2. OUT LINE
¡ Pengertian Base Oil
- mengapa base oil penting
- komposisi base oil
¡ Sifat pelumas yang dipengaruhi base oil
¡ Proses Penyulingan Untuk Mendapatkan
base oil
¡ API Base Oil Clasification
¡ Base Oil Properties & Typical Inspection
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
2
3. PENGERTIAN BASE OIL
¡ Merupakan bagian terbesar komposisi pelumas
sekitar 80-99% kandungan pelumas adalah base oil
o Mineral base oil
dari penyulingan crude oil
yang memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang
sangat beraneka ragam
o Sintetik base oil
diperoleh dari reaksi kimia
lebih terkendali dalam komposisi dan distribusi
3
4. Base Oil, Dalam Komposisi Pelumas
Diesel Engines Oil Additives
BASE OIL 81.9%-à kandungan terbesar dalam pelumas
FOAM INHIBITOR 6%
POUR DESPRESSANT 1%
RUST INHIBITOR 1%
ANTIOXIDANT 2%
VI IMPROVER 6.7% FRICTION MODIFIER 4%
ANTIWEAR AGENT 11%
DETERGENT 52%
DISPERSANT 52%
11.5%
Ref : Lansdown, et al
4
5. ¡ Komposisi Base Oil
mineral base oil
sintetik base oil
5
6. MINERAL BASE OIL
Terdiri dari ribuan molekul yang berbeda
¡ Saturates
l Paraffins
¡ Straight Chain
l Wax
¡ Branched Chain
l Naphthenes (Rings)
¡ Aromatics (Unsaturated)
¡ Polars
l Sulphur
l Nitrogen
l Oxygen
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
6
7. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
HYDROCARBON
tipe stuktur sifat
Saturates Waxy,high pour,
very high VI,
Straight chain good oxidation
branched Medium pour,
Best lube high VI, good
molecules oxidation
Naphthenes
Alkylcyclohexane Low pour,
medium VI,
Alkylcyclopentane poor
oxidation
Pour and VI
Aromatics depend on chain
lengths, very
poor oxidation
7
8. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan
Komponen Good Bad
Paraffins oxidation Low temperature
Wax Viscosity index Low temperature
Naphthenes Low temperatures Oxidation
Aromatics Solvency Oxidation
Polars Some sulfur types Oxidation, foam
8
9. KOMPOSISI BASE OIL , BERDASARKAN IKATAN KIMIA
memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam
Paraffin Branch Paraffin Naphtene Aromatic
Type of Oil % % % % %
Paraffins Naphthanes Aromatic % Wax Asphalt Sulfur
Paraffinic 45-60 20-30 15-25 1-10 0-5 0.5
Naphthentic 15-25 65-75 ~10 Trace 0-5 1
Aromatic ~5 60-75 20-25 0-0.5 0-20 -
Ref : J.Marino/
Lansdown 9
10. Sifat Mineral Base Oil
Spec.Grav.@ sulfur % Kinematic Vis. cSt Pour Flash Point
16C by wt VI 40 C 100 C Point C C
100 Neutral 0.860 0.065 101 20.39 4.11 -13 192
200 Neutral 0.872 0.096 99 40.74 6.23 -20 226
350 Neutral 0.877 0.126 97 65.59 8.39 -18 252
650 Neutral 0.882 0.155 96 117.90 12.43 -18 272
150 Bright Stock 0.895 0.263 95 438.00 29.46 -18 302
NAphthenic Base Stocks Paraffinic Base Stocks
Lower Operating temp. Higher Operating temp.
Low VI Higher VI
Low pour point Higher pour point
Viscosity pour point Wax pour point
Low flash point solvency Higher flash point solvency
More scarce
10
11. Synthetic Base Oil
diperoleh dari reaksi kimia, untuk mendapatkan
suatu sifat yang sudah pasti
Component dengan berat molekul rendah di
ditingkatkan, polymerized, melalui reaksi kimia,
untuk membentuk berat molekul yang lebih
tinggi
Stuktur molekul dan distribusi molekul terkendali
Ref : JCF
11
12. Synthetic Base Oil
Kelebihan
1. High Flash point ; lower pour point
2. Wider thermal operating range
3. Fire resistance
4. Improve lubricity
5. Oxidation stability
6. Higher VI
7. Improved shear stability
8. Lower friction
9. Natural detergency
10. Extended oil drains ( 2 - 4x )
Kekurangan
1. High cost
2. Hazardous disposal
3. Toxicity
4. Seal Compatibility
5. Contaminant sensitivity Ref : JCF
13. Contoh dan Sifat Sintetik Base Oil
Viscosity cSt Pour Temp
Type 40 C 100 C -40 C VI Point oC Flash oC Range oC
Alkylated Aromatic 29.37 5.10 9047 119 -54 224 -40 to 177
PAO - 1 18.12 3.95 2371 126 -79 221 -65 to 232
PAO - 1 43.07 6.00 8176 143 -68 243 -65 to 232
Basic Acid Ester 19.58 ---- 3450 --- -51 232 -54 to 204
Polyol Ester 15.00 3.50 2360 --- -51 232 -59 to 280
Polyglycol 50.00 ---- ---- 150 -55 177 ----
Common use include severe duty
applications and where specialized
properties are required
13
14. Poly - Alpha - Olefins (PAO’s)
• Reaksi Pembuatan PAO
– Synthetic of ethylene gas molecules into a uniformly structured
(polymerized) material, similar to a pure parafin
• Kelebihan
– Wax free, low pour points(-40 F to - 90 F), shear stable VII generally above
140, viscosity grade from 2 - 1000 cSt, good thermal stability, good oxidation
stability with proper additive system, good mineral oil compactibility, good
hydrolytic stability.
• Kekurangan
– Poor additives solubility (must be blended with 5-20% diester of polyol ester),
possible seal shrinkage, 4 to 8 times more expensive than mineral oils .
• Kegunaan
– Crank case engine oils, gear, steam turbines, compressors, reactor coolant
pumps, combustion turbines, electrical generators,coal pulverizer gear oils,
ANSI process pumps.
19. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
REFINING IN A NUTSHELL
¡
¡ Start
l
l Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules
¡
¡ Goal
l
l REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Molecules
l
l INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules
¡
¡ How Do They Do That?
Solvent Extraction
l
l Separation
¡
¡ Remove the BAD molecules
Remove the BAD molecules
l
l Throw them away?
Throw them away?
l
l Use them for something else!
Use them for something else! Hydrocracking
l
l Conversion
¡
¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules
Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules
Synthetics
l
l Synthesis
¡
¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts
Break down ALL molecules into small parts
¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones
¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones 19
21. SOLVENT EXTRACTION
¡ Pemisahan berdasarkan solubility
“Good” molekul memiliki sifat “less polar”
yaitu rantai lurus atau bercabang,
paraffins
naphthenes
¡ “bad” molekul, more polar
yaitu aromatic
¡ Menggunakan polar solvent, sehingga
“bad” molekul, terikut dalam polar
solvent, dan good molekul tetap di dalam
oil
21
22. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
HYDROCRACKING REFINERY
Atmospheric
Atmospheric Atmospheric
Atmospheric
and vacuum
and vacuum distillation
distillation
distillation
distillation Vacuum
Vacuum
distillation
distillation
Crude
Crude Hydro-
Hydro- ATF
ATF
oil
oil isomerization
isomerization base
base
Low
Low
visc
visc
blend
blend
stock
stock
High
High
visc
visc
blend
blend
Hydrocracker
Hydrocracker Catalytic
Catalytic stock
stock
Iso-Dewaxing
Iso-Dewaxing
22
23. HYDOCRACKING
¡ Adalah proses dari “bad” molekul
menjadi “good” molekul
cracking: breaking apart
hydro : penambahan hydrogen
Hydrocracking : pemecahan ikatan
dan penambahan oksigen
23
24. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
EXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKING
PAO
PAO
Synthetic Process
Synthetic Process 100% Saturates
100% Saturates
(100% Yield)
(100% Yield)
+12 H2
2
ngg
rackiin
oc r
c ack
Hydr o
Hydr
So
So
llve
ven
ntt E
Ext
xtrra
act
ctiio
onn
Starting Mixture
Starting Mixture Extract
Extract 50% Saturates
50% Saturates
(33% Saturates)
(33% Saturates) (33 %)
(33 %) (67% Yield)
(67% Yield)
24
26. API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION
GROUPS
Note: The word “Synthetic” is not part of the API
Synthetic”
Classification
“Synthetic” is a marketing term, not a
Synthetic”
technical term
“Group III” can legally be labeled “synthetic”
III” synthetic”
GROUP III,
Group I, YUBASE 7
HVI 95
Group VI Saturates Sulfur Other Typical
Manufacturing
I 80-120 <90% > 0.03% Solvent
processing
II 80-120 >90% < 0.03% Hydro processing
III >120 >90% < 0.03% Wax isomerization
IV PAO
V Lain2
26
27. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
BASE STOCK
PROPERTIES
and
TYPICAL INSPECTIONS
or….
What to ask when
somebody tries to sell you
base stock 27
28. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1
¡
¡ Viscosity
l
l Defines base stock grade
Defines base stock grade
l
l Affects viscometrics of finished blend
Affects viscometrics of finished blend
l
l Controlled by distillation
Controlled by distillation
¡
¡ Viscosity Index
l
l Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature
Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature
l
l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity for
Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity for
Winter (“W”) grade engine oils
Winter (“W”) grade engine oils
l
l Affects amount of VM required
Affects amount of VM required
l
l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking
Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking
¡
¡ Pour Point
l
l Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV
Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV
l
l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity
Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity
28
29. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 2
¡
¡ Volatility
l
l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules
Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules
l
l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) or
Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) or
by NOACK
by NOACK
l
l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits
Affects oil consumption and piston deposits
l
l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)
Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)
¡
¡ Flash Point
l
l Temperature at which vapors can ignite
Temperature at which vapors can ignite
l
l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions
Used to indicate safety and handling precautions
l
l Related to volatility
Related to volatility
29
30. Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 3
¡
¡ Saturates
Saturates
l
l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics
Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics
l
l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility
Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility
l
l Can depend on crude source
Can depend on crude source
l
l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡
¡ Sulfur content
Sulfur content
l
l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content
Relates to “natural antioxidant” content
l
l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment
Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment
l
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡
¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen
Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen
l
l Relates to pro-oxidant species
Relates to pro-oxidant species
¡ Can
¡ Can be important for industrial oils
be important for industrial oils
¡ Usually
¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products
overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products
l
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
30
