Rational Consumer

Rational Consumer
In economics a rational consumer is defined as the people who act in a rational way and make rational choices, namely spending their money
wisely. Utility is a term used to measure the amount of pleasure a consumer gains from a good or service they choose to invest in, thus
spending our money wisely, in economic terms is a method of maximizing our own utility. However in today's world different societies and
individuals have failed to distinguish the different between a want and a need, which has consequently made itself apparent through the fact
that human beings are not rational. In order to be a rational consumer people must understand that a need is something that you need to survive,
whereas a want isn't a vital necessity needed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Failure to notice and invest in different opportunities results in what we lose in return for what we chose as an alternative, also referred to as
opportunity cost. The scarce resources in the world today have caused societies to struggle in deciding which commodities to make, thus
causing a shortage of certain resources that human beings gain high amounts of utils from. This is where opportunity cost takes its role, when
human beings are faced with the choice of spending $200,000 for their sons first car or buying him a cheaper car costing them $32,000 which
typically saves them $168000 that they can transfer into their second child's college fund or to a charity. Unfortunately, human beings tend to
overlook the amount of money they could save and use for more beneficial things and in this case spoil their child with a car that will not
maximize the parent's utility. In today's world we witness new brands and new products that are constantly promoted and popular within our
society. The 'new thing' is what everybody wants and has to buy because it is what everybody else is doing or wearing. The desire to feel
accepted is what human beings tend to base their main investments and choices on. Therefore an example of this could be a teenage girl who
loves a certain brand but has recently discovered that everybody has started to go to another clothes brand because it is the 'new style,'
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Theories Of Rational Choice Theory
Introduction
When a natural scientist is interested in how something works, he usually observes, then constructs a theory which helps to interpret what he
sees. Following the building of a model, the results of the experiment tell whether the theory correctly explained the phenomenon in question.
Even in the case of the physical sciences, the construction of a model requires assumptions to be made, leading to the model omitting certain,
preferably unimportant effectors. The same is true about models built by economists to explain social phenomena. Sudgen defined models as
credible worlds, i.e. deliberate constructions of an abstract entity by the modeller, resulting in a parallel/counterfactual world, which resembles
only aspects of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rational agent has preferences and prospects, other core ingredients of rational choice theory. Preferences represent subjective evaluation of
options by the agent, they are contextualised (the choice is between 'consumption bundles' rather than individual goods) and bear a number of
assumptions about their nature. These include asymmetry, transitivity, completeness; and ranking all lotteries involving alternatives, ranking all
compound lotteries involving initial lotteries, ranking all compound lotteries involving all compound lotteries, and so on ad infinitum (stated as
further requirements on rationality – theory by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern). Asymmetry means that if an agent prefers a to b,
he does not prefer b to a. Transitivity entails that if an agent prefers a to b and b to c, he also prefers a to c. Completeness refers to the
assumption that an agent either prefers something to something else, or else is indifferent between them. However, it can happen that people
are mot always indifferent to the options they do not ranked as preferred – the resulting incomplete rankings are normal.
Preferences are determined to be a psychological attitude: the agent compares various items and ranks which ones he likes better than others
(the preferences). The probability function represents the agent's beliefs about the states of the world, while the interval–valued (or carinal)
utility function stands for the agent's relative desires for the basic

Recovery Without Spirituality In Addiction Recovery:...
Recovery without Spirituality Above, research has shown the importance of including spirituality in addiction recovery. However,
unfortunately there are some programs that believe otherwise. Therefore, this section will examine a non–spiritual addiction recovery based
program, Rational Recovery, in order to highlight the differences a non–spiritual program exhibits and how it can hinder one's recovery.
Rational Recovery was founded in 1986 by Jack Trimpey, a clinical social worker (Rational Recovery Systems, Inc. 2016). Trimpey's program
is a completely opposite approach than that of twelve step programs rooted in spirituality. Rational Recovery's approach to addiction is also
misguided and problematic initially though their definition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
other addiction treatments, such as Rational Recovery, fail to incorporate spirituality as a vital dimension in recovery due to the
misunderstanding between religiosity and spirituality. The science community has always been at odds with religiosity and spirituality
throughout history as research has shown. However, as we aim to become a more culturally competent society, looking at research that shows
the importance of spiritual principles and practices in addiction recovery, should compel clinicians to incorporate it in other treatment programs
besides twelve step programs. The inclusion of spirituality in addiction recovery should not be optional as it is not restricting one to a particular
doctrine, but rather freeing an addict to obtain a healthy quality of life which is the ultimate goal. Arnold et. al

Rational Actor Model
There are many different models to explore why young people offend; Rational Actor, Predestined Actor and Victimised Actor (Stephenson M
and Allen R. 2013). In exploring two of these models I will be using a case example CH. In looking at CH offending behaviour, it could be
viewed that he fits in to the Rational Actor model. This model explores the idea that young people had the choice to offend; CH woke up and
made the choice to go and rob someone in order to obtain money to get cannabis. The benefit of the offending behaviour out weights the
consequences; CH's need to get high out weight the consequences of being arrested for a serious offence which could lead to custody. With this
in mind the view of tacking offending behaviour of a young person that fits with the Rational Actor is that the punishment must out weight the
benefits of the behaviour and must become harsher, greater and more serious as the offending escalates; options for sentencing was DTO
(Detention and training Order) for a significant length of time or Youth Rehabilitation Order with Intense supervision (YRO – 25 hours a
week). Adapted from Hopkins Burke (2008: 88) the five points the Rational Actor model: – Humans are rational beings who enjoy free will. –
People choose to engage in criminal behaviour. – Society must punish criminals to deter individuals' wrongdoers and other would–be criminals.
– Punishment should be proportional to the offence committed. – Punishment must be guaranteed and

The Pros And Cons Of The Rational Choice Theory
The Rational Choice Theory was developed in the late 18th century by Cesare Beccaria, it has been expanded to the modern theory which was
developed by Noble Prize winner Gary Becker in 1969. In Mr. Becker's theory it states that Criminal behavior is not so different than non–
criminal behavior, " in that it is conduct that persons intentionally choose to undertake (i.e. They are not compelled or forced to do crime), and
the reason that they choose to commit the crime is that they think it is more rewarding and less costly for them than no criminal behavior" 2.) It
is my definition of the Rational Choice Theory is that a individual will weigh out the pro's and con's of committing the offense. Is it worth me
taking the risk of getting caught. What will I get if I commit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1986 Cornish Clark published numerous theoretical and empirical essay's describing the process of Criminal Decision Making. In 1993
Clarke Felson published an essay that applied to different types of crimes and discussed integration with other theories. In 2002 Aquero Tibbets
published scholarly chapters which addressed issues relating to methodological issues associated and to its integration. Then in 2008 Ariely
furthered the theory to include human decision making in the process which are more irrational than rational. 4.) The Rational Choice Theory
deals with crime in regard to the individual in that they decide that committing the crime is more gratifying. The individual feels that the
offense they committed is easier than putting in the work than doing it legally. They feel that the reward is worth the risk. 5.) An example of
Rational Choice Theory would be one dealing with child support. An individual who is divorced and has a child with another individual and is
ordered by the court to pay child support. The court has ordered this parent to pay a portion of their income for child

The Rational Choice Theory
La'Shante Samuels Kaplan University, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by
social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has
been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology
over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable self interest in the decision making of individuals. The main
purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of Rational Choice and Deterrence theories, to explain the similarities and difference between
the two. The concept of Rational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This branch of theory is a starting point in the deterrence continuum and often targets the crime in general, not the offender. One may ask how a
rule deters a crime instead of a person. I believe that general deterrence does so by issuing blanket knowledge that if one commits a crime then
there will be punishment. General deterrence is the going about of issuing a law and making it known that it is not permitted, and that there will
be consequences should one commit such an act. Early researcher used historic curiosity that was not based on scientific realities to come to the
conclusion that criminal traits are inherited genetically. Their assumptions was premised on record of family history that was devoid of looking
at other factors that may have consistently been affecting previous and subsequent generations such as environment and diet etc. The quest to
identify factors affecting individual social behavior led sociobiologists to come to the conclusion that biology, learning and environmental
factors are all interrelated in forming an individual character trait. The idea that an individual will turn to crime while another will not under the
same circumstance even though they posses same physical nature or make up, raises the question and discredits the earlier assumption on the
subject. Scientific research on the subject took into consideration different provable factors that create a direct correlation between individual
social behavior and other

The Rational Decision Making Process
A rational decision implies that a qualitative and considered thought process was undertaken in order to reach an optimal outcome. Although
there are defined rules that add structure to the rational decision making process (Tripathi & PNP 2007; Williams, & McWilliams 2013),
according to contingency theory and with respect to the rationality paradigm, there are limits to which an optimal outcome is realised (Morgan
1986, p. 167; Schoonhoven 1981, p. 352). External factors such as government, customers, competitors and suppliers all impose their
constraints that influence the final decision. Contingency theory suggests that the final decision is ultimately determined by the organisation's
overall objectives coupled with real world limitations, and consequently all rational decisions take the form of bounded rationality and
therefore should be considered suboptimal (Todd & Gigerenzer 2003, p. 144; March & Simon 1958, p. 269). However, there is another view
that considers rational decisions made independently and unbounded will become optimal, or more accurately stated, maximising the expected
utility (Von Neumann & Morgenstern 1944). Nash (1950) postulated the Nash Equilibrium (NE) and has since been implicated in many aspects
of human endeavour, and one of which is rational decision making. A facet of NE shows that a rational decision becomes optimal when a
considered decision is made within the context of the organisation's objectives and is independent of others. Because

Deterrence And Rational Choice Theory
Introduction Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory and the three strikes laws are seen by some researcher as the way to maintain control,
deter crime and deliver harsh punishment for repeat offenders by subjecting them to the three strikes law. They believe that if the punishment is
harsh that offenders will be deterred to commit crime. We will take a look at these theories, and see if they are really the answer to our crime
problems in the USA. It will also allow us to ask the question which is: can theories work better individually or should we incorporate them to
make a better policy? And if we do incorporate them will in a policy, will they reduce crime, deter criminal from committing future crimes, and
help to reduce future criminal acts? Lastly, can we implement general strain theory to into the policy so that we can try to figure out what is
wrong, along with reevaluating the three strike law and see if the mandatory sentencing is working or is part of the problem?
.
Literature Review Over the years, many theorists have been considering alternative type sanctions for offenders, because of the ever growing
issue of prison overcrowding of our jails at state, local and federal level. The use of alternative type sanctions seem to be growing, and is
getting a second look from many prisons, and jails as an option for some offender. Also, "in addition to relieving jail and prison overcrowding,
the level of risk many offenders represent is too much for probation, but

Rationality Vs. Rational Rationality
Rationality, a vague term that is heavily used in classic economic theory as well as planning theory, represents a 'virtue' that maximize the
utility. There are basically two types of rationality, one is pure rationality, the other one is pragmatic rationality. The pure rationality, often
called objective rationality, however, is an unreachable, ideal status that requires perfect knowledge.(Brooks 2002) The pragmatic rationality,
which as its name implies, leans more toward daily use. To achieve the pragmatic rationality, we only need to make good use of the knowledge
that we have in our hands, which, in my understanding, like the way that Sherlock Holmes solving a case. When applying pragmatic rationality
in planning, it comes to a set of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, to a certain extent, guarantee that the comprehensive plan is about what the citizens really needs. However, as a matter of fact, we all
know that the perfect, pure rationality only exist in the classic economic theory. In other words, the public is, by no means, being rational in
deciding the goals and visions, and all the following steps such as alternatives that generated by 'rational' thinking, are based on the irrational
goals and visions. Hence, to what extent that the plan is rational? As one of the most popular types of plans, strategic plan, as its name implies,
might be the best representative for rational planning. It shares similar process with the rational plan process, it includes a SWOT analysis part
that add more sense of rationality to itself. However, as mentioned by Brooks, strategic plans still need a planner or a planning agency to make
the assumptions, which, in the end, lead to the same problems that the other planning have, that is, using rational means to chase irrational
goals and objectives. In response to such unreliability of rationality, planning theorists have taken various methods to face it. Some continued
to use rationality and some completely abandoned it and went out to find new solutions. Others proposed multiple means that, in their own
minds, solve the unreliability of rational planning. Different from the theorists, planning practitioners use rationality more as a mean to evade
from politics, in other words, as an

Rational Theory Of Crime
Rational choice theory states that people always make logical decisions. Those decisions give people great satisfaction. This theory has the idea
that all people base their choices on rational predictions, and act rationally.
I wouldn't consider committing crime a rational choice. The reason might be rational, but committing crime is never a rational thing to do. I
think people are led by their peers to commit crimes when they want something, such as money, power, or respect or all three. People commit
crime because they believe it's more rewarding than noncriminal behavior. For example, people who commit robbery or burglary believe they
can receive more profit this way rather than getting a job and working for what they want, so they would risk their freedom to get it.
People make the choice to commit crime. These offenders have to remember that committing crimes do have benefits, but it has severe
consequences. This theory also relates to offenders who sell drugs. This crime contains a great amount of offenders in this theory in my opinion
because this crime is not as harsh as robbery or burglary. All of these offenders are very lazy and impatient. They want things the easy way and
they feel like committing crime is the easiest way to get what they want.
Strain theory states that strain increase the chance of committing crime. These strains can lead to anger and frustration which can lead to crime.
People in this theory use crime as a way to escape their strain and a way

Rational Choice Of Dramaturgy Theory
A couple weeks ago we had a meeting at our daughter's dance studio. It was a day before dance recital and her teacher wanted to make sure that
everyone is ready for the big day, so the show will go smoothly. The teacher, students and parents were present. Dance teacher went through
the rules and requirements for dancers, such as when they should come and get ready, when to go on stage and what to wear if they decide to
go to the audience after performance. In addition, she talked to parents and explained several rules, such as no photography or video recording,
which way to go to dressing rooms, etc. Parents asked a few questions about hair requirements and upcoming dress rehearsal. Status of "dance
teacher" is formal and she performed her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This interaction based on formal behaviors, however the relationship includes informal roles outside the studio. This communication could be
viewed from dramaturgy perspective with teacher, students and parents as actors. Plus, it can be observed through Rational Choice Theory
lenses, when individuals are involved in exchange of benefits. This interaction is important for a process of socialization for everyone involved
and illustrates an example of how members of society carry out their roles in particular

Rational Choice Theory Research Paper
The Rational Choice Theory applies in many everyday instances and actions. So, one of the cases in which the Rational Choice Theory can be
used is when a person tries to quit smoking. The person must set a goal to cut down the amount of cigarettes they smoke until they are down to
not smoking, use an alternative source to fight the nicotine cravings, handle the withdrawal symptoms, stick to their goal, and then evaluate
their goal is and the side–effects after they have quit smoking.
In most cases of people trying to quit smoking, they will have to gradually reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke; however, a few people
can just go cold–turkey. The first step to quitting smoking is making it a goal to keep. Setting a goal to quit smoking ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many alternatives to choose from such as chewing gum, using nicotine patches (if necessary), jogging or running, and just simple
doing something else to keep your mind busy. The main purpose of all of these methods is to just keep the mind occupied so that it will not
wander back to thinking about smoking a cigarette.
So, one of the best alternative methods to smoking is chewing gum. Chewing on gum has been proven to work on countless occasions, because
it keeps your mouth moving. Gum is a simple, everyday item that has become a valuable tool to helping people quit smoking. Gum is the most
recommended alternative method to people who plan to quick smoking, and gum is also generally one of the most heard of and used methods
as well.
In order to cut down on the amount of cigarettes a person smokes, they must do so in increments. For example, a man smokes two packs of
cigarettes a week but he suddenly decides to quit smoking, so the man settles to smoking a pack and a half a week for two or three weeks
instead. After that two or three weeks has past, he then cuts down to smoking only a pack a week for another two to three weeks. He will
continue to do this until he has gotten to where he will no longer feels the urge to smoke a

Conflict Between Rational And Conflict
Introduction The occurrence and recurrence of wars are made by rational actors, but what are the prerequisites for a war? There are numerous
answers to this question with a wide range of answers that give a perspective on the various sources of conflict. The first is that the cost of war
cannot be outrageously high. The anticipated outcome of gaining resources, power, and/or territory cannot exceed the expected cost of conflict,
including damages to property and life. The second is that a failure in bargaining must be present to create the inability of reaching a mutual
agreement. Understanding war between rational actors and why bargaining fails is based on five factors:
A lack of enforcing a bargaining agreement and/or abide by an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When outsiders make an attempt to invade their communities, land, or immediate space, it is felt as a sign of danger, thus creating the
beginning stages of a war. At a time when guns and high tech machinery were nonexistent, wars were fought with bows and arrows, however,
upon the rise of civilization, organized bodies of troops called "shock troops", specially trained military groups, were trained to dismantle the
enemy by use of special weaponry. As time grew on, so did the need for war. Still during a time of "bow and arrows", the last effort Native
Americans of Southern New England made to push out English settlers was in King Philip's War (1675–1676). Not only did the war last for a
little over a year, it destroyed twelve frontier towns. The cause of this war is unknown, however, it is speculated the issue grew from the hatred
Native Americans had for the English. Fast forwarding to the year 1775 when the fight for independence in the American Revolution stirred up
conflict between America's thirteen colonies and Great Britain, the face of war began to change as African–American men took up arms in the
war against the British. During this time, men and women were still being held as slaves, though abolishment was well on its way, however, the
Hancock and Warren Committee agreed to allow only free black men to serve in the army, and as incentive, African–American men who served
would be granted their freedom.

The Theory Of Rational Systems
Scott 's Perspective of Organization 's as Rational Systems in the perspective of Weber, Simon and Taylor.
In the perspective of rational systems as defined by Scott– organizations are defined as "instruments designed to attain specific goals". Scott
focuses on the action of functional rationality that refers to the implementation of a 'series of actions ' to attain specific goals with maximum
possible efficiency. Scott 's draws his basic definition of rationality by encompassing the results, research and ideas of a number of theorists.
However, a careful analysis of the work of each depicts highly visible similarities and differences present in their approaches. A detailed
analysis of the work of some of the key classical rational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Simon 's description of rationality seems to be a breakthrough from the traditional rational perspective which is more focused on the
mechanical concepts of organizations to more of the human/behavioral component of it by a¬¬nalyzing the behavior of individual decision
makers. He is seen using terms as the 'cognitive limitations ' of individual decision maker. His view on rationality can be seen to be segueing to
the perspective of natural systems where one sees the birth of the idea of social systems. Hence, while the basic idea of rationality is seen to be
resonating in the work of all three theorists ', their approach to it varies greatly. Taylor brought a breakthrough in management by his
experiments which focused on the analysis of individual tasks and the rationalization of labor to increase the productivity of the workforce. He
tested this at the Bethlehem Iron where he increased production over 350% and reduced workers by 70% by increasing the shovel size. Hence,
he advocated rationalization to create thriving organizations. He argued that problems such as low productivity, soldiering, high–turnover and
conflicts in relationships of workers and managers caused a great amount of loss in productivity and therefore resulted in mismanagement and
a loss of efficiency. As a solution, he proposed his theory of Scientific Management. His theory had four basic principles: finding the one "best
way" to perform each task, carefully matching each worker to

Questions On Rational Number Assessment
Rational Number Assessment
Charizma Laughton Australian Catholic University
Teacher report on your student's Rational Number Knowledge and any misconceptions (300 words)
Montana demonstrated a number strategies and skills throughout the rational number interview. She used appropriate language when referring
to fractions. For example, "two thirds" rather than "two over three" and she was able to divide 3 pizzas equally between 5 people using a
partitioning method (cut/divided the 3 pizzas into 5 equal pieces and shared 1/5 a pizza 3 times between the 5 girls). She was also successful in
identifying which decimal was larger when given a choice between two. For example, selected 0.87 being larger than 0.087 because 'the
number closest to the decimal point is larger – 8 is larger than 0'.
However, when it came to constructing decimals, Montana seemed to view decimal place value in a different way; she added a zero after the
decimal place for tenths, and added three zeros after the decdimal point when making thousands. For example, two tenths was constructed as
.02, twenty–seven tenths as .0.27 and twenty–seven thousandths as .00027. The numbers are seen as whole numbers, but in reverse order. This
misconception occurs again when asked to write 6/100 as a decimal and she wrote .006.
Montana is working towards using effective strategies for comparing fractions. She identified that 2/4 and 4/8 were 'both halves, therefore, the
same' (equivalent fractions); she used a

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Rational Choice Theory
Early theories on criminality presume criminal offenders as rational individuals and criminal acts are based on rational decisions. The theory
defined is the Rational Choice Theory. An economic principle that assumes that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions that
provide them with the greatest benefit or satisfaction and that are in their highest self–interest. Most mainstream economic assumptions and
theories are based on rational choice theory. It has long appeared to many people that economics is the most successful of the social sciences. It
has assumed that people are motivated by money and by the possibility of making a profit, and this has allowed it to construct formal, and often
predictive, models of human behavior. This apparent success has led many other social scientists to cast envious eyes in its direction. They
have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rational choice theory adopts a methodological individualist position and attempts to explain all social phenomena in terms of the rational
calculations made by self–interested individuals.
2. Rational choice theory sees social interaction as social exchange. modelled on economic action. People are motivated by the rewards and
costs of actions and by the profits that they can make.
3. Some rational choice theorists have seen rationality as a result of psychological conditioning. Others have adopted the position that it is
simply necessary to assume that individuals act as if they were completely rational.
4. The problem of collective action poses great difficulties for rational choice theory, which cannot explain why individuals join many kinds of
groups and associations.
5. The problem of social norms, the other aspect of the Hobbesian problem of order, also poses difficulties. Rational choice theories cannot
explain the origins of social norms, especially those of altruism, reciprocity, and

What Do Rationals Means?
Rationals are very scarce, only comprising five to ten percent of the population. They consist of people who tend to be pragmatic, skeptical,
and self–contained. They have a problem–solving temperament, particularly if the problem deals with a complex system. They will analyze the
problem to understand it better so they can improve it. Rationals tend to be strong willed and independent. They do not care about being
politically correct and will disregard any authority or procedure that wastes time and resources. Rationals will work tirelessly on any project
they set their minds on to quench the insatiable hunger to accomplish their goals. They are skeptical of all ideas, including their own, because
they are fiercely independent and rigorously logical. They come across as cold and distant, but they are actually just absorbed in whatever
problem has captured their attention. Artisans are common, although they are not as common as Guardians. They comprise about thirty to
thirty–five percent of the population. They consist of people who tend to be fun–loving, optimistic, and realistic. Though they tend to be
focused on the here and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They comprise of no more than fifteen to twenty percent of the population. Idealists are enthusiastic, yearn for romance, and dream of attaining
wisdom. They are passionately concerned with personal growth and development. The quest for self–knowledge and self–improvement drives
their imagination. Their quest makes them want to help others make that journey. Leading them to jobs working with people. Idealists believe
that friendly cooperation is the best way. They tend to become upset when faced with conflict and confrontation. They dream of creating
harmonious personal relationships. Idealists are incurable romantics, who prefer what might be instead of what is. Idealists hold themselves to
a strict standard of personal integrity and suffer greatly when they are

Rational Choice Theory Essay
There are three main points that are reinforced in rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). First, it may work better or worse for
different types of crime, yet it is thought that there are rational choices in every type of crime even impulsive and pathologic crimes. Second,
the theory should be applied on a crime–specific basis. Hence, burglaries can't be grouped together in among residential and commercial
categories. Rather, they must be broken into smaller facets such as public housing burglaries or wealthy residential neighborhoods. Finally, a
distinction is made between criminal involvement and criminal events. Criminal involvement describes how individuals get involved in crime
and further continue or abstain from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The later occurs when a specific offender is deterred from crime through sanctions. Thus, the benefits and drawbacks of crime have sway with
both deterrence and rational choice theories, but rational choice doesn't make headway for a population as a whole or limit the individual to
those previously punished.
The strengths of the rational choice theory are also seen when comparing it to the routine activity theory, which proposes that three elements
are needed for crime: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians (Cohen and Felson, 1979). Hence,
environmental conditions must be right for crime to occur. This relates to one similarity of the rational choice theory, which is the account for
situational variables such as the likelihood of punishment (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). In contrast, routine activity theory doesn't look at why
the individual commits crime (Cohen and Felson, 1979). Instead, this propensity is assumed, while the rational choice theory looks specifically
at the reasons individuals commit offenses.
The broken windows theory reduces the cause of crime to the amount of disorder in a community (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Basically, if
there are broken windows in buildings it can result in allowing more vandalism, which leads more riff–raff on the streets. This creates a fear for
citizens to go out in the neighborhood, which limits the visibility of proactive

Rational Choice Theory Of Rape
Rape is a crime that Americans hear very little about, yet everyone knows that such acts occur frequently. Rape is a very personal form of
violence that continuously impacts the victim for years after it occurs, if not for the rest of the victim's life. The effects of rape, short–term and
long–term, can be catastrophic for the victim, causing them physical and psychological damage (Gluck, 2016). I believe that by using the
Rational Choice Theory, rape can be eliminated in today's society by the use of castration as a punishment for offenders and as a deterrence for
possible future offenders.
Rape has been an ongoing issue within society for centuries. In early times, men raped women for reproductive purposes. Today, it is still
believed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review
Russell (1997) informs that there are two forms of castration: chemical and surgical. According to Chism (2013), the oldest and most effective
approach to controlling deviant sexual urges and reducing recidivism rates of male sex offenders is surgical castration. This is partially backed
up by the data given by McMillian (2014), who composed a study of 104 men, revealing the recidivism rate as 3% for those who had been
castrated compared to 45% with those who had not. Cauley (2014) identified cases where surgical castration has been used nationally and in
the United States, showing that castration is quite effective.
Lee, Kang, Ji, Baeck, Lee, & Oh (2013) informs that in Korea, a chemical castration law was passed in 2011, which targets child molesters
who have reoffended. The law is intended to prevent offending and rehabilitate offenders. Decisions to commit crimes such as rape or other
sexually motivated offenses, are often made under the influence of visceral feelings such as anger or sexual arousal, as stated by Loewenstein,
Nagin, and Paternoster (2010); rational choice models of decision making assume that individuals can anticipate, in an unaroused state, their
responses to such instinctual feelings.
Discussion
In the United States, required surgical or chemical castration is something that is not really considered as a form of punishment or a method of
rehabilitation for sexual offenders. The reason for this

Toshiba Rational Choice Model
There are eight ways to think about decision making (March, J.G., 1982), these ideas of March are richer and more complex than the Rational
decision making. The decision making ways are: Rational choice when you aren't sure about your preferences, Decision making as a resolution
of conflict, Decision making by rules by comparing the pros and cons of the alternatives, but in the end its about rules, Opportunistic decision
making, when many views are involved, Decision making as a symbolic event, Information gathering and decision making. The rational choice
model, and used in simple cases, people know what they want and the alternatives are available. And the last one is the one that Toshiba's
management uses which is: Rational choice when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decision making of Toshiba was to make the financial statements and reports record huge profits without losses. Also in decision making
the organization must take the standards of all employees in consideration and that is the reason which makes Toshiba not to have young
employees in the process of decision making and because they don't want to make equal power between senior management and junior
employees. The second reason for why Toshiba still keeping previous generation is because they have great background about the
organizational decision making which contribute to their success and because they know how to attract investors toward the business. Toshiba
staff's opinion is ignored to not valued, For instance, when the organization decided to raise the target they didn't listen to them but they were
warning them to meet the target or they will lose their job. After the scandal, the prime minister starts sweeping governance reform championed
which introduces 3 externa directors and give them the authority to select top executive and auditing committee to monitor the leader's
behavior. And in 2013 the group ranked 9/120 publicly traded companies in japan. Later on, Toshiba enables employees to participate the
decision making process, which contribute in high productivity and performance which reflect on the profits of the

The Rational Choice Theory Of Cesare Beccaria
The topic I have chosen to write this research paper over is the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory started with the work of
Cesare Beccaria in the late eighteenth century. From that point forward, the theory has been developed and opened up to incorporate different
viewpoints, like discouragement and routine activity theory. The rational choice theory is a monetary rule that expresses that people dependably
settle on reasonable and legitimate choices. These choices furnish individuals with the best advantage or fulfillment, given the decisions
accessible and are likewise in their most elevated self–interest.
Rational choice theory accepts that all individuals attempt to effectively expand their preference in any circumstance and in this way reliably
attempt to minimize their misfortunes. The hypothesis depends on the possibility that all people construct their choices in light of sound
figuring's, act with discernment when picking, and intend to increment either delight or benefit. Rational choice theory likewise stipulates that
all unpredictable social wonders are driven by individual human activities. Accordingly, if a business analyst needs to clarify social change or
the activities of social organizations, he needs to take a look at the balanced choices of the people that make up the entirety.
The rational choice theory permits inclinations to be spoken to as genuine esteemed utility capacities. Monetary basic leadership then turns into
an issue of

Rational Choice Theory On Alcohol And Violence
Alcohol is highly used substance across the country and the most frequent cause of criminal acts, but cannot be the sole reason for the cause of
criminal acts when an individual's background has a contributing factor. To understand alcohol related violence we must know the potential
crimes that can be a product of alcohol and what contributing factors lead the actor to the incident. One must also understand how alcohol
related violence is a rational choice of the individual and society's belief that we suffer the appropriate consequences of our own actions.
Therefore, Rational Choice Theory is applied to the laws that govern criminal acts when the actor had the choice to act as society expects.
Many critics of RCT believe that punishment is not always the answer and that offenders have environmental and medical factors that cause
their criminal behavior. Theorist that believe in the Positivism Theory believe there is a reason for the offense and the behavior can be
corrected. Each are different in views, but both hold the offender accountable.
ALCOHOL RELATED VIOLENCE
Alcohol use and violence are common in our society because many participate in drinking as a social activity, whether it is casual or frequent.
Alcohol related violence happens when an individual has consumed an amount to cause his or her actions to become uncontrollable and
resulting in a criminal act being committed. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1997) Understanding the nature

The Purpose Of The Rational Choice Theory
The "Rational Choice Theory" is based on the classical theory but as an addition to make it more current (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). The basis of
the rational choice theory is that a person will consider the risks versus rewards before committing a crime (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). Created by
Cornish & Clark, there are three principals that add to the classical theory (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). The first principal is that all people are not
always based on reasons. The second principal is that when weighing the risks, people do not just consider judicial punishment, but they also
consider other factors such as being rejected by family and friends or jeopardizing their employment (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). The third
principal basically states that the way people

The Rational Model of Policy & Decision Making
Selected Essays by Lefoko O. Molebatsi (2001)
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Public Policy and Policy Analysis: The Rational Model Question: The rational model of public policy making, though heavily criticized, is the
most widely used and or talked about model. Discuss why. By Lefoko O. Molebatsi (University of Botswana) Instructor: Prof G. S Maipose
2001
1
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Introduction
According to Dunn (1994:330), rationality is a self conscious process of using explicit reasoned arguments to make and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
6. The decision–maker will choose the alternative, and its consequences, that maximizes attainment of his or her goals, values, or objectives11.
The outcome of this modus operandi is a rational decision that is, one that most effectively achieves a given end. In short, it optimizes; it is the
best possible decision 11. Rational decisions bring about either large and basic or limited changes in public policies. Perhaps it is important to
note that these decisions are more often than not in line with the ideals and aspirations of elites, who are happy with the political situation as it
stands. Thus, this contributes (I submit) to the wide usage of the rational model within the fraternity of management policy and decision
making.
5
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Despite heavy criticism of the rational model, some authors continue to view it as an ideal. An idealized model of rational policymaking
process consists of a „rational individual‟ undertaking the following sequential activities: 1. A goal for solving a problem is established 2. All
significant consequences of each alternative strategy are predicted and the probability of those consequences occurring is estimated. 3. Finally,
the strategy that most nearly solves the problem or solves it at least cost is selected12. 4. All alternative

Rational Choice Theory: Merits and Limitations
The objective of this paper is to provide insight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used
to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will
have a better understanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law.
Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are considered scientists. The theories
and practices within the subject help criminologists determine the cause and consequence of criminal behavior; also why criminology is so
highly regarded among law ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reasoning is inherently based on the belief that if the punishment is severe enough, it will deter or prevent further criminal behavior.
Incidentally, thirty–eight states currently uphold the death penalty based on the findings of rational choice theory (cite).
The CEO of a large corporation decides to siphon small inconspicuous amounts of money from his employer, over an extended period of time.
A thief decides to rob an elderly woman walking down a darkened street in the middle of the night. These are just a couple examples of rational
choice transpiring. The CEO believes that if he steals only small amounts of money, stretched out over time, no one will have noticed that the
money is missing and he will ultimately get away with it. The thief believes that by choosing a more vulnerable target, such as the elderly
woman, in a less than safe environment, a darkened street that there will potentially be no witness to his crime and he will likely get away with
it, as well.
Rational choice theory can be applied to nearly every form of crime. Murder, rape, robbery can all in some way be attributed to rational
decision making. Rational choice theory is heavily relied upon because it allows for scientific explanation. Scientific explanation is considered
the most respected and substantial form of supporting evidence in virtually all disciplines. However, due to a "lack" of true hard evidence, the
accuracy

Applying Kathy's Rational Choice Theory
Another aspect of rational choice theory is the amount of pleasure that is received form a crime. Receiving pleasure from a crime can be a
sexual gratification, monetary rewards that make one happy, or any other enjoyable aspect an individual receives from committing a crime. If
there is pleasure involved in the crime, then the offender is more likely to keep committing a crime whereas if someone commits a crime and
there was little to no pleasure involved in it, they will be less likely to keep committing the crime. Kathy committed her crimes over several
years and was receiving pleasure from her crimes as she was making money and taking jewelry from clients, which she then used to fund her
lavish lifestyle of vacations and shopping. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although biology lost its influence in criminology, by the mid 1970s there was interest in the newer biological approaches coming into the field
(Lysova, lecture 5). Through the biosocial perspective it has been determined that both nature and nurture are important factors in an
upbringing and determining what brought on criminality, rather than the outdated nature vs nurture debate (Tibbetts & Hemmens, 2015).
Biosocial perspectives consist of emotional support growing up, the environment one grew up in and antisocial behaviours that stem from this.
Biosocial perspectives can be applied to Kathy's childhood and upbringing in order to help explain why she committed the crimes based on
both her genes and environment growing

The Problem Of Rational Deterrence Theory
Introduction
The border dispute along the Andean mountains' Cordillera del Condor between Ecuador and Peru lasted nearly two hundred years, and
remains one of the longest–standing border disputes in the Western Hemisphere. It's hard–won resolution also stands today as one of the best
examples of creative dispute resolution between two sovereign nation–states. In fact, the most hotly discussed characteristics of the conflict
centers on attempting to explain how and why, after decades of disagreement and failure to arrive at a resolution, the two parties were able to
arrive at a resolution. Theorists have differed on their application of theory to interpret the conflict and its resolution, framing the issue from all
levels of analysis from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will conclude with some general statements on the significance of this analysis.
Theoretical Framework
A principle tenet of Realism argues that primary actors within the international system (states) are largely rational and act via a process of
rational decision–making, and are therefore deterred by events or actions on such a basis (Dougherty & Pfaltzgraff 2001). The field of
international relations theory dealing with deterrence seeks to answer the question of why and under what circumstances deterrence is effective.
As a subset of Game Theory, the theory of Rational Deterrence was derived from the Benthian concept of the rationality of man developed
during the Enlightenment period (Walt, 1999). It remains today one of the most important and widely applied theoretical orientations in
International Relations and has since been adopted by economists and social theorists alike. Many influential thinkers have written on Rational
Deterrence Theory as applied to International Relations, however, for this study, I will focus on the writings of Stephen M. Walt (1999) and
Frank Zagare (2007).
Following the assumption that rational actors will always attempt to choose that action, which provides the outcome of greatest benefit or
satisfaction, attention can be turned to the formal or informal functions of the theory to assist in

Rational Choice Theory: The American Persona
The American Persona is basically the average person or personality of America; what they say, think, and how they act. Rational choice theory
is an assumption that people always make prudent and logical decisions that usually benefit or satisfy them to their own personal interest. In
my opinion, being American is eating a lot and gaining weight. It is also having freedom of speech, of religion, of expression, etc. and having
rights to bare arms, equal justice, etc. But do we really? Rational choice theory and the American persona are closely related. You might ask in
what way they are related, well they both are personalities in a way. The average American uses rational choice theory. Many of them only
think about what's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You are able to believe in anything; God, no god, science, the devil, music, yourself, politics, or anything that makes you happy, even batman.
You are able to believe in what you want, unlike many other countries. For example in North Korea it's a must to believe in their supreme
leader and look up to him as though he was some god even though he isn't. In America you can express your sexuality and be who you want to
be with no one stopping you, except your parents if you're a minor. You can be gay, lesbian, straight, transgender, and so on. The fact that it's
legal to have same sex marriage is a huge accomplish because even though people don't like it they're going to have to deal with it because no
one can stop love and people are going to have to accept

Conflict Between Rational And Conflict
Introduction The occurrence and recurrence of wars are made by rational actors, but what are the prerequisites for a war? There are numerous
answers to this question with a wide range of answers that give a perspective on the various sources of conflict. The first is that the cost of war
cannot be outrageously high. The anticipated outcome of gaining resources, power, and/or territory cannot exceed the expected cost of conflict,
including damages to property and life. The second is that a failure in bargaining must be present to create the inability of reaching a mutual
agreement. Understanding war between rational actors and why bargaining fails is based on five factors:
A lack of enforcing a bargaining agreement and/or abide by an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, suppose that enforceable and credible agreements are possible, but that the states start with asymmetric information, for instance,
about the relative strength of one of the two countries. In such a case, there can be a bargaining failure which leads to war. However, in such a
setting once war really begins the relative strengths of the countries can become clearer, and given that credible bargaining is possible and can
avoid further costs of war the states could then reach an agreement to end the war. So, different durations of wars can correspond to different
sources of bargaining failures. We expand on this below. The chapter is organized as follows: For a clearer understanding of the boundaries of
rationalist versus non rationalist explanations, we start by briefly discussing non– rationalist explanations in section 2. Section 3 provides a
taxonomy of bargaining failures and how these relate to conflict; section 4 contains a discussion of which theories described in section 3 shed
light on the observations of the democratic peace. In section 5 we report on the state of the literature on endogenous armaments and power and
the implications for conflict and war.
History
The first war ever to be documented was in Mesopotamia in 2700 BCE between Sumer and Elam. The Sumerians, under command of the King
of Kish, Enembaragesi, defeated the Elamites. Though this is not the first war ever to be fought, the causes of war have never changed. One of
the major

Pros And Cons Of Rational Choice Theory
Rational choice theory is a criminology theory designed by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clark which states that before people commit a crime
they think about what they are going to do (Snook, Dhami, & Kavanagh, 2011). They consider the pros and cons before performing the
criminal action. The entire premise of the rational choice theory is that each individual, regardless of whether rich, poor, educated, or
uneducated, all utilize rationality when making the decision to commit a crime (Taylor, 2013). The rational choice theory postulates that when a
person weighs the costs and benefits of a crime, that person decides whether or not the benefits are worth the risk. It is about maximizing his or
her own self–interest (Jacques & Wright, 2010). The

Rational And Rational Choice Theory
Rational choice theory posits that any individual makes behavioral choices because they logically consider any potentially criminal situation,
weigh the possible benefits versus the possible costs, and make a decision to act based on whether or not the benefits outweigh the risks.
Rational choice theory differs from other philosophies in that it "denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and
calculative. All social action, it is argued, can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental action, however much it may appear to be
irrational or non–rational" (Scott, 2000). Making rational choices means being motivated by personal wants, goals, and needs. It is not possible
for all wants and needs to be met or achieved; therefore, choices are made in order to bring the greatest satisfaction and happiness to the
individual. "Individual" does not always reference one human being; rational choice theory is a main idea in economics, sociology, and many
other social sciences. An individual with regard to the theory can be a corporation, group, or other defined entity that engages in decision–
making. The limitations of this theory have led researchers to develop many sub–theories. One sub–theory of rational choice is routine activity
theory, which posits that crime is not an aberration of human society, but merely a common facet of culture that only requires opportunity. First
developed and published by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen in 1979,

On Rational Beliefs In Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A...
Dryden, W. (2013). On rational beliefs in rational emotive behavior therapy: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Rational – Emotive &
Cognitive – Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 39–48. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10942–012–0158–4 Rational beliefs are a psychological health.
There are four basic irrational beliefs: rigid beliefs, awfulizing, discomfort intolerance, and self or other conditions are depreciated. Four basic
rational beliefs flexibility, non– awfulizing beliefs, discomfort tolerance, belief our living conditions are acceptable. It is believed that someone
with flexible thoughts is more psychologically rounded. REBT believes that irrational beliefs ABC's to transform irrational thinking to rational
thinking. To increase the tolerance levels of each of the clients. First the process will start off wide and then it will start to focus on the issues
causing the dysfunction. Followed by even more narrowing to see what can be change in this thinking and changing it. Even though the USA is
very accepting it is harder for people to understand that they need to be more open minded. This article didn't mention a study or cultural
differences As long as the client and counselor agree on the what beliefs they are working on and how they plan to work on it together REBT
will work. REBT was developed out of cognitive therapy with a few spins on it. REBT focuses on changing irrational beliefs to rational beliefs.
Weinrach, S. G. (2006). NINE EXPERTS DESCRIBE THE ESSENCE OF

Assessing Conceptual Understanding of Rational Numbers Essay
Assessing Conceptual Understanding of Rational Numbers and Constructing a Model of the Interrelated Skills and Concepts
Students continue to struggle to understand rational numbers. We need a system for identifying students' strengths and weaknesses dealing with
rational numbers in order to jump the hurdles that impede instruction. We need a model for describing learning behavior related to rational
numbers – prerequisite skills and development of rational number sense – that is dynamic and allows for continuous growth and change. It
would inform us of the important background knowledge that students bring with them and the prior experiences that influence their level of
understanding. It would further enable us to assess students' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is being suggested is to bring it all together in a practical way. Briefly highlighting various assessments and reports that have identified
and highlighted the importance of conceptual understanding enables one to trace back to the "hatching" of the idea. In addition, outlining the
course that got us to where we are today, trying to determine what it means to understand something and how understanding can be assessed
assists us in continuing that course of action in the right direction.
In 1980, recommendations were made by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics for reforming mathematics instruction in An
Agenda for Action. These recommendations were based on results of the second National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and on
data collected by the National Science Foundation (NSF) largely from a study called "Priorities in School Mathematics" (PRISM). Specifically
in the area of fractions, NAEP contended that students' inability to compute with fractions was the result of dependence on rote memorization
of algorithms and a focus strictly on routine problems. Among eight recommendations, An Agenda for Action called for problem solving to be
the focus of school mathematics in the 80's and basic skills in mathematics to be more than computational fluency. The fourth NAEP showed
improvement, but indicated that mathematics instruction still lacked depth,

Rational Choice Theory: Double Indemnity
Rational Choice Theory– Double Indemnity
Andrea Vermilyea
University of Northern Colorado Rational Choice Theory– Double Indemnity Rational choice theory was first discovered in the mid–eighteenth
century and was originally referred to as classical theory. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham and scholar César Beccaria, were some of the first to
analyze and investigate this theory. In order to determine whether or not a dichotomous relationship exists between an individual's free will and
their decision to commit a crime. One must first consider whether that individual has control over making a rational decision. During this time
offenders were considered to be rational, therefore the punishment received for the crime committed, must significantly ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
From a criminological standpoint Double Indemnity did represent both the classical theory along with the deterrence theory, Walter did do a
"cost/benefit" analysis and in his mind at that time, what he has to gain was far more than what he has to lose, so he thought. In regard to free
will, everyone has a choice, Walter Neff decided to commit murder, there were outside influences such as money and love, both of which are
self –interests. Walter went through the motions and analyzed the risk, he decided that he could out smart the system and get away with murder,
therefore the punishment didn't seem to be such a concern as he would have a hundred thousand dollars and his love Phyllis, a win–win
situation. This film was a great at depicting how an individuals self interests can get this best of them, although Walter tried to act as if he was a
deluded victim, Phyllis was a great manipulator, nonetheless they are equally guilty. In the end nobody gets the money, both Walter and Phyllis
end up dead. Maybe one of the most advantageous arguments is on the subject of free will, it seems as if free will is greatly influenced by self–
interest, perhaps there is no true altruism? Could it be

Deterrence And Rational Choice Theory
Throughout the world crime is happening every single day. Yes, some people may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact
that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will
explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone's thought on
deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence is used
to punish those who disobey and in return help deter others from committing the same crime. While rational choice is when the individual
thinks about the cost and the benefits of them committing this crime (Cornish and Clarke, text CH 34). Deterrence and rational choice tend to
work pretty well on young adults. For example, if a teenager sees his friends face time in prison for committing an act of violence. That may
deter them from committing the same crime or something similar. Reason is that they possibly think of the pros and cons of each situation and
how the effect it could have on family. Also where deterrence and rational choice work could not be define. Due to the fact that judges interpret
the law, and do not have a across the board rule and sentencing guideline to help them make a decision. Deterrence and rational choice does
have some problems. One problem is that there is no way to tell if

Rational Number Interview
Rational Number Report
Through the Rational Number Interview I was able to gain insight into Adams mathematical understanding of fractions, decimals and
percentages. As a student in year 5, Adam was able to make connections using various mathematical strategies. Adam has an understanding of
infinite numbers, for example, when asked how many decimals are there between each rational number (0.1 and 0.11), he answered promptly
with "many numbers". Adam was able to acknowledge that a fraction can be shown as a division problem, "divide the pizza into fifths and each
get 3 pieces". He was able to calculate by partitioning the pizza, and by dividing each pizza into the amount of people (5). Adam shows
residual thinking when building up to the whole ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010). Snapshots of Student Misunderstandings. Educational Leadership, 67(5), 18.
Dacey, L., & Gartland, K. (2009). Math for All: Differentiating instruction, grades 6–8. (J. Cross, Ed.) Sausalito, California, USA: Math
Solutions.
De Souza Fleith, D. (2000). Teacher and student perceptions of creativity in the classroom environment. Roeper Review, 22(3), 148–153.
Newton, L. (2012). Creativity for a New Curriculum: 5–11. New York: Routledge.
Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D., & Smith, N. (2007). Helping children learn mathematics (8th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (1988). When good teaching leads to bad results: The disasters of'well taught'mathematics courses. Educational psychologist,
23(2), 145–166.
Shepard, L. A. (2006, Creating coherent formative and summative assessment practices. Orbit, 36, 41–44. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/213738810?accountid=8194
Van de Walle, J, Karp, K. S. & Bay–Williams, J. M. (2015). Elementary and Middle School Mathematics Teaching Developmentally. (9th ed.).
England: Pearson Education Limited.
Zazkis, R., & Hazzan, O. (1998). Interviewing in mathematics education research: Choosing the questions. The Journal of Mathematical
Behavior, 17(4),

Inside Job : Rational Choice Theory
Inside Job
Inside job is the critically acclaimed documentary surrounding the global financial crisis in 2008. The film provides a detailed explanation of
how and why the crisis took place. It demonstrates rational choices being made by individuals that caused a nearly global financial collapse.
Through examination of rational choice theory and evidence from the film, it will explain how main characters of the film are rational actors.
Rational choice theory was developed by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham; both were Enlightenment philosophers. The theory states that
each person or rational actor weighs the cost and benefits of their action and ultimately makes their own choices. Beccaria held a pessimistic
view of human nature and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the early 1990s derivatives were put in place, these instruments are basically speculation or betting on stock prices, bankruptcy of
companies, interest rates etc. In the early 2000 they passed a law that made derivatives unregulated so the market boomed in 2001. All these
laws passed were rational choices being made by individuals they realized they can make money. They were acting out of their own self–
interest and no one else. Millions of Americans lost their homes in the crash due to these subprime loans that were put in place by these big
banks.
While the film did not have one specific main character it did have key players that made the crisis happening. The first being the lobbyist that
lobbied to make this acts and laws pass. Those people made rational choices to have those laws passed that they knew they could make money
off, acting in their own self–interest. The next is the major investment and banking companies for supplying subprime loans to Americans that
they knew could not pay back. They choose to do this and to sell their clients bad deals in order to make a profit. One of the most rational
actors is Henry (Hank) Paulson, the former CEO of Goldman & Sachs. He conveniently steps down as CEO to work for the Department of the
Treasury right before the financial crisis. Paulson then became the leader in the government bailing out these major firms like the Lehman
Brothers. This is

Rational Choice Theory And Delinquency
The Rational choice theory is a belief that children choose to commit criminal acts once they have carefully considered the pros and cons of
their actions, and that delinquency is a matter of choice that is made by an offender; who believes that what they can gain from committing a
crime outweighs the punishment that may follow. Rational Choice theory is probably the oldest known theory which attempts to explain the
link between juveniles and delinquency. The argument was first raised by classical criminologist, Cesare Beccaria. Beccaria, along with other
classical criminologists, believed that because people have free will. They have the ability to choose their behavior, and when an individual
makes a decision to break the law, it is typically

Is The Rational Actor Model? Essay
Over the summer, my boyfriend, Rob, and I had to make a considerably important decision. After going from seeing each other on campus on a
daily basis to simply being hundreds of miles away from each other, Rob and I both admitted that we had begun to miss each other. We had
been going back and forth during June and July on whether he should fly up and visit me in Rhode Island in August or just wait another month
to see me once we were both back on campus for the fall semester. If he came and visited, I would not only be able to see him, but I would also
be able to introduce him to my family.
In this situation, I had to determine which course of action, would be more beneficial to me. In this process, formally known as the Rational
Actor Model, I ranked my alternative courses of action by calculating the utility, or payoff, of each potential decision route. In order to
determine each utility, I had to subtract the costs of the decision, which was the net profit or loss, from the reward, which would be the benefits
I would receive. Although, because there was uncertainty, I did not know what the exact outcome and consequences would be if he visited,
these utilities would be "expected utilities," calculated by multiplying the size of the utilities, rewards, and costs by the probability of having
them. Therefore, I had to consider what the rewards, costs, and eventually the nature of the utilities, i.e., either positive or negative, before I
decided whether or not I wanted him

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