Essay On Alhambra

Essay On Alhambra
Introduction
Alhambra (Cast Alhambra), the palace and fortress of the Moorish monarchs of Granada is located
on Sabika hill that overlooks the city of Granada in Spain. In Arabic Al–Hamra' means "the red one"
so the name Alhambra is probably derived from the colour of the sun–dried tapia, or bricks made of
fine gravel and clay, of which the outer walls of the palace are built. Alhambra's Islamic palaces, as
we know them today, were built for the last Muslim emirs in Spain and the court of the Nasrid
dynasty. Moorish poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds," an allusion to the colour of its
buildings and the woods around them. Figure 1 the Alhambra Palace
History
The history of the Alhambra building complex, stretches right back in Islamic times to the 9th
century, it was originally constructed as a small fortress in 889 and then ... Show more content on
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In the Alhambra, a star shape made of rotating squares is also immensely used and the final
impression of a never–ending maze leading the eye to numerous geometrical perspectives can be
seen on most of the palace walls.
Arabesque
As mentioned earlier the interlacing decoration and stylised vegetal forms of decorations, these two
combined can be called Arabesque, which by definition means ""surface decorations based on
rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined
with other elements." The plant ornamentation in the Alhambra is encouraged by the constant
references to heaven as the garden of happiness. Examples of plants forming large adorning
elements on walls can be seen all around the walls of the Sala de la Barca (Boat Room) – in the
form of engraved tree trunks with numerous leaves and fruits. Figure 7 Ceiling of the Sala de la
Barca in the Comares
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Inventions And Awesome Facts From Muslim Civilization
According to others, architecture may be one of the greatest and informational innovation that the
Muslim civilizations made. Looking at the My World Textbook, it states, " Muslim architects built
striking mosques, fountains, gates, gardens, baths, and palaces." While that may be true, the Muslim
civilization has made more useful inventions, such as hygiene. The Muslims produced great
innovations in time. The Muslim civilization produced helpful contributions in hygiene that have
really changed the world. According to 1,001 Inventions & Awesome Facts From Muslim
Civilization, it states, "Bathhouses were used by men and women but at separate times. Women
usually bathed during the day and men at night or very early in the morning." According

Reflection
Maryam Bhurgri
Professor Thurtle
CHID 390
May 20th, 2017 A world entirely designed for one perspective. What happens when you're the odd
one out? When the very architecture of the world around you seems to laugh at you, the buildings
loom over you, while the walls of each room close in on your very being. Yet there are spaces that
inspire healing, that transcend the bounds of our everyday life. Faith is a strange thing, some depend
on it for guidance, others for healing. What happens when the buildings you frequent start to inspire
your mental wellness rather than deter from it? Architects have known for awhile the power light
embodies. It has the potential to compose space. Transporting individuals from the physical world to
a place of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a Muslim, Pakistani–American my identity is something I've continued to struggle with. Time
and time again, I find myself torn between two worlds, wandering in this void in between. I never
truly understood my place, instead relying on a facet of my personality depending on my cultural
surroundings. However there comes a time when instead of taking on the features of a chameleon
and blending in, I want to find a way to feel at ease with my existence. I feel like an outcast in both
American and Pakistani culture. When both cultures seemed to have failed me, I tried to find solace
in a different source. My religion became a source of relief and revelation. Islamic Sufism has
changed the way I see myself in this world. No longer am I burdened with trying to be American
enough or Pakistani enough. Instead I have the opportunity to engage with my faith. My personal
experiences with religion and faith are ones that are universal in the emotion they evoke. In the
sense that what another may experience when standing in the moonlight with snowing falling to the
ground or when someone is at ease as they walk along the beach is my equivalent to looking at the
clouds. Thus begins my collaboration with clouds. With the media proclaiming that mine is a
religion that incites violence and pain. I look to moments that prove them wrong. The clouds slowly
became my companions; each day they would overwhelm me with their forms and overbearing
presence. In an instant I felt

Dome Of The Rock: A True Testament To Islamic Art
Quiz #2 Essay Questions
The "Dome of the Rock" is a true testament to Islamic art. From interior to exterior, it exemplifies
Islam's view of itself. Within the dome, mosaic friezes encompass the earliest written text of the
Qur'an. The glass mosaics represent the gardens of Paradise and trophies of Muslim victories, which
illustrate vine scrolls and trees in the use of turquoise, blue, and green. The octagonal arrangement is
enclosed by two concentric ambulatories. The upper portion of the external dome was also covered
in glass mosaics. Above all, the true external focal point is the light that falls on the beloved rock,
symbolizing the passage of Muhammad to the heavens.
The continued success of the Roman arches and domes is

Cordoba Research Paper
The Great Mosque of Cordoda In Spain, Cordoba was the original center of Muslim culture once the
Umayyads of Spain assumed their title as caliphs and Cordoba became their capital. The Great
Mosque of Cordoba is a hypostyle mosque that may be considered as the purest of all Arabic
architecture and even though the construction of this Mosque is based on a converted Visigoth
church (Burckhardt and Michaud. 132). As other early mosque, the architects reused elements, such
as columns of pre–Islamic building to construct the Mosque of Cordoba. However, its renovations
transformed it into one of the important monuments of medieval architecture (. (Ettinghausen,
Grabar, et.al. 85) This mosque was expanded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sayre. 445). to create the required space of a mosque known as the hypostyle space or many–
columns covered area, the architects superimposed another set of columns on top of the existing
ones in the building, creating two tiers of arches, with the used of alteration of stone and red brick
voussoirs; this used for two types of materials was for decorative and functional purposes since the
architectures combined the flexibility of brick with the strength of stone, at the same time creating a
great decorative effect for the eyes. (M. Sayre. 447). Later on, in 833–52, the mosque was expanded
by widening the hall by two naves and lengthening it by eight bays. In 961–76, a second expansion
of the mosque was made through the lengthening of the mosque and adding twelve more bays.
Furthermore, the architects started to build the main dome or the present Villaviciosa Chapel in the
central nave of the first building, and ending with three more domes located in front of a decorated
mihrab, a niche commemorating the spot at Medina, indicating in which direction people should
pray (Sayre. 445). This mirhab

Calligraphy In The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Research Project (1A)
General Area of Research in the Ottoman Empire: Art
Calligraphy was how most people wrote during the Ottoman Empire. Calligraphy was very
respected by the Ottomans. It was mainly used in the city of Istanbul. Derman, Ugur. "The Art of
Calligraphy In The Ottoman Empire." Muslimheritage.com. Muslim Heritage, N.D. Web. March
2nd 2017. There were two types of architecture that greatly influenced the Ottomans. There were
many types of architecture and they were mosques, hammams, and kulliyes. The mosques were
places where people could worship. Hammams were basically public baths. Kulliyes were the
buildings that surrounded the mosques. "Ottoman Empire: Art & Architecture." Study.com. N.P.,
N.D. Web.

Essay about The Bibi-Khanym Mosque
The Bibi Khanym is a congregational mosque, masjid–i jami` in Persian, built by Emperor Timur–i
Leng between 1399 and 1404 in Samarkand, present day Uzbekistan. Emperor Timur remarkably
expanded his small tribe into the Timurid Dynasty, which lasted from 1370 to 1507. Timur showed
great leadership skills and also had an interest in architecture. The results of his artistic interests are
especially apparent in Samarkand, the capital of the Timurids during Timur's reign where art,
architecture, and culture flourished. The Bibi Khanum exemplifies the vision that Timur held for
Samarkand because of the monument's dominant and massive nature. Although today the mosque is
different from the time of the Timurid Dynasty because of the renovations ... Show more content on
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It was under Timur that Samarkand became one of the most outstanding capitals of the then–known
world. It became a thriving city in which markets could be found containing leather, spices, silk, and
precious stones. It was also a city of great architectural monuments where accomplished artisans and
architects came or were brought from around the world to build in this capital. Timur's goal was to
dominate the world and show the dominance of the Timurid dynasty. One of the main motives
behind Timur's efforts was the desire to control the trade routes, which linked East and West. With
great interest in trade, Timur had an ambitious strategy to reactivate the Silk Road and make it the
link between Europe and China. In 1405, at the beginning of his last and greatest campaign, Timur
died. Timur is memorialized for his ability as a nomad chief to transform his tribe into an empire
using Samarkand as the capital to display the Timurid dynastic power.
Timur was not only a great conqueror but also an memorable builder. Whenever he conquered a city
that stood in the way of his army, he would bring back the artisans and materials to embellish his
royal city of Samarkand. When Timur was not working on military efforts he was constantly
involved in the building of these works created in Samarkand. Although Timur built many of his
architectural achievements in Samarkand, he also created monuments in other cities, such as Shahr–
i–Sabz which is also

Comparing Islamic and Arabic Architecture Essay
Comparing Islamic and Arabic Architecture
Works Cited Missing
The Hagia Sophia church and the Suleymaniye mosque are separated by a thousand years but are
tied together eternally. One representing the achievement of the Christian–Byzantine empire and the
other representing the ability of the Islamic–Ottoman empire and its architect Sinan. Two empires
that had very little in common other than their architecture and region. In earlier history the Dome of
the Rock represented the Islamic empire's attempt to rival the newly defeated Byzantine empire and
its architectural achievements such as the Holy Sepulchre. As history often repeats itself, with
similar political motives the Suleymaniye mosque became the Ottoman's answer to the ... Show
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SIMILARITIES
Because Sinan worked on the Hagia Sophia he became intimately familiar with its form and
structure so its not surprising that it had an influence on much of his work. Of all his
buildings,conceptually the Suleymaniye is probably the most similar to the Hagia Sophia with the
basic concept of the central domed space made larger with attached semidomed spaces which in turn
have smaller spaces attached topped by smaller domes. Because the dome of the Hagia Sophia was
considered to be a great feat for the Christians Sinan designed the dome of the Suleymaniye to send
the message that not only were Muslims just as capable but, with an even larger and higher dome,
that they were superior.
More similarities can be drawn with the forms and structures of the two buildings. In addition to the
dome and semidomes, the main arches, piers, buttresses, and galleries were adopted by the
Suleymaniye. These were all part of the basic structural system in both buildings of a dome on four
supports. Sinan also used pendentives as the structural system under the main dome and squinches
as a transitional element between semidomes and the rest of the structure. Additionally Sinan used
similar wide arches in the Suleymaniye although they were not needed structurally and were
probably used for their formal appearance. The piers of the Suleymaniye are also similar with their
projections used to support the bracing arches. These are the basic formal and

What Role Did The Art Of Sculpture Play In Romanesque Church
The name "Hagia Sophia" actually means "Holy Wisdom". Hagia Sophia was built in Istanbul which
was formerly known as Constantinople. Hagia Sophia was built over 1400 years ago in 537 BC by
Emperor Justinian I. Hagia Sophia was built to replace the old church that was torched and burned
down. Hagia Sophia was a Greek Orthodox Church. The church incorporates Christian beliefs with
murals of Jesus Christs but also hanging from the ceiling are Islamic writings. The way the
structural lighting of church was designed, it creates a halo–type effect giving a heavenly feel. The
sunlight reflects off of glass and gold which lightens the famous Hagia Sophia dome. Hagia Sophia
remained a church until 1453 when the Turks converted the church into a mosque. 2. What role did
the art of sculpture play in Romanesque church? Sculpture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the sense that Romanesque churches lacked light, the gothic style churches required much more
lighting where it would feel as if the lighting was coming from the heavens above. In addition to, the
gothic style incorporated less heavy walls but instead, the use of lighter fly buttresses used to
support church or cathedral walls. The flying buttresses were of double use. They provided
structural support but incorporated another form art found amongst a lot of gothic style cathedrals.
Gothic style also replaced the hefty walls of the Romanesque art by using columns that were much
thinner. Gothic style also introduced the Rose Windows as seen on many gothic cathedrals. Rose
windows were just stain classes that form massive, colorful windows seen in the front of many
gothic cathedrals and churches. The gothic style often had many more naturalistic sculptures in
comparison to the Romanesque art style. The sculptures decorated the walls of cathedrals in massive
numbers. The idea of the gothic style was to create a less heavy atmosphere in the sense of lighting
and

Hagia Sophia vs Dome of the Rock
Religion has always played an important role in the development of art and architecture.
They serve as a bridge between the real world and the divine world, and mirror religious views
of people and the major beliefs of the society. Hagia Sophia and the Dome of the Rock are two
of the greatest and the most important architectural monuments in the world. Even though two of
the most historical mosques, Hagia Sophia and the Dome of the Rock, are built for different
religions, but due to a sharing purpose, which being praying to God, the difference can barely be
noticed. By sharing a purpose, both structures act as a shrine for different religions to reach God.
Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
1 Groupico
Another important architectural monument, the Dome of the Rock, is not only the third
most important shrine of Islam, but also the most magnificent architectural monument of the
Middle East. It is a mosque located in Jerusalem built between 691 and 692 by Umayyad caliph
Abd al–Malik. The place this mosque is built on is sacred to both, Muslims and Jews. According
to Muslims, Muhammad ascended into heaven from here and the Jews believe that Abraham
prepared to sacrifice Isaac here. Both inside and outside of the mosque holds magnificent beauty,
elegance, and color. The structure is an octagonal exterior wall placed under a golden dome. The
bright arabesque patterning that decorates the exterior of the building, not only catches the eye,
but also greatly contrasts the plain exteriors of Christian Basilicas. "The surface decoration of the

interior of the Dome of the Rock has 240 metres of inscription – mainly verses from the Qur'an
– just below the ceiling on both faces of the inner octagon. The main bulk of the interior
decoration of the Dome of the Rock, however, is the mosaic work." 2 Once inside, the rock that
the pilgrims' have come to see, sits directly in the center of the structure with mosaics and
Arabic calligraphy decorating the walls surrounding.
To understand the differences between these two architectural monuments, we need to
understand some basic key values of Islamic Art and

Burj Khalif An Embodiment Of Islamic Architecture
Burj Khalifa is the largest "megatall" skyscraper in the world, standing at an astounding 828 meters
(2716.5 feet). It serves as the centerpiece for downtown Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make
up its country, and was designed by Adrian Smith, then representing Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. It
was under construction from January of 2004, until December of 2009, finally opening its doors on
January 4th of 2010. The building is an embodiment of Islamic architecture, incorporating both
cultural and historical elements of the region into the visage of the building. This style was chosen
very deliberately, meant to enrich the, at the time, recently developed downtown Dubai. The
building has since received widespread international attention for various reasons. Some laud the
records that the building shattered and the many awards it has received, while others commend the
manner in which it has elevated the city of Dubai.
The Dubai government decided to build the Burj Khalifa as a way to diversify their economic
portfolio. Their economy had long been based solely on oil and they decided that they wanted to
generate more interest and international recognition for Dubai, thus increasing tourism and overall
improving the emirate's economy. The skyscraper served its purpose and drew a lot of additional
interest towards Dubai, receiving many awards. For example, the Burj Khalifa is recognized as the
tallest existing, or ever built, free standing structure. It is also the building

Ragheb Elsergany's Article Architecture In Islamic...
TRA 556
Assignment 1
Mohammed Fares
B00057688
Presented to
Professor. Said
MATI
Introduction
According to merriam–webster Rhetoric is " the art or skill of speaking or writing formally and
effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people". Realizing the way of employing
rhetoric professionally in our communication, makes the way we speak and write more elegant and
convincing, Therefore in order to judge the value of a rhetorical text, critics and reviewer rely on
what is called discourse analysis that tries to uncover and analyse the rhetorical devices that make
some texts hang together and considered coherent and persuasive. This essay conducts an analysis of
the rhetorical devices, in addition to the application of the seven standards of discourse analysing
Dr. Ragheb Elsergany's Article Architecture in Islamic Civilization. ... Show more content on
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Ragheb Elsergany published originally in Arabic on the 17th of may 2010 and later, Dr. Ragheb
Elsergany translated the text into English on 17/06/2010. The article explains types of Islamic art
during the golden era of Islamic

Islamic And Islamic Architecture: Islamic Art And...
Islamic art
The term Islamic art describes both the art created specifically to serve the Muslims desires and
characterizes the art and architecture historically produced in the lands ruled by Muslims, produced
for Muslim patrons, or created by
Muslim artists. Hence, it is not only a religion but a way of life, Islam fostered the development of a
distinctive culture with its own unique artistic language that is reflected in art and architecture
throughout the Muslim world. After the muslims have conquered many cities they were affected by
their artistic style like Byzantine or Sassanian patronage styles[1]. The art of the Ottomans At the
time of its foundation in the early fourteenth century, the Osmanli or Ottoman state was one among
many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque has five main domes, six minarets, and eight secondary domes. The
design is the culmination of two centuries of Ottoman mosque development. It incorporates some
Byzantine Christian elements of the neighboring Hagia Sophia with traditional Islamic architecture
and is considered to be the last great mosque of the classical period. The architect, Sedefkâr
Mehmed Ağa, synthesized the ideas of his master
Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty and splendour.[4]. The following materials were used:
1– porphyry 2–red granite 3– bres stone 4– pudding stone 5– marble.Walls of building was built
with the mold stone because this material is light and easy for processing.The mold stone was
transported by sea way to Ahirkapı , then this material was transported from here to the construction
site with horse cars.According to the Ottoman archives ;white marble from the island of
Marmara, red porphyry stone (porphyry) from Anatolia Mihalic, lead for covering the domes from
Üsküp ve Sidre Kapsa and the wood Bart from Ereğli, Izmit, Karasu, Üsküdar, Rumeli and the
Samanli.Marble, granite and

How Did Rome Use Islamic Architecture?
The Romans merge land in Egypt, North Africa, Mesopotamia, and near the East. The Roman gave
the religious, Islam, a part of their land. The architectural work needed new composition to beautiful
their palaces. The Islamic Empire decide to take up the offer to help the Roman in developing an
architectural using the Islam plan. The Islam work was done base on their spiritual guidance. Islamic
architectural build and design palace mostly for religious rulers and Mosques. The Islamic had a
draft out a drawing of sun–dried brick house Muhammad in the city of Medina.
The Islamic had to keep in mind that building a palace had to be sacred. The draft, however, points
out detail about the structure of the outside in countless opened. The courtyard made with a middle
porch of authentic palm trunks. The top of the roof were made out of palm leaves. The original ...
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The use of the religious themes Qur'an is use for the interior of Islamic. This example script of
Qur'an was used as a warning against the idol worship. Furthermore, knowing the work and input of
the Islamic they didn't want their work to be vain. I can understand why their work was use for
sample and expedition work in Great Mosque Cordroba, Spain.
The Persian culture is another Islamic architecture. The Iwan were a square that were surrounded in
the arch. The entry furthermore, illustrated the Shah Mosque in Isfaham near the Taj Mahal. The
Islamic for this development use a scenery shape on the interior of the Iwan. The glazed tile was the
same similar as the palace. The calligraphy manuscript uses division of prayer phrase that could be
memorized in illuminated. The modification of the Qur'an was use to remind the people about idol
Gods. The Islam didn't care about the shape of any building. They only care about the religious
inscribed in their work. The work that the Islam did in the Mosque worldwide considers as being a
spiritual

The Hagia Sophi The Nika Riot
The Hagia Sophia came out of the Nika riot. This impressive structure was part of a reconstruction
effort by emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora, after most of Constantinople was burned. The
Hagia Sophia is a beautiful church with a central dome that has a diameter of 101 feet, two– half
domes that double the interior length of the church to 200 feet. This awe inspiring building has had
an eventful history and after the capture of Constantinople in 1453 by the Turks who then added the
minaret(s). This paper will explore the minaret that was thought to be the first, and what the role of
this was.
A minaret is a tower typically found adjacent to mosques, traditionally used for the Muslim call to
prayer. The Hagia Sophia started out as a Christian church, but after being taken over in 1453 was
converted to a mosque thanks to Sultan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They then added a minaret which was the first sign of conversion from church to mosque. (28)
Over the year's historians have accepted that the minarets were added by different sultans which was
emphasized by the fact that they used different materials to build these huge towers that stand
approximately 60m tall. (28–29) There are four minarets but the original one is thought to have been
removed in the sixteenth century. (28) A few days after the fall of Constantinople a tower appears to
have been constructed. The Turks seemed to use this tower pending the completing of their minaret.
The minaret was to be constructed on the turret at the south side of the west window. Between 1453
and 181 Mehmed the Conqueror decided to make a grand minaret. To do this they may have used
the neglected tower of the Byzantine empire. In April of 1573 the minaret was in need of repair of
external buttresses and so was the tower over the main entrance, which may have still been used
occasionally for

Essay on A Comparison of Christian and Islamic...
A Comparison of Christian and Islamic Architecture in Spain
By the 6th century a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths, converts to Arian Christianity, had
established themselves as the aristocratic elite. The Christians built many monumental basilica–plan
churches. The Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Vinas, Burgos, Spain and San Juan de Banos de
Cerrato are two such churches that still remain today. In the beginning of the 8th century Islamic
Muslims conquered Spain and ended Visigothic rule. They constructed militaristic and religious
architecture including castles, watchtowers, rock castes, the Great Mosque, and the Red Palace. The
remaining Christians adopted some of the Islamic styles and soon built upon a new style that ended
up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Moors also built atalayas, or watchtowers and rock castles that served as part of the defense
system for the castle. The watchtowers were used as communication devices for castles that were
great distances apart. The watchtowers would signal the castle in case of an enemy attack by using
smoke and mirrors. They built rock castles, or small defense castles high on rocks, using the natural
terrain to the maximum effect. Since the rock castles were small they did not house many soldiers.
Another important Islamic site is situated in Cordoba, southern Spain, along the banks of
Guadalquivir river (the Great River). Cordoba served as the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
Cordoba houses the famous Great Mosque or Gran Mezquita, the largest mosque in the Western
World. The interior of the mosque consisted of a mirhab, a niche that separates the qibla wall from
the others. The mirhab was intentionally positioned facing Mecca for the faithful who prayed in that
direction.
The mosque can be identified by its elaborate squinch–supported domes. The Great Mosque of
Cordoba is one of the finest surviving examples of Umayyad architecture in Spain. The mosque has
marble capitals and columns in the hypostyle prayer hall. A person enters the hall through an open
courtyard called a sahn. Its famous horseshoe arches have an alternated pattern of pale stone and red
brick voussoirs

How Early Mosques Affected Islamic Culture
Early mosques were very simple and plain. However, as the mosque developed and became more
complex, it began to impact Islamic culture. One factor it affected was architecture and design. In
early Islamic times, mosques were usually made out of older structures or built with local materials
in the style of the local buildings. There was no standardization of the structure of mosques until
later on, when all mosques began to take on a general outline. Mosques began to be built on a
grander and large scale. The mosque also began to influence the way that other buildings were built.
One of the earliest important mosques is the Great Mosque of Damascus, which was one of the first
mosques to be built in Syria. The artwork and design of this mosque

How Did Byzantine Architecture Influence The Islamic Empires?
Before Muslim rulers came to power, people such as Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews were already
living in Arab lands. Two great Empires that were in power were the Byzantine Empire and the
Sassanian Empire. These societies had already established their own arts and architecture. When
Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel, he began to create the Muslim umma
(community). After his death in 632, the four rightly guided caliphs ruled the umma. In their rules,
these caliphs began to extend the Islamic Empire. As they acquired more territories, they adapted
new styles of arts and architecture and were influenced by the societies they conquered. The website
simply calls it "Islamic Art" while the museum uses the long name " Art of ... Show more content on
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According to the Quran, "O believers, wine and arrow–shuffling, idols and diving–arrows are an
abomination, some of Satan's work; then avoid it (79 Art and Artistic Taste)." While there was
nothing in the Quran that stated the punishment of artwork, some hadiths claimed that only god can
create living things and it is not within the power of humans. But other scholars argued otherwise
and drawing of living things continued to exist in the Islamic Empire. At the same time, it is
important to take into account that the prophet Muhammad broke the idols from Ka'ba but kept the
picture of Mary and Jesus. If Muslims followed the Sunna then drawings of humans should not be
forbidden. I do not all the art is Islamic, but I think it depends on who is the audience. For example,
a secular Muslims might not see a problem in all the sculptors and figural representations of the arts
and view it as Islamic, but an orthodox Muslim might forbid the figural representations and only
consider the geometries, calligraphy and vegetal designs as Islamic. I don't believe all the art is
Islamic because I grew up knowing figural representations was forbidden in my religion, and
therefore would consider most of the arts as non–Islamic. Moreover, it cannot be all Islamic because
before the Muslims took over the land, cultures already existed. These cultures influenced the
livelihood of the

The Importance Of Commercial Buildings In The Ottoman Empire
Secondly, commercial buildings were so popular in Cairo because it was already a major trading
point for the Ottoman Empire. The different type of commercial buildings were wikalas, khans,
qaisariyas, suqs, and funduqs. Ismail explains that these type of buildings existed since the
Mameluke Empire period, but they were kept being built during the Ottoman Empire, with some
minor changes.
The wikalas were buildings located within the city walls and had a design that had shops on the
ground floor that faced onto courtyards and a rab system (living quarters) on the upper floors. Some
of the shops from the ground level had special designs in their facades that allowed the merchants to
display the imported goods that they had for sale. The building had only one entrance per each
facade, and each of them led to the open central courtyard that aside from shops, had storerooms for
the merchant's goods. To get access to the upper floors, people had to use staircases that were
usually placed in a corner of the facades (Ismail 2005).
The khans and funduqs were buildings that had combined functions of hostel and trading centre and
were used mostly by traveling merchants and visitors to the city. These buildings were built mostly
near the trading routes outside the city, and they required towers for extra protection, however, some
of them were located inside the city and did not required to be fortified because of it. A major
difference is that these buildings did not had shops in

The Rock Cycle: The Formation Of The Glasshouse Mountains
Emilie Tixeront explains the rock cycle, the formation of the Glasshouse Mountains, and what
makes rocks so special anyway. Despite a family history of geophysicists and rock enthusiasts, I've
never found the subject of rocks particularly fascinating. However, an exploration of Earth Science
has lead me to the discovery that rocks are actually hidden gems (often literally), and that there's
more to the topic than one would think. The Rock Cycle The Cycle of Life (Like the circle of life,
but without the lions) The rock cycle is a sequence of changes that occur in a continuous cycle,
repeating over the course of millions of years as different types of rocks morph into each other (ETE
Team, 2005). Simple, right? So, to break it down (sedimentary style), there are three basic rock
types: Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary (Pellant, 2000). Igneous rocks are formed when
molten rock hardens and cools to form a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that consists of rock fragments, many of which are visible to
the naked eye (Fig. e The rock cycle states that sedimentary rocks are formed through the
compression of sediment, and conglomerate contains minerals and rock that have been compressed,
providing visual evidence of the rock cycle (Rocksandminerals.com, 2013). Of course, the rock
cycle is also linked with the concept of erosion, as the breaking down of material is very important
to the cycle (Hamilton & Hamilton, 2008). A prime example of this occurrence can be found at the
site of the Glasshouse Mountains in Australia. The Glasshouse Mountains are volcanic plugs that
were originally surrounded by sandstone (MSCR, 2012). The plugs are formed of material that is
more resistant to erosion than the sandstone that once surrounded it, and the plugs were revealed
when the softer rock eroded away (Tourism Australia, 2015). The weathering of the sandstone is
evidence to support the existence of

The Negative Effects Of Social Media
Before the era of social media, vacations got their meaning from the quality of the memories that
were brought home; however, with technology and social media becoming increasingly more
prevalent in today's society, this is not the case anymore. With 76% of travelers posting their
vacation pictures online through some social media platform, the "success" of a trip is now often
defined by the number of "likes" that our posted photos receive (Frenaye). In this new culture of
daily–life sharing, society has become addicted to the number of "likes" received; Consequently,
there are unmistakable harmful psychological effects that develop in users of social media. Many
travel photography accounts on social media, such as @MuradOsmann, create idealized lifestyles
that negatively influence others' self–perception and personal expectations due to frequent
comparison to these professionally–edited images that display high economic status and perfect
relationships. With just a quick glance at Murad Osmann's impeccable profile on Instagram, it is
clear that his photos exhibit a lavish lifestyle, as his immense wealth can be speculated from his
photos' featured locations and clothing worn. Thus, viewers' perceptions of themselves are easily
damaged due to the comparison to these highly desirable circumstances that can only be achieved by
the upper class. In Osmann's post on January 13, 2017, Osmann and his wife, Nataly, can be seen
standing on the rooftop of a skyscraper in Dubai,

The Dome Of The Rock
The Dome of the Rock (688–92) is a building project which demonstrates a particular way of
achieving uniqueness in architecture. Architectural uniqueness can be established by introducing the
same building form and materials in a slightly different way, complimenting its surrounding. Again,
this uniqueness can be achieved by having a completely different building vocabulary, contrasting
with its surroundings. In this context, this essay will investigate what type of architectural
uniqueness the Dome of the Rock possess and how this uniqueness has been achieved through
various architectural elements.
Historical Background and Site Context
The Dome of the Rock is located in the city of Jerusalem and stands upon the land of the main three
sacred religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. To them, Jerusalem was their holy
city, a place for pilgrimage and an area for devotion.
The Temple Mount, or al–Haram al–Sharif is a significant part of the city. The shape of the Temple
Mount is slightly trapezoidal and comprises of an array of different mosques, gates and monuments.
In the center of the platform, there is another raised trapezoidal platform, which is accessed by an
arcade of stairways. This platform holds up the focal point of the Temple Mount, the Dome of the
Rock. This monument was built primarily to act as a shrine, sheltering a sacred rock found upon the
Temple Mount. As the Umayyad's came to build the shrine on top of the Temple Mount, they were

Egyptian, Islamic and Roman Architecture Essay
Egyptian Civilization:
I chose Egyptian civilization because it's known as the birthplace of modern civilization. Another
reason I chose Egyptian civilization is because its contributions to the world still seen, studied and
absorbers. Egypt contribution has come along way and has mad an impact in on thousands of
cultures worldwide. Some of Egypt's contributions I will address are arts, literature and architecture.
The Egyptians had little wood to build their buildings and monuments. The Egyptians lived in the
desert where there was little vegetation, so they had to rely upon other kinds of building materials
other than forest products. The Egyptians turned to the limestones and other materials that they
could quarry in the desert. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Khafre's Father's tomb has been dated from 2600 BCE. Many robbers broke into the pyramids to
steal their precious jewels, potter and gold. The Egyptians had a custom of burying precious objects
with their Kings. The Egyptian Kings had many valuable pieces stored in them at burial time. Many
of the ancient artifacts belong to world–renowned museums around the world as the Metropolitan
Museum. Egypt relies heavily on tourism as a means of revenue. The tourism business brought in
almost thirteen billion dollars in 2010. The Pyramids are Egypt's greatest attraction for tourist.
Tourists who visit the pyramids are emotionally moved by the greatness of the site. Egyptians were
known for their relentless dedication for the project. The Great pyramid contains over two million
blocks of sandstone. Each sandstone block weighs a massive two and half ton. The pyramids are
over 4500 years old. The great pyramid is the tallest of all the pyramids and stands 480 feet above
the ground. The length of its sides is approximately eight hundred feet. It is estimated that, at the
order of King Tut, it kept almost 100,000 slaves busy for many years. (Kristek, 1998) The pyramid
is made of various levels. The pyramid has a level for the King and Queen as well as a gallery, and
various passageways to the inner chambers.
Islamic Civilization:
Another civilization I will closely look at is Islamic civilization. Islamic civilization is one of the
oldest,

Auwal Mosque Essay
(mosques are unique due to the context (historical and social) to which they belong) THESIS
ADD A TITLE HERE (MAYBE THIS IS YOUR ABSTRACT?)
ABSTRACT
There are approximately 800 000 Muslims in South Africa (REFERENCE). The Auwal Mosque was
the
first mosque in Cape Town, initially occupied with Malay slaves and 'free blacks' in the 18th
century.
In contrast, almost 100% of Turkey's entire population consists of Muslims, at 74.28 million people.
The 21st century Yesil Vadi mosque is one of thousands in Istanbul used in its area.
INTRODUCTION
As a monotheistic religion, early Islamic architecture was opposed to building mosques that were
specifically designed to accommodate the worshippers, thus focusing on a simple space for
communal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1958, they added stairs for a library and extended the building into
yard space. In the beginning of 2015 there was a replacement of the mosques wooden panelling on
the walls as well as marble added to the columns.
In contrast, the Yesil Vadi mosque, designed by Adnan Kazmaoglu, was built to be the centre of a
new settlement area which aimed to create a neighbourhood. The mosque has housing, shops, a
school and a sports centre built around it. As the majority of Istanbul is Muslim, building a new

mosque is well acknowledged and the community will utilize it. Due to the majority of the Turkish
population being Muslim, there were no particular religious restrictions on building the mosque. In
fact, the intention of building the Yesil Vadi mosque was to create a focal point in its area whereas
the Auwal mosque was forced to blend in. There is also a lot more space around the Yesil Vadi
mosque allowing for a dispersed population unlike the condensed population surrounding the Auwal
mosque. Construction of the Yesil Vadi mosque ended in 2010. There have been no need

The Great Mosque Of Cordoba
The Mishrab of The Great Mosque of Cordoba
Assignment Two
The Great Mosque of Cordoba [named in español Mezquita – Catedral de Córdoba] is a complex
site of extraordinarily rich history and key development in Muslim architecture in a Western empire.
Built in the Spanish capitals of the Umayyad, it is one of the oldest structures from the times of
Muslim rule over Iberia in the 8th century, the Great Mosque of Cordoba is a heritage site having
lived through tremendous successions of change, development and expansions surviving through
ages of conflict in religious, political and military events.
The mosque can be interpreted as a fruit of the works of Umayyad and Byzantine artisans, and with
close reading of the décor and art executed in the focal point of the mihrab and associated
symbolism.
This essay will focus on the analysis of the work on the mihrab (an expansion made in an expansion
by al–Hakam II after the second set of additions in corresponding relation to the surrounding key
elements that lead to the focal point, especially the hypostyle space, the maqsura and the cupola, as
well as overall planning as a whole. There are various architectural elements incorporated in the
mosque and this essay will bring forth from my readings, research in support for discussion in ways
in which the specially developed architectural technology and language communicate the dialogue
of the Islamic religion, and the significance of these elements creating a uniquely immersive

One Sentence: The Gardens Of Versailles And Point Of View
One Sentence: The Gardens of Versailles and Point of View The Gardens of Versailles exemplify
appeasement and prioritization of the visitor through the use of narrative and optical effects.1 André
Le Nôtre's Gardens of Versailles show discipline and immense attention to detail, whilst keeping the
visitor's or the client's best interest in mind. Le Nôtre created a unified system that focused on the
walker's experience, including theatrical elements and mythical figures to add character. He
coordinates elevations with horizontal distance, establishing "a close relation between the walker's
positions and what is made visible of the garden." What is visible of the garden can only be
experienced and is best experienced from the walker's point of view. The Gardens of Versailles have
a playful narrative provided by the sculpture of gods struggling in the water of a fountain and a
labyrinth with 39 bosquets. All of these elements are included for the pleasure of the guests. Overall,
the usage of storytelling and optical effects are what make the Gardens of Versailles unique among
Le Nôtre's other works and in the architectural world. One Paragraph: The In's and Out's of Medici
Palace Michelozzi's Medici Palace is an example of classical Renaissance, though it has features
that make it noteworthy. Beginning with the exterior, the palace has an overhanging cornice that
surrounds the roofline and its size is in relation to the entire building, rather than the top floor.
Atypical of

Mia Hebib- Bosnian Artist
Mia Hebib is a Bosnian born artist based out of New York, who works primarily in jewelry design
and sculptural forms. She was in a show called "Islam Contemporary" at the Lichtenstein Center for
the Arts on August 2, 2013. Mia Hebib started her education as a jewler at the School for Applied
Arts and Design in Zagreb, Croatia. In 2001, she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Metals and
Jewelry from the Savannah College of Art and Design. Mia moved to New York City to continue her
exploration in metal. She started a corporate jewelry design career with Jacmel Jewelry, Liz
Claiborne, Henri Bendel and BCBG Generation and offered design consultation to Tory Burch
jewelry design team. Since she was part of a corporate jeweler, she became ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea that Since Hebib spent additional time to make this silver have a darkened look, it could
connect back to how the Rock Crystal Ewer was made to look like glass, even though it wasn't. Both
of these works are great examples of artists using materials in an altered state to achieve a desired
look.
Mia Hebib's piece, Irregularities , a set of stackable rings, is comparable to The Bobrinsky Bucket .
The Bobrinsky Bucket is a brass work and is augmented in a way that makes it a luxury object; two
artisans, a caster and a decorator, out of brass with "copper and silver inlay", made it. This is a
vessel that is meant to wish positive experiences to the owner through its inscriptions and imagery.
The inscriptions, in some spots, look like they are playing bat gammon, drinking, and playing music.
Another band contains an inscription that sends good wishes to the owner. This inscription is hard to
read because there are human and animals forms in this inscription. The third register is again, good
wishes. The last register is a bunch of horsemen hunting and fighting. On the rim of the bucket is
another inscription that says who ordered it and for who it was made and who made it. On the
handle it tells us that the vessel was made in 1163. This vessel would have been used for bathing in
a bathhouse. There are manuscript images depicting bathhouses with people of the upper class using
vessels shaped like the

The Development Of Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture is directly related to imperial traditions, to the Christian life and culture of
the Romans. A typical feature of Byzantium is the diverse ethnic composition that includes Greeks,
Thracians, Armenians, Syrians, Copts, Jews, Avars, Slavs and many others. This diversity of peoples
and cultures influences the overall development of Byzantine architecture. Christianity is an
important element shaping the overall appearance of the Byzantine culture.
The light enters through the windows under the dome and illuminates the central ship and the bridal
space.
Procopius explains the impact of the architectural space on the light: "The spherical dome, thanks to
the light, does not seem to stand on solid foundations, but seems to hang on a gold chain from the
sky."
In this way one can best describe the beauty and grace of Byzantine architecture.
Byzantine architecture has undergone three stages in its development:
In 313, Christianity was officially recognized. By 326 this was the official religion of the Roman
Empire. The boundaries of the Empire were from Milan and Cologne on the west to Syria on the
east and to Greece and Egypt on the south. The new religion requires all ceremonies to take place
inside the temple, which necessitates the increase of space within the temple. This created the need
for a new architecture. This function took the basilica.
The basilica is a rectangular building divided by rows of columns of sodium, five or more
longitudinal ships,

Safavid Architecture
The architecture and landscape design of the Palace of the Alhambra has been called "sensuous"
because the alhambra engages the senses of sight, smell and sound.The palace was made to engage
the viewer in all sense and showcase their own power. The patrons uses artists around the middle
east who craftsmen in area. The palace was designed to engage the mind. The palace brought a force
of nature into play in the place. Visually, the palace engages the eyes the artwork embed in the
building itself. The careful place bordered tree, bushes sunken flower beds, and the sudden glimpse
of of mountains or gardens framed in a casement miradors and belvederes. Which is also cunningly
placed to exploit the sight line over entire landscape around ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While one went with simplistic and another went complex and detail in artwork. The Süleymaniye
Mosque shows white marble mihrab and mimbar are simple in design with simple designs in ivory.
The original complex consisted of the mosque itself, a hospital, school, public baths, four Qur'an
schools, a medical college, and a public kitchen. The The Shah Mosque of Isfahan show the best of
the Safavid, the complex, delicate and amazing detail artwork in architecture. The entrance–iwan to
the mosque takes the form of a semicircle, a recessed half–moon, the arch framed by turquoise
ornament and decorated detail stalactite tilework, the two minarets, topped by beautifully carved,
wooden balconies with many stalactites running down the

An Essay On The Blue Mosque
The Blue Mosque, or as its mother language call it The Sultan Ahmet Camii, is an amazing and an
interesting Islamic piece of architect located in Istanbul, Turkey. The blue tiles of the inside,
adorning its interior walls, are the main reason why people call it the blue mosque. I found it
interesting to write about such a historical piece of architecture that was built during the rule of
Ahmed I (or the first) in the early 17th century. A tomb of the founder, like many other mosques, a
hospice and a madrasa as well, all together were found and contained under the name of Külliye in
the mosque. The mosque's function is still a mosque, as it was the first imperial mosque for more
than forty years in that time, and was never converted into anything, not a church nor a museum.
Non–Muslims are not to enter during the daily five prayers for half an hour or so, however, it is a
popular tourist attraction in Istanbul. The sultan at that time, Sultan Ahmed the First, was one of the
youngest sultans. At the age of 14, he decided to build a big ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Being surrounded by other important edifices of the early Istanbul it also raises its importance. And
the mosque has an amazing scenery of the sea. Along with the magnificent scenery, it happens to be
decorated by masters such as the architect Mehmed Aga who had fashioned the interior to perfection
just like a jeweler. The mosque itself used to be part of a great known complex, including a covered
bazaar, schools, public kitchens, a caravanserai, Turkish baths, a hospital and the mausoleum of
Sultan Ahmed himself. Many social and cultural buildings have not survived to our day and age and
yet, the Blue Mosque in all its glory is still standing just as beautifully as it did the day it was

Islamic Architecture
Islamic Architecture
in the
UAE
Many cities all over the world are developing to become important urban areas in all respects like
Tokyo, New York and Mumbai. Every city has some reasons for their develop like building
factories, importance of the location and much more. On the other hand there are some cities that
had decline like Detroit, Flint and Cleveland because they only have depended on one resource for
income. Abu Dhabi has grown through its economic vision and it is trying to sustainable its
development through diversification to avoid declining.
Development and growth in cities is shown through some reasons. The strategic location of the city.
For this reason, most major cities are on rivers or at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abu Dhabi is taking steps to reassess its 2030 economic vision, acknowledging slower economic
and population growth due to the impact of the global financial crisis (Arnold, 2010). The plan is
trying to diversifying the emirates economy away from oil (Arnold, 2010). The idea behind Abu
Dhabi's economic diversification is that if oil prices go down there will be other sources for income
(Kumar, 2011). Abu Dhabi Council for Development declared that Emirate's 2030 strategy will not
degrade oil and gas's importance (Kumar, 2011). Instead it is focusing in which it has traditionally
been strong, like wholesale and retail, international and domestic trade, transport and storage and
tourism (Sekhri, 2010). Also Abu Dhabi had made many projects into petrochemicals, steel and
aluminum sectors and created investor–friendly industrial zones to insure its future growth (Kumar,
2011). The UAE seems unlikely to catch up with the level of economic expansion displayed in the
leading emerging market economies such as China and India, which benefit from bigger populations
and more diversified economies (Arnold, 2010). According to the annual economic report for the
emirate of Abu Dhabi 2010, Abu Dhabi plans to raise the foreign direct investment to 23 per cent of
GDP by 2030 (Kumar, 2011).

Mezquita De Córdoba in Southern Spain
Mezquita De Córdoba The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba represents the many cultural changes the
city of Córdoba and the areas around it have gone through. It has stood in the center of the city for
over a millennium, and it doesn't look like it will fall anytime soon. It covers over 24,000 square
meters (about 250,000 square feet), and is 9 meters tall at its lowest and 30 meters tall at its highest.
The Cathedral of Córdoba is officially called The Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption, but it
was originally built by the Islamic Moors to be a place of worship for muslims. Historians believe
that before the mosque was built, there was a temple to the Roman God Janus on the same site. That
temple was then converted into a church by the Visigoths before they were conquered by the Moors.
It was split in 2 and used as both a church and a mosque until it was torn down and replaced with the
Mosque of Cordoba. In the year 784 AD, construction for the mosque started under the emir Abd
Ar–Rahman 1. It took well over 2 centuries to finish, and even after it did it went through many
changes. A new minaret was added, and some design changes were made including a more
decorative mihrab (signals the direction of Kaaba, a place that is very holy to muslims), and a
courtyard for orange trees was placed inside it. It reached its current size in the year 987 when
construction was completed. The architects of the building planned to place Roman columns with
special capitals, including some that

Descriptive Essay On An Imperial Complex
The Imperial complex built in my honor sits on the highest hill of the capitol serving as the city's
architectural focal point and drawing the eye of both the residents and visitors. Meant to symbolize
the expanse of my wealth and power as a ruler, the complex sits above the thriving capital,
reminding the residents of the sole person responsible for the wondrous accomplishments and
successes of the people. The location also helps protect the complex as the defensive walls and
watch towers appear large due to the additions of the hills. To visit my complex, one must travel
through the highly decorated roads of the hills, past beautiful vegetation and scenic views of the
countryside. However, once at the entrance of my complex, a massive gate greets the visitors, and
leads them to a small courtyard, with gardens and decorative fountains. Above the main door, my
tugra marks the complex, visually demonstrating the importance of this site. The main entrance
leads into a reception hall, a long and narrow room with colonnades marking off smaller side rooms
for guests to interact and marvel at the decorations and beauty of the room. Through the utilization
of spoila, the columns appear in various shades of marble, adding to the regality of the space.
Muqarnas consistently decorate the room, as many exist within the niches of the room and on the
tops of the columns. Furthermore, the muqarnas dome found in the center of the hall invokes awe
within the viewers, and illustrates both

How Islamic Architecture in Spain Changed from the Seventh...
The Great Mosque of Córdoba was built in Córdoba, Andalucía, southern Spain: the capital at which
Muslims exist. The great Mosque of Córdoba went under massive changes over centuries. These
changes occurred because the Mosque was conquered by groups of people following different
religions, including Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Each religion marked its conception through
changing or adding a unique artwork that symbolized its essence. The Great Mosque of Córdoba
was built by Arab architects in the eighth century and then a cathedral was added by Christian
conquers in the sixteenth century . Islam was born in the seventh century but Islamic architectures'
uniqueness among other architectures appeared in the eighth century after the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The three successive Abd ar–Rahman monarchs of the Ummayyad dynasty chose Córdoba to seal
Muslim presence in Spain. became the gateway through which the culture of Islam was sent to
northern Europe, but it was also the gateway through which the Europe of the barbarians came to
renew their links with their lost Mediterranean past . Arabs were able to mark their presence on the
Iberian Peninsula that contains Spain and Portugal, by expressing themselves through architecture,
food, and teachings, along with many other things. Arabs replaced the Roman system. They
introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, rice, cotton and the palm tree. Arabs didn't force conversion
to Islam on people, but they did influence the region's people through the teaching of science,
medicine and astronomy. Arabs symbolized their religion through architecture, knowledge,
philosophy and medicine. They constructed buildings with Islamic worship facilities, and they
treated these places as a place of worship and they did religious practices. One of the most
recognized examples of Arab influenced architectures was "The Great Mosque of Córdoba". It was
known for its notable worship features. Each feature explained how a task should be done and by
whom. The facilities demonstrated the full task of worship and prayer that Muslims do. These
features included the prayer niches and prayer hall, each characterized by its unique

The Creations Of One Of My Favourite Interior Designers
In this assignment, I chose to discuss the creations of one of my favourite interior designers, Zeynep
Fadillioglu because I adore the way she fuses the Western and Eastern traditions, designs and
culture. As she is Turkish, her designs are a mixture of our heritage, the Ottoman Empire, with the
contemporary world today. I will use my knowledge and combine it with research I have found
online, in books and from the press she has received by her wondrous architecture pieces.
Through my research, I have learnt that the materials typically used for a minbar in a mosque is iron,
as its easily carved to any shape or form. Furthermore, the colour gold is highly used to give off a
Royal Ottoman aura because it illustrates wealth and prosperity, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottomans accomplished the most elevated amount design in their territories henceforth or since.
They aced the strategy of building inconceivable internal spaces limited by apparently weightless
yet huge domes, and accomplishing immaculate concordance amongst inward and external spaces,
and additionally verbalized light and shadow.
Islamic religious architecture which until then comprised of straightforward structures with broad
adornments, was changed by the Ottomans through an element compositional vocabulary of domes,
arches, semi domes and sections. The mosque was changed from being a confined and dim chamber
with arabesque–secured dividers into a haven of tasteful and specialised equalisation, refined style
and an insight of glorious amazing quality.
One of my favourite interior design of hers is the Hotel Les Ottomans located in Istanbul, Turkey
because I have always loved the Ottoman culture, tradition and especially the designs as I have
grown up with them being Turkish. I love how she fuses the contemporary and the traditional
designs to create a very unique look. I feel like not many people succeed when trying to combine
these elements as it can be very difficult to do. Although the interiors could look quite cluttered, she
achieves to make them look really elegant and luxurious. For example, in Figure 3. the room is full
of detail and precision. There 's decorative columns, a detailed ceiling, heavy curtains, patterned
pillows and

The Dome Of The Rock And Alhambra Essay
The two Islamic structures are the Dome of the rock and alhambra. It is likely that both structures
were built for the same purpose. The Dome of the Rock has no distinct known purpose that modern
investigators have discovered but it was likely to have been built with the purpose of impressing the
region with the power and the emergence of Islamic control. alhambra was built as a palace complex
to house the leaders of Granada and into likely establish the dynasty of the Nasrid. Although built to
show the historic power of the time, these buildings continue to represent the emergence and
development of the Islamic culture through representation of powerand aesthetic beauty. The Dome
of the rock since it the city of Jerusalem on the Haram alsharif with the Golden Dome and Turkish
Faience tiles that served since the seventh century as a symbol of the rising faith of Islam. It is the
oldest building to have survived in the Islamic world and there is no real evidence of what function
and meaning the building held when it was built. The Dome of the rock was built between the time
of the profit permits death in 632 and around 691 to 692. During this time there was periods of
warfare that erupted within Arabia and in the holy land that was around Jerusalem. The armies who
were emerging from the Arabian Peninsula at the time were interested in conquering and not in
Empire building. It should be noted that not only is it the oldest Islamic building but the Dome of
the Rock the first

Islam : The Culture Of Islam And Islam Culture
If Islam was sent to all mankind, then logically, it can only be inferred that it does not deem one
culture superior to another. That being said, the spread of Islam was the spread of religion, not
culture. Islam is often conflated with Arab culture, and vice versa. However, this perception of Islam
as a whole is entirely untrue, as Islam is not a religion specifically for the Arabs, but for all
humanity. Arabic might be the language of Islam, but there is no culture for Islam. But because of
this misconception, most people assume something is Islamic simply because it looks Arabic.
Although most have a mental image of what we deem "Islamic" architecture to be, there is in fact no
style of Islamic architecture, as Islam did not force any culture onto the people it reached.
The designs of Islamic buildings were usually influenced by the culture of the societies the religion
reached, and the only similarities these building have with each other are their practical aspects.
When Islam came to Constantinople, it co–opted an existing church known as the Hagia Sophia,
which today is known as an icon of mosque architecture. On the other hand, when Muslims during
the Ming dynasty built a mosque, they used typical aspects of Chinese architecture. These examples
demonstrate that Islam is independent of culture, including cultural architecture styles. The only
architectural aspects these two share are practical, such as an empty space for prayer and a place to
make wudu'. These

Ottoman Domes
The dome is considered one of the most important architectural elements in Islamic culture and the
dome became a very important architectural element during the Ottoman time period and many of
these domes drew from earlier Islamic and the Hellenistic Roman world. The dome is one of the
most important elements of the Ottoman time period and they were known for being one of the main
cultures in history to incorporate domes as a main component in their architecture. Ottomans used
domes in mosques (the largest domes were reserved for mosques), madrasas, and türbes.
Monumental domes began to appear in the 14th century in the Ottoman capital Bursa, in the 15th
century in Edirne and after the conquest of Constantinople in Istanbul. This paper will address the
domes built under the Ottomans from the late 1300s to the 1600s. However, it is important to note
that early Ottoman architecture was heavily influenced by both Seljuks and the Byzantines– their
immediate predecessors. The dome itself, as built by the Ottomans are almost all hemispherical in
shape. Theresa Grupico explains that "Domes and tent canopies were associated with the heavens in
Ancient Persia and the Hellenistic Roman world. A dome over a square base reflected the geometric
symbolism of those shapes. The circle represented perfection, eternity, and the heavens. The square
represented the Earth. An octagon was intermediate between the two."
The Ottoman empire began modestly, as a principality of the western vanguard

Mughal Architecture : The Unmistakable Indo Islamic...
Mughal architecture
 Introduction:
Mughal design is the unmistakable Indo–Islamic building style that created in northern and focal
India under the support of Mughal sovereigns from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It is a
strikingly symmetrical and enriching amalgam of Persian, Turkish, and Indian engineering. The
Mughals were additionally prestigious for making choice gardens in the Persian format, in which the
quadrilateral greenery enclosures were separated by walkways or streaming water into four littler
parts.
Mughal architecture is an architecture style that created by Mughals everywhere on their domain in
the medieval India, Mughal architecture additionally achieved its definitive amid the locale of 'Shah
Jahan '. At the point when the mughals were showed up its architecture was affected from Persian
style. When the mughals were appeared its architecture was influenced from Persian style. They
constructed Islamic buildings like mausoleum, mosque and forts, and they showed a uniform pattern
of character and structure in their buildings.
The Mughal tradition was built up after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526. Amid his five–year
rule, Babur appreciated raising structures, however few have survived. His grandson Akbar
assembled broadly, and the style grew enthusiastically amid his rule. Among his achievements were
Humayun 's Tomb (for his dad), Agra Fort, the post city of Fatehpur Sikri, and the Buland Darwaza.
Akbar 's child Jahangir dispatched

Essay On Alhambra

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