2В°C and a relative humidity of 50 В± 10%, with a natural light–dark cycle. Food (6 mg thiamine–HCl as the form of TPP) and water will be
provided ad libitum. After acclimatization for 1 week, the mice will be divided into two groups (n = 10 in each group) based on dietary difference:
the dietary TPP depletion group (no TPP added) and the dietary TPP supplementation group (6 mg thiamine–HCl/kg diet as the form of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data interpretation
TPP, the biologically active form ofvitamin B1, is an important enzyme cofactor in the mitochondria [4]. In addition, TPP participates as a cofactor of
transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway, a cofactor of the О±–ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (О±–KGDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and
branched–chain О±–ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) [5]. Although loss of cofactor can explain in part for loss of enzyme activity,
thiamine and its phosphorylated derivatives may also regulate the mediate expression of genes encoding these proteins [6].
It has been reported thiamine deficiency decreases mRNA levels of transketolase and PDH but not О±–KGDH because there was no negative effect of
thiamine depletion on at least the E1 subunit of О±–KGDH [7]. This may also be explained by an attempt to maintain the activity of one enzyme over
the others preferentially, which agrees with riboflavin and enzymes that use it as a cofactor [8]. Therefore, thiamine deficiency may decrease the
abundance of acetyl–CoA and ribose, but not affect the abundance of succinyl–CoA. The E1О± subunit of the BCKDC participates in the
thiamine–dependent decarboxylation of branched–chain О±–ketoacids [9]. Therefore, thiamine deficiency may also decrease one of the products of
BCKDC, acetoacetate.
References
1.Benevenga, Norlin J., et al. "Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals."Nutrient

The Effect Of Jojoba Seed Extract And The Development Of...
International Journal of Virology
ISSN 1816–4900
DOI: 10.3923/ijv.2016.
Research Article
Effect of Jojoba Seed Extract and Riboflavin in Preventing the
Transmission of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV): Tospovirus by
Thrips tabaci L. to Onion Plants in Egypt
1Manal A. El–Shazly and 2A.S. Abd El–Wahab
1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
2Unit of Insect Virology, Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Journal Name
ISSN
DOI:
Research Article
Effect of Jojoba Seed Extract and Riboflavin in Preventing the
Transmission of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV):Tospovirus by Thrips tabaci L. to Onion Plants in Egypt
1Manal A. El–Shazly and 2A.S. Abel Wahab
1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
2Unit of Insect Virology, Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptABSTRACT:
Background :Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV), genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, is one of the most important viruses affecting onion crops
worldwide. In Egypt, IYSV was recorded for the first time from onion since 2004. Thrips tabaci L. is the mainly vector of this virus. Materials and
Methods: the virus has been isolated from naturally infected onion plants grown in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo

Riboflavin Fluorescence Spectra Essay
Experiment Three Report
Riboflavin Fluorescence Spectra
Name: Holly
Experimental Section: Include all details on preparation of standard solutions. Also include the vitamin tablet brand name; the listed mass of vitamin
B2 per tablet; procedure used for extraction of the tablet and dilutions performed.
The experiment began by determining the best wavelength at which to excite the riboflavin molecule, by examining the graph given in the laboratory
manual[1]. Because plastic cells that absorb UV light were being used to hold the solutions, the wavelength had to be >320nm. To ensure that we
could clearly see the peak of the riboflavin fluorescence in the stock solution, the peak we chose to measure was the one approximated at ... Show more
Results Section:
Section 1. Examine the nature of absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra. Include values for absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra
maxima. Upload your spectra in this section. Figure 1. Fluorescence vs Wavelength graph of Riboflavin 50ppb Stock Solution
The first part of the experiment involved graphing the fluorescence intensity of a 50ppb
Riboflavin stock solution. The wavelength to begin measuring from was based on two factors, the fact that the plastic UV cells that were being used
absorbed light up to 320nm, and that the molecule needed to absorb light very strongly, and needed to be seen clearly on the graph. Thus, reading the
graph provided in the lab manual[1], it could be seen that there was a peak at around ~450nm which would easily be able to be seen without
interference from the plastic cells. In the sample measured from the stock solution, the peak occurred at a
wavelength of 523.52nm and reached a peak of 115.52.
The excitation spectrum was then measured on the same graph. The wavelength at which the peak occurred on the fluorescence spectrum was entered
into the program, and a scan range from 350nm to 800nm was used. The excitation spectrum had two peaks, the first occurring at a wavelength of
366.15nm

Riboflavin Vs Acetic Acid
Abstract
In this experiment, a spectrophotofluorometer Shimadzu RF–5301 was used to determine the concentration of unknown riboflavin with 5% v/v acetic
acid of 10 ppm standard riboflavin solution. An external calibration was performed in using 5 standard known concentrations of riboflavin and plotting
a calibration curve. The LOD and LOQ were 0.0622 mg/L and 21.3 mg/L respectively. The calibration curve enabled for the determination of the
unknown (3013) concentration of riboflavin at 0.37416 mg/L in which linear regression was used to determine the slope and intercept of the curve.
Introduction
In this experiment, the techniques utilized for the determination of the unknown concentration of riboflavin was standard addition and obtaining ...
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In this experiment, the use of a glass cuvette was used in order to avoid any chemical or environmental interference from the surroundings. Furthermore
such glass cuvettes can support large wavelengths during transmission of light beyond 320 nm since this is the excitation wavelength region.
Riboflavin is excited at around 370 nm, therefore the wavelength range must be large in order to detect a proper response. Plastic cuvettes are however
inadequate as the range of wavelengths supported for transmission of light is very limited (5, Upstone). The geometry of the instrument of the
spectrophotofluorometer has a specific angle and position for the excitation source and the detector. The excitation polychromator emits ultra–violet
radiation and light to the interested sample and the shape of the polychromator resembles a triangular prism in which the monochromator has been
angled at a 90в€ position. The transducer would detect the irradiation excitation beam and transfers it through the emission polychromator. The
emitted beam would then travel to the detector to allow for the response signal to appear for the sample on the computer system (416, Skoog). The
position of the cuvette is essential as it enables for the consistent readings of the response signals, as any shift in the cuvette position can create
variation in results due to the position of lighting and detection of molecular samples hitting at different angles. The process of fluorescence is quite
sensitive than absorption due to having lower detection limits because of the fact that it can detect lone molecules in excited states that are irradiated
by UV–light unless they come into contact with other molecules within

The Positive Health Factors And Effects Of Vegan Diets
Abstract Over the past few years, vegan diets have become increasingly popular. However, despite their growing popularity, few in depth investigations
have been done about the subject. Three studies that were done were over Finnish, Danish, and Vietnamese vegans and were by Elorinne, Kristensen,
and Ho–Pham. The objectives of these studies were to find the effects of the vegan diet on macro– and micronutrient intake, as well as its effect on
bone mineral density, rate of bone loss, and frequency of fractures. The methods between them varied but all consisted of an analysis of biomarkers
in the body and a measure of food intake. The results of each agreed with each other, as they all showed that vegans had lower levels of key vitamins
and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compared to the non–vegan group, the vegans had low concentrations of vitamins B12 (p=0.002) and D, even though many used supplements.
However, few vegans (5%) were deficient in vitamin B12, suggesting that the use of supplements helped the vegan subjects keep a healthy level of the
vitamin. The vegans also had a lower concentration of vitamin D (including D2 and 3) by 34% compared to the non–vegans. In spite of this, levels of
25–hydroxyvitamin D2 were higher in the vegans (p<0.001). Ten percent of the vegans and 78% of non–vegans had vitamin D concentrations higher
than 75 nmol/L, the proposed optimal level for health. Some possible reasons for these results included lack of, or irregularity of, supplementation and
when the samples were taken. Similar studies done with Finnish, British, and Vietnamese vegans showed similar concentrations.
Every vegan subject and 91% of non–vegans subjects showed mild iodine deficiency when using the WHO's criteria of <100 micrograms per liter of
urine. This result indicates that the non–milk drinking Finnish population, vegans especially, may not be taking in enough iodine. Past studies done
over vegans have also resulted in low levels of iodine in urine.
In the past, few studies have been done to examine long–term vegans and their nutrition. As such, this study gives new information on the subject.
Some problems with this study exist, however, such as a small sample size and

Egg Structure & Its Uses in Bakery
Topic:
Egg Structure & Its Uses In Bakery
Done By:
"Submitted in fulfilment of the required for B.A (Hons.) In Culinary Arts"
University Of Huddersfield
Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge and extend by heartfelt gratitude to Chef Anand Marwad and Anant Bhamkar for giving me this project.
It has helped me a lot in gaining more knowledge about the given topic [Egg structure and its uses in bakery].
I would also like to thank all my friends who have helped me in collecting the topics for this project.
Introduction
Eggs are the backbone of many baked goods and contributes to its structure. Egg's cooking properties are so varied that eggs have been called "the
cement that holds the castle of cuisine together." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
Uses of Eggs in Bakery
Eggs have many uses in baking and cooking. They can bind ingredient, they can also leaven such baked high rises as soufflГ©s and sponge cakes.
Their thickening talent is seen in custards and sauces. Eggs emulsify. They clarify soups and coffee. Eggs retard crystallization. They also enable
coating. In general, eggs add color and flavor.
COAGULATION
When eggs are heated, the protein in the white and yolks starts to coagulate. This means that the liquid egg becomes firmer. As heating continues the
egg eventually becomes solid.
A sauce or custard can be thickened by egg and heating, critical to many recipes.
When eggs are heated, their proteins unwind (called denaturing) and break apart from their tightly bound bundles, bump up against one another, and

adhere to form loose, flat and long strands. These strands are linked together in a three–dimensional mesh. Example: With egg whites because they turn
from clear to opaque, forming a solid gel. Liquid gets trapped in these strands, and this causes the mixture to thicken.
BINDERS
Whole raw egg adds moisture to a mixture and holds the ingredients together. As the food is heated, egg protein coagulates, thus binding ingredients
together. This is a very useful property for binding in products such as meat loaves, formed meat and poultry products and for natural thickening of
custards and pie fillings. The temperature of coagulation can be controlled by adjusting pH, adding salts

A Study On Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin )
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is another vitamin that was low for my diet and I think that spinach and apples would be a great addition to my diet.
Spinach is provides many of the vitamins I need but I chose it for B2 because of its high daily value. I chose apples because it is easy to incorporate
into my diet. I can eat both of these foods at any time of day. For Vitamin B3 (Niacin), I chose mushrooms and broccoli to add to my diet because I can
add these to most of the dinners I make. Vitamin B6 was actually my lowest percent of my RDA and the foods I chose to increase this is green beans
and potatoes. Both were on the high end of the daily values for B6 and I like both of these food. I always eat green beans as a side dish with some type
of protein and potatoes I can do a variety of things with so both are easily realistic to my diet.
Vitamin D was another low percent of my RDA and I chose salmon and orange juice as sources of Vitamin D to add to my diet. I'm not really into
seafood but the one fish I'm willing to eat is salmon because it is the only fish I like to eat growing up. I will try to eat salmon once or twice a
month for dinner. I chose orange juice because just one cup is 34 percent of your daily value of Vitamin D so I would probably have a cup in the
morning with my oatmeal. Folate is my last vitamin and I chose to add lettuce and oranges to my diet. I chose both because there easy to add to my
diet and I can many things with either one like make a fruit salad or

Worst Dog Food Brand
Top–10–worst–dog–food–brands.
Choosing what to feed your dog can seem a little overwhelming and it sometimes might come down to cooking his or her food yourself. Because of
not knowing which dog food brand is really harmful for your dog? Probably the stuff you 're feeding her now. Because the worst dog foods are the
most fashionable ones on the market. And too many chemicals and low–priced filler ingredients eaten frequently by our pets are the same as us eating
a strictly over processed fast food diet daily for life. I understand you want to keep your dog healthy! To do that, it is essential to give him the diet
closest to that of his ancestral wild dogs... meat or fish. preferably, his food should contain at least 75 percent protein from genuine meat or fish and 25
percent vegetable and fruit products.
Unfortunately, it 's not easy at all to tell what the worst dog food brand is. Most of the ingredients just look customized to comply with a dog 's
digestive tract but the fact is the ingredients are terrible. So, whatever you do, stay away from dog foods that don 't contain meat, but meat
by–products. By–products can mean any part of an animal except meat; they are waste products, and may not even contain any protein. Stay away
from corn, or any type of grain product, particularly flour; dogs are usually allergic to these food. Avoid preservatives, chemicals, artificial flavors and
colorants. And stay away from menadione, a synthetic version of vitamin K (Called

Sci/241 Week 5 Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins
Fat– and Water–soluble Vitamins
Vitamins are primarily classified by solubility. Some vitamins are soluble in water and others are soluble in fat. "According to The National Institute
of Health, the body needs 13 vitamins for normal health." This includes vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B complex vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12 and folate. Each of these vitamins provides a variety of functions to the body which can be obtained from a
well balanced diet (Farris, 2012).
You only need vitamins in small quantities (micronutrients) and they are essential to your health. Vitamins are important because they help the body to
function optimally. Vitamins can be found in everything we eat and have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B3 (niacin) is common in fortified breakfast cereals, beef liver and chicken breast. B5 (pantothentic acid) can be found in breakfast cereals and beef
liver. B6 (pyridoxine) is found in foods such as chickpeas and yellow fin tuna. B7 (biotin) can be found in long grain white rice and cereals and vitamin
B12 is common in meats, clams and liver. Vitamin C is found in many of the fruits we consume such as juice, citrus, peaches and vegetables like bell
peppers (Tumbarello, 2012). Collectively many water soluble vitamins can also be found in a wide variety of foods such as fresh vegetables, legumes,
citrus fruit, bananas, avocados, walnuts, potatoes, eggs, pork, roast beef, chicken and fish like tuna, salmon and trout. They are also found in fortified
cereal grains, breads, oatmeal, and wheat bran.
Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body. They go directly to the blood stream once consumed, so they need to be replaced on a daily basis.
B vitamins are important because they help turn food into energy. For example, niacin helps to release energy from carbohydrates, fats and protein.
Many also act as coenzymes. Such as riboflavin, this is the coenzyme for the first reaction in the metabolism of glucose. Thiamin is also a coenzyme
for tissue respiration. B vitamins and vitamin C are also essential for growth and development such as body tissue, the formation of collagen,
development of red and white blood cells and the formation of DNA. When the

Vitamin Deficiency : A Widespread Problem All Around The...
Vitamin deficiencies are a widespread problem all around the world. They are caused by very poor eating habits or due to people living in low
income areas. The body requires many different types of vitamins and minerals for the development of the body and to prevent diseases and to keep
our body healthy. These vitamins and minerals are known as micronutrients. These micronutrients aren't produced naturally in our body so they have to
be consumed in from the meals we eat. This is why it is so important to have a healthy balanced diet, so that our body gets the sufficient amount of
nutrients needed to function properly. Some effects of vitamin deficiency are digestion, skin problems, defective bone growth, and even dementia. It
isvery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is dangerous to consume large amounts of a fat–soluble vitamin since too much of anything is bad our bodies.
The lack of vitamin A is the leading cause of blindness in children. The deficiency has an intimate effect on the immune system, it increases the
chance of death from malaria, measles and diarrhea. Due to vitamin A deficiencies there's also the risk of getting serious infections. Some symptoms
include night blindness, dry skin and frequent injections. Around 250,000 to 500,000 children become blind every year because of vitamin A
deficiency. Half of these kids die within a year of losing their vision. For newborn babies the best source of vitamin A is breast milk. Vitamin A
deficiency is a significant problem in developing countries in Africa and Southeast Asia.
Thiamine deficiency is the main cause of nerve and muscle damage and can affect the heart. Thiamine is a significant part of our nervous system and
it helps our body turn carbohydrates into energy that is needed for everyday life. Lack of thiamine can result in weight loss and confusion and
short–term memory loss. Some symptoms include loss of appetite, weakness, pain in the limbs, shortness of breath, and swollen feet or legs. In the
United States, thiamine deficiency is mostly seen in people who have a very high alcohol consumption level. Alcohol consumption reduces the
absorption of thiamine and due to this the body has a hard time to store

Milkshake Recipe Review Essay
Almond Chocolate Milkshake Recipe Review Hi, girls! I wish you lots of love and health! In this post, I would like to feature an Almond Chocolate
Milkshake recipe that I found in the book, Eat Beautiful by Wendy Rowe. It is a milkshake that tastes heavenly and sinful at the same time! The end
product looked beautiful, and I found it to cheer me up for the remainder of my evening after I finished it. The below recipe is featured on p. 66–67 of
"Eat Beautiful" by Wendy Rowe and the almond chocolate milkshake pictures looks so scrumptious and naughty! I would also recommend this drink
for those who need magnesium (this is present in the cacao powder). Almond Chocolate Milkshake Recipe: Ingredients: Handful of ground almonds 3
/4 cup unsweetened

Paleolithic Diet Research Paper
Sara S. Heilman
11/00/17
3rd Hour The Modern Diet
The Paleolithic Era started in about 200,000 BCE and ended in 10,000 BCE. The Paleolithic peoples were foragers, people who moved around to
find food. They hunted and gathered their food. Paleolithic people ate meat, fruit, and wild grasses. Although the Paleolithic diet may seem more
desirable than what the average person eats today, it is not. The average Modern diet is better than the Paleolithic diet because it reduces diseases and
other disorders and has many added benefits.
The first reason the average Modern diet is better than the Paleolithic diet is that it reduces diseases and other disorders. The average modern diet
reduces the chance of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the Paleolithic diet does not accurately represent Paleolithic people's lifestyle. According to https://www.precisionnutrition.com
humans began eating grasses at least three million years ago so grasses should be included in the Paleolithic diet. Next, Paleolithic people had a
much more active life style than humans today. This is important because in order to get some of the benefits of the Paleolithic diet modern people
have to not only eat the diet but live the lifestyle of our early ancestors. Finally, the diet of Paleolithic people depended on where they lived. This is
important because the fruits and vegetables in the Modern diet are the same ones someone could eat if they were in the Paleodiet except the Modern
diet has more

Psy 230 Week 1 Research Paper
Week One Week one, I learned about phytochemicals. They are a non nutrient substance, which means they have no nutrients in them. They are not
processed or anything because they are naturally occurring in plants. They cannot be found anywhere else. Phytochemicals are not needed for short
term survival, which means you don't necessary need them. They are good though because they promote long term health. I applied this to my life
by making sure I start having phytochemicals in my diet, so I can help out my long term health. Week Two Week two, I learned about ingestion. I
learned when to eat and when you need to stop eating. When you have an appetite that means the psychological desire to eat food. When you are
hungry that is the physical sensation of needing to eat food, which is localized in the stomach. Then satiety is the state of having had enough to eat.
There is immediate and delayed satiety. There are of course factors that control these, which are the size of your stomach and illness. Also, different
mood conditions and your genes play a role. I applied this to my life by knowing when I am at the hunger stage to eat, but when I get to satiety, then I
need to stop eating. Week Three... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates can come from fruits, vegetables, and grains. There are two different
kinds of carbohydrates. The first being simple carbohydrates, which are sugars. Glucose, fructose, and galactose fall under the sugar category. Then
you have your complex carbohydrates, which are starch in grains, glycogen stored in our muscles, and fiber. When it comes to energy within our
body glucose is a major source of energy. When our body does not get enough carbohydrates to supply enough glucose, our body will make glucose
from proteins. I applied this to my life by making sure I eat fruits, vegetables, and grains to get my carbohydrates every single

Effect Of Ascorbic Acid On Vitamin B2
Chemical stability examination of vitamins B6 (Pyridoxine), vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) for neonatal use in parental nutrition
Background
Vitamins are parental nutrition (PN) constituents used to provide daily requirements and supply deficiencies in neonates. Thevitamin loss in the parental
nutrition bad is commonly caused by chemical degradation. The reduction thiamine and oxidation of vitamin C are the frequent reactions of chemical
degradation. The vitamin C is most unstable vitamin added to parental nutrition. It is highly oxidized. Its oxidation is influenced by high temperatures
and the catalysis by the oligo–elements like copper. Its first degradation route is reversible and has biological activities while the remaining
degradation routes are irreversible and lack biological activities. The degradation of vitamin C depends on the availability of oxygen in the medium
(packaging material used). Various amino acids also affect the vitamin C stability due to its copper ions chelating and this reduces its potential which
further decreases residual oxygen effect. The vitamin C end product (oxalic acid formation) possesses a toxic potential and quickly interacts with free
available calcium ions thereby initiating calcium oxalate precipitation.
Thiamine degradation is caused by reduction as result of the presence of sodium metabisulfite which is an antioxidant applied in the crystallization of
amino acids solution. Vitamin B2 is most

Whole Milk Vs Dairy Milk
Dairy milk has long been a staple of The American home throughout the years, and rightfully so. Versus it's alternative counterparts, standard whole
cow's milk is a singular natural source for many of the body's needed nutrients. These nutrients are needed for the developing body in young children,
as well offering several benefits and enhancing performance in many athletes. Dairy alternatives do not achieve this same offering on their own and
must be enriched.
Milk is a very important source of essential vitamins and minerals. According to The Southeast Dairy Association, just one 8–ounce serving of whole
milk contains 8 grams of protein. (southeastdairy.org) That same cup also contains at least 25% of your bodies recommended daily values... Show more
Dr. Deborah Goldman, assistant professor in the University of Minnesota's Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, andNutrition, states
that whole milk is vital to brain development. "Whole milk supports neuron formation and other major brain growth and development."
(healthtalk.umn.edu) Calcium and phosphorous are necessary for growing strong bones and teeth, and calcium also supports muscle contraction,
which is important for heart health. Riboflavin is vital for body growth, red cell production, and metabolism. This combination of nutrients alone is
essential for healthy child growth.
Another value of milk is that of its natural benefits for athletes. Chocolate Milk offers much more that simple water post exercise. "Drinking plain
water after exercise replaces water – and that's it," states Kelly L. Phillips in her Fitness Magazine article, "Got Milk? Try Chocolate After Your
Workout." Versus water and most sports drinks, and even plain milk, chocolate milk more carbohydrates and protein, which is crucial for replenishing
tired muscles. Value like this would be most beneficial to endurance athletes that require a healthy source of calories, carbs, and

Why Is Juicing So Successful?
Juicing is a great way to provide your body with a high level of superb nutrition. A great many health conscious folks agree how amazing it is. Now
you might be asking yourself, what is it about juicing that is so great?
Three reasons that juicing is so beneficial are:
1) The juice requires hardly any digestion, so all its nutritional goodness gets rapidly into your system.
2) When you use a juicer you create a drink that is packed full of vitamins and minerals. Juicing allows you to use more fruits and vegetables than you
could ever eat in a day therefore providing a great benefit you are missing out on.
3) Detoxify your liver
The following points are some of the health benefits received from juicing:
Improving heart health and the cardiovascular system: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to get Vitamin A in your diet you must first consume beta–carotene found in orange fruits and veggies. Beta–carotene is broken down and
processed by our body and turned into vitamin A which is essential for the eye to properly function and to discourage night blindness. Both A and C
vitamins help to reduce the chance of cataracts and age–related macular degeneration. Carrot juice is an awesome way to ingest both Vitamins A and C.
Rebuilding blood cells:
– Yep you read that right! Chlorophyll makes it possible to rebuild your blood cells and has many more health benefits, too many to list here!
On a molecular level chlorophyll looks almost exactly like a component of the red blood cell hemin. More amazingly scientists have found that when
you assimilate chlorophyll into the body, it makes the chemical shift and actually becomes hemin. Essentially, taking chlorophyll is almost like getting
a blood transfusion!

Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green pigment. This is why it is important to put green stuff in your juicing recipes! Remember, the darker green
the veggie, the more chlorophyll it has.
Improved immune

Intake Report On Micronutrient Intake
Micronutrient intake
1.Use the following sections of your 3 Day Average Report to answer the following questions:
a.Intake vs Goals
2.From your intake versus goals report:
a.Pick two vitamins or minerals that your average intake does not meet 75% of the DRI.
i.Why would you be concerned about having an inadequate intake of these nutrients? Vitamin: riboflavin intake was 65 %. Recommended intake by
DRI is 1.10 mg and only took 0.72 mg. Riboflavin deficiency can cause weakness, throat swelling, skin cracking, and anemia. Also cause vision or eye
problems. Mineral: calcium intake was 35 %. Recommended intake by DRI is 1000.00 mg and only took 346.80 mg. Calcium deficiency can cause
hypocalcemia, confusion, muscle spasms, numbness, and easy fracturing of the bones. ii. What foods can you increase in your diet to meet the
recommended intake for these nutrients? Food high in riboflavin is beef liver (3 oz. is 100 % DV), milk (1 cup is 26 % DV), natural yogurt (1 cup is
34 % DV), and almonds (1 oz. is 19%). Food high in calcium is milk (1 cup is 30 % DV), yogurt (6 oz. is 30 %), and cheese (1 oz. is 22% DV).
3.From your intake versus goals report:
a.Compare your average intake of sodium to recommendations. The recommendation is 2300.00 mg and my intake was 2,243.88 mg. I was at 98 %,
closely met the require sodium intake.
b.If your intake was above recommendations, what changes can you make in your food choices to become more in line with recommendations? My

What Is The Relationship Between The Absorption Of...
Due to the close relationship between the absorption of triglycerides and fat–soluble vitamins, disorders of fat absorption are invariably always
associated with a disorder of the absorption of fat–soluble vitamins. Esters of fat–soluble vitamins, dissolved in nutritional fat, are hydrolyzed in the
intestinal lumen by pancreatic carboxylic ester hydrolases (Ballard et al., 2007, Reboul and Borel, 2011). The underlying mechanisms of water–soluble
vitamins being absorbed are more complex and less uniform than those of the fat–soluble vitamins. Some water–soluble vitamins, such as folic acid,
must be transformed in the intestinal lumen prior to absorption. The influence of high– and low–fiber diets on urinary riboflavin excretion was examined
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The glucomannan konjac mannan has a lowering effect on vitamin E absorption in healthy volunteers and in diabetic patients (Jenkins et al., 20001).
This could be demonstrated with the vitamin E tolerance test when the glucomannan was added to the test meal. It is uncertain whether there are
relations between vitamin K metabolism and ingestion of dietary fiber. Investigations on the influence of dietary fiber on vitamin K absorption and
serum vitamin K concentration are not available. The prothrombin and thromboplastin times of diabetics who were treated with a high–fiber diet (25 to
35 g dietary fiber per 1000 kcal) for an average of 21 months remained unchanged. This indicates that the high–fiber diet does not impair vitamin K
absorption (Alonso–Sande et al., 2009, Scholfield et al., 1990). The underlying mechanisms of water–soluble vitamins being absorbed are more
complex and less uniform than those of the fat–soluble vitamins. Some water–soluble vitamins, such as folic acid, must be transformed in the intestinal
lumen prior to absorption. The influence of high– and low–fiber diets on urinary riboflavin excretion was examined in healthy subjects. Compared to a
control group receiving a low–fiber diet, coarse and fine bran, cellulose, and cabbage increased urinary excretion for 8 h when 15 mg
riboflavin–5–phosphate were administered orally with breakfast. The authors concluded that dietary fiber accelerates GI riboflavin

Vitamin C And Its Effect On Human Body
Chapter 1
1.Introduction
1.1.Vitamin B
Vitamins are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds needed in fixed amounts for important body functions. They play important role in
energy generations, red blood cells and neurochemical production. They are micro–nutrients which are involved in the biological wear and tear of the
body and an important part of a balance diet. Since the human body cannot produce vitamins which are required in normal concentration; they can be
gained either from food sources or from dietary supplements. There are total of 13 kinds of vitamins needed by the human body comprising of vitamin
A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin K and eight included in the group vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12). Vitamin B group or complex
contains all the water soluble vitamins that play an important role in metabolism. Due to the watery composition of our body, these vitamins have the
ability to move inside our body and can be removed through urine without any difficulty. Thus, such vitamins are not stored by our bodies and need
replenishing on a daily basis. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamin B complex for the body. Processed foods lose their vitamin B content
thus through the process of enrichment as specified by food laws and regulations, the vitamin B is added into the food. Rich sources of vitamin B
include potatoes, whole grains, legumes, nuts, meat and fish. Due to their delicate chemical nature, vitamin B complex is

Vitamins Requirements
Three criteria that must be met in order for something to qualify as a vitamin it must meet the following requirements.
1.must be an indispensable, potent, and noncaloric organic compound
2.must be needed only in very small amounts in the diet
3.must perform both specific and individual functions that promote growth or reproduction, or to maintain good health and prolong life.
Two major categories of vitamins are fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) and water soluble (B and C).
State a specific role for each of the following Vitamins: A)Vitamin A, B) niacin, C) Vitamin K, and, D) Vitamin D E) B2– riboflavin.
A.Vitamin A– maintains epithelial tissue integrity, skin health, is critical to bone growth and repair, and contributes to vision in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Vitamin K – promotes blood clotting and serves as an essential component for prothrombin formation within the liver.
D.Vitamin D – promotes the absorption and metabolism of both calcium and phosphorus. This is essential for both bones and teeth and may be
synthesized within the skin.
E.B2 – riboflavin –
The energy content of food and the expenditure of energy by the body are measured in units called Calories. Define the term "calorie" with a small "c",
and relate this term to large "C" Calories also known as Food Calories or kilocalories. State how many Calories are contained in each pound of stored
body fat. "Calorie" with a small "c" is defined as the amount of energy (or heat) required in order to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1
degree Celsius. "Calorie" with a big "C" is the amount of heat or energy required in order to increase the temperature of 1000 grams of water by 1
degree Celsius. So, 1 Calorie is 1000 calories. Calories (big "C") are used to measure the calories (small "c") within food. Fat is considered the primary
storage form of energy within the body, and 3500 kilocalories are stored in each pound of body fat that is stored.
Define the term "basal metabolic rate", and contrast that with "total metabolic

Quandary Research Paper
have you ever regarded in the mirror not too long ago and observed that your hair looked more thinned out than usual? Are you seeing more and
more strands come out when you brush your hair or are you finding it to your shoulders more most commonly? Has the sheen that used to make your
hair apparently glow disappeared and left your locks looking dull and uneventful? If this is the case, you're by and large worried and concerned about
what is going on but happily there's an effortless technique to this quandary. Without problems put, you on the whole have got to make use ofhair
growth vitamins to support stimulate your roots on the grounds that they would probably be present process a deficiency in vitamins and minerals.
Earlier than you spend money on luxurious treatments or cosmetic surgeries, you have to spend money on hair progress nutrients as there's a
high–quality chance that by way of with ease growing the amount of vitamins your physique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For illustration, do you know that without suitable lubrication, your roots will dry out and refuse to produce hair? The easiest technique to alleviate
this quandary is by way of drinking the vitamin referred to as diet A. Diet A will build up in your scalp and form protecting barriers round your
hair's nerve fibers in order to maintain it from drying out. One other illustration of hair development vitamins affecting the overall wellbeing of your
hair is that of the B6 nutrition. This special diet promotes the production to your body of a chemical called Inositol, which without a doubt sends alerts
to your scalp telling it to supply hair. Essentially, through taking nutrition that include B6, you are going to readily be capable to tell your scalp to
grow your

Standard Epithelium-Off CXL Procedure
(A) Standard "epithelium–off" CXL procedure: Following fully informed consent, CXL is typically performed under topical anaesthesia. In the standard
epithelium–off technique the central 8–9 mm of the corneal epithelium is debrided to enable adequate stromal Riboflavin absorption (Caporossi et al.,
2006). Following epithelial debridement, Riboflavin 0.1%, suspended in a dextran T500 20% solution, is applied every 3–5 min for at least 20 min to
allow sufficient stromal absorption prior to UVA exposure (Wollensak et al., 2003a). Intra
–operative pachymetry is advocated by many surgeons to
monitor corneal thickness prior to UVA exposure and apply hypotonic Riboflavin drops if it thins excessively during Riboflavin administration. The
central 8–9 mm of the cornea is then irradiated with UVA, at 3 mW/cm2 for 30 min. After treatment, topical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spoerl confirmed the need for complete central epithelial debridement to allow sufficient stromal absorption of Riboflavin and reported no changes in
the biomechanical properties of corneal tissue where the CXL was performed with the epithelium intact (Spoerl et al., 2000). Despite these findings,
some clinicians have chosen to perform CXL with the epithelium intact (Chan et al., 2007) or partially disrupted (Samaras and Lake, 2010) or with the
use of femtosecond–created intra–stromal pockets in an attempt to reduce post–operative discomfort and help visual recovery (Kanellopoulos, 2009).
The use of repeated applications of tetracaine 1% to try to loosen epithelial tight junctions has been tried (Chan et al., 2007). Other investigators have
utilized limited full–thickness epithelial debridement in a grid pattern, with remaining islands of intact epithelium to aid post–operative epithelial
healing (Samaras and Lake,

Medicine And Placebos Pills Treat Migraine Headaches
Placebos are used as a form of treatment for patients; placebos offer no medication but seem to relieve patents of the pain and symptoms they have
(Seymour, 2011). Medication has down sides, such as creating drug dependencies and increased tolerance for the drug resulting in a decrease in the
amount of success that drug has to treat the pain. Placebos offer a medicine–free treatment to help patients deal with pain. Many studies have been
done to examine the difference between medicine and placebos pills to treat migraine headaches. Placebos have been found to have similar
pain–relieving effects to medicine, without the harmful risks the medication has (Seymour, 2011). Title
Placebos were first introduced into the medical world in the late 18th century (Seymour, 2011). Placebos are used as a therapeutic procedure that
affects a patient and removes symptoms of an illness or pain by giving them a sham pill with no actual medication in it (Seymour, 2011). Aplacebo
effect is therefore a change in the patient's symptoms or illness after a placebo is given (Seymour, 2011). A nocebo on the other hand, is the negative
equivalent of the placebo effect; when a patient expects a negative outcome of a treatment he or she will experience the undesirable outcome that was
expected (Benedetti, Durando, & Vighetti, 2014). Both placebo and nocebo effects can be provoked by observing others, which causes the release of
several neurotransmitters, such as opioid, endocannabinoids and

Migraines Research Paper
Migraines are a form of headache which causes throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head. Usually accompanied by queasiness, vomiting, and
sensitivity to bright lights and sound, migraines are a very common occurrence for most people. They can be brought on by any number of reasons, but
luckily, you can seek home–remedy treatments to help alleviate the pain. Lavender Oil One of the most effective home–remedies is lavender oil which
can be inhaled or applied topically. Place a drop or two to every cup of boiling water, take it off the heat and inhale for a few moments. If you would
prefer to apply it topically, then it can be massaged directly without diluting it. Peppermint Oil Another great home–remedy is peppermint is oil because
it helps control blood flow in the body. Since migraines and headaches in general... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The breathing technique in Yoga heals your headache and leaves you relaxed. Intake of Riboflavin If you include 400 mg of riboflavin (vitamin B2)
daily, you will see a great diminish in the recurrence of your migraines. Omega–3 fatty acids are anti–inflammatory, and can be found in many food
sources. They help alleviate the pain that is associated with migraines, and they can be extremely helpful in decreasing the duration as well as the
frequency. Magnesium deficiency can also cause migraines so be sure to include around 200 to 600 mg daily in your diet. It's great in preventing as
well as reducing their frequency. Massage Therapy Another great trick to try is massage. A simple DIY massage at home can have a great soothing
effect too. Just make sure you don't forget to massage the greater occipital nerve located at the base of your skull. Research has shown that this area
has great effect on migraine–relief. You can also try reflexology, regular exercise, adequate stretching, and drinking plenty of water which all aid in
relieving headache pain and preventing

What Cats Should Eat Essay
Many cat owners assume they know what their beloved cats are supposed to eat by reading the nutrition label on the cat food bags and comparing
to what they know about basic human nutrition. But is that really what they should be doing? The nutrients that cats need is different from what
humans need, and by imposing a cat owner's nutritional views on their cat may be unfair to the cat's health. What cats eat has a huge effect on the
quality of the cat's life. A cat's diet is affected by commercial cat food makers and cat owners. A bad decision on their behalf can lead to deadly
consequences for the cat. Most domestic cats are fed generic cat food from the local grocery or pet stores. Others are fed the usually more expensive
food from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another study that was conducted in 2012 found that it didn't matter how the cat obtained the nutrients, but that cats preferred food with more
nutrients than food with less nutrients. These cats were feed liquid nutritional supplement (Vebrugghe). Since cats prefer more nutritious food, it is
probably safe to assume that they know on an evolutionary level that more nutrients are better for them than fewer nutrients. In the 1958 study, once
a cat became sick, the scientists attempted to bring the cats back to health. The cats that developed severe anorexia died, but the cats who suffered
only from hair loss had their fur grow back once the removed riboflavin was replaced in their diets (Gershoff). The study also found that cataracts
could be developed in cats from a lack of carbohydrates in their diets (Gershoff). Now more than ever is a good time to learn about the dangers of
malnutrition in cats because human fad diets are often pushed onto the family cat as well. Vegan diets can be devastating to one's health if the proper
vitamins and supplements are not taken. Most amino acids that humans need come from meats and many fruits and vegetables hold very little true
nutritional value to the human diet. The same is true for cats however there is one major difference: humans are omnivores, cats are not. Cats are
carnivores, which means that they only eat meat (Veggie Cat Food). They are not evolutionarily suited to eat

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Carbohydrates
Do you know that foods high in fat and calories can leave you feeling fatigued, since they require more energy to digest? To stay alert all day, start
by making smarter choices about what you are using to fuel your body. I have written the 12 power foods that will give a powerful boost to your
daily diet. Carbohydrates: Carbs have gotten a bad reputation in recent years, but before you swear off bread for life, it is important to note that not
all carbohydrates are created equal. Carbohydrates offer fuel to the body in the form of glucose, which is the best energy source for the brain and
central nervous system–two vital body systems. A diet rich in whole grains and complex carbohydrates is necessary for energy; find these in fruits and
vegetables such as sweet potatoes and foods made with whole wheat.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A versatile ingredient, brown rice can be served as a side dish with your favorite lean proteins (along with nutrient–packed veggies!) for a powerhouse
lunch or dinner. Sweet Potato: High in carbohydrates and loaded with beta–carotene (vitamin A) and vitamin C, these will help fight off midday
fatigue. Bonus: Kids will love this sweet treat at mealtime. Try them mashed or cut into strips, tossed with a little oil and baked for a healthier
alternative to French fries. Honey: A spoonful of honey is nature's equivalent of an energy drink. Low on the glycemic index, this natural sweetener
acts as a time–released muscle fuel during exercise and helps replenish muscles post–workout. Add a sweet drizzle to anything from breakfast yogurt to
afternoon tea. Fruits Fruit offers a significant dose of glucose, which your body can easily metabolize into energy. Most fruits can be digested in under
half an hour, which makes them a quick, nutritious way to get a burst of

Sci 241 Week 5
(©Reinhard/Age Fotostock America, Inc.)
CHAPTER 8 CONCEPTS
I I I I I I I I I
Thiamin, riboп¬‚avin, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid are B vitamins needed to produce ATP from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Vitamin B6 is
important for amino acid metabolism as well as energy production. Folate is a coenzyme that is needed for cell division. Vitamin B12, only found in
animal foods, is needed for nerve function and to activate folate. Vitamin C is needed to form connective tissue and acts as a watersoluble antioxidant.
Vitamin A is essential for vision, and it regulates cell differentiation and growth. Vitamin D is necessary for bone health. Vitamin E is a fat
–soluble
antioxidant. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
u s t A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can anyone have a deп¬Ѓciency? Despite advances in vitamin research over the last century, millions of people around the globe still suffer from
vitamin deп¬Ѓciency diseases. In the United States, the plentiful and
235
236 Chapter 8
The Vitamins
varied food supply make severe vitamin deп¬Ѓciencies unlikely but this doesn't mean everyone gets enough of everything all the time. Marginal
deп¬Ѓciencies often go unnoticed and can be mistaken for other conditions.
Vitamins Are Vital to Your Health
L Vitamins Organic compounds needed * in the diet in small amounts to promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth,
reproduction, and the maintenance of health.

Vitamins are essential to your health. You only need very small quantities but if you
don't get enough your body cannot function optimally. Severe deп¬Ѓciencies cause debilitating diseases but even marginal intakes can cause subtle
changes that affect your health today and your risk of chronic disease tomorrow. An organic substance is classiп¬Ѓed as a vitamin if lack of it in the
diet causes symptoms that are relieved by adding it back to the diet. The fact that the vitamins we eat in food are essential to health seems simple and
obvious, but it was not always so. For

Spastic Paraplegia Essay
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically heterogeneous disorders, which are characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness.
HSP is often caused by mutations in SPG genes, but it may be also produced by inborn errors of metabolism [1,2]. Next generation sequencing (NGS)
is helpful for investigating patients in whom genetics does not fully meets the clinical presentation. We performed NGS in adult twins and found
compound pathogenic mutations in MTHFR and POLG1 genes, which were consistent with metabolic changes, including hyperhomocysteinemia
decreased activity of MTHFR and mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Two 46–year old twin females presented with spastic paraplegia, hyperreflexia, bilateral extensor plantar responses, ... Show more content on
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The 1760T and 752T alleles were in complete linkage disequilibrium, in cis position, in previous reports [4,5]. The genomic position of the third
mutation, c.156_158dup (p.Gln55dup, n.–1184_–1183insTGC in HGVS nomenclature) encompasses several deletion/insertion variations (–/TGC
/TGCTGC/TGCTGCTGC). The digenic mutations in MTHFR and POLG1 were consistent with the biochemical and metabolic abnormalities. Fasting
serum homocysteine was >150 Вµmol/l before treatment and decreased below 70 Вµmol/L after treatment, in both cases. Analyses on skin fibroblasts
from one of the patients showed decrease of MTHFR activity (1.9 nmol/mg/h vs 6.1 nmol/mg/h in control fibroblasts). The MTHFR p.Arg157Gln
mutation is located near the binding site of riboflavin. Consistently, adding riboflavin in culture medium produced a 3–fold increase of MTHFR
activity in the patient's fibroblasts. The normal cellular uptake of labelled cobalamin ([57Co]CNCbl) and

Meals to Eat during an Event
Meals the day BEFORE the event
The meals the day before the event would normally consist of consuming a lot of carbohydrates, as well as other vitamin, minerals, proteins etc. but
mostly carbohydrates, this is also known as "Carbohydrate Loading" or just "Carb Loading". Carb Loading is essential as all it is, is storing energy
therefore, using it all up for the day after which also makes you last longer, especially when it's an all–day event such as my chosen sport. Carb
Loading has been demonstrated to improve endurance exercise by allowing athletes to exercise at their optimal pace for a longer time. It is estimated
that carb loading can improve your performance over a set distance by 2–3%
Breakfast – Low–Fibre Breakfast Cereal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also important because when playing the sport, you are parts of muscles which lead to some sort of building in the muscle. the carbs will produce
that being, that is where protein will come essential.
Breakfast – 2 Scrambled eggs with grilled tomato. Scrambled is a must when aiming for protein in your breakfast, about 50% of protein is
consumed within scrambled eggs, it also a good source of riboflavin and selenium and with grilled tomato, it just tops it off with its magnificent taste
! Grilled Tomatoes is very low in saturated fat and cholesterol. It is also a good source of dietary fibre,vitamin E, vitamin k, thiamine, niacin, vitamin
B6, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and copper, and a very good source of vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium and manganese. By adding these two
foods together, they create a good source of protein intake!
Morning Tea– Trail mix which involves sunflower seeds, mixed nuts, cranberries, goji berries and raw cacao nibs. Trail mix is a great source of
protein, sunflower seeds themselves are also a fantastic way to quell hunger and a great source of vitamin E and B1, also being very low in saturated
fat, cholesterol and sodium. It is also a good source of niacin, folate, pantothenic acid and iron, and a very good source of protein as mentioned
previously, thiamine, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, manganese and selenium. Mixed nuts have a magnificent taste to them as they provide the
essentials, very low

Assignment 2A Nutrition

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