Maize Research Paper

Maize Research Paper
Maize also known as corn was most likely originated in the West Indies and South America
approximately 6000 years ago. Scientists believe that maize is derived from an earlier ancestral
plant called teosinte. Maize is a fast growing crop which grows in diverse conditions and produces
up to two harvest per season. This coupled with the fact that it is nutritious, easy to store and easy to
carry made it a staple food for most American and Caribbean cultures. Maize was a treasured and
worshipped crop by the Mayans, Incas, Aztecs and Anasazi as it was domesticated over the centuries
to nourished their civilizations. The Europeans found out about maize on their arrival to the
Americas, they took the crop home with them and subsequently spread it
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The Theory Of Human Genetics
When it comes to genetics, one must look at a combination of things that have us reach an
understanding. The first major combination is what we learn when we visualize chromosomes. If we
had never seen a chromosome, we still would be able to gather a sense of genetics. Since we have
seen chromosomes, this gives a more definite idea of genetics, in the narrowest sense. The second
combination of ideas is with chemistry. It allows us to define systems in a more precise term, and to
expand at each level. We can see the actual chromosomes, their movements, their products, their
changes, and their self–propagation regarding protein chemistry. The third combination that we look
at concerns hereditary and development. These were brought together as aspects of the same
problem of propagation and organization in two types of structures, the nucleus, and cytoplasm. The
fourth combination resolves the conflict of biometry and Mendelism, and continuity and
discontinuity (Farrall). This is related to activities of the chromosomes appearances of continuous
and discontinuous variations regarding size and specificity of genes and proteins produced (Farrall).
Corn, also known as maize or its scientific name Zea mays, is the most widely grown crop in the
western hemisphere, according to the National Park Service (Hilairy). Corn is primarily used as feed
for livestock, although people also consume it and uses it in a variety of other products such as
ethanol and plastics (Gibson).

Milpa Agriculture Research Paper
Mayan civilization underwent massive developments in agriculture and within their society.
According to historian Sylvanus Griswold Morley, Maya Maize agricultural practices have remained
the same as they were over three thousand years ago. (Morley 128) A uncomplicated process of
felling the forest, burning dried trees and bushes, planting, and switching up the spots of the
cornfields every few years. This system is known as the milpa agriculture, pulled from the Aztec
word for cornfield. Agricultural tools were fire–hardened, the Maya xul, a pointed planting stick, the
baat, a stone axe, chim, a fiber bag for carrying the seed corn. At first, they used sticks to punch
holes into the ground, but progressively obtained more advanced farming techniques. Their main
crops they grew were maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chili peppers, pineapples, papayas, and
cocoa, which was used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maya milpa agriculture can be separated into eleven different stages: locating the field, the selection
of a plot of ground for the cornfield is a crucial step. The milpero, or corn farmer, spends a whole
day observantly searching for the precise type of soil. (Morley 129) Felling the forest and bushes,
the milpero starts to fell the bush after sunrise has occurred and would continue until early
afternoon. Felling the trees and bushes would consume a lengthy period of time and energy. (Morley
131) Burning the dried bushes, the felled bush would normally be burned in March or April, after
the hot days of February and March have passed. The cornfield is set ablaze when the wind is
blowing strong enough, in order to thoroughly burn the cornfield. (Morley 132) Fencing the field
was not required in ancient Mayan times because the domestication of animals had not happened.
Planting the field, planting would occur right after the first rains, which the Maya believed it would
fall on the Day of the

Soybeans, Maize, And Rapeseed Essay
Soybeans, maize, and rapeseed are raw commodities where the primary use is inputs in the feed,
food, and drink industries. Appendix A–Figure 2.A.1 lists the wide spectrum of food industries
where soybeans, maize, and rapeseed are used as inputs. Since the value of these crops is low
compared to the final products in which they are typically inputs infers that transport and storage
must often be organized in bulk in order for operational and transaction costs to be kept low.
The current supply chain structure in which these crops are traded creates several possibilities for
impurities or co–mingling. It is common practice in food safety regulations to allow a minimum
presence of unintended materials like dirt, weed seeds, and mycotoxins in crop shipments (Backus et
al. 2008). However, this may not always be the case regarding the unintended presence of traces of
an unapproved GM event in the non–GM crops (whether crops where no GM approvals have been
made or crops where GM varieties have been commercialized). For example, the EU has a zero
tolerance level for unapproved GM events in the shipments of crops. Thus, the case of asynchronous
approval of GM varieties and differing thresholds for LLP among countries can lead to important
impediments to trade. These can include returning, relocation, or destroying cargos of non–GM
varieties at the importing country's port as a result of the unintended presence of GM traits. Also,
with the growing number of GM events being licensed

Impact Of Gmo Production On Engineering
Section 3: Impact of GMO production on Engineering in the Islamic Republic of Iran
According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agribiotech Applications, the world's
major manufacturers of GM crops are the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India and China.
The latest findings show that the production of genetically modified crops has grown rapidly and
after 12 years, 25 countries have assigned 125 million acres of their agricultural lands to raising
genetically modified crops. A wide variety of economic, social and technical aspect of farming
determine the adoption of agricultural technology. In 2006, GM crop manufacture also reached
significant levels in Paraguay, South Africa, Uruguay and Australia. In the EU, crops have remained
uncommon, with the only considerable GM maize production in the EU coming from Spain on an
area of approximately 60,000 hectares. In Portugal, Germany, France and the Czech Republic, GM
crops were mainly grown for small–scale research trials. In 2005, Iran and the Czech Republic
began commercially growing GM crops. As of 2006, 38 percent of GM crops are grown in
developing countries (James).
Approximately one–third of Iran 's total area is suitable for farming, but because of their poor soil
and lack of water in many regions, most of it is not under development. Only around 15 percent of
the total land area is developed for farming but less than one–third of that area is properly irrigated.
The remaining area is dedicated

'Maize: An Analysis Of The Popol Vuh'
Never would someone had thought that the richness of a crop's production could bring power to
early humans, becoming almost as a revolutionary concept. Today maize–fields are cultivated for
food, economic and medicinally productions, but it does not represent anything special in today's
society as it was before. In the Popol Vuh maize is an important concept and symbol that expands to
ideas that many anthropologists and professionals cannot understand completely. Yet, when reading
the Popol Vuh there are many examples of when maize is used to represent its importance. Maize is
the most important idea in the Popol Vuh because it provides food, it results in wealth, it represents
a political system and it shows hierarchy. In the Popol Vuh maize ... Show more content on
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The people outside of the maize are those who follow, praise or worship, and who take orders. The
four sided maize also represents the cardinal directions and axis mundi. Axis mundi is the "center of
the world" where there is a connection between heaven and the underworld (Moore, 2016). In the
article, the Flowering of the Dead the "Flowering Mountain Earth is a unifying concept, inextricably
linking vegetation, the human life cycle, kinship, modes of production, religious and political
hierarchy, conceptions of time and even of celestial movement" (Carlsen & Prechtel, 27). This
Flowering Mountain can also be represented by the "Tree of life" that can be found in the middle of
the four sided maize field. From this tree, Seven Macaw was shot by Hunahpu's blowgun
(Christenson). There are many images and paintings that show this event from the Popol Vuh, for
example the blowgunner pot. In that same painting, the tree of life has a face and an open mouth,
from the open mouth individuals could descend and or ascend from the underworld where Xibalba
and his followers prevail. This is a way of representing a political system because in the middle of
the four sided maize only certain individuals have the power to be in or come into the tree of life,
like Xibalba who has his followers, they are unified to follow his commands. This political system
can also turn into a way of putting people below or above others in a hierarchical

Case Study On Maize
Maize (Zea Mays L.), commonly called as corn, is the most important cereal crop cultivated
throughout the world. The United States produces almost half of the world's total maize production
whereas other countries including China, Brazil, France, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Mexico,
Egypt, Malaysia, Colombia, South Africa and India are the major maize producing nations. Two
nations namely USA and China are the leading nations for the consumption of maize. In the recent
year, there has been increasing demand for maize throughout the world. Major exporters of corn are
USA followed by Argentina, Brazil, China and South Africa.
Despite its importance, maize has many production constraints, which prevent farmers from getting
maximum yield. Drought, fire, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(b) Black masses of spores that develop inside individual male florets and
(c) Masses of black spores in place of the normal ear, leaving the vascular bundles exposed and
shredded.
2.1.19. False head smut:
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal organism for this disease. False head smut occurs very rarely in
hot, dry or humid areas. The fungus commonly infects rice flowers more than maize. Symptoms
differ from those of other smuts of maize. False head smut produces neither tassel malformation nor
ear infection, as does true head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana); only a few isolated male florets in the
tassel show dark– green masses of spores. False head smut also differs from common smut (Ustilago
maydis) in that no galls are produced.
2.1.20. Penicillium ear rots: Penicillium spp is the causal organism for Penicillium ear rots Damage
is most frequently caused by Penicillium oxalicum, but other species may occasionally be involved.
In many instances infection follows ear damage by insects. A conspicuous, light blue–green powder
grows between kernels and on the cob surface. Kernels with fungal growth normally become
bleached and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetically Modified Crops
Is the production of Genetically Modified (GM) foods a solution to the food crisis or a disaster in
the making? Genetically modified crops are crops that are created using genetic engineering
methods i.e. the manipulation of genes in plants and crops to obtain a new generation of crops that
have the most desirable traits. The genetic modification of crops comes with both advantages and
disadvantages. The advantages being: 1) Crops are more productive and can produce higher yields
than normal crops as they are disease and virus resistant. 2) GM crops can be freeze tolerant and
drought resistant. This allows for plants and crops to grow and survive in harsh environments where
normal crops wouldn't be able to grow such as stone tomatoes and bush beans which are drought
resistant and some potato and tobacco plants which contain a cold tolerance anti– freeze gene from a
cold water fish and can help the plant to survive in extremely cold, frosty conditions. 3) GM crops
are pest resistant and herbicide resistant (farmers can use weed killers to kill weeds surrounding the
GM crops and this will not kill the GM crop thus also increasing the yield of the crops). 4) The
higher yields due to the crops being disease, virus, drought, pest and herbicide resistant decreases
the demand for the crops (increased availability) which in turn ... Show more content on
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This labelling requirement is further imposed and highlighted under the Consumer Protection Act.
This act states that if food products have a GM content of at least 5% it must indicate "contains
GMO's" on the packaging. There is also the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act
(NEMBA) to protect South Africa's biodiversity and ecosystems from potential GM activity

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Food Security
Introduction This task will look at what food security is as well its importance to a country, how
food security helps the country maintain a sufficient amount of food for the country's population. I
will briefly look at how the countries food security has changed over the years as well as how it will
most likely change due to different factors like global warming and the increase in the population of
the country over the years. Different grains and how they have been improved to adjust to the
country's situation over the years as well as how these modification of these grains has effected not
only the country but the environment and the people of this country. The advantages and
disadvantages of these modifications to the grains will be discussed, ethical issues of these
modifications will also be looked at and a decision on how all of these factors may affect the
country will be looked at. What is Food Security? Food security is a concept in which a country or
province has a sufficient amount of food that is both nutritious and comes at an affordable price.
Food ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect these crops have on the environment is also a large issue, issues such as the ability to
contain the crops to one area have also come up, concerns such as having the GMO crops grow in
different locations without the proper attention have risen. This cause people to ask questions such
as will the modified foods have a negative effect on crops that have not been genetically modified,
will they not stun the growth of these plants as well as if they may need a large amount of nutrients
from the soil and therefore cause other plants to be unable to grow properly. These are all the
questions that have risen over the years, although the concept of GMO is a fairly new discover is the
crop industry of South Africa, it has shown a large impact on the country as well as the

Mexican Culture Research Paper
For centuries, Mexican peasant farmers in the western mountains of Mexico have been cultivating a
cultural legacy, Maize. Maize exemplifies a long–standing cultural importance of the cultivation of
corn in Mexico, many living by and for maize. Corn for many Mexicans can be seen as a cultural
reservoir, an important component in developing social identity. Many Mexicans refer to themselves
as "children of the corn", descendants of Mayans (Bollier). Corn is a cultural reservoir for Mexican
culture dates back 7000 years with the discovery of caves in pueblo. The cultural importance of corn
can be seen throughout Mexican cultural in art, myths and even cultural norms.
Depictions of corn can be seen in in almost every aspect of Mexican culture. Maize is held with
such significance that jade, the most sacred stone was used to symbolize the maize (Bollier). Maize
is seen as both physical nourishment and cultural nourishment, without the cultivation of maize the
expansion of many cultures could not have been possible. Maize plays the dual role of being a
reservoir and a chosen glory, because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volkan concludes that while chosen glories are not as powerful as chosen traumas, chosen glories
are in fact integral or large group identities. In 2015 the Mexican government put an institutional
ban on genetically–modified corn, also known as gm corn. Many Mexican farmers look at this as an
example of how they are fighting the oppressive nature of the American corn industry. In the
commodification of corn in the United States, and the ban on gm corn in Mexico as an ethnic
marker to protect and maintain individual solidarity for farmers growing corn in Mexico. While
ethnic markers can be abstract concepts, they are often seen as a mechanism to enhance members'
sense of belonging to a group, this group being both Mexican and a Mexican Farmer (Volkan

Essay On Seed Policy In Bangladesh
The seed policy reforms in Bangladesh contributed to an increase in the number of companies
importing seeds from a very limited number focusing on vegetable seeds prior to 1993 to about 100
companies focusing on a broad range of crops in 2011–12. However, these aggregate figures above
do not reveal the differences in private sector's response to seed policy reforms between and within
crop segments. Additionally, what is less clear is whether the reforms contributed to increases in
crop productivity, the ultimate goal for the reforms. To understand the factors influencing
differences in private sectors' response to seed policy reforms and its impact on crop productivity an
understanding of the characteristics of various crop segments is ... Show more content on
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The yield benefits of hybrid seeds are attributed to the hybrid vigor achieved by the crossing of two
distinct parental lines. In contrast to seeds of traditional/modern high yielding varieties, hybrid seeds
loose its hybrid vigor for each of the generations when seeds are reused compelling farmers to
purchase new seeds every year. Most of the rich hybrids are for boro rice. Aman varieties are long
duration type and mostly grown under rain fed conditions. Since most of the farmers rely on farmer
saved seeds for aman season there is less demand for purchased seeds. Hence participation of
private seed companies is very limited in the aman seed segment, even after the reforms.
Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in the country. The area under wheat is declining
over the years mainly due to the expansion in maize area. Hence, the potential seed market for
wheat is relatively low compared to rice and most of the farmers rely on farmer saved seeds for
production of subsequent crops. Because of these reasons private sector participation in wheat seed
market is very limited.
Maize, unlike rice and wheat, is a non–notified crop making it easy for private sector to enter the
maize seed market. Although private sector was active in the maize seed sector from early on, the
rapid increase in demand for hybrid seeds since late 1990s attracted many companies into the sector.
Recent estimates suggest that about 90% of the

Why Monsanto Should Be Banned
As Monsanto is fighting to gain seed control of the whole world of agriculture by spreading
genetically–modified crops across the world (with the support of the U.S. government according to
Wikileaks), there is far greater opposition from the rest of the world, where many countries are not
only labeling GMOs but also banning their cultivation altogether.
We know GMOs are not generally acknowledged over the world, but rather which nations have
went down their worries about the security of GMOs with bans? – Sustainable Pulse, a GMO news
source, chose to scrutinize.
In these 38 countries, GM crops are banned on the government level, with the backing of the
country's scientists, doctors, and environmental agencies.
Monsanto has long claimed that "science" is on its side as if the GMO–Free and organic movements
are stocked with uneducated zealots – but that couldn't be farther from ... Show more content on
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gmo–world
Nations that develop GMO sustenances by year and measure of hectares. Source
Different nations developing GM products are: Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Chile,
China (where numbers are generally little and a standoff is blending over the issue), Columbia,
Costa Rica (which has attempted late endeavors to end up GM free), Cuba (which has for the most
part opposed U.S. weight to produce bargains for utilizing more GM seeds, be that as it may) Czech
Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Myanmar, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, and Uruguay.
Obviously, it's well important that there are currently a greater number of nations banning the
development of GMOs than really developing them.
Furthermore, just to compound an already painful situation, they were additionally banned in
Scotland, the nation of origin of Monsanto's originator Hugh Grant. It doesn't sound a ton like this
innovation is "nourishing the world" now, isn't that

Chaco Canyon In New Mexico: A Comparative Analysis
Both the reading passage and the lecture discuss the function of the settlements of Chaco Canyon in
New Mexico, huge buildings having more than a hundred rooms. 3 possible interpretations are
presented in the reading. Nevertheless, the lecture conflicts with those arguments. First of all, the
author regards those buildings as dwellings. This is for the buildings are immense, and look like
another prominent construction in New Mexico where numerous people resides. On the contrary, the
lecturer states that although the buildings resemble apartments on the exterior, there is, indoors, no
evidence suggesting many inhabitants lived there. He thinks if the population of the houses were
considerable, many fireplaces would be found there. But, there

A Maize Civilization : A Corn Civilization
A maize civilization Until the 19th century, the culinary tradition of the Brazilian Southeast was
mostly influenced by the Portuguese cuisine and the food habits of the various Brazilian indigenous
peoples and of the numerous African nations that were forcibly brought here by the slavery. After
the arrive, in large numbers, of immigrants of many nationalities – such as Japanese, Lebanese,
Italians, Spaniards and Germans there is a sudden and considerable increase in Brazilian
gastronomic heterogeneity, especially in the city of São Paulo, at a reduced period of time. This
modernization process, induced by the populational and geographical growth of the city of São
Paulo, led to persecuting of some food habits, such as the commercialization of food in the streets
and even to the traditional menu of this type of commerce, which was heavily based on the corn,
called 'iguarias do bugre'[i]. This cuisine was strongly influenced by the indigenous culinary culture,
offering delicacies such as içás (a type of ant that would be fried and eaten with farofa, that is the
cassava flour or the corn flour boiled or roasted), roasted pinhão (the seed of the Pinheiro–
brasileiro), corn cakes, cuscuz (a type of couscous) and others.[ii] Studying the São Paulo society of
the Colonial period, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda devoted a chapter, 'Civilização do Milho', to the
role of the corn at the Brazilian food culture during this period; and another chapter to the 'iguarias
de bugre', ie the use

Corn Maize: A Case Study
I chose this commodity because it was easy to follow. I sometimes already do follow the corn
market. We produce this commodity on our farm and the price will affect our profit or our financial
stability. The economic factors that affects this are weather in other countries that produce a bunch
of corn, or if there is a disease in the crop, and if some countries stop buying this commodity. If the
President messes with the trade agreement with the other countries, it could mess with the price. If
there is a drought in the midwest,It could wipe out all of the corn crop.
Corn is a very useful product that everyone in the world has seen, used, or produced. Corn is a
yellowish and white product that is produced all over the world for many of different products. This
product needs lot of time and care to produce it. Some people call corn Maize. Maize is just a
different name for the crop. Corn is a delicate crop. In order to take care for it, it need lots of
sunlight, water, and soil to grow in. Corn is usually harvested in the midwest September in Iowa and
farmers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They come in all sizes you can get a four row all the way up to a forty eight row planter, they would
also need a tractor to pull the planter the size of the planter depends on how much horsepower you
need to be able to pull the planter in the field. The planter will also have to be filled with corn seeds
that you get from their closest elevator, which the elevator got the seeds from a seed company,
which the seed company got it from a it from a seed corn farmer. The seeds will flow out of the
planter equally because of the technology that the planter is equipped with. They can set how many
plants they want to put out in one acre, which an acre is 43,560 square feet. The farmer sometimes
will put down chemicals or fertilizer in the planter with the seed, to be able to produce more
sometimes when you put chemicals they don't produce anymore than without the

Gmo Maize Essay
One of the benefits of GMO maize's is high nutritional values. Almost a half of the Kenya
population do not have accessibility to a well–balanced meal. This is due to poverty and low
productivity of agricultural foods. The introduction of GMO maize may provide solution to this
problem since there is a possibility to inject the seeds with any nutrients (Bouis 2007). Research
shows that there is a biotechnology rice that consist of iron and carotene. Considering the benefits of
these nutrients to the human body there is a possibility to develop a maize variety with those
nutrients or even more nutrients. This technology will helps Kenya to improve on the lives of people
especially children (ibid). The expectations of every farmer is to have high productivity of high
quality when it comes to their crops. However, due to bad weather conditions this has just been a
mere dream for many small holders' farmers. Biotechnology has developed some seedlings such as
the "WEMA"that are water efficiency and can resist drought since they do not require a lot of water
to grow (AATF–Africa. 2015). In addition, this kind of seedlings have been made with gene
compositions that are from tough environment to make them possible to withstand and climatic
conditions. The purpose of a such a move is to provide hope to the farmers from the dry regions
where the normal maize seedlings are not able to give high output of products (Varshney et al.
2011). Other potential benefits of GMO maize in Kenya

The Pros And Cons Of Genetically Modified Corn
Genetically modified corn a plant/ crop that has been genetically modified through the addition of a
small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques. The USA
provides about 40% of the world production of maize and other important countries including
China, Brazil, Mexico, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Argentina. Corn discussed food production
across the world. Products such as corn oil, corn flour used for tacos and corn puffs, cereals
including cornflakes and alcoholic drinks for example beer. Over two–thirds of maize produced is
used in animal feed. There are certain pros and cons relating to maize that will be discussded.
Corn can be genetically altered to make it more palatable and tastier to consumers. The flavour of
corn is significantly amplified when it is genetically modified. Its flavour enhances considerably and
also incredibly sweeter for many customers. Those who dislike eating corn because of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corn is always being modified and adjusted on a consistent basis. Many studies have been taken,
and mostly all of them have shown that the consumption of genetically modified corn has lead to
severe increases in allergic reactions. These allergic reactions can be instigated by a lot of factors,
however, a person who avoids genetically modified corn still have a high chance of still being a risk.
Major risks and long–term damage to the environment occurs when corn is grown in a hospitable
farming area. In many instances, genetically modified corn is grown in areas where there is
crossbreeding with non–genetically modified plants. For example, when weeds that were not
modified begin to cross over with the corn. This leads to farmers having to increase their efforts of
genetic modification, as corn that is grown to be resistant to herbicides can result in the growth of
weeds and other plants that are also unable to be killed off with

The Edible History Of Humanity Summary
One thing I enjoyed about the first chapter of, "The Edible History of Humanity," by Tom Standage
is that it provided a description of how the domestication of the three cereal grains, maize, wheat,
and rice, has had an effect on both the plants in question and the human race. The act of humans
"...deliberately cultivating..." (Standage 2) these grains gave them the ability to settle into permanent
communities and farm for most of their food, something which had never been done before and set a
precedent followed even today. In turn, the domestication of these plants for easier farming made
the plants practically unable to reproduce without the aid of human farmers, "The grains are
attached to a central axis known as the rachis. As the wild ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By providing a more dependable and plentiful food supply, farming provided the basis for new
lifestyles far more complex societies." I agree with this because, by domesticating these three cereal
grains and settling down to farm them, neither the human race or the grains could thrive without the
other. Humans could not settle down and prosper without a crop to harvest every year because,
without that, they would be forced to return to the nomadic lifestyle. Without developing permanent
communities to farm these domesticated crops, society as we know it may have never developed.
The grains, in turn, with their selected mutations, would not be able to spread their seed without the
help of humans. As explained on page 7, In a small proportion of plants, however, a single genetic
mutation means the rachis does not become brittle, even when the seeds ripen. This is called a
"tough rachis." This mutation is undesirable for the plants in question since they are unable to
disperse their seeds. But it is very helpful for humans gathering wild grains, who are likely to gather
a disproportionate number of tough–rachis mutants as a result." Because the tough rachis was
selected by the harvesters and passed on to later crops, as time passed the plants would no longer be
able to reproduce without the interference of human

Chaco Canyon Analysis
In the passage, it is mainly talking about three possible theories about how the settlements of Chaco
Canyon were used. However, in the lecture the professor points out that these theories are
unconvincing by providing three reasonable arguments. To begin with, the reading passage claims
that each Chao structure is only house for hundreds of people to live. In contrast, the lecturer argues
it that although the Chao structure has the similar shape with the architecture of more recent
Southwest societies, these are many differences inside. If hundreds people can living at one Chao
structure together, there should are lots of kitchens, but evidence shows that the large Chao structure
only has a little fire place for ten families. It's the first

Similarities And Differences Between The Mesoamerica And...
Mesoamerica have been connected the North and South America culturally and geographically
throughout the history. Mesoamerican culture and aspects heavily influenced southwestern United
States, being the frontier borderline between North America and Mesoamerica. It is very important
to study the relationship between the Mesoamerica and American Southwest because American
Southwest contains various elements of Mesoamerican culture and this provides fundamental
information about human behaviors, history, interactions, and tradition in America. Our group has
selected Agriculture, Architecture, Religion, and Trade as our categories to analyze the relationship
between American southwest and Mesoamerica. Fair trade, we will focus on scarlet macaws and
how it got traded from Mesoamerica in the American southwest and its significance. For
architecture, we will compare the ball courts of Hohokam and that of Mesoamerica. Significance of
ball courts and how it got introduced into the American southwest from Mesoamerica will be
discussed as well. Religion will be analyzed by focusing on the cosmological beliefs of both groups
and the similarities and differences between Mesoamerican cosmology and American southwest
cosmology.
My focus is on the agriculture and maize domestication of both areas. Maize was first domesticated
in Mesoamerica, southern Mexico about 9000 years ago and dispersed into the southwestern United
States during the late middle archaic period.
This paper will

Maize : A Crop From Central America
Introduction
Maize, commonly referred to as corn, is a cereal crop originating from Central America. It is the
largest grain produced annually around the world (IITA 2009). Primarily Maize is used for feeding
livestock. It is also used as raw material in the starch industry, forming the basis for many common
foods and additives (GMO 2016). All parts of the plant can be used; Maize is rich in vitamins,
carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and a staple for more than 1.2 billion people (GMO 2016). Maize
has been genetically modified to improve its growing capabilities, with the aim of increasing
herbicide tolerance and insect resistance for the plant (GMO 2016), in order to increase the Maize
industry and feed the growing number of people reliant on the plant for food.
1. History and Distribution
Maize originated from Central America, and was introduced into Europe in 1492 when Spanish
Explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the plant and began exporting it to Europe (L. Gibson
2002). By the late 1500s Maize had spread throughout Europe and into Asia and Africa, where it
remains a staple food for 50% of low income households (IITA 2009). Maize was first genetically
modified in Canada in 1997, and was approved for use in Europe in the same year, and growing of
GM Maize began in Spain in 1997 (GMO 2016). In 1997, as GM Maize was first produced, the
European Union introduced mandatory laws on the labelling of all genetically modified products
(Shireen, 2013). As genetically

Fear Based Claims Against Gmo Foods
Let us first factually understand what this means. GMO stands for "genetically modified organisms".
According to the World Health Organisation genetically modified organisms can be defined as
"organisms in which genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally
by mating and/or natural recombination". This means that a genetically modified or GM crop can
contain a gene that has been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring it through
pollination." So, not naturally occurring, based on science! Is this where the paranoia, fear based
claims against GMO food has come from? The media often interprets GMO foods to be bad. There
are many weird and unbelievable conspiracies around GMO foods, such as the common name
'frankenfood' or the statement that says that companies modify corn with scorpion DNA in order to
make our cereals crispier. It is believed by anti–GMO organisations that GMO food is toxic and can
lead to many abnormalities such as damaged ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently there is research on drought tolerant genes to be implemented in our crops. Imagine the
impact that this type of crop would have to those communities left without food. Africa has seen the
worst drought ever, with food losses of up to R10 billion. We are facing a situation where there will
be food shortage, and our harbours are probably not equipped enough to handle the amount of food
that is required to be imported. Would the situation be not as devasting if drought tolerant maize and
other crops existed? This would mean a genetically modified crop would have been required. For
example Bt maize by Monsanto in which maize plants are protected from insect damage. Certain
GM foods can be "cold tolerant" as people introduce anti–freeze genes into foods such as potatoes
that helps the plant to tolerate cold temperatures that would normally kill unmodified

Factors That Affect Our Soil Quality And Increase Som Is...
From a practical point of view, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) has been commonly used as a soil
conditioner to reduce erosion by clay flocculation and binding particles and stabilizing the outer
aggregate surfaces. Moreover, PAM is highly resistant to microbial degradation, with a
decomposition rate of ∼10% yr–1, which has led to its efficient use as a soil conditioner for long
periods. Wu et al. (2012) revealed that PAM showed a minor effect on 14C allocation in plant parts
and soil in a short–term 14C labeling study. Except the observations of PAM biotransformation,
little information is available on the PAM efficiency on the microbial activity in soils. In contrast,
the agronomic benefits of biochar (BC) application to improve soil quality and increase SOM is
growing. Applying BC improves the physicochemical properties of soil and maintains C and N
sources, owing to a pronounced increase in plant growth and yield. Moreover, wood biochar
decreased the soil bulk density and enlarged diameter of aggregates, thereby reducing soil loss.
However, little is known about the effect of BC on soil microbial populations and activities. BC or
PAM showed minor effect on the decomposition of SOM based on CO2 evolution because of the
stability of these conditioners. A high portion of 14C– maize residues were stabilized in the soil after
adding BC and PAM as the binders by the occlusion of labile residue–C into aggregates.
Understanding the short–term dynamics of C caused by PAM or BC is

Traditional Preparations And Uses Of Maize
Abdulrahaman, A. A. and Kolawole, O. M. (2006). Traditional Preparations and Uses of
Maize in Nigeria. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 219–227.
Alexander, M. (1994). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press, Inc.USA, pp. 1–260.
Alvarez, P. J. J. and Vogel, T. M. (1991). Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene, and para–xylene
during microbial degradation by pure cultures and mixed culture aquifer slurries. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 57(10):2981–2985.
Amakin, J. O. and Onofeghara, F. A. (1978). Effect of crude oil pollution on the germination of Zea
mays and Capsicum fruitescens. Ser. Envrion. Pollut. 35:157–167.
Anderson, J. P. E. (1990). Principles of and Assay Systems for Biodegradation. Adv Appl
Technol, 4: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12: 287 – 338.
Awobajo, A. O. (1981). An Analysis of Oil Spill Incidents in Nigeria. Proceedings of
National Seminar on Petroleum Industries and Nigerian Environment, Warri pp. 57 – 63.
Blazquez, C., Gonzalez–Feria, L., Alvarez, L., Haro, A., Casanova, M. L. and Guz–man
M. (2004). Cannabinoids inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in gliomas. Cancer
Res 64:5617–5623.
Chapelle, F.H. (1999) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated ground water: the
perspectives of history and hydrology. Ground water, 37: 122–132.
Clark, C. J. (2003). Field detected evaluation of organic clay in soils and soils Contaminated with
diesel fuel. Environ forensics 4 (3): 167–173.
Council on Environmental Quality (1981) Contamination of ground water by toxic organic
chemicals. Washington, D.C.Government Printing Office.
Dhail, S. and Jasuja, N. D. (2012). Isolation of biosurfactant–producing marine bacteria.
Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6(6): 263–266. Durand, J. P., Béboulène, J. J. and Ducrozet, A. (1995).
Detailed characterization of petroleum products with capillary analyzers. Analusis, 23, 481–483.
Eck, H. V. and Stewart, B. A. (1995). Manure, Soil Amendments And Environmental
Quality. J. E. Rechcigl (ed). Lewis pub. Boca Raton, FL., 169–198.
Ekpo, M. A. and Thomas, N. N. (2007). An investigation on the state of microorganisms and fluted
pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) in a crude oil impacted garden soil. Nig. J. Microbiol. 21:1572–
1577.
Ekpo, M.

Maize in Pre-Columbian America
Maize is a wild plant and was discovered by Indians. It belongs to the same grass family as barley,
rye, rice, wheat, and oats. When the Pilgrims landed in North America in 1620, the Indians gave
them maize to eat. They also showed the Pilgrims how to grow maize. The Pilgrims called the maize
"corn", which mean grains and Americans still call it corn today. The word corn has a different
meaning depending on what country you are in. According to the Department of Agronomy at Iowa
State University, corn in England means wheat and in Scotland and Ireland, it means barley or oats
(www.agron.iastate.edu). By drawing on documents and reports from the Pre Columbian American
era, I plan to discuss how corn was discovered, the importance of it, and how it was used by Pre
Columbian Americans.
Corn originated in Mesoamerican. Archeological evidence of corn's early presence in the western
hemisphere was identified from corn pollen grain considered to be 80,000 years old and obtained
from drill cores 200 feet below Mexico City (www.agron.iastate.edu). Evidence from bat caves in
New Mexico also identified corncobs that were approximately 5,600 years old
(www.agron.iastate.edu). Corn was domesticated by the native people and it became the most
important cultivated plant in ancient America. According to Gibson and Benson, cultivated corn
came about by natural crossings, possibly with gamagrass to yield teosinte and then with
backcrossing of teosinte to primitive maize to

Genetic Engineering Of Maize : Essay
Genetic Engineering of Maize:
Modern Genetic Engineering is the process of introducing an external gene from another organism,
to affect the newly modified organism. This is called transgenesis. New genes are introduced into
the organism, which will code to manipulate existing metabolic pathways, or introduce completely
new variants. This will finally result in a phenotypical change in the organism. Examples of
preferable traits that could be enhanced by genetic modification in Maize are thinner kernels, plant
stem architecture, leaf size, and increase in corn yield.
For an organism to be able to express a foreign gene, the genome of each organism must be similar
so the genes are compatible in both organisms. At this point, through the use of liposomes, plasmids
vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear injection, protoplast fusion, and ballistic DNA injection as means
of DNA insertion, it is not currently possible to insert a single specific gene, such as a Bt gene into a
Maize plant. Other parts of unwanted DNA are also carried into the Genetically Modified Organism
(GMO) which means the effect of the inserted gene can be greater than anticipated. These are called
pleiotropic effects, which can be detrimental to the survival and performance of the plant.
Antagonistic Pleiotropism is where conflicting genes affect the plant negatively, with some positive
attributes, so this must be considered when genetically modifying a plant. For example, inserting a
new gene which would

The Future Of Food Directed By Deborah Garcia
In the business of agricultural production, it seems that no company receives more hate and backlash
than Monsanto. Anyone who dives into the inner and outer working of this massive corporation
becomes aware of why this company is so controversial.
For those perhaps unaware, Monsanto was founded in 1901 and ever since has been taking the
agricultural world by storm. Monsanto was one of the very first corporations to successfully
incorporate biotechnology into their business model. It is believed that the root of their controversy
is surrounded by the company's changes in direction, which shifted from pharmaceutical chemicals
to applying biotechnology to crops. Since the corporation became involved with agriculture, we
have seen a shift ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is believed that this when the slippery slope in agricultural biotechnology was born. Monsanto
owns over 11,000 patents, which has lead them to dominate not only the agricultural patenting
sector, but they also monopolize the biotechnology, genetically modified, and engineering
technology when it comes to crop production. Not to mention, Monsanto owns the most widespread
pesticide in modern agriculture, Round Up and genetically modify seeds to be Round Up resistant,
or Round Up Ready. Now the same company that owns the pesticides now owns the seed industry;
thus the web only grows more tangled.
(1b, c, & d) From a business standpoint, Monsanto seems to have their business plan diligently
mapped for when they jumped on the bandwagon and began patenting their pesticides and seeds.
Because of the thousands of patents they own, it gives them the rights to any single farm that grows
their seeds; whether the farmer even knows it or not. In many cases, because Monsanto has patents
on living organisms, they mutate, breed, or simply end up in a farmers crops without their
knowledge. A genetically modified crop looks no different that one that has not been genetically
altered. In the documentary, a few farmers under the control of Monsanto's thumbs were accused of
growing Monsanto's Round Up Ready crops when they never explicitly went out of their way to
plant it. One farmer that stood out was Percy Schmeiser. Percy and his

Woman Grinding Maize
Crystal Huizar
Hum 123 SA9– Paper #1
9/15/2012
Woman Grinding Maize – Diego Rivera One of my favorite art works is La Molendera, or The
Woman Grinding Maize, by Diego Rivera. The medium of this painting is oil paint on a horizontal
canvas that measures 106.7 x 121.9 cm. When I first see this painting, the woman dressed in white
with her hair split in two braids, grinding maize on a stone, is what stands out to me the most. It is
traditional for women in Mexico that make tortillas to grind the maize, corn, on a rock. In the
background I see three already made tortillas baking on top of a ceramic dish. The colors used in the
atmosphere are cool toned, which gives you a sense of calm and a soothing sensation. The main
colors used here ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that all people should be able to view and enjoy art, so he began creating huge murals
on public walls. He concentrated on creating large frescoes portraying the history and social
problems of Mexico. Rivera had a great interest in indigenous people of Mexico and their day–to–
day lives. This painting, The Woman Grinding Maize, shows what a lot of people feel about work;
even though you don't like it you still have to do it. The woman face expression demonstrates
sadness, exhaustion and pain. I can see how she doesn't have the best job but she still does her job
with pride. This painting teaches me that I have to do the best job no matter how much I dislike it
and take pride in what I do. Rivera really demonstrates these feelings in the woman grinding the
maize, she is looking down with almost seems her to be nearly closed; her back is gloomed hunch
backing down. Diego Rivera shaded her face down darker than the rest of her body to emphasize the
sadness in her work. So based on all those details I feel as Rivera demonstrated these feeling openly.
When I see this painting I see exactly what Diego is showing, the day–to–day life of a working
woman.
Woman Grinding Maize

The Pros And Cons Of GMO Maize
GMO Maize: A Convoluted Solution
In 2002, a scourge of famine and hunger emerged in Southern Africa, threatening the lives of
millions while sweeping through the many underdeveloped countries of Lesotho, Malawi,
Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This epidemic, induced by drought, economic
crises, HIV/AIDS, and high inflation of staple food prices, was addressed in a 2002 conference
between the representatives from the United States, European Union, and African Nations.
However, this debate encompassed a convoluted friction between proponents of their own respective
form of aid. The European Union would offer monetary aid while the United States would offer
food aid in the form of genetically modified corn supplied by the US Agency for International
Development or USAID. For every moment that had passed in the conference, the plague of hunger,
HIV, and an inequitable disarray of food accessibility would further ravage the African countries;
therefore, it was crucial to accept the corn as a quick and effective means of relief. In the face of a
dilemma of such great magnitude, the African nations had decided to accept the aid from the US
delegation in the form of GM cornmeal. The main objective of the aid program was to prevent an
African famine on a large scale, while repairing and adjusting the smaller intricacies of the nations.
Although the controversy of the GM content in corn would generate an immense burden of
apprehension on the shoulders of the African

Maize : The Universal Bait
Maize – The Universal Bait Total Ratings: 374, Average Rating: 8.9/10 Print Maize – The Universal
Bait Matt Hayes Matt Hayes It is ironic that given the huge range of designer carp baits that have
materialized in the past few years, perhaps the world 's number one carp bait is among the cheapest,
easiest to obtain and simplest to prepare: maize. And while maize does not exactly 'grow on trees ' it
does grow on plants and it is readily available worldwide at very low cost. Click for a larger image...
Seeds, pulses and beans have always been excellent carp baits, simply because they are cheap and
instant. Bearing in mind that carp are designed to exploit dense concentrations of natural food items
such as water snails, bloodworm etc., particle style baits, when fed in dense concentrations, come
the closest to reproducing natural food sources. And because particle baits can be fed in dense
concentrations, they keep fish rooting and searching for food for extended periods of time. Maize
Balanced... The success of maize as a carp bait is not difficult to understand. It is bright in colour
and therefore easily found by fish; it is a tough–skinned bait that smaller, nuisance species have
difficulty in breaking down and yet carp, with their powerful pharyngeal teeth find easy to deal with;
it contains natural sugars and is rich in energy–giving carbohydrate and as such fulfils certain
dietary requirements. Click for a larger image... Regardless of the why 's and

What Is Maize's Role In North American Culture
1. Maize Cultivation 1. Definition 1. Cultivating corn (planting and harvesting corn) 1. Associated
Group(s)/Tribe(s) 1. Navajo, Cherokee, Mohave and Pueblo Tribes 1. Region(s) in North America 1.
South United States, Northeast USA and the Great Plains 1. Significance 1. Maize (corn) was part of
the Native American everyday diet. Maize was part of the three sister which is squash, beans and
maize. These were eaten by most tribes even if they didn't grow it. They would trade with neighbors
who farmed maize in order to obtain it.
1. Hunter Gatherer Economy 1. Definition– Hunter gatherer tribes usually required a large amount
of land. The men would hunt bison, deer or rabbit and the women would gather berries ... Show
West Africa 1. Role in early European Exploration 1. Europeans went to West Africa so they can
trade for slaves which were in high demand because Native Americans kept on dying due to disease
brought by the european settlers. The highly profitable plantation of sugar required constant
attention and exhausting labor 1. Role In North American Society 1. Slaves were treated harshly and
worked to the bone. They could not own land and many landowners would not allow them to read
and write. The slaves were used to work in the fields and make life easier for their owners. Some
slaves were forced to have sexual activities with their owners so they can produce more slaves
instead of buying them
1. Capitalism 1. Definition– is an economic and political system in which the economic market is
controlled by private owners and not the government 2. Positive Impact of Capitalism 1. Gives
politics to the people rather than being controlled by the state 2. Private firms are more efficient and
have higher production rate 1. Negative Impact of Capitalism 1. Can create monopoly which can let
companies increase prices 2. Private firms can pay lower wages to their workers if they control the

Maize Cultivation Essay
Alexander Vega
AP US History
Mr. Shanebeck
30 August 2016
IPEs Periods 1–2
Period 1–Chapters 1–2: 1491–1607
Maize Cultivation
In the early Americas, great Empires, like the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas,shaped stunningly
sophisticated civilization. They're Advanced agricultural practices, based primarily on the
cultivation of maize, which is Indian corn, fed large populations.
The Development of corn (or maize) around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary because
people didn't have to be hunter–gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers. This fact gave rise
to towns and then Empires.
The Columbian Exchange
By the late 1400s, European explorers began to arrive to the Americas, seeking to expand their
Empires. Trade grew because of this. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, old world domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic
effect on life in the new world.
Conquistadores
From 1519–1540, Spanish conquerors (conquistadors) spread throughout the Americas in search of
gold and glory for Spain. Ponse se de Lyon, Pizarro, Cortez, and other conquerors spread Spanish
religion and culture throughout the Americas.
While destroying many civilizations in there awake, the Conquistadors set the stage for Spanish
colonization and one of the greatest and longest–lasting empires of the American continent.
The Encomienda system
Encomiendas were grants of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th century by the
Spanish Kings to prominent men.
The encomienda System allowed prominent men control over vast resources and monopolization of
Indian labor. The value of these grants was dramatically enhanced by the discovery of gold and,
especially, silver deposits and both Mexico and the Andes.
Pope's Rebellion
b
The "black legend"

The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things; though true, they also
brought good things such as law systems, architecture, and

The Origins and History of Corn
Indigenous to the Western hemisphere, corn has traveled all around the world being the center of
religious practices, cuisine, and today drives food production, but the exact origin of this miracle
vegetable is uncertain. Reported by National Geographic's David Braun, corn was developed and
cultivated somewhere in central Mexico over 8,700 years ago. Maize, another name for corn, was
not found naturally in the wild, but came about due to the domestication of a variety of similar
species from the ancient Native Americans. Corn derived from the teosinte plant, which is a wild
grass containing kernels smaller than modern day corn. According to an article in The New York
Times, during the 20th century few scientists could confirm the relation between teosinte and corn,
but in the 1930's, Dr. George W. Beadle conducted many genetic experiments with the two plants
and discovered that they had very similar chromosomes. Beadle concluded that the two plants were
members of the same species, with maize being the domesticated form of teosinte (Carroll).
Native Americans that migrated from Mexico brought along corn to various parts of America.
Therefore, maize dispersed into the southwestern regions of the United States and to Peru. In
addition to this agricultural migration, corn managed to make its way across the Atlantic Ocean to
Europe. In an article written by Lance Gibson and Garren Benson of Iowa State University's
Department of Agronomy, corn was introduced to Europeans during

Genetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms
Introduction
Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a
desired result (Anon., n.d.). Genetic engineering is being used by scientists for various projects. It is
being used to explore and alter the human genome as well as the genomes of other animals and
organisms. Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs. GMO is the abbreviation for genetically
modified organism, this organism's genome is altered, using genetic engineering, so that its DNA
contains one or more genes not normally found there (Anon., n.d.). At the moment seeds have been
genetically modified to produce genetically modified crops such as GM soya and maize.
There are a lot of foods that are genetically modified in this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
GMOs and Food Security
Among other definitions of food security, food security also means that the people who produce the
food are able to earn a decent living wage growing, catching, producing, processing, transporting,
retailing and serving food (Anon., n.d.).
GMOs might have an indirect negative effect on food security and food safety due to all the
movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops. GMOs pose a risk to food safety. This
risk is a reality, for example in the United States of America traces of a maize type, approved only
for animal feed, appeared in maize products that were for human consumption (Anon., n.d.). This
mix up clearly violates food security.
Despite the rising crisis in food security in developing countries, GM crop development is driven to
support the interests of Western and European companies. Soya, oilseed rape, cotton and maize are
currently the major GM crops produced; however, these crops are grown to support the food and
textile industries of the developed world. South Africa, a third world country, is the 8th largest
producer of GMO crops in the world and the largest in Africa (Anon., n.d.). Tons of GM crops are
harvested and exported each year, yet the country still experiences an increasing rise in food prices
and an unstable economy.
GM seeds are sterile and cannot be used again; this prevents farmers from continuing their tradition
of saving seeds to plant for the next season. In

The Transition Of Agriculture During The Rio Perdido Valley
Based on the research in Mexico, my theory is that the transition to agriculture in Mesoamerica
began in the Rio Perdido Valley. There is not a lot of sufficient evidence, but what little evidence
there is seems to suggest that the people in these sites (9 and 10) had a sedentary way of life and a
rapid transition from having no domesticated late maize to having 40% late maize. It seems likely
that this is where the transition to agriculture began, but again, it is difficult to tell based on the
small amount of evidence that we have. Across the board, all the sites show a decrease in wild plants
and animals, and a corresponding increase in domesticated squash, beans and early and late maize.
Maize and Teosinte developed different characteristics to suit human needs based on human
selection, such as larger grain sizes and tighter seed pods that couldn't spread without human help. I
think that Site 13, Cueva Tucan, provides good evidence of domesticated plants, because it has the
largest percentage of domesticated crops at 7–3 KBC and domesticated late maize jumps from 25%
to 40% between 2–1 KBC and 1–0 KBC. Wild crops decrease steadily with increasing
domestication, revealing a transition from foraging subsistence to reliance on domesticated crops.
This gradual transition of plant domestication seems to be incidental rather than intentional. Site 10,
Bini Chuj, provides the best evidence for an agricultural way of life. This site has domesticated
crops early on like

Mayan Maize God Essay
The bird–shaped pestle was used by early farmers over 4000 years ago. It was said to be used to
grind the vegetable taro in a mortar. Learning to grow crops over 9000 years ago, the people in
Papua New Guinea was one of only seven locations where farming was developed after the last ice
age. With its delicate bird shape, suggest that it may have been used for preparing food on special
occasions.
The Jomon pot was one of the earliest pots mad in the world. The Jomon pot was used to boil food
and by hunters and gatherers in Japan over 7000 thousand years ago. Pottery was said to be invented
by the people of Japan, China and Korea during the last ice age over 14000 years ago. The pottery
allowed the people to prepare food, boiling nuts and shellfish to ensure they were safe to eat. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maize was the most important food to the Mayan people. Found in the modern day pyramid temple,
in Copan, Honduras the Mayan maize God statue was accompanied by many other maize God
statues. The Mayan people believed if they decapitated the Mayan maize God at the beginning of
each harvest the God would be reborn at the beginning of each season. The Mayan people believed
that the death and re–birth of the Mayan maize God was a symbol of the cycle of the seasons, as the
maize crops would die in the winter months and be re–born in the spring. The Mayan people relied
heavily on the maize harvest to return each year. Many civilizations across the world believed that
worshiping some sort of God had a direct connection with how well their harvest would grow the
next season. Mayan people believed that their ancestors were actually constructed of the dough
made from the maize. To this day maize is still a very import part of Central America diet, used to
construct

Mexico's Posoles And Their Influence On American Culture
I always love family gatherings and parties for the simple fact of what food dish everyone would
bring. Some brought rice, others beans, and many other Mexican dishes. Although it was never a
true family gathering without posole. All the moms would get together and help out making it, and it
would always run out because everyone ate it. I never really gave much attention on how important
the dish was to my culture until this assignment came along. I was trying to select a dish to write
about. Mexico is very well known for its food ranging from tacos, beans and rice, chips and salsa,
and so many more. Although, posole is the one that really represent our culture the most. Posole is a
special soup from Mexico. It usually contains maize, different

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms
Many people have no idea what GMO stands for, mostly likely including yourself. GMO stands for
Genetically Modified Organisms, which is where scientist remakes the genetic make–up of
organisms. In the realm that needs the most attention are the GMOs in our fruits and vegetables that
not only we have been eating for almost 10 years, but feeding GMOs to animals that we also eat.
Most GMOs in fruits and vegetables have been created to resist insect infection. Basically, GMOs
have insecticides that have been genetically engineered into the organism itself.
Article #1
The study conducted by He et al. (2008), compares of corn grain rootworm resistant transgenic
maize with non–transgenic maize grain in a 90–day feeding study in rats. Their ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study includes using AIN93G standards for negative control diets that are suitable enough in
supporting the long–term growth of rats. All maize grain was supplied by Pioneer Hi–Bred
International, Inc., a Dupont Company and was individually cleaned and milled to corn flour. On a
daily basis, rats were observed for mortality and signs of toxicity. Twice a week, body weights of the
rats were measures along with the measurement of feed consumption once a week. Hematology and
the measurements of anatomic pathology reports will also be analyzed from the different groups
within the study, hoping to determine the effects of GMO being fed to rats.
The results determine the HGB and HCT values are for 70% are higher in 091 Control group males
compared to the AIN93G diet group. No significant differences on body weight gain and mean food
utilization variables, but substantial differentiations were observed in hematology and serum
chemistry. The 90–day study concludes results that support earlier studies that demonstrated 59122
maize grains are just as safe and nutritious compared to the non–transgenic maize grain. Future
research based on long–term studies are projected to have not unintended adverse effects and
suggest no direction in future research.
The findings of the study suggest a lower metabolic activity in hepatocytes form GM–fed mice in
comparison to controls. The data is comparable to earlier observed liver proteins studies with other
toxic exposures

Native American Corn Research Paper
Maize or corn is a domesticated plant of the United States. The Native Americans founded it and it
quickly spread to other parts of the world. The Native Americans transformed maize by carefully
cultivating. Maize developed from a wild grass called Teosinte that originally grew in Southern
Mexico, 7,000 years ago. The Teosinte kernels looked completely different from the kernels of
today's corn or maize. Teosinte kernels were small and separated from each other. The first cobs of
corn were only a couple inches long with only eight rows of kernels. The cobs eventually started to
grow and increases the yields of the crops. Maize agriculture did not reach Southern New England
until a thousand years ago. Controlled burning usually cleared the fields used by the Native
Americans. Not only did it clear the fields for them, it also enriched the soil. By doing this, they
were creating their own kind of fertilizers for their crops. The best thing about it is that it is all
natural. Native Americans used the slash and burn method a lot because it made it easier to collect
plants and hunt quietly. The Native Americans also discovered that a surplus of maize could ... Show
These types of tractors can automatically dig rows and put the seeds to the correct spacing without
overcrowding them. Once the corn is planted, it takes about 90 days on average for it to mature. It is
important to keep the soil moist, which is usually why farmers are so stressed around planting and
harvesting seasons. If nature does not help then it can be costly to keep their crops well irrigated. If
the soil is dry then the corn will generally show a curling of the leaves or even dying. Once the corn
reaches about 1.5 feet, it needs to be watered about once a week. It is not recommended that farmers
use chemical fertilizers because they can have long–term side effects that could be

Maize Research Paper

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