African National Congress Youth League

African National Congress Youth League
Historical Details: Mandela joined the African National Congress(ANC) in 1942 and helped form
the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) in 1944 as an executive member.
In 1950, he became ANCYL president and continued the Programme of Action and expanded the
Anti–Apartheid mission through the Defiance Campaign and Mandela Plan(M–Plan).
In 1956, 156 ANCYL members, including Mandela, were arrested for treason. Though acquitted,
Mandela was imprisoned for traveling without a valid passport and inciting strikes.
During his time in prison, the Anti–Apartheid Movement (AAM) and the United Democratic
Front(UDF) continued the fight against apartheid and a new democratic system.
Boehmer's Analysis: As a distant royal and well educated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Upon his release from prison, Mandela and the ANC renounced weapons and force.
Boehmer's Analysis: The Anti–Apartheid mission and Mandela imitated a Gandhi style protest for
the various boycotts, Progamme of Action, and the Defiance Campaign. Eventually, the ANC and
Mandela believed the Algerian analyst Frantz Fanon armed struggle was a more effective model
against colonization. Mandela solidified his new creed in a speech to the Pan–African Freedom
Movement of East and Central Africa (PAFMECA) named "A Land Ruled By the Gun", where
Mandela hoped to establish a Pan–African relationship with African governments and nationalist
organizations. Once released from prison, Mandela and the ANC again embraced the Gandhi form
of non–violent discussion and negotiation.
My Analysis: Throughout Mandela's mission, he drew inspiration from across the myriad of the
ideological spectrum. Inspired by Gandhi, Mandela and the Anti–Apartheid mission discovered the
foundation for the Defiance Campaign, M–Plan, and Programme of Action. When Mandela and the
ANCYL felt the need for stronger resistance they found a new influence in Pan–African support and
Frantz Fanon armed resistance. Mandela and the Anti–Apartheid movement represent the duality of
political struggles capturing the anger that fuels an armed resistance and the hope that drives a
pacifist movement.
The Freedom Crusade: The Struggle For Freedom Within Concrete Walls
Historical Details:
Nelson

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Nelson Mandela Research Paper
"In my country we go to prison first and then become President." In 1991, Nelson Mandela was
elected the president of the African National Congress. After President F.W. de Klerk released him
from jail, Mandela continued to negotiate the country's first non–racial elections for him. It began on
December 21, 1991 at the World Trade Centre in Johannesburg. White South Africans were willing
to share power but many black South Africans wanted a complete transfer of power as whites had
before. These negotiations were tense and violence across South African townships erupted followed
by the assassination of ANC and South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani on April 10,
1993. In 1993, Mandela and President de Klerk were awarded the Nobel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He used the nation's enthusiasm for sports as a way to promote reconciliation between whites and
blacks. The World Cup was the first major sporting event to take place in South Africa following the
end of apartheid. He encouraged black South Africans to support the once–hated all white national
rugby team. During his presidency he didn't hold a grudge and Mandela worked to reassure the
white population wouldn't be discriminated against,focused on personal forgiveness and
reconciliation. In 1996, Mandela signed a new Constitution for the nation, establishing a strong
central government based on majority rule and guaranteeing the rights and freedom of expression
for minorities– "(a) Human dignity, the achievement of equality and the advancement of human
rights and freedoms. (b) Non–racialism and non–sexism. (c) Supremacy of the constitution and the
rule of law." Through these small opportunities, Mandela completed his freedom mission for South

Nelson Mandela Research Paper
Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa on 18 July 1918. Nelson Mandela 1918–2013 he was the
former South African President. He was the first black African President in South Africa. Nelson
was solid leader. He was the leader of Africa National Congress (ANC) which opposed and its
policy of racial separation known as apartheid. He ended apartheid and create and build peace, a
free, multiracial and democratic in South Africa. Steve (2013 writer).Furthermore he was in jail and
sentenced to 27 years life imprisonment as political prisoner. Because of his hard work and
dedication he is a great hero and great leader.
In addition to his released from the prison after 27 years. Number is 44 page 44. Mandela made a
speech to the whole nation. He declared

The Segregation Of South Africa
Africa is a country with many different government parties, each having its own legislation.
Although much of the country is of the non–white population, the government officials in South
Africa were all white. This lack of diversity within the government led to the establishment of racial
segregation, the term used for this segregation was apartheid.
Many of the issues that led to the eventual establishment of segregation stemmed from the 1913
Land Act, "marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in
reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers."(History) For nearly 35 years, the
power of the segregation grew cumulating once the Afrikaner National Party won the elections in
1948.
After the National Party took control of the government, they passed legislation implementing
controls on the interactions that the population would have between the different ethicizes. Not only
were the people segregated, but the land was also divided between white and nonwhite territories.
While the apartheid was in full affect, there were different social groups for each race the Bantu was
a term used for the all black people. The government in 1958 feared the possibility of the Bantu
people strengthening in a combined power eventually raising against the government. Due to this
fear, the government divided the Bantu people in to separate group with the intentions that if the
people are separated they would not have the power

The Political State of Countries Essay
The Political State of Countries
The political state of countries today is always changing and developing into new and hopefully
more efficient methods of running a country. In comparing and contrasting the political setup of two
countries a good understanding of the different systems is easily seen. The fall of Communism in
many parts of the world has triggered countries like Russia to create new political systems and
political parties. This also changes the functioning of the economy and the military. Likewise in
India, changes are almost seen daily in the ruling of the country. Comparing and contrasting these
two countries involves many areas including the political parties, legislative branch and the
executive branch. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The communists get support only when the outlook for the economy is bad and fear of
unemployment is affecting many workers. (Palmer, 346) The last of these parties is the fascist party
called the Liberal Democratic Party. This party platform stated in 1993 elections, "calling for a
strong army, continued government management of Russia's industries, liquidation of the 5000
gangs that control the economy, arm sales to any country or group that wants the buy them,
deportation of non–Russians, avoiding mistakes of Hitler in dealing with the West, "nuking" the
Japanese if they continued to pressure Russia to give back some small islands occupied since the
end of World War II, a strong dose of anti–Semitism, and finding husbands for all unmarried
women." (Palmer, 346) Like Russia, India has several parties in its Democratic system including:
The Congress Party, The Bharatiya Janata Party, and The Third Front. India for a long time was
considered a single party Democracy and the Congress party ruled for about fifty years. (Palmer,
453) The Congress party used these four items to gain support: charisma of Nehru and Gandhi, the
independence movement, the party's broad base in the local way of life and the ability to take in a
great range of regional, ideological and communal groups. (Palmer, 453) The Bharatiya Janata Party
is a rising group that

Nelson Mandela Ethos
The speech I am analyzing is Nelson Mandela's speech, Apartheid has no future. In his speech given
on February 11, 1990, Mandela thanks all those that stood with him while he was imprisoned. He
also stresses there should be more of an effort to completely abolish apartheid. Mandela uses several
rhetorical devices to build a strong speech. Nelson Mandela's speech "Apartheid has no future" is
persuasive based on its use of ethos, logos, and pathos. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ethos is built through Mandela's character. Nelson Mandela was "imprisoned in 1964 for treason,
stemming from his activities with the banned African National Congress (ANC)" (Sawinski). When
he was twenty–four years old Mandela joined the national African Congress. The ANC fought for
civil rights for black South Africans. During his time in the ANC Mandela was a part of a peaceful
protest. Later a new organization formed called the Congress Youth League, which was a departure
or the ANC and its traditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second half of Mandela's speech outlines the goals and strategies that the ANC use in order to
normalize free political activity. Mandela also suggests ways to become better. He suggests an
ending to the state of emergency and freedom for all political prisoners. "I reiterate our call for inter
alia the immediate ending of the state of emergency and the freeing of all, and not only some,
political prisoners" (Mandela) This statement is an example of logos because these are realistic
goals/ requests that can be accomplished. Another objective Mandela states are the negotiations of
the dismantling of apartheid. "Negotiations on the dismantling of apartheid will have to address the
overwhelming demand of our people for a democratic nonracial and unitary South Africa"
(Mandela). In this statement, Mandela states what dismantling apartheid will do and it would
address the demand for a democratic nonracial and unitary South Africa. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1

Importance of Good Precedents for Sustaining Democracies...
There are many different reasons why the partition of India occurred. When Britain oppressed India,
they had a divide–and–conquer policy that exacerbated the religious and cultural rifts that already
existed in the society. The Muslim League, which believed in the ideology of "Pakistan", actively
campaigned to gain more support for the Muslims in India, especially under the guidance of
dynamic leaders like Jinnah. Pakistani leader and founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that this
partition was inevitable since "'[a] united India would never have worked'" (Komireddi 2009). He
and others thought that a unified state would only lead to the relegation of Muslims to the fringe of
society and, ultimately, to violence and civil war. The Indian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The east and west sides of Pakistan were not divided over religion (they were mostly all Muslim),
rather the division was on the basis of culture and language. West Pakistan was Punjabi while East
Pakistan was Bengali. In 1971, there was a major war between India and Pakistan and the east side
of Pakistan split off into what is today called Bangladesh. For the purposes of this essay, we will be
focusing on just Pakistan and India.
The people in both countries have very common and even interlocked backgrounds, so how is it that
these countries have very divergent political atmospheres since partition? India, adapting from the
legacy of British rule and the Government of India Act 1935 for its constitution, kept the idea of
federalism and was also successful in operating its political system within the formal democracy.
Except for 18 months between 1975 and 1977 India maintained its democratic institutions. In the
five decades since partition, there have been twelve legislative elections and many more state
assembly elections. There have been seven peaceful transfers of power between rival political
parties at the central (federal) level (Varshney 1998). Since 1967, the party that ruled in New Delhi
has not ruled in nearly half of the states (Varshney 1998). A fleeting sample of the morning
newspapers will show that the press in India has remained diverse, dynamic, free, and altogether
unafraid to

Nelson Mandela
The word Apartheid means apartness in the Dutch and Afrikaans languages (Clark, 3). Apartheid
was used by the government as a way to to separate people by race, where they live, where they
went to school, where they worked and where they died ( Clark, 3). From 1948 until Nelson
Mandela was made president in 1994, the Nationalist Party was in power and they implemented
several acts that kept this already established system in place. Two examples of these acts are the
Group Areas Act, which segregated residential and business areas of cities and the Population
Registration Act, which classified every South African by race (Durost, 125). In the mid–1940s, the
protests became more common and more organizations were established. A leader was needed to
take control of the movement to end Apartheid and that person was Nelson Mandela. He was born in
1918 in Mvezo, South Africa and as a child listening to the stories of the elders in his tribe, Mandela
became motivated to make his own contribution to the freedom struggle (Mandela, 3). He was the
president of the African National Congress, founder of African National Congress Youth League and
many other organizations, such as the militant wing of the ANC (Engler, 8). Within these
organizations, hundreds of people were involved in a non–violent defiance campaign to sabotage
government buildings.Through nonviolent and violent protests, Nelson Mandela had the most
influential role in ending the conflict in South Africa caused by

Essay about Nelson Mandela Worked to End Apartheid in...
I have always thought that Nelson Mandela has been one of the most important people in history. I
find it very fascinating that one man could end the Apartheid and that is why I want to find out more
about this. South Africa is a country with a past of enforced racism and separation of its multi–racial
community. The White Europeans invaded South Africa and started a political system known as
'Apartheid' (meaning 'apartness'). This system severely restricted the rights and lifestyle of the non–
White inhabitants of the country forcing them to live separately from the White Europeans. I have
chosen to investigate how the Apartheid affected people's lives, and also how and why the Apartheid
system rose and fell in South Africa. Racial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(History, 2013) The population of South Africa were segregated into categouries of Coloured, Black,
White and Indian. Black South African lives were affected in many different ways and it still is
today. Apartheid meant great hardship, it meant that Black people were unable to live a reasonable
life. All natural civil rights were taken away from them. Public beaches, drive–in cinema parking
spaces, graveyards, parks and public toilets are just a few things that were racially segregated. You
can say that the church was on of few places races could mix without breaking the law. (Wikipedia,
2013) Black South Africans were segregated in education and there were even different laws. For
example if a Black African committed a crime, this person could expect years in prison. But if it was
a White African, the consequence would probably only be getting charged. Black Africans were
treated inhumanely and considered to be filth.(NelsonMandelas, 2013) The purpose of their
education was to train them to be Black labourers or servants as it was considered all they were
good for. In addition, whole communities were transported by the police to new areas far away from
their old homes, which were often bulldozed to the ground. One of these communities were
Sophiatown, and here is a inhabitant describing what it was that happened: "We had to take
everything and throw it outside.

Nelson Mandela Essay example
The Men Of Aparthied
From 1948 to 1994 apartheid was enforced in South Africa. Apartheid was the name given to a form
of legal segregation is South Africa. Apartheid first came about in 1948 when South Africa's
National party took power. South Africa's government broke the country's population into four
groups. Those groups were the whites, who consisted of approximately 13 percent of the population,
Africans, who were 77 percent of the population, people who were of mixed descent comprised
eight percent of the population, and Asians who were only 2 percent of the population. South
Africa's government set aside certain lands for each of the groups, and those groups were forced to
live in those homelands. Besides residential segregation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to do that deKlerk had to repeal The Group Areas Act of 1966, and the Lands Act of 1913,
and 1936. The same month that both those laws were repealed The Population Registration Act of
1950 was also erased. The Population Registration Act required that all South Africa's record their
race with the government. In 1991, de Klerk's government started to make a new constitution that
would make South Africa's government a nonracial democracy. The whites in South Africa agreed
with the new congress, and in 1993 The African National congress agreed to change their
government. South Africa's first non racist election took place in 1994, and the African National
Congress won that election. The new president was a recently released inmate by the name of
Nelson Mandella.
Nelson Mandela has played an important and controversial role in the history of South Africa and
establishing South Africa as a Democratic country. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Umtata,
in the Transkei territory of South Africa. His father was a tribal chief. Mandela became a lawyer and
helped form the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944. Mandela gained
national importance as a black leader for protest against the government and apartheid which
occurred in the 1950's. In 1956, Mandela was arrested and charged with treason and other serious
crimes, but was found not

India And Pakist An Ideal Comparative Pair Essay
In 1947, India and Pakistan became newly independent states, leaving behind British colonial rule.
Due to the shared geographical location, background and culture between these nations, these two
countries have often been compared against each other. However, since earning independence, India
and Pakistan have undergone significantly different political trajectories. This paper will explore
various factors that have impacted the nation–building of these countries and understand why India
has been successful in practicing democracy, while Pakistan has been afflicted with military and
autocratic governments. India and Pakistan share cultures and histories yet have stark differences in
political regime type, making an ideal comparative pair for inquiry.
Historical Narrative
Oldenburg describes India and Pakistan as "fraternal twins" due to their shared levels of extreme
poverty and extreme inequality in 1947. However, the struggle to be free of British rule was distinct
which set a vital precedent for the subsequent regimes of Pakistan and India. The British withdrawal
was hasty due to their realization they could no longer afford to hold on to its over–extended empire.
One of the main reasons for the creation of a separate Muslim nation in the Indian subcontinent was
due to the conflicting religious views of Hindus and Muslims. These issues had existed prior to
British colonial rule, however the differences were exacerbated by British policy. Britain as a
colonizer, followed

The Apartheid Of South Africa
Some periods in human history are simply shameful. The period of apartheid policy in South Africa
was one of these times. Apartheid featured a rebirth of racist legislature in South Africa from the
1950s to the 1990s. Essentially, these laws treated people who were not white as completely
separate from society; the term apartheid literally means "apartness." The national legislature in
South Africa wanted to suppress blacks and ensure a white supremacy in the government. Basically,
political goals predominated over human rights. Fortunately, enough support eventually rallied to
abolish apartheid. Nevertheless, it was still unjust and devastating. The South African government's
policy of apartheid was a deplorable chapter in human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apartheid laws were created to ensure a white supremacy in the governemnt. In 1948, the apartheid
laws first began, and "racial discrimination was institutionalized." Among the first apartheid laws
were a prohibition of marriage between whites and blacks, and the distinction of ``white–only ' '
jobs. Then, these laws became even more serious. "In 1950, the Population Registration Act required
that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or
colored (of mixed decent)". This specific law enabled a myriad of racist legislature to be enacted.
For example, one law required that those classified as blacks carry a pass book containing their
fingerprints to step foot in a non–black area. Also, in 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act divided
African reserves into "homelands." Each African was designated a homeland, and their political
rights, including voting, were confined to its borders. The goal of this was to eradicate any sort of
African power in the South African Parliament; whites desired "hegemony" over the people.
Essentially, between 1976 to 1981, four homelands were formed and "nine million South Africans
were denationalized." Notwithstanding, the homelands "refused the nominal independence...and
[maintained] pressure for political rights within the country". Outrageously, Africans from these
homelands were required

Nelson Mandela's Role In Civil Disobedience
Nelson Mandela a South African civil rights activist once said, "..I have cherished the ideal of a
democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for
which I am prepared to die." Nelson Mandela was a strong man who fought against the odds for the
what he believed in, even if it had cost him his life. Nelson Mandela's involvement in civil
disobedience was due to personal influences, he chose to participate in civil disobedience to protest
unfair segregation laws in South Africa, and he did achieve success using this controversial method
of standing up for what he strongly believes to be right. Civil ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1942, Mandela joined the African National Congress and he became actively involved in an anti–
apartheid group (Biography). Inside the African National Congress a group of young African
Americans joined together to create the African National Congress Youth League (Nelson –
Biographical). Mandela was inspired to join this group after the Afrikaner–dominated National Party
won the election in 1948. This national party created apartheid laws that stripped anyone who was
not white of their basic rights and kept them from the government. With Mandela's help the African
National Congress led a Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws, where they traveled throughout
South Africa protesting against discriminatory laws (History). December 5th, 1955, Mandela and
hundreds of others were arrested while peacefully protesting, this marked the beginning of the
Treason Trial, which only ended when the last twenty–eight people were declared innocent.
Afterwards, on March 21st, 1960, sixty–nine peaceful protesters were killed by police in
Sharpeville; consequently, this led to the banning of the African National Congress (Biography).
After the banning of the congress, Mandela insisted that they created a military unit within the
African National Congress. The congress contemplated Mandela's notion and allowed those who
wanted to, to join Mandela, this led to the establishment of a

How Nelson Mandela used Rugby to unify South Africa Essay
After spending twenty–seven years in prison, Nelson Mandela was released from prison on February
11, 1990. In 1991, Nelson Mandela was chosen to become president of the African National
Congress. In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk announced an agreement
that the African National Congress and the National Party form a transitional government,
effectively ending apartheid and opening the political process to all South Africans (Williamson).
Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, and de Klerk became his first deputy.
However, even with apartheid abolished, South Africa was still a divided country. Mandela's legal
adviser, Nicholas Haysom, said, "South Africa in 1994 was a country that was split, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A year later, Mandela proposed that if the whites backed democratic elections, the next rugby cup
would be held in South Africa. The democratic elections occurred, Mandela won the presidency, and
the 1995 World Rugby Cup was awarded to South Africa. The Springboks were seen as the whites'
team. The blacks hated and rooted against the Springboks, who had fourteen white players and just
one black player (30 for 30). They would cheer when the opponents would beat or hurt the
Springboks, because in their eyes they saw the people oppressing them being beat. However, Nelson
Mandela decided to embrace the Springbok team and use them as an opportunity to bring the nation
together. Mandela put on the Springbok hat at a rally in Soweto, endorsed the Springboks, and asked
the black South Africans to support them too (Lodge 212). The blacks met the speech with boos,
skepticism, and anger. Black South Africans hated rugby, and the Springbok logo was one directly
associated with apartheid oppression (Carlin 192). Nelson Mandela was a very calculated political
leader, and he understood that the black South Africans would be reluctant of accepting the
Springboks. However, he also understood the impact of sports and that an entire nation rooting for
their national team would bring the country together. South Africa was a very fragile nation at the
time, and if things at the World Cup went wrong, it could have backfired. Mandela's plan relied on
both the whites and blacks

Nelson Mandela's Civil Disobedience Essay
Nelson Mandela, a civil rights activist once said, "I have fought against white domination, and I
have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in
which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities." Nelson Mandela used
civil disobedience in South Africa to try to give rights to the black Africans in that country.
Mandela's involvement in civil disobedience was due to personal influences, he chose to participate
in civil disobedience to protest racial discrimination in South Africa , and he did achieve success
using this controversial method of standing up for what he strongly believes to be right. Civl
disobedience is when a person or group protest when people breaks ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, Mandela marries Evelyn Ntoko Mase, his first wife, but ended after Mr. Mandela's
political activities. While in trouble with the law, he marries Winnie Mandela, Who was only sixteen
years of age. Their relationship changed when he went to jail separated for almost thirty years
(Delviscio). Winnie Mandela was very controversial person who spent her life in government. In
1993, Winnie became president of the African National Congress Women's League, and in 1994,
during her and Mandela's divorce, she was selected to be apart of Parliament, but resigned in 2003
under financial scandals and legal issues (Winnie). On his 80th birthday in 1998, Mandela married
Graça Machel, a 52–year–old widow of the former president of Mozambique, Samora
Machel(Delviscio). All throughout his family he had He had six children four girls and two boys,
three of his children past away. One as an infant, one in an car wreck, and one from aids. He has
three active living children today (

Political Scenario in India
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India is heading for the 2014 General Election, which will decide which party is going to get the
clear majority in the Parliament. As a part of preparation for the big political battle, all the parties
seem to be ready with their campaigning strategy and issues.
The recently rally by Congress in New Delhi and JD(U) in Patna are the best set example that
parties have already geared up for the battle 2014. There are many issues like corruption, inflation,
subsidies on LPG, and hike in Petrol prices – which could put voters in puzzles to decide their right
candidates to send to the Parliament.
The year 2012 was full high voltage political activities, since the beginning of the year the 'Jan
Lokpal Bill' has been in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The national government has the power to dismiss state governments under specific constitutional
clauses or in case no majority party or coalition is able to form a government. The central
government can also impose direct federal rule known as president's rule (or central rule). Locally,
the Panchayati Raj system has several administrative functions and authorities.
For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been guided by the Indian
National Congress (INC). The two largest political parties have been the INC and the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP). Although the two parties have dominated Indian politics, regional parties also
exist. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The
INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election due to public
discontent with the corruption (promulgation of Emergency with stringent forces) of Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal–led National Front coalition, in alliance with the Left Front
coalition, won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.
Central and State Governments
The central government exercises its broad administrative powers in the name of the President,
whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president are elected indirectly for 5–
year terms by a special electoral

Democracy In South Africa Essay
Democracy and The ANC
"We the people of South Africa, recognise the injustices of our past;
Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land;
Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and
Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity.
We therefore, through our freely elected representatives, adopt this constitution as the supreme law
of the Republic..." (Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996).
South Africa's past is one that is rooted in inequalities and injustices; racism and subjugation. Our
Constitution was promulgated into law by South Africa's first democratically elected President,
Nelson Mandela, twenty years ago in 1996.
It is considered to be a Constitution second to none in the world. Our Bill of Rights, which was
drafted taking very careful consideration of our country's painful non–democratic history, is widely
regarded as a document that is a global standard of human rights. The South African constitution
was drawn up through an extensive multi–party negotiation process. The result of this process was a
cohesive, highly influential document. Initially declared as our country's Interim Constitution in
1993, this document allowed for all South Africans to make the transition from apartheid to
democracy. Post the country's watershed democratic elections in April 1994, the Interim
Constitution was taken through a further consultative process involving the public

Indian Democracy
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a
government of the people, by the people and for the people.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a
government of the people, by the people and for the people. This definition clearly underlines the
basic tenet that, in this– form of government, people are supreme. The ultimate power is in their
hands and they exercise it in the form of electing their representatives at the time of elections. In
modern times this type of democracy, which is representative in nature, is most suitable. The other
type, the direct democracy in which the people themselves enact and implement laws and run ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
are preserved and further strengthened.
They help in the formation of public opinion as well. Thus, political parties see that there is nothing
against the spirit of democracy, freedom, equality and social justice. In the absence of political
parties, we cannot think of smooth and effective functioning of a democracy. Different political
parties may have different ideologies but they all aim at the good of the people and the country. The
party system in India has been a great factor in giving meaning and life to democracy. With the
passage of time, a new and healthy relationship has developed between the ruling party and the
opposition parties on the one hand and between the public and the political parties on the other. It is
because of the enlightened Indian voters and political parties in opposition that the government and
the party in power have been more responsive and accountable to the people and their
representatives. Obviously, democracy is not a one–sided game and it needs two or more players in
the form of ruling party, parties in opposition and the electorate.
Liberty, equality, justice and fraternity are the very cornerstones of democracy. They are not
available under dictatorship and utilitarian forms of government. Without freedom of speech,
expression of faith, profession, and association, etc. democracy is meaningless. Similarly, right to
own property is one of the fundamental rights under democracy. The Indian Constitution offers all
the

What Did The Release Of Nelson Mandela And The Willingness...
Ashleigh Blieden 12MT Key 2
Hyde Park High School
Stage 4
To what extent did the release of Nelson Mandela and the willingness of FW De Klerk to work with
the African National Congress, help bring democracy into South Africa?
Contents Page
Cover Page 1
Contents Page 2
Review of Literature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It contributes to my investigation of how democracy came into South Africa as it shows the
willingness of FW De Klerk to work with the African National Congress as it says that he lifted the
ban on the ANC. This source is useful as it gives an overview of what had happened during the time
period and gives an objective and balanced account, the writer has also used a variety of primary
sources to put this source together. This source however, does have limitations as it may be one–
sided and only reflect the point of view of the writer. This source is also valid as it comes from a
history website. It is reliable when studied with other sources but is not reliable on its own.
Source J was written by Matthew James Graham. The author of the source also has a degree of Phd
in History. The source contributes to my investigation as it discusses the unbanning of the ANC,
which shows the willingness of FW De Klerk to work with them. It also discusses the willingness of
De Klerk to negotiate with the ANC to end Apartheid.

Nelson Mandela 's Fight For Freedom And Equality
The underlying need–structure of the individual is what motivates his behavior in various leadership
situations. Leadership style thus refers to the consistency of goals or needs at different situations
(Fred Fiedler, 1967). One major individual from history that, in his lifetime fulfilled the above quote
is the former South African president, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, commonly known as Nelson
Mandela. Mandela has been described as one of the most influential figures in the fight for freedom
and equality in South Africa.
Mandela was born in 1918. His farther, Henry Mandela, was a tribal chief of Tembu. At the time
South Africa was ruled by white minority, Mandela helped to unite South Africa as it dismantled
apartheid, the cruel system of white minority rule. He symbolized for all of Africa a commitment to
democracy and freedom. For effective transformative education and transformative leadership, a
sympathetic position must be taken (Preece, 2013). Mandela demonstrated this thought his life time
as he was not only sympathetic to African indigenous values, but also able to see that taking the
same approach as his adversary's was not going to help further his cause, this is seen through his
encouragement of his followers to seek education to better their situations not violence.
Through out the 1940s and 1950s Mandela witnessed and was frequently victim to frequently
subject to detention, police harassments, and banning.In 1962 Mandela was sentenced for five years
of

Indian Politics
Politics of India India is the largest democracy in the world. India has the biggest number of people
with franchise rights and the largest number of political parties, which take part in election
campaign. In the 1996 national elections, almost 600 million people voted and an average of 26
candidates competed for each of the 543 territorial constituency seats. Elections are held at different
levels. The two major election levels are at national level, after which the national government is
established and at state level after which the state government is established. Elections are also held
for city, town and village councils. There are different political issues in Indian politics. Some are
national level and some regional level. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these elections members for the Lower House are elected. Head of a state is called Chief Minister,
who is member of the Lower House. Constitutionally the figurehead of the state is the Governor,
who is appointed by the President according to the advice of the national government. After the state
elections the governor calls for the suitable candidate to form the government. In general the
governor has more legislative rights at state level than the President has at national level. The
governor can call on early elections in the state, or fire the government if he thinks that the
government has failed or is unstable. In the federal relations between the state and central
government, the central government has more authority on state matters than the state government.
For example the central government has the right to redistribute the state borders without consulting
the state governments on this matter. If the political conditions in any state are not stable, the
national government can call on the President to declare President 's rule in that specific state. And
so the government in that state is dissolved, which means an emergency rule is declared and
sometimes if necessary the army is put to work in that state. Even though the Constitution
determinates the rights of the different authorities in the administration process, there can be other
pressures like strong lobbies or strong political parties, which, sometimes

How Did Nelson Mandela Change
South African apartheid activist Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918. Mandela came from a
royal family. Mandela attended law school at Fort Hare, but was suspended in 1940 due to a student
protest against bad food they were served. After he was suspended, Mandela and his friend fled for
the large city of Johannesburg. Mandela began studying in law firm and planned on becoming a
lawyer.
Mandela eventually left to the city of Soweto. After Mandela moved to Soweto, he was introduced
to a man by the name of Walter Sisulu. Mr. Sisulu had a position in the African National Congress.
In 1949 Mandela led a campaign, called the Defiance Campaign, which was promoting
disobedience of apartheid law. Mandela stated that "I am angry at the white man, ... Show more
The change came fast and abruptly. Mandela weeks earlier, had proclaimed non violence, saying
that forswearing violence "was not a moral principle, but a strategy; there is not moral goodness in
using an ineffective weapon." (Keller 4). Even though Mandela denied being violent throughout his
life, he had for a short time joined the South African Communist Party. While Mandela was a
member of the SACP, the press called him "The Black Pimpernel". While he was a member of the
SACP he did a lot of violent sabotaging. In 1962 Mandela was captured by South African forces and
Mandela was put on trial, during the trial he had a speech that was heard around the world, where
Mandela stated that he would literally die for what he believed in. The speech established him as the
true leader of the international movement against apartheid. Mandela talked about many things in
this long 4 hour speech, such as saying "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought
against black domination," also stating to the court "I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and
free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an
ideal for which I hope to live and to see realized" (Keller 5). He truly opposed the separation of two
groups of people. After his speech he was sentenced to life in prison at the age of

Short Essay on Coalition Governments in India
India won her independence in 1947 and for winning this independence Congress, as a political
party, played the predominant role.
The leaders of the Congress party, then, were great leaders – stalwarts – really dedicated to the cause
and to the party which they served. Mahatma Gandhi was the undisputed leader and there were
leaders of such caliber as Jawahar Lai Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.
Rajagopalacharya, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, Sarojini Naidu, Subhash Chandra Bose and a host of
others of all castes and all creeds.
Among Muslims, there were Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Abul Kalam Azad, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai and
among the lower castes – lower castes as then was called – Kamraj in South and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Nobody ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There had started a gradual decline in the overall governance of the country and the worst ever
shock was received by the country in the Chinese aggression in 1962 in which India had to suffer a
great humiliation for which Krishna Menon, as the Defense Minister was largely responsible.
Further on, on the economic front also, the government in power failed to remove the disparities
between the rich and the poor, rather the disparities increased, and there started a voice being raised
regarding the backward classes – who were regarded as economically backward – and a further class
of 'Other Backward Classes', other than the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes came into being
and Chaudhary Charan Singh, otherwise and originally a Congressman became the leader and the
champion of the Backward classes.
During the regime of Indira Gandhi, politics had declined to manipulations and maneuverings to
remain in power and the mobilisation of money and muscle power and the media, the law
interpreting authorities and the educational system – all these were attempted to be managed in her
favour.
Just after gaining independence, Mahatma Gandhi had suggested that congress as a political party
should be disbanded. That of course, was not done but under Indira Gandhi a vertical rupture took
place in the party with a number of old stalwarts deserting the party, forming into Congress (O)
under Nijalingappa and Indira Gandhi formed her own group and this was named as Congress (I) of

The Fundamental Principles Of Machiavelli's The Prince
"Virtù" of a Prince in light of fortuna serves as one of the fundamental principles in Machiavelli's
The Prince. This virtù could be loosely translated as ingenuity or even machismo, however it is
more of a Prince's ability to master his fortuna: complications that arise because of varying
languages, people, culture and time. Machiavelli touts the virtù of Cesare Borgia in dealing with
Florentine fortuna as the ideal paragon: "I cannot think of any better example I could offer a new
ruler that that of his actions" (The Prince, pg. 22). This is not to say that Borgia did not have his
flaws. On these same principles, I hope to explain how Jerry John Rawlings, former president of
Ghana, in light of Ghanaian fortuna exhibited in some way the virtuoso recommended by
Machiavelli as he (Rawlings) staged two coup d'états and served two terms under democratic rule.
To provide some more context, Jerry John Rawlings, then Flt. Lt. JJ Rawlings, came into the
political spectrum after an attempted coup d'état in on 15th May 1979. He led a group of 6 military
personnel in an attempt to overthrow then military leader Gen. Akuffo. This revolt against the ruling
government, Supreme Military Council (SMC), was spurred as he and a few fellow compatriots
were "distressed by the perceived corruption of government officials and by drastic declines in the
Ghanaian economy" (Johnson). This initial coup was the first steps to displaying virtù and
controlling his fortuna. He rose up against the

Unjust and Corrupt Practices in South African Government
Unjust and Corrupt practices in South African Government Africa is a continent rich human and
natural resources, yet a majority of its people is impoverished (Carr). South Africa, later called the
Republic of South Africa, is a country where the people repeatedly experienced injustice and
corruption from their government, the apartheid and the African National Congress. The South
African people suffered from injustice and corruption in both white and black governments. The
apartheid system consists of all–white government officials, while the African National Congress
consists of people of color. The leaders of apartheid and the ANC both participated in corrupt and
unjust practices that resulted in the ill–treatment of the people, poverty ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The transition between the white autocratic repressive state to an inclusive and democratic black
state was a major turning point in South African history, but the country still faces injustice and
corruption within its government. The one that tackled and failed these challenges was the newly
elected African National Congress. The African National Congress (ANC) was created by the
combined efforts of Thomas Maphikela and Nelson Mendela (Perry). The redistribution programs
that the ANC passed with the good intention of returning money to the people have been exploited
by corrupted officials for personal gain. Little to none of the money that was supposedly for the
citizens were pocketed by corrupted officials. A similar policy that was passed to assist the
impoverished was the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). The goal BEE was to build a free and
fair democracy (Emkes). The BEE was a way to address the inequalities that were committed in the
apartheid system. It gave people economic opportunities that were not available to them during the
apartheid. The BEE was a failure and caused the income inequality to widen, which resulted in the
enrichment of a small group of black shareholders. These shareholders acquired equity that is worth
billions of Rand in South Africa's largest companies for their own personal interests, while millions
lived in poverty (Emkes). The rest of the population, mainly blacks,

The Apartheid Of South Africa Essay
South Africa, after experiencing the apartheid, is trying their best to overcome the apartheid. Now,
the country even has its own leader. He is Jacob Zuma. It is already his second term as a president.(
News, B. (2016, August 5)) The country went over a lot of things, and the history of democratic
political system is not very long for them.
English and Dutch colonized South Africa in the seventeenth century. After South Africa got its
independence from England, Afrikaner National Party became a majority. This was the result of two
groups trying to gain the most power, and the Afrikaner National Party won. After the independence
and apartheid they experienced, there was the first non–racial elections in 1994. After that,
parliamentary republic was elected after replacing constitution of Interim Constitution in 1197,
February 4th. After the independence, South Africa tried its best to be non–racist and get out of the
apartheid they struggled. South Africa elected its own president, and aimed to be democratic. Even
though South Africa now is not fully settled democratic system, they are still struggling and trying
hard to be fully democratic. (The History of Apartheid in South Africa.)
South Africa once again, tried its best and still trying to be a democratic country. However, the
second largest party, DA, was under the control of apartheid even though the party opposed
apartheid laws. That is why DA changed its route to be more conventional liberal, which opposed
ANC.(

The Social Political, Economic And Cultural Impact Of The...
The apartheid policy describes the system of racial discrimination and white political domination
adopted by the South African National Party after its rise to power. This essay will critically
examine the historical significance of the Nationalist Party's influence during its governance from
1948 to 1994. Additionally, this paper will analyse the social, political, economic and cultural
impact of the Nationalist apartheid legislation. Furthermore, it will examine several major resistance
campaigns and significant historical figures that gave rise to the cessation of the apartheid
legislation under new democratic rule, including the effects of the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 and
the transformative force of anti–apartheid activist Nelson Mandela.
Since the colonisation of South Africa by the Dutch in the 17th, century, the consolidation of the
influence of the whites remained a prominent element of Afrikaner culture until its formal cessation
in 1994 (United States Department of State nd). The election of the 'purified' National Party in 1948
distinguished the enforcement of aggressive policies in an effort to maintain white supremacy in
South Africa. This system of institutionalised racial segregation was labelled 'apartheid', an
Afrikaans word meaning "the state of being apart" (BlackPast nd). The apartheid system created a
society of enormous oppression for non–white South Africans during the Nationalist Party's era of
sovereignty.
(LW) The defeat of the Union Party in

The Indian Ideology By Perry Anderson
Book Review The Indian Ideology by Perry Anderson is a collection of three essays originally
published in the London Review of Books. As the title suggests, The Indian Ideology through
critical engagement delves deep into the set of ideas (or nationalist discourse) that shape the Indian
nation – democracy, multicultural unity and secularity – and deals with 'conditions and events that
generated them, and which they both reflect and distort' (p.2). For Anderson the idea of
India as one in its civilizational aspects of evolution and inherent unity is contested by the fact that
'subcontinent as we know it today never formed a single political or cultural unit in premodern
times' (p.10). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More to it,
Anderson squarely holds Gandhi and Nehru responsible for the ills and wrongs that have followed
during the trajectory of the Indian state after partition. The three essays in the book thus deal with
these pertinent issues. The first of these essays is related to the man known for his steel–like
commitment to non violence and humanity – M K Gandhi. M.K. Gandhi was an able political
leader, 'a first–class organizer and fund raiser – diligent, efficient, meticulous ....... (p. 17)'. But that
doesn't exempt him from criticism and there is no need to sentimentalize him. M K Gandhi is held to
be responsible for injection of religion into politics, (...But it was not Jinnah who injected religion
into the vocabulary and imagery of the national movement, it was Gandhi. p. 93), for flirting with
non violence like resorting to violence in 2nd non cooperation movement (.... 'in mid 1918 went out
of his way to try and drum up recruits for the imperialist slaughter in Flanders, tramping as far as
Bihar in a bid – happily a dismal failure – to round up more villagers for the trenches' p.
28) and for ambiguity on the question of caste ('there was no need to adjust balance in this life:
Interdrinking, interdining, intermarrying, I hold, are not essential for the promotion of spirit of
democracy' p.37). In

Political System of China
Political System of China
Fundamental principles of Constitution
The People's Republic of China is a socialist country led by the working class, based on the worker–
peasant alliance and practicing people's democratic centralism. The socialist system is the primary
system in China.
The Constitution
The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state. It usually stipulates a country's social system
and basic principles of state system, the basic principles of activities and organizations of state
departments, and the basic rights and obligations of its citizens. Some constitutions also legalize the
national flag, anthem, emblem, capital, and other systems that the government believes touches the
lives of its citizens. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the duties for the Standing Committee of National People's Congress include
interpreting the Constitution and supervising its enforcement, enacting and amending laws with the
exception of those which should be enacted by the NPC, and report to the NPC on every piece
relevant work.
The basic functions and powers of the NPC are to amend the Constitution, to supervise the
enforcement of the Constitution, to enact and amend basic laws covering crucial matters, and to
decide on the major national leaders. Strategic development plans for the national economy and
social affairs have been vital towards advancing China's social progress. But these plans are only in
effect after approval from the NPC. The law in China stipulates the major state leaders, such as the
President and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC, must be nominated and elected
by the NPC. The Premier of the State Council and Ministers of the government must also be
appointed by the NPC. The NPC can also remove the elected Chairman of NPC Standing
Committee, the President and the Premier through lawful procedures.
The System of Multi–Party Cooperation and Political Consultation
The multi–party cooperation and political consultation is a basic political system in China.

China is multi–party country. Apart from the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CPC), there are other
eight

Essay On Partition Of India
During Partition of India, it is now estimated that more than 75,000 women were kidnapped and
raped. As there was total pandemonium at that time, there were no genuine records which can be
used to verify these facts and figures. There was an iota of doubt that the number was larger than
what was declared. Immediately the state was made alert of the problem of lost women by means of
the reports filed by their respective families. The state constituted search committees consisting of
social workers, mostly police and women, whose task was to go into each other's countries to
recover the kidnapped women. It is to be noted that they were granted with the official permission as
well. The search operation to recover the kidnapped women in India, popularly identified as the
Central Recovery Operation, was carried on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He informed the Secretary of State in April 1947 that Partition of India had become unavoidable. All
this proves that the responsibility of Partition goes to the Muslim League in general and M.A. Jinnah
in particular. Though the Congress tried to prevent the Partition from taking place, it became
unavoidable because the leaders had taken different moves. Jawaharlal Nehru and Kripalani showed
their alacrity for dividing the nation. Jinnah was in a most worried and annoyed mood as a result of
the Partition of Bengal and the Punjab. The draft of the Partition was shown to M.A. Jinnah on the
10th April 1947 who refused it immediately. He levelled the charges against the fraudulence and
hypocrisy of the British. However, the Viceroy had already finalised his plan of the Partition by that
time. On the 25th April 1947 the Viceroy printed the secret news of Partition which created a lot of
disturbance all over the sub–continent. All the Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were perturbed and
annoyed by the contents of the

What Did The Choice Of Nation Building And Reconciliation...
'To what extent did the choice of nation–building and reconciliation help South Africa avoid a
pending civil war from 1990–1994'
INTRODUCTION
The early 1990s in South Africa marked the start of a process leading to the official end of an
oppressive and discriminatory apartheid regime. The period was characterised by sporadic bouts of
political intolerance and indecisiveness leading to clear moments of political frustration between the
opposition (the minority parties like National Party, AWB, Freedom Front Plus) and the liberation
forces (African National Congress (ANC) the Pan African Congress (PAC) and the South African
Communist Party (SACP)),and at times, violence and bloodshed. The commitment to ending this
political strife paved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
INVESTIGATION
Before the early 1990s, South Africa was an Apartheid state governed by the National Party. The
country was governed by the white people, who segregated the white minority from the black
majority as well as the black people ethnically. It was not before the late 1970s/early 1980s that civil
resistance began to rear its head against the discriminatory and oppressive Apartheid government,
forcing the government to make reforms. These reforms lead to increased civil resistance within
communities, and later pressure both internally, through increased civil resistance by making the
state ungovernable, and externally, through economic sanctions and isolation, for the abolishment of
the Apartheid. The deadlock between the liberation movements and the oppressors, along with the
external pressures, pressurized the National Party into compromising with the leading liberation
movement –African National Congress. In February 1990, the then president of South Africa,
President F. W De Klerk announced the unbanning of the liberation movements–Pan African
Congress, African National Congress and South African Communist Party, following the unbanning,
was Nelson Mandela's release which marked the start of the transition period from 1990–1994.
South Africa was cloaked with a cloud of violence leading towards the transition period –in attempt
to create an ungovernable

Interpersonal Cross-Cultural Competencies And Capabilities
Interpersonal cross–cultural competencies and capabilities are critical to the US Army's strategic
objective in the future operating environment. The operational environment requires a holistic view
of political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure systems. A country's culture
can be defined as a programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of a region or nation
from another. South Africa has a rich and complex culture and history of its own since its
independence from Britain nearly a century ago. This essay will go on to discuss in depth the culture
and history, as well as geography and military history and concluding with an understanding of how
the people of South Africa live. South Africa's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another key point, none of the country's rivers are commercially navigatable, making water
transport impossible. Department of Human Settlements is currently working through the National
Development Plan's 2030 vision of transforming human settlements and spatial economy to create
more functionally integrated, balanced and vibrant urban settlements. By May 2016, government
delivered more than 4.3 million houses and subsidies since 1994, benefiting more than 20 million
South Africans. Law enforcement services in South Africa fall under the Department of Police,
which is responsible for policy determination, direction, and overall execution of the department's
mandate in relation to relevant legislation. The National Police Commissioner answers directly to
the Minister of Police. The education system of South Africa remains one of the country's highest
priorities as it moves forward towards its 2030 vision. Approximately 88% of South Africans above
the age of five years, attended educational institutions of primary or high school. South Africa is
infamously known for its AIDs epidemic; however, they have made great progress in comabatting
the deadly deasease. The HIV–infection rate is reduced to 1.5% in 2015, while in 2008 it was 8%.
South Africa has a vibrant multiparty political system, with thirteen parties represented in the
National Assembly of Parliament. African National Congress is the majority party, with 249 of the
400 National Assembly seats, the

Nelson Mandela Research Paper Outline
Brock Lorette
Date: October 14, 2015
CHV20/Civics ISU
Lucid Writing
Civil Rights Topic: Nelson Mandela was a civil rights activist fighting for the people of South
Africa.
Source(s):
Nelson Mandela Biography. (n.d.). See more at: http://www.biography.com/people/nelson–mandela–
9397017#related–video–gallery. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
KIELBURGER, C. (2013, July 17). Honouring Nelson Mandela–a father of peace and reconciliation
– See more at: Http://www.weday.com/global–voices/honouring–nelson–mandela–a–father–of–
peace–and–reconciliation/#sthash.Xm7Y1c2r.dpuf. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
Civil Rights Issue:
Nelson Mandela was involved with leading the anti–apartheid movement in South Africa and joined
forces with the African National Congress in 1942 working towards a democratic government. For
20 years he led a campaign for equality to promote non–violence, anti– racism and peace for the
people against the South African ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While in prison he was able to continue talks with President De Klerk of South Africa who released
him from prison in 1990 and in 1993 he was given a Nobel Peace prize for his role in dismantling
apartheid. This was also the year of the first all race election in over 300 years in South Africa. He
was an advocate of promoting peace and equality on the national and global level. In later years
Mandela spent his time as a woman's rights activist and started a children's fund to help children
living in poverty as well as a campaign to fight AIDS which is what his son had died from.
Historic Significance:
Nelson Mandela was the first black president in South Africa and was responsible for dismantling
apartheid in 1993. Mandela's birthday was July 18 so now that date is called Mandela's Day which is
an international day to promote global peace.

Conclusions:
Mandela lived a long life and made so many differences for the people of today in

Gke 1 Task 2
Nelson Mandela was known as a world leader for his role in fighting apartheid and being the first
multi–racial president of South Africa. His presidency created a significant change in the perception
and building of a multiracial society in South Africa and around the world. Nelson Mandela was
also known to be a leader of a civil rights organization known as the African National Congress. The
purpose of the African National Congress was to demolish racial segregation and discrimination.
The two most significant social changes made by Nelson Mandela was his uniting of a fiercely
divided country and his creation of a truly democratic society in South Africa. A great leader will
always fight for what they believe in. Nelson Mandela's dream ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1993, Nelson Mandela was elected the first multi–racial president of South Africa. During his
term, he created a new constitution of law that declared majority rule and South Africa became
racially united. Every race was granted their human rights in South Africa thanks to the hard work
and struggles of Nelson Mandela, and his work was recognized nationally. Nelson Mandela later
worked on economic improvement within South Africa and focused on issues such as poverty and
AIDS.
Racial segregation and discrimination was also occurring in other parts of the world besides South
Africa. Martin Luther King Jr. was a colored pastor from Montgomery, Alabama who shared a
similar vision as Nelson Mandela. Martin Luther King Jr. had a vision that he could live in a world
where race did not affect how others treated you and or how you lived your life. The two most
significant political changes made by Martin Luther King Jr. were the abolishment of racial
segregation and the granting of civil rights and equality for Negroes.
Martin Luther King Jr. started a revolution in the 1950's and 1960's. Martin Luther King Jr. believed
in change. He wanted to put an end to the Jim Crow laws which gave Negroes economic,
educational, and social disadvantages. These laws made white people more superior than the blacks.
Martin Luther King Jr.'s voice was heard when he chose to boycott these laws after a woman by the
name of Rosa Parks was arrested because she

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela's Values
It will be hard to believe if a person says "A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned
out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen". Well this did actually happen and this
former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South
Africa, he was a leader of the anti–apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27
years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he
led a multi–racial party for the first time ever in South Africa's history. By doing this he was elected
as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has
been widely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela
adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson "Democratic leaders set
policies through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact,
requesting the cooperation of others" and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson).
Mandela's other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong
disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice; he believed that justice was the only
path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he
was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to
condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions
improved (Hume). This example highlights Mandela's value for denouncing injustice and
oppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to
build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus
meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported
this process (Johnson).
Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and
motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the

Nelson Mandela’s Fight for South African’s Justice
Many countries around the world have suffered for years to gain political rights and freedom for all
people. These countries did not have many resources to help people in their poor conditions. One
such country is South Africa, where many South Africans were treated unfairly under apartheid, a
law, made in 1950, to separate the African minorities from the white population living in South
Africa.1 The Whites banned interracial and intersexual relations between Blacks and non–Black
people, and the Black people owned only about 20% of the land.2 Black people were not given
political representation, not given satisfactory facilities, and could not conduct any labor unions
against the White population. Even though South Africa was free from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Africans, though, were not planning to back out that easily. For close to 40 years, the ANC was
trying its best to settle African grievances, to give them additional rights, besides just freedom. They
had decided to protest against the apartheid system through methods of peaceful demonstrations.
Many people fought, and went to jail, but there was not one mode of violence conducted at all in
these protests. 13 Mandela pointed out the shooting at Sharpeville in 1960, where 69 people were
killed and 178 demonstrators were wounded. Mandela and his colleague continued to fight, not
listening to the government. Nelson believed "in the words of the Universal Declaration of Human
rights, that the 'will of the people shall be the basis of authority of the Government'". 14 The people
had rights to choose what they wanted to do in their homeland, and no one was going to stop them
from claiming these rights. Mandela also described why he and his organizers decided to choose
sabotage as their method of violence instead of guerilla warfare or open revolutions. 15 Sabotage
was a way to show hope for improving relations between races, and if people followed Mandela's
thoughts, then there might have been a possibility of a democracy in South Africa. Lastly, Mandela
pointed out that the White people

Questions Exlated To The Film Miracle Rising : South Africa
Please follow this link and answer the questions related to the film 'Miracle Rising: South Africa'.
Please type your responses into the appropriate boxes. Your answers should be thoughtful, and well
written. This assignment is due NO LATER than Sunday, October 15 at 11:59pm PST.
40 points
Q1
Define the term "apartheid", briefly discuss its historical context and the social/political rules and
effects of this system in South Africa?
Dictionary.com defines apartheid in South Africa as a "rigid former policy of segregating and
economically and politically oppressing the nonwhite population".
Apartheid started in 1652] when European established a colony in Cape Town and brought the
paradigm of superior and inferior races through colonial conquest, land dispossession, economic
impoverishment, and exclusion from citizenship of Africans. Since then, white always thought they
were superior to the indigenous of South Africa.
During apartheid, a series of Land Acts set aside more than 80 percent of the country's land for the
white minority. People were divided into four racial groups. In order to limit contact between races,
"pass laws" required non–whites to carry documents authorizing their presence in restricted areas. In
addition, people of different races were not allowed to marry each other. The government also
established separate public facilities for whites and non–whites and limited the activity of nonwhite
labor unions. Every political right held by black Africans

What´s an Ideology?
An ideology is a set of ideas that embodies ones goals, expectations and actions. An ideology can
also be defined as a set of ideas that are introduced by the ruling class of society to all the other
members of the public. Therefore every political activity or idea embodies an ideology. Ideology. In
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:03, May 11, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org.
Many political parties base their style of governance and political programs on an ideology and this
helps determine how political change should be incorporated in our country. That is why the aim of
this essay is to examine, compare and contrast the political ideologies of two major political parties
in post– apartheid South Africa. South Africa has a multi–party political system that incorporates
thirteen parties who sit in parliament or the national assembly. The national assembly consists of
400 seats and for a party to have majority rule on decision making they have to have a 2/3 majority.
South Africa's Parliament is made up of the National Assembly and the National Council of
Provinces. The National Assembly is much more prominent; they pass legislation and oversee their
executive duties. Their members are elected for a five year term. All South African citizens over the
age of 18 are allowed to vote, but only if they register. South Africa so far has had democratic
elections in 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009. Before 1994 only white South Africans were allowed to
vote under the system

The Impact Of Imperialism
Anciently, imperialism has developed with the rise of human's civilisation. Imperialism defined as
per Cambridge dictionary as 'a system or a situation where one country with superior power used
force or influence to rule and exploit another country' (Cambridge dictionary, 2017). In the
contemporary colonial era, many European intellectuals and thinkers have justified imperialism such
as Rudyard Kipling with his famous poem 'The White Man's Burden' (Kiplingsociety.co,uk, 2017).
The poem reflected the agreement of many Europeans of their superiority, which attached with a
duty to spread Western ideas and knowledge toward non–Western people. They thought they were
primitive barbarians as Kipling expressed them 'Half–devil and half–child' and they need guidance
to change their way of life. Extraordinarily, the British has exceeded its European counterparts in
colonial superiority and extended its empire, the largest in the world, over fifth of the land in the
earth and they gained that status because of their naval superiority and manoeuvres. By 1783,
Britain had established an empire which comprised colonies in Canada, America and the West Indies
(BBC.co.uk, 2017). The British East India Company had built up a small empire of ... Show more
Notwithstanding, the British decolonisation policy in India was alike the one in Ireland – first and
longest British colony in the history. Like India, Ireland had many uprising through their history but
the British crack them down hardly and refused to give them their independence. The Irish famine in
the 1850s was like the Bengal famine in India in occurrence due to ignorant British policies. The
British decolonisation process in Ireland led to a partition based on religion alike the one in

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